2007 Vol. 15, No. 4

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Research status and its perspective on the properties of rhizosphere biology med iated by allelopathic plants
LIN Wen-Xiong, XIONG Jun, ZHOU Jun-Jian, QIU Long, SHEN Li-Hua, LI Zhen-Fang, CHEN Hui, HAO Hui-Rong, CHEN Ting, LIN Rui-Yu, HE Hai-Bin, LIANG Yi-Yuan
2007, 15(4): 1-8.
Abstract(2414) PDF(3147)
Abstract:
Rhizosphere is the densely populated area of the soil where plant roots must compete with invading root systems of neighboring plants and soil-borne microorganisms including bacteria,fungi and insects that feed on organic materials for space,water,and mineral nutrients. Interactions within the rhizosphere are based on complex exchanges involving surrounding plant roots and are highly influenced by edaphic factors. However,below-ground biological interactions that are driven by root exudates are more complex than above-ground interactions. Increasing evidence suggests that root exudates act as information transmitter in the interaction process between plants and their environment and thus play an important active role in root-root and root-microbe communication. In this paper, previous studies are vividly reviewed and the direction of future research disscused.
Effect of forest interception on wet pollutant deposition
TAO Yu-Ping, WU Ning, LUO Peng, LIU Bing, ZHANG Qiao-Ying
2007, 15(4): 9-12.
Abstract(1298) PDF(953)
Abstract:
This paper examines ionic concentration of pollutants in air precipitation,through fall, stem flow and surface runoff of coniferous, broad-leaved forests and bare land. Results indicate that ionic concentration of different pollutants in air precipitation is in the following order:SO42-＞NO3-＞Cl-＞F-;ionic concentration in throughfall and stem flow of coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest is significantly higher than that in air precipitation. Similarly, total ion in throughfall and stem flow is higher for the coniferous forest than for the broad-leaved forest.In both types of forest, SO42- concentration in the pollutants is higher than the other ions, suggesting a higher dissolution of SO2and acid depositions. These observations further show that “forests are filters of air pollutants”though the extent to which filtering occurs is a function of forest type.
Undergrowth vegetation niche in scenic-recreational forest communities of Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia in Beijing suburb
DONG Jian-Wen, ZHAI Ming-Pu, XU Cheng-Yang, ZHANG Zhi-Du, WANG Yan-Xia
2007, 15(4): 13-17.
Abstract(1214) PDF(1013)
Abstract:
Niche breadth, niche similarity proportion and niche overlap of 23 undergrowth populations of Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia community were analyzed. Results show that niche breadthes of Oplismenus undulati-folius, Vitex negundo, Grewia biloba and Carex duriuscula are relatively wider than those of the other species, while regenerated seedlings of Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia own narrower niche breadth. Niche similarity proportion and niche overlap of the 23 undergrowth populations are relatively smaller, indicating that competition for environmental resources is not fierce among the different populations. Thus niche differentiation can be enhanced by improving planting arrangement.
Characteristics of low-lying wet-grassland evapotranspiration in the middle reach of the inland river basin of Northwest China
WU Jin-Kui, DING Yong-Jian, WANG Gen-Xu, SHEN Yong-Ping
2007, 15(4): 18-21.
Abstract(937) PDF(915)
Abstract:
Low-lying wet-grasslands characterized both as grasslands and wetlands possess irreplaceable ecological functions in the inner river basins of Northwest China. Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance( BREB)method was used to calculate evapotranspiration(ET) based on meteorological data from low-lying wet-grassland in the middle reach of the Heihe River basin in Hexi Corridor. Results reveal that ET rate for the period 2003 to 2004 for the wet-grassland is 611.5mm/a and 1.67mm/d. ET varies with different growth stages, with 0.57mm/d in No Growth Stage(NGS), 2.01mm/d in Initial Growth Stage(IGS), 3.82mm/d in Middle Growth Stage (MGS) and 1.49mm/d in End Growth Stage (EGS). ET for the four growth stages mentioned above respectively accounts for 18.26%, 9.20%, 61.83% and 10.71% of the total a nnual ET. In March, ET begins to increase, and with the growth of grass in June, it increases sharply, reaching its maximum in July. After July, ET decreases gradually. In Sept., ET decreases rapidly and stops at EGS in mid Nov., which happens at the freezing of the soil until Feb. of the following year. Hourly ET analysis shows that evapotranspiration begins at 7:00(for MGS) or 8:00(for EGS), and rises to a maximum value at 13:00, then finally ends at 19:00(for EGS) or 20:00(for MGS). ET intensity on sunny days is always much higher than that on cloudy days for the same growth stage.
Analysis of the trend of temperature inversion by hill slopes
ZHANG Hui, CAI Wen-Hua, ZHANG Wei-Guang, LIN Xin-Jian, LAN Zhong-Ming, QIU Xiao-Xuan
2007, 15(4): 22-25.
Abstract(1023) PDF(997)
Abstract:
The trend of temperature inversion on fine nights and no-fine nights was discussed. Results indicate that when freezing hazard happens in hilly areas on fine nights, with hoist of relative slope of observation point the temperature difference from the bottom of the slope increases. A regression relation exists between relative slope observation point and temperature difference. Highest temperature inversion appears at the middle of the hill and lowest temperature inversion appears at the bottom of the slope. No significant difference in temperature occurs by changing the relative slope observation point. Fruit trees are not injured by freezing and the lowest temperature is always higher than 0℃. The highest temperature difference is 3.3℃ in fine night. The temperature difference does not change significantly among different slope direction.
Effect of urbanization on the temperature of Beijing metropolis in recent 30 years
ZHENG Zuo-Fang, ZHENG Yan, LI Qing-Chun
2007, 15(4): 26-29.
Abstract(1125) PDF(977)
Abstract:
In this paper, principal component analysis was used to probe into urbanization effect on the temperature of Beijing in recent 30 years. Results show that urban heat effect in simultaneity with urbanization is the main cause of urban temperature rise. Estimated proportion of urban heat effect to urban temperature is from 47.5% to 61.2%. Furthermore, correlativity between metropolitan temperature rise and urban population is very strong. Thus this work provides a fundamental reference for the study of urbanization effect on urban climate.
