中国生态农业学报(中英文)

Chemical properties of water in artifical Pinus koraiensis ecosystems in the eastern mountainous region of Heilongjiang Province

ZHAO Yu-Sen, XIN Ying, MEMG Lin

2007, 15(3): 1-4.

Abstract(1028) PDF(701)

Abstract:
The water quality of rainfall,through-fall,stem-flow,litter-through and runoff in Pinus koraiensis plantations of the eastern mountainous regions of Heilongjiang Province were studied.Water quality indexes,pH，DO(Dissolved oxygen),TURB(Turbidity),TDS(Total dissolved substances),K,Na,Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn,Mn and Fe were also analyzed.The results show a remarkable change in the chemical properties of rainfall after passing through the forest canopies.There is an observed decrease in pH and DO,obvious increase in TURB and TDS,and different degrees of increase in other chemical elements.With the exception of Cu,higher element contents are found in stem-flow than in rainfall and through-fall.The variance coefficients of all elements show remarkable increase in through-fall and stem-flow.With the exception of Mn,the variance coefficients of the elements in litter-through are lower than those in the other water media.The amount of chemical leaching of K and Ca is higher and that of Cu and Zn lower in through-fall,stem-flow and litter-through.The leaching coefficients of the elements in through-fall are observed to be in the following order:Mn＞K＞Mg＞Cu＞Fe＞Ca＞Na＞Zn.The order for stem-flow is:Mn＞Mg＞K＞Fe＞Ca＞Cu＞Na＞Zn,and that for litter-through is:Mg＞Mn＞K＞Fe＞Ca＞Cu＞Na＞Zn.

Calculation of carbon storage and sequestration in the urban trees of Beijing

XIE Jun-Fei, LI Yu-E, LI Yan-Ming, GAO Qing-Zhu

2007, 15(3): 5-7.

Abstract(1429) PDF(2242)

Abstract:
In order to calculate carbon storage and sequestration in the urban trees of Beijing,the 1995～2000 urban greening data and remote sensing images were used.The results show total stored carbon in the urban trees of Beijing to be 5.888×10⁵5 tons,at a density of 7.70 ton C/hm² in 2002.Carbon sequestration in Beijing municipal urban trees shows a steady increase from 1990 to 2000.The net carbon storage increased in 2002 is 4600 tons.

Analysis of distribution and potentials of agricultural and natural resources of Shihezi Desert Oasis

DING Lian-Jun, LU Xin, LI Lu-Hua

2007, 15(3): 8-13.

Abstract(1082) PDF(894)

Abstract:
The spatial distribution of light,quantity of heat,water and land resources were analyzed based on the statistic materials and weather data of four weather stations in Shihezi area.The photosynthetic and photo-thermal productive potentials of major desert crops under different light energy utilization ratios in Shihezi were also analyzed.Shihezi area owns abundant light resources,being more than middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River and other areas with same latitude in China.The increasing desert temperatures imply that the quantity of heat resource in desert oasis of Shihezi area is much higher than inland arable lands of the same latitude.The little rainfall in this area can basically meet the requirement of irrigated agricultural production.The land resource is abundant but with lower agrarian quality.Results indicate significant differences between real yield and photosynthetic,photo-thermal productive potentials,and water is the first important limiting factor and heat second for the production increasing in this area.On the bases of farmland resource potential,light and heat resource potentials of the arable lands,water resource potential,the optimized measures and modes of sustainable utilization of natural resources are advanced.

Vertical distribution pattern of small mammal community diversity in the middle section of northern slope of Qilian Mountain,China

LI Jun-Sheng, LIU Jian-Quan, ZHANG Xiao-Lan

2007, 15(3): 14-17.

Abstract(1213) PDF(1088)

Abstract:
A survey of the elevational distribution of small mammal communities in the middle section of the northern slopes of Mt.Qilian,northwestern China was conducted from July to August 2001.Removal trapping was conducted using standard sampling techniques at 7 sites within an elevation of 1600～3900m in the study area.A total of 254 samples of 10 rodent species are collected during 6720 trap nights.The mammals are composed of 2 species of lagomorphs and 8 species of rodents.Of the species,Allactaga sibirica(23.27%) is most abundant.Next is Dipus sagitta(17.96%),followed by Cricetulus barabensis(15.10%)and C.longicaudatus(13.88%).They are the most commonly trapped species in the region,accounting for 70.20% of the total catch.Correlation,regression and graphical analyses show diversity of the mammals along elevational gradient to be unevenly distributed.The results further show humped-shape relationships between species richness and diversity,and elevation;and a transect is noted between diversity peaks and middle elevations.A negative correlation is also noted between relative abundance of the mammals and elevation.Maximum diversity of rodent species occurs at mid-elevations where plant diversity and primary productivity are at maximum.

Effect of cropland ecological conditions on soil nutrient and humic acid characteristics of gray desert soil

SUN Ben-Hua, GAO Ming-Xia, LU Jia-Long, WANG Xing, ZHANG Yi-Ping

2007, 15(3): 18-20.

Abstract(956) PDF(957)

Abstract:
The experiment compared soil nutrients,pyrolytic and infrared ray spectra characteristics of humic acid of soil between un-cropped and cropped lands to determine the effects of cropland ecosystems on gray desert soil nutrients and humic acid characteristics.The results show increase in soil organic matter,total N,total P,total K,slowly-available K and available N;but decrease in available P and available K,while there is a slight decrease in soil pH after planting.The fatty lateral chain of humic acid in un-cropped land soil is much more than that in cropped land soil.The fat characteristics of the humic acid in un-cropped soil is stronger than that in cropped land soil.Soil humic acid is older under cropland ecosystem conditions.

Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of Fujian tobacco-growing soils

XIONG De-Zhong, CAI Hai-Yang, LUO Guang, ZHANG Ren-Jiao, LI Chun-Ying

2007, 15(3): 21-24.

