2008 Vol. 16, No. 4

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Landscape, circulation system design and biodiversity reestablishment in eco-agriculture
LUO Shi-Ming
2008, 16(4): 805-809. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00805
Abstract(1370) PDF(1166)
Abstract:
Key measures of eco-agricultural practices include landscape design at landscape level, circulation system design at ecosystem level and biological relationship design at community or sub-community level. Landscape design includes biological conservation design, resources utilization framework design, ecological safety design, and aesthetic landscape design. Circulation system design includes field circulation system, crop and animal circulation system, agriculture and processing industry circulation system, village and field circulation system, urban and rural circulation system and bio-geochemical circulation system. In order to remodel the simplified and separated processes of biological relationships in modern agriculture, biological relationship design is proposed. In crop production, for example, it can improve nutrient supply, pest control and resource utilization efficiency by optimizing relationships such as crop-insect, crop-microorganism, crop-animal, crop-shrub, crop-grass, crop-tree and crop-other crops. China's eco-agriculture, which is supported by these three measures, is different from the development path of western industrialized countries. China can well pass on this elegant tradition of traditional Chinese agriculture and promote the application of modern science and technology, such as modern information technology, biotechnology, material science and advance mechanical manufacture, in agriculture. It can also promote the establishment of modern agricultural enterprises, legislation processes and the set-up of modern management system. These key measures of eco-agricultural practices can provide scientific basis for the evaluation of eco-agricultural practices.
Nutrient equilibrium and distribution along soil profile of three legumes on highland Loess Plateau
ZHANG Xiao-Hong, XU Bing-Cheng, LI Feng-Min
2008, 16(4): 810-817. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00810
Abstract(1269) PDF(728)
Abstract:
In order to understand the short-term impact of legumes on soil nutrient condition, three types of legumes:Astragelus adsurgens (A), Medicago sativa (B) and Lespedeza davurica (C) were seeded at different densities either alone or mixed, and the distribution and equilibrium of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (STN) and total phosphorus (STP) were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed along soil profile and treatment types. SOM and STN of all treatments exhibit an S-shaped curve within 2 m depth soil profile while STP follows a parabolic curve. N fixation ability of the three legumes seeded alone improves with increasing seeding density, and the Apparent Biological Nitrogen Fixation (ABNF) of M. sativa is 507.5 kg·hm-2—the highest for the monoculture treatment. After a year of growth, A. adsurgens SOM averagely increases by 3.51%. Average STP output ratios of A. adsurgens and M. sativa are 43.14% and 40.24%, significantly higher than that of L. davurica (23.74%), and those of mixure of A. adsurgens and L. davurica, mixture of M. sativa and L. davurica, and mixture of A. adsurgens, M. sativa and L. davurica are 20.73%, 26.33% and 25.83% respectively. All the three legumes significantly enhance SOM. Though A. adsurgens and M. sativa consume much more STN and STP than L. davurica, they have a stronger nitrogen fixation ability. Utilization of soil resources by mixed legume community can be optimized by appropriate seeding density due to increased competition and symbiosis among the different species of the community.
Effect of intercropping three legume crops with maize on soil nitrate-N accumulation and distribution in the soil profile
YE You-Liang, LI Long, SUN Jian-Hao
2008, 16(4): 818-823. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00818
Abstract(1348) PDF(982)
Abstract:
In order to improve nitrogen use efficiency and to reduce environmental pollution from excessive nitrogen application, soil nitrate-N content and accumulation in intercropped legumemaize under 0 and 225 kg(N)·hm-2 application were investigated in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province. The results show that soil nitrate-N accumulation in intercropped faba bean, soybean, pea and maize is lower than the monocrops under 0 and 225 kg(N)·hm-2 application at faba bean harvest. Nitrate-N content in the soil profile with intercropped faba bean, soybean and pea is lower than the monocrops, with various effecting depths for different crops. At maize harvest, nitrate-N accumulation in the soil of intercropped faba bean and pea is lower than the monocrops. Under zero nitrogen application, soil nitrate-N accumulation in intercropped soybean is lower than monocropped soybean, and that for maize-faba bean, soybean and pea intercrop higher than the monocrops. Under 225 kg(N)·hm-2 nitrogen application, soil nitrate-N accumulation in intercropped maize-faba bean and pea is lower than the monocrops, while intercropped soybean and maizesoybean intercrop is higher than the monocrops. Nitrate-N content in 0～60 cm soil profile with intercropped faba bean and pea are lower than the monocrops under zero N application and 225 kg(N)·hm-2 N application; while that with soybean lower than the monocrop at zero N application, but higher at 225 kg(N)·hm-2 application. Relative soil nitrate-N accumulation suggests that soil nitrate-N accumulation in intercropping treatments is higher than in monocropping at 0～60 cm, but lower than in monocroping at 100～180 cm.