Spatial variation of available soil medium- and micro-element in Jilin middle plain
LI Zhi-Bin, CHEN You-Qi, YAO Yan-Min, SHI Shu -Qin
2007, 15(4): 30-35.
Abstract(1247) PDF(894)
Abstract:
Spatial distribution of soil medium- and micro-element in the middle plain of Jilin Province were investigated using geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS)techniques. With various processing methods, including logarithmic transformation, outlier exclusion and Box-Cox transformation, available Ca, Mg, B, Cu, and Zn contents were evaluated with normal distribution tests.The result shows that Box-Cox transformation is effective in achieving normal distribution data sets for available Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn, while outlier exclusion is effective for available B weakening effect by outliers. Geostatistical analysis including calculation of experimental variograms and model fitting were conducted, and the distribution patterns of the soil nutrient elements plotted. Semivariogram analysis shows that the soil nutrient elements are moderately spatially correlative within a given range.
Distribution of soil medium- and micro-elements in Fujian tobacco-growing soils
XIONG De-Zhong, CAI Hai-Yang, ZHANG Ren-Jiao, LI Chun-Ying, CHEN Xing-Feng
2007, 15(4): 36-38.
Abstract(1261) PDF(1151)
Abstract:
Calculated arithmetic means of medium-element and micro-element contents of tobacco-growing soils in Fujian are as follows:exchangeable Ca 519.33mg/kg,exchangeable Mg 34.49mg/kg,available S 27.91mg/kg,available Fe 61.07mg/kg, available Mn 13.99mg/kg,available Cu 3.09mg/kg,available Zn 3.32mg/kg,available B 0.17 mg/ kg and water soluble Cl 26.30mg/kg.Exchangeable Mg and available B contents of the soil are evidently deficient while available Fe and Mn are abundant,yet available Cu and Zn are just in the right amounts.
Chemical forms and transformations of Pb, Cu and Cd in agricultural soils of Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas
FANG Li-Ping, ZHANG Ming-Kui, CHEN Mei-Na, HUANG Chang-Yong
2007, 15(4): 39-41.
Abstract(1198) PDF(1212)
Abstract:
The transformation processes of Pb,Cu and Cd in ten agricultural soils from Changjiang and Zhujiang deltas were characterized and the effect of Cd,Cu and Pb loads on their chemical forms in the soil studied. Results show that a major fraction of heavy metals in unpolluted soils is in residual form.The proportion of extractable fraction of the heavy metals varies with soil type,but follows a general order of Cd>Cu>Pb. With increasing loads of heavy metals in the soils,the proportion of exchangeable form of the metals increases while that in residual form decreases,leading increased availability and impact of the metals on the environment.When heavy metals are added in low levels,the metals are preferen tially transformed into oxides and organic matter fraction bonds. However,the higher proportion of metals leads to exchangeable and carbonate fraction bond transformation.The proportion of exchangeable Pb,Cu and Cd fractions in the soil increase with decreasing pH.
Distribution of Zn and Cu in rock,soil and navel orange tree system in Zigui County, Hubei Province
LI Xue-Biao
2007, 15(4): 42-44.
Abstract(1182) PDF(920)
Abstract:
The distribution of Zn and Cu in rock, soil and navel orange tree system in Zigui County was analyzed. Results show differing characteristics of Zn and Cu in navel orange fruits, rocks and soils of the system. The distribution of Zn and Cu follows the universal electrochemical displacement series in the system. Zn/Cu ratio in the system is in the order of rock＜soil＜navel orange fruits＜navel orange stem. Biogeochemical circulations of Zn and Cu are different in the system, with Zn always displacing Cu. Biological enrichment coefficient of Cu and Zn can be represented by a linear regression equation:Zn=0.006+0.024×Cu(R=0.96).
Characteristics of soil nutrient distribution in high-altitude meadow ecosystems with different management and degradation scenarios
LIU Bing, WU Ning, LUO Peng, TAO Yu-Ping
2007, 15(4): 45-48.
Abstract(1572) PDF(1323)
Abstract:
In two high frigid meadow soil series of northwest Sichuan with different management and degeneration gradients,distribution characteristics of different soil nutrients were analyzed for three soil layers (0～20cm,20～40cm,40～60cm). The influence of management type and degradation degree on high frigid meadow soils was then discussed. Results show that soil organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus in natural pastures increase significantly after fencing and tillage. At the same time, available nitrogen and phosphorus contents increase remarkably. But the tendencies in 20～40cm and 40 ～60cm soil depths show a lesser magnitude due to soil layer compaction. A steady decrease in organic content is observed with the increase of meadow degrading level. With increasing depths, soil organic matter content decreases. Within the 0～20cm soil depth at increasingly aggravated degradation, soil organic content decreases by 32.6% and 52.1%.Changes in total nitrogen and phosphorus follow the above trend of organic matter, while change in total potassium is largely insignificant. Comparison with lightly degraded meadow, moderately and heavily degraded meadows own 1 5.1% and 28.6% decreased available nitrogen, 25.4% and 59.4% decreased available phosphorus. After fencing, tillage, vegetation rehabilitation is improved, degraded land soil nutrient content increases. However, tillage enhances soil penetration, mineralization and eluviation, resulting in lose of soil organic matter and NO3-N, subsequently reducing soil carbon accumulation. Further more, plowing destroys inherent grass growing soil layer leading to sand-bed becoming dominant degenerated meadow features. Thus,tillage measures should be applied prudent ially in the sub-alpine rangelands of northwest Sichuan.
Nitrogen cycle and content in plowable soil layer under different land-use types in Dongting Lake region
HUANG Wei-Sheng, PENG Pei-Qin, HUANG Dao-Yo u, SU Yi-Rong, ZHU Qi-Hong
2007, 15(4): 49-52.