Abstract(830) PDF(783)

Abstract:
The physical and chemical characteristics of 2266 soil samples from Fujian tobacco-growing fields were analyzed.Analyzed soil pH is 5.05,physical clay(＜0.01mm)content is 36.56%,organic matter is 22.99g/kg,total N is 1.52g/kg,hydrolytic N is 144.41mg/kg,total P is 0.52g/kg,available P is 28.41mg/kg,total K is 19.50g/kg,available K is 79.50mg/kg and slow-releasing K is 259.61mg/kg.pH,organic matter and total K of the soils are noted to be low and total P,available P and total N of some soils are higher than found in the Second National General Soil Analysis. Rational application of N and P,adjustment of soil acidity,application of K fertilization and organic fertilizer,and selection of suitable soil texture are noted to be crucial in the cultivation of tobacco in Fujian tobacco-growing areas.

Evaluation of available microelement contents in tobacco soils of Chongqing

LI Xiao-Ning, GAO Ming, CI En

2007, 15(3): 25-28.

Abstract(1010) PDF(846)

Abstract:
Available contents of Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,B and Mo in 334 soil samples taken from tobacco field in 14 counties in Chongqing were measured and distribution patterns were discussed.The results show that more than 20% of the tobacco fields are deficient in available Zn and Mo,while more than 75% have extremely low(nearly unavailable)amount of B.Available Fe and Mn is high,while the soils are quite rich in available Cu.A significantly negative correlation is observed between available Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn and soil pH,while there is a significantly positive correlation between Mo content and soil pH.When pH is below 7.0,available B content increases with increasing pH,but when pH exceeds 7.0,its content decreases.Available Fe and Cu contents have significant positive relationship with organic matter content of the tobacco soils,while available Mn,B and Mo have no significant relationship with tobacco soil organic matter content.

Application of starch adhesive in organic compound fertilizer granulation

LI Yan-Ming, LIU Xiao-Xia, LI Guo-Xue, WEI Yuan

2007, 15(3): 29-31.

Abstract(1026) PDF(1314)

Abstract:
Although mineral binder bonds are widely used in organic compound fertilizers,their inevitable shortcomings limit their application in the organic compound fertilizers.Direct application of crude cornstarch (CK2) adhesive is unfit for granulation of organic compound fertilizers.But the use of liquid adhesive A and dry powder adhesive B(both obtained by the modification of cornstarch)as granulation adhesive in organic compound fertilizer granulation produces granules with quality exceeding Chinese and International Standards.Both two adhesives have granulation percentage greater than 93%,return products less than attapulgites',and used level under 1%.The granules resist crushing forces greater than 10N,and maintain a 100% integrity after immersed in deionized water for 24 hours.Modified cornstarch adhesives practically substitute inorganic binders.Adhesive A and B can be used as granulation adhesive for high nutrient-rich organic compound fertilizers.

Effect of application of potassium on grain yield and quality of strong gluten wheat

ZHANG Ding-Yi, ZHANG Yong-Qing

2007, 15(3): 32-37.

Abstract(1228) PDF(933)

Abstract:
The effect of potassium application on grain yield and quality of strong gluten wheat were studied.The results indicate increase in grain yield with potassium application within 37.5kg/hm² to 112.5kg/hm².Yield increases by 793.5～1672.5kg/hm² with a net benefit of 981.0～1878.0 yuan/hm².Significant differences among the different treatments are also observed.Yield decreases with potassium application between 112.5kg/hm² and 150kg/hm².Thus potassium application of about 112.5kg/hm² is suggested for practical purposes.The contents of gliadin,glutenin and globulin are observed to be more affected than those of albumin by potassium application.Stored and gross protein and amino acid contents remarkably increase.Therefore the quality improvement is attributed to potassium treatments.Major features of the processing quality are improved with increasing application of potassium within a given range.Many important quality traits of baked bread including wet gluten,sedimentation,stable time,bread volume, extensibility, etc.are significantly improved with potassium treatment.In the experiment,optimum application ratios of N,P₂O₅ and K₂O are 2∶1∶1 within an optimum potassium application range of 103.0～112.5kg/hm².

Effect of different base fertilizers on yield components,physiological and biochemical traits of winter wheat

YUAN Xiang-Yang, ZHANG Li-Guang, ZHANG Ping-Ping, MIAO Guo-Yuan, GUO Ping-Yi

2007, 15(3): 38-40.

Abstract(1378) PDF(933)

Abstract:
Under immature soil,greenhouse and pot culture conditions,different base fertilizers(CK,N,P,K,NP,NK,NPK,organic fertilizer,NPK+organic fertilizer)were applied on winter wheat to study their effects on the yield components and physiological and biochemical traits of winter wheat.The results show P-fertilizer to be the main restricting factor to wheat growth.It is found to have significant effect on the growth characteristics,grain yield,chlorophyll content,plant N content and grain protein content of wheat.The plant N content is observed to be positively related to grain N and chlorophyll contents at 0.05 significant level;and to grain yield at 0.01 significant level.Grain protein content on the other hand is observed to be positively related to chlorophyll content and grain yield at 0.05 significant level.These findings indicate that in the lime soils of the Loess Plateau region of China, P is the most important factor for wheat growth.

Effect of different modes of fertilizer application on soil potassium balance and rice yield

WEN Wan-Yu, WANG Kai-Rong, XIE Xiao-Li

2007, 15(3): 41-44.

Abstract(1051) PDF(861)

Abstract:
Based on fourteen years field experiment,the effect of mineral fertilizer and organic nutrient recycling(C) on soil K balance and rice yield was studied in the double-rice-cropping region of subtropical China.The results show that zero-fertilizer or only mineral fertilizer application makes the soil deficient in K.NP treatment shows grievous deficit with average K shortage of 120.1kg/hm².Combined application of organic manure and NP or NPK reduces negative K balance effect and even results in an increased soil K release.For instance,treatment NP+C has a negative K balance of 2.2kg/hm² deficit per year,and treatment NPK+C has a positive K balance of 154.5kg/hm² surplus per year.However,exorbitant K input can lead to a great deal of K nutrient loss,which reduces K use efficiency and increases risk of environmental pollution.In comparison with mineral fertilizer,organic nutrient recycling improves rice yield significantly.But the rate of production increase by recycling decreases with increasing proportion of N,P and K.Based on zero-fertilizer rice production-increasing rate of organic nutrient recycling is 56%,and incorporation with organic nutrient recycling,NP and NPK yield production-increasing rates are 18.8% and 10.2%,respectively.Treatments NPK+C₂ and NPK have no significant difference in rice yield.It is obvious that organic nutrient recycling can substitute chemical potassium fertilizer.Organic nutrient recycling decreases internal potassium use efficiency by the given sequence:NPK+C＜NP+C＜NPK＜NPK+C₂＜C＜CK＜NP.