Impact of longterm fertilization on different forms of inorganic phosphorus in aquic brown-soil
DING Huai-Xiang, YU Wan-Tai
2008, 16(4): 824-829. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00824
Abstract(1025) PDF(858)
Abstract:
In order to enhance the utilization ratio of P fertilizer and to improve supply capacity of soil phosphorus, a 15-year trial of 8 classical modes of fertilization, CK (nonfertilization), M (circulated pig manure fertilization), N (nitrogen fertilization), N+M, NP (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization), NP+M, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization) and NPK+M, was conducted in aquic brownsoils. Inorganic phosphorus (Pi) content in 0～20 cm soil layer was then investigated. The results show rapid or slow decreases in soil available Pi, (Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P) under no chemical phosphorus fertilization, resulting in soil Pi pool deficit. It is, however, the contrary under chemical phosphorus fertilization, especially for NP+M treatment. This is because chemical phosphorus fertilizer not only meet plant growth requirement, but also enriches soil Pi pool. In the shortrun, NP+M treatment has the most favorable conditions for improving supply capacity of soil phosphorus. Though O-P and Ca10-P are not available to plants, they both increase yearly, part of them are from the transformation of excess Pi(Ca2-P,Ca8-P,Al-P and Fe-P). Circulated pig manure slows down reduction of the different forms of Pi, while nitrogen and potassium fertilizers accelerate plant absorption of phosphorus, leading to soil phosphorus pool deficit. The relationship between available phosphorus and Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P is significant, providing more indexes for soil phosphorus supply capacity evaluation.
pH distribution and relationship to soil nutrient in Hunan tobacco lands
XU Zi-Cheng, WANG Lin, XIAO Han-Qian
2008, 16(4): 830-834. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00830
Abstract(2154) PDF(1185)
Abstract:
pH distribution in Hunan tobacco lands was analyzed from 1 089 soil samples and its relationship to soil fertility studied. The results indicate that soil pH in the tobacco lands is generally suitable for tobacco cultivation, with a spatial mean of 6.52 and variation coefficient of 16.81%. About 26.91% of the soil samples has pH between 5.5～6.5, most suitable for high quality tobacco cultivation. And 52.71% of the soil samples has pH of 5.0～7.0, also good for the growth of high quality tobacco. The soil pH for different parts of Hunan tobacco lands is in the following order: South Hunan＞North Hunan＞West Hunan＞East Hunan. The soil pH for different soil types is in the following order too: duck-feces mud＞yellow soil＞blue mud field＞yellow ash soil＞yellow mud field＞red yellow mud. The correlation between soil pH and soil nutrient content, including organic matter, total N, available P, available K, available Zn, available Fe, water soluble Cl, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg is all significant at 0.01 confidence level. Significant differences at 0.01 confidence level among different pH groups exist for the soil nutrients. Organic matter, total N, available P, available Zn and watersoluble Cl content of soils with pH 5.5～6.5 meet high quality tobacco production requirement. Soil available Mn, available Fe, exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg all meet the requirement of good tobacco growth. Finally, the content of available K and Cu is relatively low, however, no nutrient deficiency symptom is observed.
Application of BP neural network in forecasting soil temperature time-series
ZOU Ping, YANG Jin-Song, YAO Rong-Jiang
2008, 16(4): 835-838. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00835
Abstract(1204) PDF(897)
Abstract:
Soil temperature is an important parameter in agro-meteorological observations and research on variations in soil temperature time series provides the theoretical basis for soil solute movement and proper distribution of reference crops. Owing to the complicated characteristics and strong nonlinearity of surface soil temperature time-series in saline coastal regions, a long-term data on soil temperature was analyzed and soil temperature time-series predicted by integrated Back-Propagation (BP) neural network method and expansion of multi-dimensional time-series, using experimental data from a typical coastal region in North Jiangsu Province. The results show that BP neural network model with 7 neurons of input layer, 7 neurons of hidden layer, and 1 neuron of output layer is the best for soil temperature time-series forecast, with a minimum sum squared error of 18.017. Relative errors between forecated value and measured value of the soil temperature all fall within 0～20%, with an average relative error of only 2.94%. The high range of relative error underscores the significance of BP neural network in daily soil temperature forecasting.