Abstract(1285) PDF(984)
Abstract:
By high density sampling and farming household investigation,total N content,microbial biomass N(MB-N) content, total N and MB-N relationship,and N cycle characteristics and N balance of plowable soil layer under different land-use types were studied in Dongting Lake region.Results show 3.00±0.48g/kg total N content and 101.4±49.2mg/kg MB-N content in farmlands respectively.Total N contents for double cropping paddy fields,single cropping paddy fields,dry farming paddy fields and dry lands are 3.12±0.40g/kg,3.03±0.39g/kg,2.79±0.43g/kg and 2.10±0.46g/kg;and MB-N contents are 124.0±56.6mg/kg,96.4±39.2mg/kg,108.0±48.6mg/kg and 75.2±30.5mg/kg respectively. Except for dry farming in paddy soils ,MB-N and total N are significantly passively correlative (P<0 .01)for all other land-use types.The order of N surplus for the different land-use types is:double cropping paddy field(105.0 kg/hm2·a)>single cropping paddy field (75.1kg/hm2·a)>dry farming paddy soil (64.5kg/hm2·a)>dry land(51.9kg/hm2·a).
Effects of different land-uses on soil physical and chemical properties in the Loess Plateau of Shanxi Province
WANG Li, ZHANG Qiang, NIU Xi-Wu, YANG Zhi-Ping, ZHANG Jian -Jie
2007, 15(4): 53-56.
Abstract(1801) PDF(1575)
Abstract:
Soil properties under five land-uses,Caragana microphylla land,farmland,poplar forest,fallow land, and mixed plantation of Caragana microphylla and poplar in a typical Loess Plateau region,northwest of Shanxi Province were studied.Results show a significant influence of land-use on soil properties. Caragana microphylla and mixed poplar and Caragana microphylla plantation improve enzyme activity,total nitrogen and organic matter contents leading to higher soil fertility compared with artificial poplar forests.Cultivation practices increase soil bulk density,decrease enzyme activities,total nitrogen and organic matter contents of cropland soils resulting in soil degradation.Land fallow improves soil fertility to some extent.It is further shown that growing Caragana microphylla and mixed Caragana microphylla and poplar plants are the most sustainable ways for vegetation rehabilitation in the Loess Plateau.
Effects of temperature and soil moisture on soil organic carbon decomposition
XIA Guo-Fang, ZHANG Lei, WEI Shi, YAN Hong
2007, 15(4): 57-59.
Abstract(1037) PDF(1164)
Abstract:
The incubating experiment was conducted to study the effects of temperature and soil moisture on decomposition of soil organic carbon in black soil with different organic carbon contents. The results show that under the same soil moisture, the CO2 releasing rate is high at the beginning of the incubation(0～20d), and the relatively released CO2 amount is elevated as temperature increasing. After that(＞20d), the CO2 releasing rate is gradually becoming stable. Under the same temperature and 30%～90% of field capability, the CO2 releasing rate is high at the beginning of the incubation (0～20d), and then decreases. And the relatively released CO2 amount is elevated as soil water content increasing. Under same temperature and soil water condition, the CO2 releasing rate is enhanced as the organic carbon contents increasing.
Effect of straw mulching on soil,tea quality and yield of young tea plantations in hilly subtropical regions
PENG Wan-Xia, SONG Tong-Qing, XIAO Run-Lin, YANG Zhi-Jian, LI Sheng-Hua
2007, 15(4): 60-63.
Abstract(1282) PDF(1089)
Abstract:
Effect of straw mulching on soil,tea quality and yield of young tea plantations in hilly subtropical regions was studied. Results show that straw mulching improves soil physical properties and fertility,enhances growth of earthworms and increases soil moisture in the critical 0～20cm zone of the soil profile during the critical tea growth period from April to June. At the same time, straw mulching has dynamic effects as raising soil temperature during cold periods and lowering soil temperature during hot periods. Moreover, mulching stabilizes soil temperature within a given siol layer and effectively shortens high soil temperature and desiccation spells.Most importantly,straw mulching improves tea quality and increases tea yield.Tea yield is 39.04g/m2 higher under straw mulching.
Effect of incorporating rice straw into the soil on rice growth, soil N and P nutrients under different N and P fertilization models
PENG Na, WANG Kai-Rong, WANG Kai-Feng, XIE Xiao-Li
2007, 15(4): 64-67.
Abstract(950) PDF(968)
Abstract:
To determine the effect of incorporating rice straw into the soil on rice growth,soil N and P nutrients under different N and P fertilization methods, a pot experiment was conducted where varying amounts of rice straw was incorporated into the soil under different N and P fertilization models. Results show that rice straw leads to short-term decrease in soil NH4-N concentration,increase in soil available P,and sluggished plant growth.Though the effect of rice straw under different N fertilization is the same,it is,however,stronger with increasing levels of rice straw application. Thus it can be stated in conclusion that though straw application has some positive effects,applications in large amounts can lead to Fe toxicity.After rice straw incorporation,good drainage and more N and P fertilization are needed to eliminate possible Fe toxicity induced by the incorporated rice straw.
Effect of fertilization on soil microorganisms and enzyme activity under greenhouse condition
DU She-Ni, LIANG Yin-Li, XU Fu-Li, ZHANG Cheng-E, CHEN Zhi-Jie
2007, 15(4): 68-71.
Abstract(1337) PDF(958)
Abstract:
The effect of different fertilizations of tomato on soil microorganisms and enzyme activity was studied under greenhouse condition.Results show that phosphatase activity increases by using organic manure, NP fertilizer and organic manure plus foliar feed.There is a greater increase in phosphatase activity with the use of NP fertilizer plus foliar feed than the use of NP fertilizer alone.Using organic manure enhances urease activity.Fertilization with NP plus foliar feed leads to lower phosphatase activity than fertilization with organic manure plus foliar feed.Fertilization shows no significant effects on the activities of catalase and sucrase.The number of bacteria and fungi and actnomycete increases by using organize manure.Using NP fertilizer decreases the number of bacteria,increases the number of fungi and actinomycete.
Enhancing effects of microbial fertilizer on Dangshan crisp pear quality
LIU Li-Jun, HONG Jian-Ping, YAN Shuang-Dui, XIE Ying-He
2007, 15(4): 72-74.