Effects of controlled release of N fertilizer on cotton yield

LI Ling-Li, MA Zong-Bin, LIN Tong-Bao, FANG Wei-Ping, XIE De-Yi

2007, 15(3): 45-47.

Abstract(1434) PDF(954)

Abstract:
The effect of controlled release of nitrogenous fertilizer on photosynthesis and yield of cotton was studied under field conditions.The results show that controlled release N treatment at 150kg/hm² increases LAI,Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ and Fv/Fo in cotton leaves at peak flowering and bolling stages,which subsequently enhances the CAP and boll number per plant,and boll weight.The yield of unginned cotton and fertilizer use efficiency increase by 10.3% and 10.2%,respectively,compared with that of CK.Controlled release N treatment with less than 120kg/hm² of N gives almost the same yield as CK,but increases fertilizer use efficiency by 29.0%,and saves labor and time when used only as base fertilizer.

Effect of long-term application of microorganismic compost or vermicompost on soil fertility and microbial biomass carbon

HU Cheng, CAO Zhi-Ping, LUO Yan-Rui, MA Yong-Liang

2007, 15(3): 48-51.

Abstract(2576) PDF(2533)

Abstract:
Seven years experiment on the effects of bio-organic fertilization,including 15t/hm²·a and 7.5t/hm²·a vermicompost(EM compost,EM chook manure and traditional vermicompost),and chemical fertilizer on soil fertility and microbial biomass carbon was conducted at the Quzhou Station of China Agricultural University.The results show enhancement in soil fertility and improvement in soil physical-chemical properties under long-term application of EM compost or traditional vermicompost.Soil pH values gradually decline when applied EM compost or traditional vermicompost increases,but soil organic matter,total N,alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P,available K and soil microbial biomass carbon increase;while significant positive correlations are observed between them and the used amount of fertilize.Chemical fertilizer enhances soil organic matter,total N and available nutrient to a certain extent.The different fertilizers are ranked according to their effects on soil fertility and microbial biomass carbon as follows:control＜chemical fertilizer＜traditional vermicompost＜EM compost.Significant positive correlations are observed between soil microbial biomass carbon and soil organic matter,total N,alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P and available K;indicating that microbial biomass carbon could be a biological indicator in soil quality evaluation.

Effect of different fertilizer application strategies on soil microbial biomass during corn growth periods

SUI Yue-Yu, ZHANG Xing-Yi, JIAO Xiao-Guang

2007, 15(3): 52-54.

Abstract(1965) PDF(1144)

Abstract:
The nutrient role of different fertilizer application strategies was assessed by measuring C and N dynamics of soil microbial biomass in corn fields.Compared with zero-fertilizer,only organic fertilizer,or chemical fertilizer applications, compound organic and chemical NPK fertilizer applications greatly enhance soil microbial biomass in the whole corn growth period,increase the supply of soil nutrient and benefit soil fertility buildup.

Effects of silicon application on growth and transpiration rate of maize

ZOU Chun-Qin, GAO Xiao-Peng, ZHANG Fu-Suo

2007, 15(3): 55-57.

Abstract(848) PDF(717)

Abstract:
The experiment studied the effect of silicon(Si) on the growth,transpiration rate and leaf abscisic acid(ABA)content in maize(Zea mays L.Nongda 108)in pot soil culture.The results show that Si has no significant effect on shoot dry weight of maize under both water and non-water stress.Water stress significantly reduces shoot dry weight,regardless of Si supply.Compared with non-Si treatment,Si application significantly decreases the transpiration rate of maize plants,regardless of water treatments.Water stress also decreases transpiration rate, gradually with duration of water stress.Si application increases leaf ABA content in maize compared with non-Si treatment,with or without water stress.Water stress also increases leaf ABA content regardless of Si application.

Effect of spraying silicon in the seedling stage of ginger on membrane fluid peroxidation and leaf defense enzyme activity

HUANG Yan-Nan, LIU Jun, ZHANG Zhen-Xian

2007, 15(3): 58-60.

Abstract(968) PDF(774)

Abstract:
Different concentrations of sodium silicate were sprayed on ginger leaves at seedling stage.Its results show that appropriate concentration of silicon reduces malondialdehyde(MDA)content and relative electric conductivity(REC) which protects cell membrane integrality.On the other hand,excessive silicon increases the content of MDA and REC.Detail analysis show that sodium silicate treatment increases the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT)and phenyllamine ammonialyase(PAL) to varying degrees.The effects of the first treatment are remarkable,but the activities of enzymes gradually increases after second and third treatments.Thus it is concluded that excessive silicate decreases the activities of SOD,POD,CAT,and PAL.Silicon concentration of 500～1000mg/L produces desirable effects.It raises the antioxidant ability of ginger leaves and increases the activities of defense enzymes.

Mathematical model of wheat straw decomposition rate in farmland with different levels of fertilization

LI Yun-Le, QIAO Yu-Hui, SUN Zhen-Jun, ZHANG Lu-Da, ZHANG Rui-Qing

2007, 15(3): 61-63.

Abstract(1187) PDF(811)

Abstract:
The effect of fertilization levels and different soil organisms on the rate of wheat straw decomposition was studied by using the nylon bag method.Based on obtained data, a non-linear mathematical model of farm organic matter decomposition is developed using the data fitting method of DUD arithmetic.Regression square sum and residual square sum of the model indicate high fitting precisions,and an adopted non-linear mathematical model completely depictes the nature of organic matter decomposition.It is a new and excellent method in the study of soil ecological system modeling and in rationally using organic offal.

Effect of summer and autumn seasonal drought on the agronomic characteristics of southern spring maize

HE Xi-Quan, SHENG Liang-Xue, LIAO Jiang-Lin

2007, 15(3): 64-67.