Soil heavy metal residue under different treated waste-water irrigation technique and management
QI Xue-Bin, LI Ping, FAN Xiang-Yang, ZHAO Zhi-Juan, FAN Tao, HUANG Zhong-Dong, QIAO Dong-Mei
2008, 16(4): 839-842. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00839
Abstract(1228) PDF(737)
Abstract:
Different irrigation techniques (furrow irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation) and management (full irrigation and partial rootzone drying irrigation) were used to study heavy metal residue in soils irrigated with treated waste-water. The results show that Cd content in soils after harvest with full irrigation is higher than in that with partial rootzone drying irrigation under the same irrigation technique and water quality. Cd content in soils under subsurface drip irrigation with treated waste-water is higher than in those with treated waste-water and a few additional chloride; that under furrow irrigation with treated waste-water is higher than in soils with fresh water irrigation.Cd content in soils under full irrigation with treated waste-water and subsurface drip irrigation is lower than those with furrow irrigation. However, Cd content in soils with partial rootzone drying irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation is higher than in soils with furrow irrigation. Pb content exhibits the same trend as Cd for almost all the treatments, except that Pb content in soils under subsurface drip irrigation with treated waste-water is lower than that with treated waste-water and a few additional chloride; also those for soils under subsurface drip irrigation with treated waste-water are lower than for furrow irrigation under both partial rootzone drying irrigation and full irrigation. Soil Pb residue decreases under different treatments after harvest, while soil Cd residue under treated waste-water irrigation increases by 0.62%～7.78% after harvest (though it decreases under other treatments). The study provides a solid scientific guide for treated waste-water irrigation.
Relationship between soil Pb pollution and Pb contents in vegetables and pollution threshold of soil Pb
ZHAO Yong, LI Hong-Juan, WEI Ting-Ting, SUN Zhi-Qiang
2008, 16(4): 843-847. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00843
Abstract(1298) PDF(1065)
Abstract:
In order to determine the impact of soil heavy metal pollution on vegetable and to enhance quality of green vegetable production, the relationship between soil Pb content and Pb pollution of vegetables was studied under greenhouse conditions using five commonly cultivated foliage vegetables (Lactuca sativa var. Asparagina, Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq, Lpomoea aquelica, Lactuca sativa, Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in Zhengzhou, Henan Province. Soil Pb pollution threshold for the production of green vegetables was analyzed as well. The results show that low Pb polluted soils have insignificant effect on vegetable growth and output. Pb content in the 5 vegetables increases with increasing density of soil Pb, and no consistent pattern of relationship exists between Pb content in the soil and vegetables. Simulated Pb threshold limit is: L. sativa var. Asparagina 39.909 2 ±2.446 9 mg·kg-1, S. tenuifolia 43.898 6±3.585 5 mg·kg-1, L. aquelica 35.293 4±1.787 2 mg·kg-1,L. sativa 33.696 4±2.151 2 mg·kg-1,A. hypochondriacus 34.539 6±2.425 4 mg·kg-1. Pb concentration (ranked from highest to lowest) is as follows: L. sativa＞A. hypochondriacus＞L. aquelica＞L. sativa var. Asparagina＞S. tenuifolia.
Background value of soil heavy metal in the Three Gorges Reservoir District
TANG Jiang, ZHONG Yuan-Ping, WANG Li
2008, 16(4): 848-852. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00848
Abstract(1784) PDF(1028)
Abstract:
The background values of soil heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were investigated based on extensive investigation in the Three Gorges Reservoir District (TGRD). After analyzing the samples under strict quality control and assurance procedures, the heavy metal concentrations in the soils were calculated using simple statistical method. The background soil values of the heavy metals in TGRD are 5.835 mg·kg-1 for As, 0.134 mg·kg-1 for Cd, 78.03 mg·kg-1 for Cr, 25.00 mg·kg-1 for Cu, 0.046 mg·kg-1 for Hg, 29.47 mg·kg-1 for Ni, 23.88 mg·kg-1 for Pb and 69.88 mg·kg-1 for Zn. Compared with the recommended background value by China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) in 1990, As and Hg are low, Pb and Zn slightly lower, while Cd and Cr are high and Cu and Ni slightly higher than CNEMC standards. Based on the research, actual conditions are only realistically reflected by continuous field environmental quality appraisal in TGRD, which favors soil environmental quality management.