Abstract(813) PDF(905)
Abstract:
An experiment on the effects of microbial fertilizer on the quality of 8-year Dangshan crisp pear show a remarkable decrease of N contents and an marked increase in P,Ca,Mg,Zn,Mn,K,Fe,B contents in Dangshan crisp pear leaves when treated with microbial fertilizer. Reasonable application of microbial fertilizer enhances yield and increases sugar and Vc contents,ratio of sugar to acid; and improves fruits quality. It also improves storing quality. Under the experimental conditions,the optimum application amount of microbial fertilizer is 1.0kg per tree.
Soil moisture condition and dry-layer development under Xi'an southern suburb apple orchard in rainy years
LI Yu-Qin, ZHAO Jing-Bo
2007, 15(4): 75-77.
Abstract(1168) PDF(807)
Abstract:
Through the determination and comparison of autumn and spring(for rainy years) soil moisture contents under 15-year old apple orchards in the southern suburb of Xi'an,a change in the moisture content within 0～6m depth of soil and the development of dry-layers were analyzed.It is shown that soil moisture within 2～4m soil depth is 8%～10% in spring indicating developed dry-layers of soil.Moisture content within 2～4m soil depth in autumn is more than 23%,far higher than that in spring showing that dry-layers have dispeared.Therefore soil moisture of dry-layer developed in the spring can be recovered rapidly to 5m deep in rainy years.
Effect of different slope landscape patterns on spatial and temporal variations of soil water, runoff and sedimentation in Xiaolangdi Reservoir area
SU Zi-You, WU Wen-Liang, ZHANG Jin-Song, JIANG Guang-Hui, JIA Chang-Rong, LI Jian-Xia, XUE Mao-Sheng, LI Zhong-Fu
2007, 15(4): 78-81.
Abstract(1148) PDF(1091)
Abstract:
Spatial and temporal variations of soil water,runoff and sedimentation on six slope landscape patterns(no-tillage cropland,conventional tillage cropland, fallow land, orchard, woodland, intercropped land) in Xiaolangdi Reservoir area were investigated. Results show average increased soil water content of cultivated slope landscapes(no-tillage and conventional tillage ) to be 1.51,2.32,5.63,and 2.66 times of that of fallow land, orchard, woodland and intercropped land respectively, and with 7.06%,11.9 2%,17.23% and 13.07% higher average water storage efficiency at the end of the rainy season. Vertical changes in moisture across the soil profile are grouped into four clusters: increasing, decreasing, fluctuating,and increasing-decreasing tendencies. Woodland slope has the least accumulated runoff and sedimentation while conventional tillage cropland has the highest of all the slope landscape patterns. Accumulated runoff and sedimentation for conventional tillage cropland is 13.9 times of that of forest landscape.
Study on sweet pepper water requirement under organic soil substrate cultivation in summer season
HE Chao-Xing, ZHANG Zhi-Bin
2007, 15(4): 82-85.
Abstract(1084) PDF(1391)
Abstract:
Four sweet pepper varieties, two from China and two from Netherlands, were cultivated with organic soil substrate in long summer season and their water requirements were analyzed.Resuls show that the varieties from Netherlands such as “Cadete” and “Maribial” have strong growth and higher yield under higher irrigation; whereas varieties from China such as “Zhongjiao 12” and “Tianza 7” show feeble growth but produce higher yield with medium irrigation. It is noted that the higher the irrigation, the larger the single fruit weight for all the varieties. The Chinese varieties can be harvested earlier and yield more in the proph ase. Sweet pepper production is adversely affected by high temperatures in summer but this situation is reversed as the temperatures fa l back to suitable levels. Higher plant and transpiration lead to ower water-use efficiency by the varieties from Netherlands in comparison to those from China. It is also shown that water requirement of sweet pepper changes with plant variety and time of growth; for instance, in hot summer plants need more water for growth. Netherlands varieties with higher yield and strong growth ability require more irrigation than Chinese varieties and are well adapted to cultivation in summer season.
Polysaccharide content of different vegetative organs of longan plant (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)
CAI Ying-Qing, LAI Zhong-Xiong, WU Miao-Cong, CHEN Yi-Ting, LI Guo-Qing, GONG Li-Fen, ZHENG Wen-Lu, LIN Xiu-Lian
2007, 15(4): 86-88.
Abstract(1215) PDF(931)
Abstract:
Polysaccharide contents were measured in different vegetative organs,fruited branches,tress, cultivars of Dimocarpus longan Lour. Results show existence of polysaccharides in all the vegetative organs of longan plant but polysaccharide contents remarkably differ from one organ to the other.Polysaccharide contents in different organs of the plant are in the following sequence:leaf(4.5 75 %)>new shoot(1.928%)>branch(1.644%)>root(0.918%).Only a few cultivars have significant difference in polysaccharide content for the same vegetative organ at di fferent levels of maturity.
Sodium uptake and carbon/nitrogen metabolism by different winter wheat genotypes during germination under salt stress
ZHAO Xu, WANG Lin-Quan, ZHOU Chun-Ju, SHANG Hao-Bo
2007, 15(4): 89-93.
Abstract(1245) PDF(1120)
Abstract:
The effect of salt stress on sodium uptake and accumulation,carbon and nitrogen metabolism and the ameliorative effect of calcium on wheat seed germination were studied.Results indicate that wheat seed germination is inhibited by 150mmol/L NaCl.“Xiaoyan6”is more tolerant than “Shaan229” during wheat germination.The ameliorative effect of exogenous calcium on the germination of the two wheat genotypes is different.Salt injury on “Shaan229” is significantly reduced by the addition of 6 mmol/L Ca2+,but calcium has no ameliorative effect on “Xi aoyan6”.Salt stress can decrease proteinase and amylase activities during wheat germination. “Xiaoyan6” enzyme activity is higher than that of “Shaan229”.Proteinase activity is improved by calcium while amylase activity is little affected by calcium.Na+ content in wheat seeds increases remarkably while K/Na ratio decreases significantly under salt stress.Na+ content of wheat seed is affected by exogenous calcium,but K+ content is little affected under 150 mmol/L NaCl and calcium.
Effect of 60Co γ- ray irradiation on Chamaecrista spp. nutrient
XU Guo-Z hong, ZHENG Xiang-Li, YING Zhao-Yang, HUANG Yi-Bin, WENG Bo-Qi
2007, 15(4): 94-96.