Abstract(1015) PDF(835)

Abstract:
Agronomic characteristics of the southern spring maize were studied in summer and autumn seasonal drought periods in southern China.The results show that growth, linear filling and stable leaf area periods are shortened by summer and autumn seasonal droughts,which result in increased ear baldness,decreased ear panicle and 1000-grain weight， and yield loss.Seasonal drought effects on the early maturity maize variety is lowest among the early,middle and late maturity maize varieties;and that for the middle maturity is lower than the late maturity variety.The degree of yield decrease is different for the different varieties.Thus the study shows that it is possible to analysis drought-resistance of maize varieties by agronomic characterization.

Soil water content dynamics and water use efficiency under plasticfilm and straw dual-mulching in maize fields

MAI Zi-Zhen, LUO Shi-Wu, CHENG Bing-Wen, WANG Yong

2007, 15(3): 68-70.

Abstract(1046) PDF(866)

Abstract:
Experiments were conducted on plasticfilm and straw dual-mulching in dry land maize fields with plastic film mulch on ridges and different amount wheat straw mulch in channels.The results show that soil water content increases with increased amount of straw mulch.Soil water content within 0～100cm depth averagely increases by 146.2mm under treatments of 5250kg/hm² and 9750kg/hm² straw mulch during the entire growth period of the crop.Water use efficiency of maize with plastic film and straw dual-mulching increases by 16.67%～28.65%,precipitation retention efficiency increases by 12.39%～18.29%,and maize yield increases by 12.10%～18.15%,in comparison with only plastic film mulch on ridges.

Effects of moisture and manure condition on soybean production under year-round furrow-film mulch farming in dry fields

LI Zhi-Jun, JIAN Yu-Feng, ZHAO Ai-Ping

2007, 15(3): 71-74.

Abstract(809) PDF(833)

Abstract:
Based on the little,unevenly distributed seasonal rainfall of Longdong dry fields,a new cultivation method that makes the maximum use of available precipitation was selected. The “year-round furrow film mulch” cultivation improves farming and growth conditions by increasing water use efficiency of soybean. The results show that the new cultivation technique can largely retain rainfall in winter and growth stage of soybean,which enhances moisture and manure conditions and output. It is a promising new faming method that increases the use efficiency of winter precipitation and ensures soybean production in Longdong dry fields.

Analysis of yield components, physiological and agronomic characters of different cultivars of winter wheat bred during different ages

WANG Zhen-Hua, ZHANG Xi-Ying, CHEN Su-Ying, PEI Dong, SUN Hong-Yong, LU Xiang-Lan

2007, 15(3): 75-79.

Abstract(1495) PDF(1256)

Abstract:
A study was conducted to compare the performance of typical winter wheat cultivars certificated from the 1970s and latter, and now widely grown in the Hebei plain. The results show that, when all the cultivars from different ages are grown under the same conditions with adequate water and fertilizer supply, the new cultivars produce higher yield than the old ones. The unit area kernel numbers have a significant positive relationship with yield improvement. Kernel numbers per spike and 1000-grain weight do not change much between the old and new cultivars, and no significant relations exit between the two and yield increase. Harvest index is positively related to yield increase. It is observed that modern cultivars have higher harvest index and lower plant height than those of the old cultivars. Above-ground biomass of the cultivars developed after the 1990s dose not decrease with shortening plant height. Not much differences in wax content, SPAD value, and leaf water potential exist, but differences in specific leaf weight and ash contents are significant between the old and modern cultivars, and leaf ash content correlates with grain yield.

The production and distribution of minor crops in the Loess Plateau of China

ZHANG Xiong, SHAN Lun, LI Zeng-Jia, WANG Li-Xiang, CHAI Yan

2007, 15(3): 80-85.

Abstract(1222) PDF(1116)

Abstract:
The production situation of minor crops in the Loess Plateau of China was systematically analyzed based on crop species and regions of the study area. It is shown that minor crops play a very important role in grain production on the dry-lands of the Loess Plateau. Cultivated area of minor crop plants is largest in Shanxi Province，closely followed by Gansu. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has a lower minor crop planting area than Shaanxi，but its ratio to crop planting area is higher in Ningxia than Shaanxi. Among the different crops，cultivated area of potato is the biggest，then millet，buckwheat and mung bean in that order. Also the distribution of minor crops in the dry-lands of the Loess Plateau is divided into 3 major- and 10 sub-areas，and the main minor crop production and distribution characteristics of the different divisions were analyzed to provide policy and scientific bases for rational utilization of minor crop resources.

Determination of the characteristics of soil heavy metal spatial variability with two soil sampling scales

NING Mao-Qi, LIU Hong-Bin, WU Wei

2007, 15(3): 86-91.

Abstract(1233) PDF(1077)

Abstract:
Soil samples were collected with two sampling scales in Chongqing and their As，Hg，Cd，Pb and Cr levels measured to study the feasibility and adaptability of geostatistics in analyzing soil spatial variability of heavy metals. Results indicate that As，Cd and Cr on the small scales show normal symmetrical distribution，but Pb，Hg on the small scales and As，Hg，Cd，Pb and Cr on the large scales show skewed distribution. The CV of different heavy metals are between 23.2%～24.1%，showing a significant spatial variability. High spatial variability exists under large scales，while low spatial variability occurs under small scales. Typical semivarigram structure observation of samples on the two scales show that the geostatistical analytical method can correctly analyze soil heavy metal spatial variability，regardless of the size of the sampling scale. On small scales，heavy metal has strong spatial or medium auto-correlation with nugget values between 0.112～0.736. On large scales，heavy metal has medium auto-correlation with nugget values between 0.301～0.570. Spatial interpolations and cross validations show that the spatial forecast results of As，Cr，Hg and Cd on small scales precisely reflect their spatial variability；and on large scales，the estimated results somewhat warp. The estimated result for Pb deviates on all scales.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on heavy metal tolerance of clover in contaminated soil

KONG Fan-Mei, SHI Yan-Xi, FENG Gu, LI Xiao-Lin, XU Peng-Liang

2007, 15(3): 92-96.