Ecophysiological effect of Medicago sativ L. biosphere coverage on young Camellia sinensis Kuntze garden
DONG Zhao-Rong, SHEN Jie, ZHU Yu-Guo, SONG He
2008, 16(4): 853-857. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00853
Abstract(1308) PDF(689)
Abstract:
The ecophysiological effect of Medicago sativa L. biosphere of different strips on young Camellia sinensis Kuntze garden was studied. The results show that in mid-summer, increase in Medicago sativa L. planting proportion increases humidity and canopy closure of the system, while light intensity, temperature and soil temperature decrease. With increasing Medicago sativa L. planting proportion, “midday depression” of leaves of young Camellia sinensis markedly improves, net photosynthesis increases, and net photosynthesis rates of 2∶1, 2∶3 and 2∶5 strip patterns increase by 29.17%, 57.29% and 80.73% respectively. Intercropping of Medicago sativa L. and young Camellia sinensis improves eco-environment of tea orchards, which is helpful for a vigorous growth of young Camellia sinensis, with minimal interval difference effect on young Camellia sinensis. Thermal quality of herbages of Medicago sativa L. biosphere coverage improves significantly as well. Differences in forage and hay yield of different strips, BS2 and different strips of 2∶1, 2∶3 and 2∶5 strip patterns are highly significant. The best intercropping system is the 2∶5 strip pattern, which not only improves the eco-environment, but equally attains high quality in Medicago sativa L. The construction of complex artificial systems between Medicago sativa L. and young Camellia sinensis creates conducive eco-environment for the growth of young Camellia sinensis, which provides good quality feed for the development of pastoral industry in the southern hilly zones.
Yield and profitability of corn and soybean under different tillage in the black soils of Northeast China
ZHANG Xiao-Ping, LI Wen-Feng, LIANG Ai-Zhen, SHEN Yan, FANG Hua-Jun, Craig F. Drury, YANG Xue-Ming
2008, 16(4): 858-864. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00858
Abstract(1190) PDF(671)
Abstract:
The effect of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage on yield and economic benefit of corn and soybean was studied to provide practical information for promoting conservation tillage in Northeast China. The experiment was established in Dehui County, Jilin Province, in the fall of 2001. We compared continuous corn, corn-soybean rotation and corn-corn-soybean cropping systems under different tillage treatments—no-tillage (NT), fall plough (FP) and ridge tillage (RT). The results show that under NT, the number of field operations for corn and soybean is 3~6 times less than under RT and FP respectively. The effect of different tillage treatments on corn yield is insignificant before 2006. Corn yield in RT is highest (10 136 kg·hm-2), 12.3% higher than continuous corn under NT. However, differences in corn and soybean yield under different tillage treatments are insignificant. Production cost decreases in the following order: FP＞NT＞RT for corn and FP＞RT＞NT for soybean. The profitability of corn differs in the following order: RT＞NT＞FP (for continuous corn), RT＞NT＞FP (for corn-soybean rotation) and NT＞RT＞FP (for corn-corn-soybean system). The 5-year study shows, with the exception of continuous corn, that conservation tillage does not lead to a decrease in crop yield. The rotation of corn and soybean in NT treatment gives approximately equal corn yield and even higher soybean yield compared to FP and RT treatments. Under NT, cost of labor and machinery drops, hence profitability surpasses that of FP. In conclusion, we recommend further studies on long-term effect of these cropping systems.