Abstract(1007) PDF(958)
Abstract:
Seeds of 5 varieties of Chamaecrista spp. were irradiated with60Co γ-ray at a radiation dosage of 300Gy and a radiation rate of 4 .6875 Gy/min.Observations and selection were made at M1 and M2.Then nutrient measurement at M3 was started with plants selected from mutants of the 5 varieties.Results show that K content of “ATF2219” decreases significantly,while no significant differences in N,P and K contents of other varieties are found.Total amino acid content of “ATF2219” decreases significantly with 17 kinds of the amino acids showing some degree decrease.Total amino acid content of “CPI86134” increases significantly with 17 kinds of the amino acid showing some degree increase.There are no significant differences in the other varieties. RAPD analysis shows that offsprings of the 5 irradiated varieties are significantly genetically different from CK.
Physiological mechanism of alleviating aluminum toxicity in rice seedling root by exogenous organic acids
SHI Rui-Hong, XIE Guo-Sheng, ZENG Han-Lai, ZHANG Duan-Pin
2007, 15(4): 97-101.
Abstract(1133) PDF(924)
Abstract:
Hydroponic culture experiment was carried out to investigate the use of exogenous organic acids in aluminum detoxification at the germination stage of four hybrid rice varieties.Root length and fresh weight of root,root leakage of electrolytes were detected and antioxidant enzymes(e.g.POD,CAT and APX) activity levels also analyzed.Results show that 1.5mmol/L aluminum treatment slightly hurts rice seedling root and POD and APX activities increase distinctly,though that of CAT has no significant change.Al stress is differentially alleviated after the addition of three different organic acids.Succinic acid shows the most obvious Al stress alleviation. Citric acid,malic acid and the mixture of citric acid and succinic acid have specific effects of variety.At the same time,POD and APX activities exhibit a downward trend while that of CAT changes relatively little after addition of exogenous organic acids, suggesting that metabolic homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is disrupted by Al stress. The activity level of antioxidant enzymes in mitochondria is then regulated by exogenous organic acids which causes detoxification of aluminum toxicity during rice germination.
Nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance by three planted floats in eutrophic water bodies in winter
ZHOU Xiao-Ping, XU Xiao-Feng, WANG Jian-Guo, YANG Lin-Zhang
2007, 15(4): 102-104.
Abstract(1210) PDF(1072)
Abstract:
N and P removal performance of planted floats of ryegrass(Lolium multif) ,“Aijiaohuang” and “Suzhouqing” (the latter two are cultivars of Brasica rapa) in natural eutrophic water bodies were investigated.Results show that the removal percentage by ryegrass,“Aijiaohuang”,“Suzhouqing” and the control are 49.75%,45.77%,45.12% and 28.91% in TN respectively;and 67.66%,60.19%,58.28% and 42.56% respectively in TP.The removal efficiency of the planted floats in TN and TP are significantly different(P＜0.05) from those of the control.The three plants are the new and alternative plant resources for the treatment of eutrophic water bodies.Phosphorus bioaccumulation by ryegrass accounts for 89.53% of total removed phosphorus in the system and 34.64% and 42.42% for “Aijiaohuang” and “Suzhouqing”,suggesting that abstraction is the main removal mode of phosphorus.For nitrogen,bioaccumulation accounts for only a small percentage of total removed nitrogen.
Effect of low concentration nonionic surfactants on adsorption behavior of parathion-methyl in sediments
YANG Cheng-Jian, ZENG Qing-Ru, YANG Hai-Jun, YANG Bo, TANG Zhong-Bo
2007, 15(4): 105-108.
Abstract(905) PDF(880)
Abstract:
By using batch adsorption method,adsorption isotherms of two nonionic surfactants (Brij30,Tween-80) in two sediments were investigated and parathion-me thyl adsorption behavior between the sediments and water with or without Brij30 or Tween-80 compared.Results show that the S-model is appropriate for describing adsorption isotherms of Brij30 and Tween-80 in sediments.Adsorptions of Brij30 and Tween-80 are the results of their adherence or aggregation on sediment mineral matter and partitioning in sediment organic matter.When Brij30,Tween-80 concentrations are lower than CMC,parathion-methyl adsorption on sediments decreases as Brij30 and Tween-80 molecules compete against parathion-methyl molecules for adsorbent bit attainment.However,because Brij30 and Tween-80 surface micelle in the two sediments adsorbs parathion-methyl and surfactants disperse the sediment colloids,the adsorption of parathion-methyl to sediments increases as Brij30,Tween-80 concentrations are higher than CMC.
Effect of 3-methyl-phenol on root weight and productivity in wheat-faba bean intercropping
CHAI Qiang
2007, 15(4): 109-112.
Abstract(1005) PDF(1095)
Abstract:
A pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of 3-methyl-phenol on the productivity and root/canopy ratio in wheat-faba bean intercropping and mono-cropping at concentrations of 0 (A0),150×10-6 mol/kg (A1), 300×10-6 mol/kg (A2) and 450×10-6mol/kg (A 3).Results show that in the maturity stage, yield of intercropped wheat improves by 59.26%,25.16 %,-44.33% and -74.15% compared to mono-cropping treatments of A0,A1,A2 and A3 respectively.Yield of intercropped faba bean improves by -8.79%,5.52%,13.40% and 160.38% respectively.In intercropping system,compensation for different components is an important function of yield stability.3-methyl-phenol shows greater positive economic benefit and yield harvest index under intercropping than under mono-cropping system at A1 dose,but as the dosage improves to A2 and A3,3-methyl-phenol shows less negative economic effect and yield harvest under intercropping than under mono-cropping system.Root/canopy ratio of wheat and faba bean intercropping decreases at 3-methyl-phenol dose of A1 and A3.Compared with mono-cropping system,intercropping shows an advantage of transferring photosynthesis to above-ground biomass.
Forecast model for prevalent stripe rust in winter wheat in Shanxi Province
FAN Shao-Qiang, XIE Xian-Sheng, LI Feng, YIN Qing-Yun, ZHENG Wang-Yi
2007, 15(4): 113-115.