Abstract(1538) PDF(1068)

Abstract:
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on Cu，Zn，Pb and Cd uptake and distribution in red clover plant were investigated by using a four-compartment culturing system under greenhouse conditions. Cu(CuSO₄·5H₂O)100mg/kg，Zn(ZnSO₄·7H₂O)600mg/kg，Pb［Pb(NO₃)₂］300mg/kg，Cd(CdSO₄·8H₂O)10mg/kg were added to loamy soil which was precultured for one month before sowing clover seeds. The growth of red clover is observed not to be impeded in the heavy metal contaminated soil，while inoculation rates of two AMF species Glomus intraradices and Glomus caledonium are significantly decreased by 53% and 56% respectively and hypla density of Glomus intraradices is decreased by 73%. AMF still significantly decreases the uptake of Cu，Cd and Pb，and prevents transportation and distribution of heavy metals in the shoot systems of the clover plants. The concentrations of Pb，Cd in the clover shoots decrease by 24.2%～55.3% and 65%～97.9% respectively，compared with non-inoculated clover,below the upper limits of the standards of animal feed in China. It is concluded that AMF can increase clover quality and benefit field treatment of sewage one the hand，and limit contaminants uptake through food chain on the other. AMF plays a crucial role in regulating Cu，Zn and，especially Pb，and Cd bio-recycling in the ecosystem and in alleviating the stress and transfer of heavy metals along food chain.

Genetic effects of lanthanum on wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) seedlings under cadmium stress

YE Ya-Xin, JIN Jin, WANG Jin-Hu, TIAN Miao, GAO Ping

2007, 15(3): 97-99.

Abstract(1177) PDF(1115)

Abstract:
Mitotic index and frequency of chromosomal aberration of root tip cells of wheat seedlings were used as indexes to study the protective effects of lanthanum (La) on wheat seedlings cultured under water planting with heavy metal (Cd) stress. The results show mitotic index decrease and frequency of chromosomal aberration increase under Cd stress, the higher Cd concentrations, and the longer treatment durations, the stronger repression effects. The poisonous effect of Cd on root tip apparently appearing as brown spots and twisted roots induces growing stagnation and abnormal cell chromosome behaviors, including chromosome lag. La can protect wheat seedlings from Cd stress by increasing mitotic index and decreasing frequency of chromosomal aberration, especially reducing formation of micronuclei in root tip cells.

Effects of high temperature and doubled CO₂ on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr seedlings

LIANG Jian-Ping, LIU Yong-Mei, NIU Yuan, XIE Jing-Si

2007, 15(3): 100-103.

Abstract(870) PDF(884)

Abstract:
Under simulated environment of 35℃ and 700μmol/mol CO₂，the activities of antioxidant enzymes and changes of lipid peroxidation in Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr seedlings were investigated. The results show that activities of superoxide dismatase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catelase (CAT) are decreased under the stress of high temperature, while increased under doubled CO₂ and the complex stress of high temperature and doubled CO₂. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) raises under high temperature, but reduces under doubled CO₂, as well as the complex stress. The results indicate that doubled CO₂ could effectively elevate the defensive capacity of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr seedlings against the stress of high temperature by improving antioxidant enzyme activity.

Media formula and plant control effects on aeroponics potato tuberization physiology

WANG Ji-Chun, TANG Dao-Bin, LU Chang-Wen, HE Feng-Fa, HE Qing-Xue

2007, 15(3): 104-107.

Abstract(1227) PDF(1178)

Abstract:
Three different nutrition solutions and 3 plant-controlling methods were designed to study physiological effects on tuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The results indicate that nutrition formula has significant effects on the ‘source-current-sink’of potato. Applications of nutrition solution A₂ at minimum ratios and maximan ratios of N/K and NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N in the early and late growth stages, respectively, can greatly increase plant leaf area, LAD, content of chlorophyll, root activity and number of stolon shoot, mini-tuber number and weight, fresh and dry weights of stem and leaf. CIP24 is found to have the best tuberizing property. Further more, different combinations of plant-controlling, CCC spraying and pruning can increase LAD, shoot fresh weight and root volume, shorten plant height when CTP24 is cultured with A₂.

Impact of tomato resistant rootstock on the root-knot and soil free-living nematodes dynamics and community composition

CHEN Yun-Feng, CAO Zhi-Ping

2007, 15(3): 108-112.

Abstract(1208) PDF(1038)

Abstract:
The impact of tomato resistant rootstock Beaufort(Lycopersicon lycopersicum×L. hirsutum) on root-knot nematodes and free-living nematodes in soil was studied under green house conditions. A two-way ANOVA (treatment×date) analysis on the density of the second stage juvenile root-knot nematodes (J2) indicates highly significant differences between sampling dates; and J2 in resistant rootstock plots significantly lower than in control plots. Free-living soil nematodes are classified into four trophic groups: bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites and omnivores/predators, based on their nutrition resources. Significant differences are observed in fungivores and plant parasites among sampling dates; and the tomato resistant rootstock decreases the density of fungivores but increases the density of the bacterivorous nematodes. Ecological indices of fungivore/bacterivore ratio (F/B), fungivore/“bacterivore+fungivore”ratio (modified F/B), diversity, richness, evenness and dominance are compared between the treatment and control plots. F/B, modified F/B, richness and evenness show significant inconsistencies among sample dates, but more sensitive than other ecological indices used in the assessment of the impact of the tomato resistant rootstock on nematode community structure.

Beauveria bassiana isolate selection against aphids

HE Heng-Guo

2007, 15(3): 113-116.

Abstract(1075) PDF(870)

Abstract:
Fungal pathogenicity and fecundity, and effects on population parameters and fecundity of aphids of 4 isolates of Beauveria bassiana were studied (under 21℃, 85% relative humidity). The results show a general consistency between infection mortality to aphids and effect on the reproduction and fecundity of the aphids, but a significant difference among the 4 isolates exists. On the whole, the observed infection rank order of performance of the isolates is “Bb7001”＞“Bb7004”＞“Bb4014”＞“Bb8001”. The aphids' mortality is highest 3～5 days after inoculation of the 4 Beauveria bassiania isolates “Bb7001”，“Bb7004”，“Bb4014” and “Bb8001” with lgLC₅₀ at 3.67，4.34，4.52 and 4.48. The fecundity of aphids is significantly different from the control after inoculated with the isolates in 10⁶ conidia per mL for 3 days. 4 isolates show significant inhibition for reproduction. Within 10 days, the birth rate of aphid offspring decreases by 30.06%～50.00%; the net reproductive rate decreases by 61.90%～72.73%; and the intrinsic increasing rate decreases by 13.04%～41.58%. Among all the isolates, the “Bb7001”exhibits the most significant effect on the green peach aphids and is the first isolate to develop.