Effect of sowing date on yield and phytomass allocation of silage maize in Hunshandak Sandy Land
SONG Chuang-Ye, GUO Ke, LIU Gao-Huan
2008, 16(4): 865-868. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00865
Abstract(1025) PDF(881)
Abstract:
To investigate the effect of sowing date on growth and yield of silage maize and to identify optimal sowing date, an experiment was carried out in Hunshandak Sand Land. Two cultivars of maize were sown on May 27, June 4, June 11 and June 18 respectively and their height, leaf area, aboveground phytomass, and phytomass allocation were investigated. The harvest results on 27 August show that the height, leaf area, and aboveground phytomass of the two cultivars decrease with delayed sowing date. Significant differences exist in the above variables for sowing dates between May 27, June 4 and June 11, June 18. Early sowing (from end of May to early June) increases yield of maize for silage over sowing in mid June as commonly practiced by the local people. Phytomass allocation analysis shows that, with delayed sowing date, percent of stem phytomass to total phytomass drops, while the ratio of leaf phytomass to total phytomass increases. As nutritional contents of leaf and stem are different, sowing date can be adjusted by alternation with livestock to realize the full use of silage maize.
Simulation and validation of soybean yield formation process in black-soil
SHANG Lei, ZHAO Jun, QI Guang-Yun, HAN Xiao-Zeng, NING Hai-Long
2008, 16(4): 869-873. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00869
Abstract(1205) PDF(866)
Abstract:
Soybean yield and growth processes were simulated based on long-term effects of water and fertilizer application at the Hailun Experimental Station of Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A database for the soybean cultivar genetic characters and related model parameters were established for the modeling. The soybean phenology, yield and soil water for different growth stages were validated with DSSAT-CropGro-Soybean model. The analysis indicates that the model simulates phenological stages of soybean with only -2%～3% relative error and a RMSE of 2.3. Crop yield for different years and different field treatments has a relative error range of -7%～9%, 75.9 RMSE and 0.8 EF. The model result for soil water content in different soil layers is good.
Effect of different irrigation patterns on root distribution characteristics of cucumber in solar greenhouse on the Loess Plateau
CHEN Zhi-Jie, ZHANG Feng, LIANG Yin-Li, ZHANG Shu-Lian, ZHOU Mao-Juan, XU Fu-Li, DU She-Ni, WANG Qi
2008, 16(4): 874-877. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00874
Abstract(1109) PDF(1030)
Abstract:
Root distribution characteristics of greenhouse cucumber were analyzed using simulated soil column culture method and farmland research. The results show that irrigation under plastic film mulch and drip irrigation yield the highest cucumber root dry weight at 180 d and 210 d after planting, but root dry weight is 29% higher under drip irrigation at harvest. There is significant difference in vertical distribution of cucumber root at different growth periods between drip irrigation and irrigation under plastic film mulch. Before initial fruit appearance stage, the difference in root dry weight is insignificant below 20 cm depth of soil, while root dry weight under irrigation with plastic film mulch treatment is higher than that under drip irrigation at 0～20 cm depth. After abundant fruit stage, root dry weight difference between two irrigation patterns is insignificant at 0～20 cm depth, but root dry weight of drip irrigation is significantly higher than irrigation under plastic film mulch below 20 cm. Cucumber root horizontal distribution is mainly in the 0～15 cm, accounting for 96.6% and 94.2% of total root weight for two irrigation patterns. With the growth of the cucumber plant, inner root distribution gradually decreases from 61.1% to 15.6% of total root amount from before fruit appearance stage to mid or late fruit stage for irrigation under plastic film mulch. The inner and outer root distribution balances out during cucumber growth period under drip irrigation.