Abstract(1129) PDF(1141)
Abstract:
The factors that affect wheat stripe rust in Shanxi Province were analyzed and wheat stripe rust forecast model formulated:Y=-0.2766+0.0249X1+0.0104X2+0.0132X3.The forecast model is a regression analysis of data from 1981 to 2003.It is shown by regression test that the model simulation matches with history records for 87.5% of tested cases.Rainfall from mid April to late May significantly affect stripe rust prevalence.
Genetic analysis of resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat germplasms
CAO Ya-Ping, ZHANG Ming-Yi, NING Dong-Xian, FAN Shao-Qiang
2007, 15(4): 116-119.
Abstract(1086) PDF(1079)
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Disease-resistance character of wheat germplasms was identified using 3×4 incomplete diallel model and weighted least square method in all F1,and in six generation reserved combinations of 3 BYDV-resistance material females and 4 fertility variety males.The least gene number was estimated in the disease-resistance trait by Castle-Wright method.Results show that inheritance does not follow additive-dominant genetic model,while additive effects remain significant.Meanwhile significant interactions are found with additive×additive and additive×dominant.Heritability of BYDV resistance is high and within the range of 69.15%～97.75%.02R084 and 02R493 are estimated to contain one resistance gene,and gene interactions vary with different genetic backgrounds.
Effect of pest resistant transgenic rice on arthropod community diversity in Fujian Province
HU Qi-Yong, ZHENG Yu, ZHANG Xiao-Jun, HU Xi-Bin, LI Ben-Jin, LI Yue-Ren
2007, 15(4): 120-123.
Abstract(943) PDF(1094)
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The effect of pest resistant transgenic rice MH86CpTI and MH86CpTI+Bton arthropod community diversity in Fuzhou rice fields was investigated. Results show that arthropod community in pest resistant transgenic rice fields can be classified into initial,unsteady and development communities.From tillering stage to waxy ripe stage of rice,species and individual number of arthrop od communities collected are as follows:CK>MH86CpTI＞MH86CpTI+Btand CK＞MH86CpTI＞MH86CpTI+Bt;both general diversity index and index of evenness are all CK>MH86CpTI＞MH86CpTI+Bt.No significant difference of diversity is recorded between arthropod community in pest resistant transgenic rice fields and non-transgenic rice fields.At the early and late rice growth stages,the dominant pests in the transgenic rice fields are Nephotettix concticeps and Nilaparavate lugens respectively.
Dynamics of insect pests and predatory enemy communities in cotton fields in north of the Huaihe River, Anhui Province
LI Peng, LI Gui-Ting, ZHANG Xin-Cai, JIANG Jun-Qi, WANG Xiang-Yang
2007, 15(4): 124-129.
Abstract(1060) PDF(943)
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The dynamics of insect pest and predatory enemy communities in cotton fields in north of Huaihe River, Anhui Province was studied.35 species of insect pests and 24 species of predatory enemies were found.The dominant species of insect pests are Aphis gossypii,Bemisia tabaci,Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and Adelphocoris spp., and the dominant species of predatory enemies are Singa pygmaea,Propylaea japonica,Pardosa T-insignita, Erigonidium graminicolum,Theridion octomaculatum,Nabis sinoferus,Orius similis and Paederus fuscipes.Among the dominant species, the distribution ratio of S.pygmaea, P.T-insignita, E.graminicolum, T.octomaculatum, O.similis and P.fuscipes on the cotton plants is:lower part ＞middle part＞upper part;for B.tabaci and Adelphocoris spp.,it is:upper part＞middle part＞lower part;for N. sinoferus,it is:upper part＞lower part＞middle part before July 30,and lower part＞upper part＞middle part after Aug.9;for A.gossypii, it is:upper part＞lower part＞middle part before June 20,but lower part＞upper part＞middle part after June 30;for P.japonica,it is:upper part＞middle part＞lowe r part befor e July 10,but lower part＞upper part＞middle part after July 20.T. cinnabarinus mainly exists in the lower part of the cotton plant in the prophase and then moves up.The evenness of the communities is relatively low during the early development stage of the cotton plant,but rises gradually during the middle development stage and declines eventually during late development stage.The change trend of the enemy community concentration is inversely related to its evenness.During the middle development stage of cotton,the community is most diverse.Species community diversity and evenness index has significant relationship with the guild community diversity,the correlation coefficient is 0.9904.
Effect of temperature on Paecilomyces lilacinus culture characteristics and its toxicity to Ditylenchus destructor
LI Fang, LIU Bo, HUANG Su-Fang
2007, 15(4): 130-133.
Abstract(1085) PDF(984)
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In this paper,the effect of temperature on Paecilomyces lilacinus growth was investigated.The growth index for OD,pH,mycelia dry weight,and spore number and their toxic effect on nematodes at different temperatures (15～35℃）were analyzed.Results show that temperature is a key factor of fermentation.Paecilomyces lilacinus exhibits normal growth within 20～30℃，optimum mycelia growth and sporulation occur at 25℃,mycelia biomass reaches 1.08g in 9 days,spore number reaches 4.012×106/mL in 10 days.Between 15～30℃，higher temperatures can increase C and N consumption and toxin production.At 30℃,cultured 7d,the toxicity to Ditylenchus destructor can reach 64.60%.
A GIS based analysis of landscape spatial patterns and land use in Karst regions—A case study of Hechi City，Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Rigion
KONG Xiang-Li, WANG Ke-Lin, CHEN Hong-Song, ZHANG Ming-Yang, LI Ren-Dong
2007, 15(4): 134-138.
Abstract(1179) PDF(1117)
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Based on Landast-TM remote sensing image of 1999/2000，this article utilized GIS technique to interpret and draw a remote sensing map of Hechi City.Landscape type index (such as number of patches，area of patches，average area of patches，etc.) and landscape index(such as diversity，predominance，evenness，fragmentation，etc.) were used to quantitatively analyse landscape spatial patterns and land use in the study area，and Lorenz curves used to analyze land use collectivity in Hechi City. Results show forest land to be the main land use type in Hechi City in 2000，followed by grass land，farm land，water body，and township and village constructions in that order.Spatial analyses of landscape in the study area reveal that landscape types are both multi-fold and complex.The environment tends to be dest royed by outer disturbances，especially unreasonable human activities.The research results offer a strong basis for sustainable development，utilization，management and design of land resources.It equally lays the foundation for studying the processes of spatial landscape patterns of land use.