Determination of the varieties of putrefying fungi of fresh jujube in storage

XIA Hong, XIA Qing, WANG Chun-Sheng, LI Jian-Hua, ZHAO Gui-Fang

2007, 15(3): 117-119.

Abstract(828) PDF(1128)

Abstract:
Plant pathological experiments were conducted to study the varieties of causative fungi putrefying fresh fruits of seven jujube cultivars under storage.Six varieties of causative fungi are obtained in the separation process.They are Alternaria alternata(Fr.∶Fr.) Keissler,Alternaria temuissima(Fr.) Wiltshire, Penicillium citrinum Thom,Penicillium corylophilum Dierckx,Fusarium sulphureum Schlecht and Cladosporium sp.Five of them are identified as the main causative putrefying fungi of fresh jujube in storage.

Quantitative distribution and character analysis of Sinorchizobium fredii in Shanxi Province

SHI Qing-Liang, BAI Cheng-Yun, WEN Yue-Xiang, YANG Su-Sheng, WANG Lei

2007, 15(3): 120-122.

Abstract(1230) PDF(1026)

Abstract:
There is a wide distribution of Sinorchizobium fredii,a stress resistant rhizobium in Shanxi Province.The quantified number of Sinorchizobium fredii is between 5100～5100000/g of soil,about 99.4% of the total indigenous soybean rhizobial population in Shanxi.These rhizobia strains are found to nodulate on local “Jindou” soybean cultivars at a minimum level of 80%,but not at all on western “Osumi” soybean cultivars.Effective strains of S. fredii are observed to have good inoculation and nitrogen fixing capability on local soybean cultivars ‘Jindou 19’ and ‘Jindou 20’.They are also found to have acid production activity and well adapted to the alkaline soils of Shanxi.This character is observed to activate rhizospheric nutrition which may be equally important in the nodulation and fixation activities of the rhizobia strains.

Preliminary investigation on antibiotic-producing Streptomyces spp.

LIU Ling-Zhi, HU Jiang-Chun, CHEN Xi-Shi

2007, 15(3): 123-125.

Abstract(1293) PDF(1333)

Abstract:
An antibiotic-producing Streptomyces spp. 9911 was separated from the soil in Heilongjiang. Gram positive bacteria especially Bacillus spp. are heavily suppressed by this stain.The antibiotic secreted by 9911 can endure 100℃ for two hours,and in certain conditions,it is acid-resistant.

Effect of adding lactic acid bacteria and glucose on alfalfa silage quality

WAN Li-Qiang, LI Xiang-Lin, ZHANG Xin-Ping, HE Feng

2007, 15(3): 126-128.

Abstract(969) PDF(933)

Abstract:
Alfalfa in initial flowering stage was harvested and wilted for 0,8,or 32 hours ［with dry matter (DM) content of 27.15%,38.45% and 50.87%,respectively］,and ensiled with lactic acid bacteria+glucose at rates of 0,10⁵cfu/g+20g/kg, 10⁶cfu/g+15g/kg and 10⁷cfu/g+10g/kg. Results from the experiment indicate that alfalfa with lower water content (DM 50.87%) without additives has lower ammonia nitrogen content,conserves more DM,and produces more lactic acid.The languished alfalfa (DM 38.45%) ensiled with lactic acid bacteria+glucose has the best quality.The silage quality and integrated evaluation of alfalfa (DM 27.15%) with 10⁶cfu/g lactic acid bacteria and 15g/kg glucose is better than those of alfalfa with the other treatments.The silage quality of alfalfa (DM content,38.45% and 50.87% respectively) with 10⁷cfu/g lactic acid bacteria and 10g/kg glucose are simply the best.

Cloning and sequence analysis of hepcidin-like cDNA Hepc2 from liver of Lateolabrax japonicus

CHEN Jun-Hui, WANG Ke-Jian, ZHOU Hong-Ling, REN Hong-Lin, YANG Ming

2007, 15(3): 129-132.

Abstract(1072) PDF(959)

Abstract:
Hepcidin is a unique antimicrobial peptide which exerts broad-spectrum antimicrobial action against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria,as well as fungi.A Hepc-like cDNA was amplified from the liver of Lateolabrax japonicus challenged with a mixed bacteria solution.Using RT-PCR and RACE with a specific primer pair,a full length cDNA sequence Hepc2 of the Hepc-like antimicrobial peptide (GenBank accession number:AY604195) was obtained.Hepc2 cDNA is composed of 581 bases,which contains an ORF of 258 bases,encoding 86 amino acids.The deduced amino acid sequence is conserved between white bass and other fish species,which share eight cysteines at the identical conserved position.The relative molecular weight of the protein is 9418.55dal.The 3′non-coding region is composed of 225bp,with a polyadenylation signal AATAAA sequence appearing at position 189 nt,and poly (A) tail at 212 nt, downstream codon TAA.The signal peptide cleavage site of its deduced protein is presumed between codon 24 and 25. High homologies with Hepc cDNAs and proteins of white bass (Morone chrysops),human and other fish are shown.It indicates that Hepc2 cDNA from Lateolabrax japonicus liver is a new member of the Hepc gene family.

Advantages and disadvantages of green tea production and primary ecological control techniques in the hilly regions of Hunan

DONG Cheng-Sen, XIAO Run-Lin, WANG Jiu-Rong, TANG Yu

2007, 15(3): 133-137.

Abstract(1424) PDF(1035)

Abstract:
Tea plantation in the hilly regions of Hunan Province has many advantages including various well-known tea brands,low production cost,and high tea output.However,tea gardens in hilly regions also have many disadvantages,such as infertile soils, seasonal droughts,and simple ecological structure,which decrease tea quality and benefits.Field experiment results show that straw cover in tea plantations can effectively improve soil fertility and increase surface soil water content during tea growing periods,March to October.Cover with outer screen shadings during hot-dry seasons of summer and autumn can ameliorate tea garden illumination,temperature and water,promote accumulation of amino acids and chlorophyll in tender tea apexes,and increase the production of high-quality tea.In addition,complex artificial ecological tea plantations in hilly regions improve eco-environment and increase amount of natural enemy to restrain the occurrence and development of primary pests.Thus cultivation of complex artificial ecological tea,planting deciduous arbor between tea rolls,and complete straw coverage in the hilly regions of Hunan Province are recommended.

A research of Matter-element Model of comprehensive evaluation on fragile eco-environment

WU Xi-Zhu, YAN Lu-Ming

2007, 15(3): 138-141.

Abstract(1415) PDF(1045)

Abstract:
By using the methods of Extension Engineering and Principle Component Analysis,a Matter-element Model used for comprehensively evaluating the fragile ecological environment in Fujian Province was established.The results from the model shows great regional differences of ecological fragile properties of environment in Fujian Province.And the problems and the restricting factors for every region are quite different.And the countermeasures are put forward.

Application of genetic algorithms in the optimization of sustainable agricultural industrial structure of Heilongjiang Province

WANG Shu-Yan, GE Jia-Qi, WU Qiu-Feng

2007, 15(3): 142-145.

Abstract(1238) PDF(1165)

Abstract:
A sustainable agricultural optimization model that integrates economic,ecological and social sectors was set up based on the agricultural industrial structure of Heilongjiang Province.The application of multi-goal genetic algorithms improves the overall model optimization process.A theoretical foundation for structural adjustment of agricultural industry of Heilongjiang Province and similar areas is advanced.

Correlation analysis of cultivated land change and economic development in Huzhou City

LI Zhao-Fu, YANG Gui-Shan

2007, 15(3): 146-149.

Abstract(1393) PDF(992)

Abstract:
Based on the 50-year statistical data(1949～1998) on Huzhou City,the change processes and the regional differences of cultivated lands were analyzed and the relationship between cultivated land change and economic development quantified.Lost cultivated lands to different economic developments were estimated.The results show an initial increase in cultivated land area in Huzhou followed by a steady decline with economic development,leading to three loss peaks in cultivated lands.Per capita cultivated area gradually decreases from 1949 to 1998.The cultivated areas show an exponential decreasing trend with increasing per capita GDP.The exponential function was then used to estimate cultivated land areas under different GDP levels.The estimated cultivated areas are 191.41km², 81.18km², 12.24km², 0.77km²,and 0.01 km² for 10 billion RMB GDP increase at per capita GDPs of 500～1000yuan,1000～5000yuan,5000～10000yuan,10000～20000yuan and 20000～30000yuan RMB,respectively.It is shown that cultivated land areas are steadily declining and the economic development model is shifting from extensive to intensive with economic development.

Calculation and analysis of agricultural ecological footprint in Bashang Plateau, Hebei Province—A case study of Shangyi County

TANG Chong, MA Li, WEI Ai-Qing, DU Shu-Huan

2007, 15(3): 150-154.

Abstract(1395) PDF(897)

Abstract:
The agricultural ecological footprint of Shangyi County from 1998 to 2003 was calculated and analyzed.Results indicate an agricultural ecological deficit of 0.36hm²/cap. in 2000.During the six years under review,there is an initial increase in agricultural deficit but then a steady decrease after 2001.This implies an intensification of agricultural development after 2001.

Evaluation of ecological carrying capacity of “re-submerging polders” of Dongting Lake

TAO Wei-Chun, WANG Ke-Lin, CHEN Hong-Song, ZHANG Ming-Yang

2007, 15(3): 155-160.

Abstract(1365) PDF(951)

Abstract:
Ecological construction for regional sustainable development is mainly by increasing ecological carrying capacity.However,most ecological evaluation studies today focus on economic,social and ecological aspects,very much lacking on the carrying capacity of ecosystems.Such is a hindrance to efforts in weighing results of ecological construction.This paper evaluates the effects of “re-submerging polder” policy on the ecological carrying capacity of Dongting Lake.Introducing ecological carrying capacity theory to a flood prone region is the basis of the evaluation.Thus the paper broadens the scope of application of ecological carrying capacity theory.Finally,the paper suggests important points for sustainable development in the Dongting Lake area.

Evaluation of ecological security of land resources in central district of Zaozhuang City,Shandong Province

HAN Mei, GAO Gui-Qin

2007, 15(3): 161-164.

Abstract(1117) PDF(819)

Abstract:
The conception,properties,and quantitative methods of ecological security of regional land resources were studied,24 indices selected to calculate the value of ecological security in 1998 and 2003 of the central district of Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province by using the ecological security models.The results indicate that the ecological security in 1998 was the first class “worst”,and in 2003 the second class “worse”,meaning that the ecological security of land resources in the central district of Zaozhuang City had been improved obviously.

Evaluation of agro-ecosystems in Karst Areas—A case study of Hechi Region of Guangxi Province

LUO Jun, WANG Ke-Lin, CHEN Hong-Song

2007, 15(3): 165-168.

Abstract(969) PDF(848)

Abstract:
The evaluation of agro-ecosystems is valuable for assessing agricultural development,especially in fragile Karst Areas.Three sectors (ecology,society and economy),and 12 indices(forest cover,soil and water loss,etc) were selected for the evaluation of the agro-ecosystem of Hechi Region for the period of 1995～2003.The results show an improvement from midium status to well status of the agro-ecosystem from 1995 to 2003.The increase is attributed to enhancement in planning and management of the agro-ecosystem,which is in accord with the local agricultural development conditions.However,agriculture and production potentials are not being fully exploited thus inducing lower indices in the economy and society sectors,and somehow restricting local agricultural development.In order to expand agricultural chain and strengthen economic development,several recommendations are advanced based on identified environment issues.

Eco-environmental evaluation of Baiyangdian Watershed using GIS

HAN Mei-Qing, WANG Lu-Guang, WANG Jing-Fei, WANG Shi-Yan, GUO Ping-Yi

2007, 15(3): 169-171.

Abstract(1052) PDF(1265)

Abstract:
The eco-environment of Baiyangdian Lake Watershed was evaluated by using GIS technology. The results show that the exponent of eco-environmental status is 53.05 graded as“general grade”.This grade of eco-environmental status has a medium vegetation coverage and biodiversity with suitable environment for human living.The limiting factors for human living in the area are water density and environmental quality,which are lower,11.18 and 12.68,respectively.