Land use/land cover evolution in recent wetlands in the modern Yellow River Delta
GUO Du-Fa
2007, 15(4): 139-143.
Abstract(1104) PDF(1056)
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Based on digital land cover maps of 1986,1996,2001,land use/land cover evolution was studied on macro-scale over ARC/I NFO platform.Of all the land cover types,cultivated land area was the largest in the last 15 years.It implies that agricultural production is at the for efront of all land uses over the last 15-year period.Cultivated land area decrease outweighs increase from 1986 to 1996,while a near equal cultivated land area decrease and increase is observed from 1996 to 2001.This means that cultivated land area equilibrium prevails for the recent 5 years.The area with favorable halophilous vegetation succession is nearly equal to that with inverse succession from 1986 to 1996.Land formation outweighs land degradation in this period.From 1996～2001,favorable land evolvement is stronger than the inverse,but land formation rate is slower while land degradation area is more than that of land formation.During the last 15 years,construction land area has increased greatly.The increasing rate of construction land area for 1996～2001 outweighs that for 1986～1996.Construction land area ranks third in 1996,second in 2001 rising from the sixth place in 1986.
Grey relational analysis and evaluation of integrated benefits of new farming systems on upland red soil
HUANG Guo-Qin, LIU Xiu-Ying
2007, 15(4): 144-147.
Abstract(1170) PDF(925)
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Field experiment research on several new farming systems was conducted from November 2003 to October 2004 to determine feasible farming systems for developing cropping potential on upland red soils. Based on grey relational analysis,various ecological benefit indexes were used to evaluate economic,social,ecological and integrated benefits of several new farming systems on upland red soils.Results show that grey relational degree of “cabbage／potato／maize-sesame”is the highest among the new farming systems.It can cover social,economic and ecological benefits,ensure increasing yield and farmers income and realize sustainable development of agricultural production.Therefore,“cabbage/potato/maize-sesame”is a feasible farming system on upland red soils with high yield,effciency and quality.
Comparison of ecosystem service value of freeway and agriculture—A case study of Southwest Zhengzhou City freeway
TIAN Guo-Hang, TIAN Yao-Wu, YU Zhen-Rong, XIA Yun, ZHU Hong-Mei
2007, 15(4): 148-152.
Abstract(1154) PDF(1386)
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In accordance with the characteristics of freeway ecosystem and the connotation of ecosystem service，soil and water conservation,CO2 fixation,O2 release,dust absorption,deleterious gas (SO2) absorption and nutrient elements cycling were selected as indexes to evaluate ecosystem service at different periods of the southwest suburban freeway of Zhengzhou City by a combination of matter and value quantities based on market value method,shallow engineering method,production cost method and opportunity cost method.Results show total annual service values of agro-ecosystem in the research area to be 4.242 million Yuan, that of freeway ecosystem before and after ecological protection are 1.975 and 4.846 million Yuan respectively.Ecological service values are remarkably different among ecosystems in different freeway service periods.
Ecological footprint and dynamics of Xi'an City from 1990 to 2001
HUANG Qing, WANG Rang-Hui, REN Zhi-Yuan
2007, 15(4): 153-156.
Abstract(1077) PDF(886)
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The theory of ecological footprint was introduced and the development of Xi'an City from 1990 to 2001 assessed using the method of ecological footprint.Results show that per capita average ecological footprint for Xi'an City is 0.9012hm2/cap.in 1990 and 1.2691 hm2/cap.in 2001.Per capita average ecological footprint deficit is 0.5376hm2/cap.in 1990 and 1.2691 hm2/cap. in 2001.Analyses of the ecological footprint of Xi'an City indicate gradual increase in natural ecosystem requirements which threatens sustainable development of Xi'an City under given the ecological capacity of the city.Finally,some measures of reducing the ecological footprint deficit of the city are advanced.
Evaluation of ecological and economic benefits of crop production in Jiangsu Province
SHENG Jing, ZHENG Jian-Chu, CHEN Liu-Gen, MA Kang-Pin
2007, 15(4): 157-160.
Abstract(1616) PDF(1202)
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Economic benefits,energy output and soil NPK output/input for current crop production in Jiangsu Province were studied. Results show that cotton in combination with corn, wheat or rape can yield high economic benefits in the regions with intensive labor, small-scale production. Rotating rice and corn, wheat or rape can not only save labor, but also yield high economic and energy benefits in the region with low labor,large-scale production. For five crop types, N input is larger than N output, P input and output is basically in balance and K input is lower than output. In reference to ecological and economic benefits and soil fertility equilibrium maintenance, N fertilizer input should be reduced to 165～225kg/hm2 for rice,75～105 kg/hm2 for wheat,90～165kg/hm2 for corn, 120kg /hm2 for cotton and 60～90kg/hm2 for rape;and K fertilizer input should be increased to 120kg/hm2 for cotton. For the other crops,soil K may be supplemented by plowing crop straw/stalk back to field.
Emergy analysis of Guangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Area.
CHEN Dong, ZOU Dong-Sheng, LIU Fei
2007, 15(4): 161-165.
Abstract(1140) PDF(1102)
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The development of Guangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Area (GNASTA) from 2000 to 2004 was analyzed and evaluated using emergy analysis method.Per capita emergy and environmental loading ratio were screened as comprehensive indexes for emergy evaluation of GNASTA by means of principal component analysis method and factor analysis method.Results indicate a rapid and steady increase in total emergy import,total emergy export, emergy demand per area and environmental loading ratio.There is also an undulating increase in average per capita emergy, emergy investment ratio and emergy productivity. Equally, there is an undulating decrease in emergy yield ratio,sustainable development index and emergy consumption for ten-thousand Yuan GDP of GNASTA from 2000 to 2004. The study shows a rapid growing competency of economic and technological sectors of GNASTA.The emergy consumption per cap.and environment loading ratio are selected as comprehensive emergy analysis indexes of agriculture science and technology area by principal component analysis and factor analysis.
Setting up evaluation index system for the ecological river course in south China
CHEN Ping, CUI Guang-Bai, LIU Zheng-Xiang
2007, 15(4): 166-169.
Abstract(1135) PDF(1098)
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The basic concept and characteristics of ecological river course were expounded, and the insufficiencies in the ecological river course construction were pointed out. Ecological river course construction involves maintaining river course functions,recovering and rebuilding river course ecosystem of ecologically functional areas of the river course.Based on the concept of ecological river course construction,evaluation index system of ecological river course in south China was set up and indexes vividly quantified. This is intended to lay the foundation for ecological river course evaluation and provide direction for ecological river course construction in the region.
Establishment of exportable apple safety pre-warning system
TIAN Hong-Lei, ZHAN Ping, LI Kai-Xiong
2007, 15(4): 170-173.
Abstract(1077) PDF(1031)
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We introduced exportable apple safety pre-warning method based on exportable apple inspection data.In order to detect existing preternatural complexities,different arithmetic methods were used to analyze collected data on exportable apples to establish quality safety early-warning system.It is a recent and elementary study on food safety pre-warning system aiming at providing theoretical base for food safety pre-warning system.
Cow product evaluation methods of risk analysis
JIA Yong-Quan
2007, 15(4): 174-176.
Abstract(731) PDF(725)
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This article probes into the risk evaluation index systems of cow product and studies the evaluation methods according to risk types inherent in the process of cow production.The study provides valuable practical basis for risk evasion or even risk elimination in cow product processing.
Integration of scientific research,tourism and exploitation into the concept and management of botanical gardens—A case study of Xinglong botanical garden
OUYANG Huan.WANG Qing- Huang, WANG Qing-Huang, HUANG Gen-Shen, LONG Yu-Zhou, SONG Ying-Hui
2007, 15(4): 177-179.
Abstract(910) PDF(1282)
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Targeting present trend of regional economy and botanical garden development in China,including the general situation,thinking and technical implementation schemes,the industrialization model of botanical garden integration with scientific research,tourism and development in Xinglong tropical botanical garden was analyzed and achievements summarized.Results show that the model can quicken systematized technological innovation,technological development and transformation achievement,and integrate the science,technology,economy and ecology in a botanical garden system.It can also improve the competitiveness of botanical garden,promote sustainable development of agriculture and bring about comprehensive and remarkable benefits.
Advances in cellular toxicological effects of rare earths
CAO Rui, ZHOU Qing
2007, 15(4): 180-184.
Abstract(888) PDF(1567)
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Extensive application of Rare Earths(RE)in agriculture has brought remarkable economic benefits to Chinese farmers.However,environmental security concerns on the application of RE has drawn tremendous attention in science communities in both within and outside China.In integration with new researches,this paper reviews cellular toxicological effects of RE,including RE localization in cells,RE toxicological effects on cell membrane,organelle,genetic material and messenger.Further research into RE toxicology is suggested on thebasis of the discussions in this paper.
Effect of elevated CO2on below-ground plant competition
ZHU Chun-Wu, ZENG Qing, ZHU Jian- Guo, XIE Zu-Bin, HUANG Wen-Zhao, WANG Liang
2007, 15(4): 185-189.
Abstract(1009) PDF(1166)
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Below-ground competition is one of the major factors that induces structural changes of plant community in agriculture or nature ecosystems.Elevated CO2 can directly or indirectly influence plant growth and below-ground environment,and consequently plant competition for underground nutrients.This paper summarizes the effects of CO2 enrichment on plant competition underground from the aspects of root structural morphology, root physiologically absorbing ability, mutual mycorrhizal, and soil environment by discussing the characteristics of plant underground competition under enriched CO2 condition.
Soil quality assessment indicators and their spatial-temporal variability
LU Peng, SUYi-Rong, NIU Zheng, WU Jin-Shui
2007, 15(4): 190-194.
Abstract(1785) PDF(1443)
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The concept of soil quality was reviewed and the method of selecting soil quality assessment indicators discussed.Soil quality assessment is based on soil function with different criteria in accordance with soil types.Major emphasis is on the use of soil chemical and physical properties as indicators of soil quality.At present,investigations on soil biological parameters are only gaining grounds.Soil bio-indicators are showing great potential to become early warning and sensitive indicators of soil stree or perturbation.Research‘protocol’of spatial variability in soil quality is presented and exiting problems discussed.Finally,future research direction on soil quality spatial variability at home and abroad is forecasted.
Application of animal micro-ecology nutrition theory in ecological animal husbandry
SUN Zhi-Hong, TAN Zhi-Liang, TANG Zhi-Ru, TANG Shao-Xun
2007, 15(4): 195-199.
Abstract(1439) PDF(1308)
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The theory of animal micro-ecology,physiological function of microbes,digestion and metabolism of microbes and regulation of animal micro-ecology are expounded and the foreground of animal micro-ecology nutrition research put forward.
Advanced and practicable technology for wastewater bio-treatment
ZHANG Zhi-Gang, FU Jia-Yuan
2007, 15(4): 200-203.
Abstract(1569) PDF(1331)
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With ever-increasing pace of urbanization in China, the amount of untreated wastewater in small townships is rapidly increasing, posing severe threat to the water environment. A holistic technological approach where in mainstream anaerobic processes and follow-up aerobic treatments features low investment and loading expense, positive effect and simple management and is therefore suitable for wide applications in small townships. This paper presents the state of current wastewater treatments and focuses on hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor(HABR）processes and related pilot projects.
Review of ecological construction policy evaluation
TAO Wei-Chun, WANG Ke-Lin, CHEN Hong-Song
2007, 15(4): 204-207.
Abstract(1073) PDF(1248)
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Policy evaluation is an essential part of ecological construction optimization policy.Researches on benefit evaluation and policy system improvement are reviewed in this paper as basis for a more systematic ecological policy evaluation.
Ecological effect of growing different street tree species in institutional campuses
LIU Zhen-Wei, SUN Li, SHEN Jun
2007, 15(4): 208-210.
Abstract(889) PDF(867)
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Effects of cerium on photosynthesis and protective enzymes in rape seedlings un der elevated ultraviolet - B radiation stress
LIANG Chan-Juan, ZHOU Qing
2007, 15(4): 211-212.
Abstract(889) PDF(686)
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