Cultivated land change and farm household economic behavior response in gully region of loess hilly area

HAO Shi-Long, MENG Fan-Ling, KE Jun

2007, 15(3): 172-174.

Abstract(1501) PDF(930)

Abstract:
Taking Shanghuang experimental area of Ningxia as a case study,changes of cultivated land and farm household economic behavior were analyzed using historical data,PRA investigation methods and GIS.Results show that cultivated land changes affect farm household economic behavior both within and outside the agricultural system.Planting structures and utilization forms of crop land are the most obvious changes within the agricultural system,whereas increased income and export labors of farm household economic behavior constitute the outside changes.

Eco-environment construction in Yangou Basin of Loess Plateau:Modes and benefits

LIU Pu-Ling, ZHENG Shi-Qing, JU Tong-Jun, WANG Shuan-Quan, XU Yong

2007, 15(3): 175-178.

Abstract(1076) PDF(1043)

Abstract:
The construction modes of eco-agriculture and measures for vegetation rehabilitation introduced in Yangou Basin since 1998 were discussed.The social-economic and eco-environment benefits achieved during the recovery processes were analyzed.The results indicate that the comprehensive controlling measures and the eco-agriculture modes in Yangou Basin are appropriate,which provides scientific evidence and a demonstrative example for the construction of eco-agriculture in Loess Plateau.

Investment and coordination problems of high-strength eco-environment reconstruction in Yangou Basin of loess hilly region

JU Tong-Jun, LIU Pu-Ling

2007, 15(3): 179-182.

Abstract(1766) PDF(978)

Abstract:
Eco-environment construction in the loess-hilly regions of Yangou Basin was used as a case to analyze investment structure and management of hi-speed,hi-strength eco-environment engineering in order to harness and optimize investment.Prediction and expectations of future construction investment in eco-environment are discussed.The results offer theoretic foundation for investment mechanism of eco-environment re-construction in the middle-western regions,especially the loess hilly regions.

Analysis of ecological compensation and capital management from the service value spectrum of ecosystems

WANG Hai-Bin, QIU Hua-Jiao, ZHU Wan-Bin, CHENG Xu

2007, 15(3): 183-186.

Abstract(1275) PDF(1371)

Abstract:
Based on analysis of ecosystem service value and ecological compensation at home and abroad,the necessity and method to realize ecological compensation in China are discussed.A new method of ecological compensation,i.e.,the active management of eco-capital is proposed.The development of“organic agricultural products”is the approved approach,and ecological industrial model titled as“Entirely-Close,Intra-Cycling and Zero-Pollution”, is designed.This study provides a feasible way to reconcile the conflicts among benefits in the economic,social,and ecological sectors.

Ecotoxic effects of rare earths in agriculture

LIU Su-Jing, ZHOU Qing

2007, 15(3): 187-190.

Abstract(1394) PDF(1372)

Abstract:
Rare earths(RE) in agriculture has great economic benefits,but environmental security problems emerge in the long-run.The effects of rare earths on edaphons,plants and animals were measured by the level of RE ecotoxicity.It is observed that RE changes edaphon population structure,population numbers and their soil enzyme activity;affects plant growth,biological physiology and RE accumulation in plant;and damages human reproductive system and health,liver and children's intelligence.It is concluded that RE is toxic to biota,and could directly affect biological processes,or indirectly affect biological processes through food chain.It is recommended that the effects of RE on environment,agriculture and man should be further investigated.

Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on plant flavonoids

LIANG Bin, ZHOU Qing

2007, 15(3): 191-194.

Abstract(1394) PDF(1702)

Abstract:
The influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on agricultural ecosystem and crop output is an area widespreadly attracting researchers.The paper introduced the characteristics and accumulation of flavonoid in plants whose synthesis is stirred up under UV-B radiation. Ecological and physiological effects and mechanism of flavonoid resistance to UV-B radiation are also analyzed.The relationship between flavonoid and other anti-UV-B radiation machanism are discussed from several angles laying the basis for future studies.

Effects of supplementary UV-B radiation and combined stresses on plant antioxidant enzymes

YAN Sheng-Rong, ZHOU Qing

2007, 15(3): 195-197.

Abstract(2145) PDF(1484)

Abstract:
Response of plant antioxidant enzymes to supplementary UV-B radiation and combined stresses is one of the crucial mechanisms to resist stress.Based on recent researches at home and abroad,effects of UV-B radiation on gene expression, transcription and translation of plant antioxidant enzymes were summarized; responses of plant antioxidant enzymes to combined stresses between UV-B radiation and drought,ozone,high temperature,salt,heavy metal and acid rain were also analyzed;impacts of regulatory factors,such as carbon dioxide,ascorbic acid,α-NAA, selenium,laser radiation and rare earths,on plant antioxidant enzymes were outlined as well.

Application of microorganism in bioremediation of contaminated environment

ZHANG Yi-Fei, ZHONG Wen-Hui, WANG Guo-Xiang

2007, 15(3): 198-202.

Abstract(1641) PDF(2250)

Abstract:
Bioremediation is a technique that uses living organisms,micro-organism in particular, to remove pollutants from contaminated environments. Bioremediation has gained momentum in recent years because of its low investment requirement and environmental impact as compared with other remediation techniques and has thus become a viable and promising mode for restoring contaminated sites. In this paper,key factors, including biological factors, nutrient factors, O₂ and electronic receptors, surfactants,co-metabolites, that affect bioremediation are discussed, some successful examples of bioremediation are given, and the merits and demerits of bioremediation expounded.

Review of researches on obstacles of continuous cropping of soybean

MIAO Shu-Jie, QIAO Yun-Fa, HAN Xiao-Zeng

2007, 15(3): 203-206.

Abstract(1955) PDF(2096)

Abstract:
Current status of researches on continuous cropping of soybean in and out China is analyzed from the points of view of biology,microbiology,plant nutrition physiology and obstacle factors.The strategies and countermeasures are discussed according to the national and international research results.And the problems and directions for the future research on continuous cropping of soybean are advanced.

Acid-producing characteristics of ten lactic acid bacteria

WANG Wei-Miao, PAN Ling, ZHU Wei, QI Ke-Zong

2007, 15(3): 207-208.

Abstract(877) PDF(4720)

Abstract:

2007 Vol. 15, No. 3