Physio-biochemical and molecular response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different allelopathic potentials to potassium deficiency
HE Hai-Bin, WANG Hai-Bin, ZENG Cong-Ming, CAI Zhi-Xiang, XIONG Jun, QIU Long, FANG Chang-Xun, LIN Wen-Xiong
2008, 16(4): 878-882. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00878
Abstract(947) PDF(825)
Abstract:
In order to explore physio-biochemical and molecular response of rice cultivar with different allelopathic potentials to potassium deficiency, allelopathic rice “PI312777” and non-allelopathic rice “Lemont” were studied. Two rice accessions were cultured respectively in Hoagland solution at 5 mg(K)·L-1 (low potassium) and 40 mg(K)·L-1 (normal potassium). Morphological indexes (root length, shoot height, root-to-shoot ratio, and biomass) and physio-biochemical characteristics (SOD, POD, CAT, root activity, and N, P, K contents) were investigated at two potassium levels. Additional twelve rice genes of correlative key enzymes for N, P, K absorption and utilization were determined by Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) to evaluate expressed change under low potassium. The results show stimulation in root length, root-to-shoot ratio and allelopathic rice “PI312777” biomass, but with insignificant influence on shoot height; whereas all the indexes show inhibition in non-allelopathic rice “Lemont”. The SOD, POD, CAT and root activity of the two rice accessions exhibit inhibition, while N, P, K content decreases. However, the rate of inhibition of the physio-biochemical characteristics and the degree of decrease in N, P, K contents are significantly higher in non-allelopathic rice “Lemont” than in allelopathic rice “PI312777”. Through FQ-PCR detection, all the twelve genes of the key enzymes are up-regulated at a significantly higher order of magnitude in allelopathic rice “PI312777” than in non-allelopathic rice “Lemont”. The findings reveal that allelopathic rice “PI312777” has better adaptability and endurance to K deficiency than non-allelopathic rice “Lemont”.
Allelopathic effect of 3-methyl-phenol on maize under different nitrogen doses
CHAI Qiang, HUANG Gao-Bao
2008, 16(4): 883-886. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00883
Abstract(1039) PDF(758)
Abstract:
Germination and soil column experiments were conducted to investigate the allelopathic effect of 3-methyl-phenol on the growth characteristics of maize. The results show weak effect of 3-methyl-phenol on maize seedling root, but a rather strong effect on aboveground organs, especially seedling height. Significant interaction between nitrogen and 3-methyl-phonel is presented on their effects on bioproductivity, and root weight of maize, with a negative but significant correlation between nitrogen supply and alleopathic effect of 3-methyl-phenol allelopathic on maize bio-productivity at maturity stage. 3-methy-phonel at a concentration of 3.00×10-4 mol·kg-1 has a negative effect on maize productivity with a nitrogen dose of 300 mg·kg-1, but the reverse occurs as nitrogen dose decreases to 150 mg·kg-1. 3-methyl-phenol increases root weight of maize, and nitrogen application enhances the incresasing effects by 3-methyl-phonel. Therefore, it is very important to determine appropriate fertilizer application rate for allelochemical ecosystems.
Duration and dosage effect of chemical defense in maize (Zea mays) mediated by exogenous ethephon
DONG Mei, WANG Jian-Wu, XU Tao
2008, 16(4): 887-893. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00887
Abstract(1257) PDF(766)
Abstract:
In this study, the amount of ethylene and its key biosynthesis genes (ACS and ACO) expression, typical allelochemical hydroxamic acid (DIMBOA) concentration and the key regulation genes (BX1 and BX9), as well as the dynamic expression and time of relevant defense key genes of secondary substance metabolism processes were compared in ethephon treatments of different concentration and duration. The main objective was to build further understanding into the role of ethylene signal pathway in the process of induced defense in maize. The results show that ethylene signal pathway occurs during induced chemical defense mechanism in maize. The amount of ethylene released from the second leaf and the concentration of DIMBOA significantly increase in maize after treatment for 12 h, but both variables decrease significantly after 24 h.ACS, ACO andBX9 gene expression upregulates at 12 h and 24 h, but BX1 gene completely fails to be expressed. Meanwhile, DIMBOA decreases when concentration of exogenous ethylene is high (40～60 μL·L-1). Exogenous ethylene treatment leads to high expression of proteinase inhibitor MPI defense gene, and the expression gets stronger with increasing concentration of exogenous ethylene. However, exogenous ethylene dose not influence FPS and TPS expression. In conclusion therefore, exogenous ethephon treatment induces chemical defense in maize, but ethylene content in maize is a negative feedback regulation mechanism that variously leads to metabolic reconfiguration and activation of direct and indirect responses of defense genes.
Screening and evaluating allelopathic potential of wheat germplasm
SUN Hong-Yan, LIN Rui-Yu, YE Chen-Ying, YU Cui-Ping, HUANG Lei, CHEN Dong-Mei, LIN Wen-Xiong
2008, 16(4): 894-899. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00894
Abstract(1232) PDF(711)
Abstract:
By the bioassay of Agar-Soil-Sandwich Method (ASSM) and field investigation, 90 wheat cultivars (originating from China and abroad) were used to evaluate the allelopathic potential and screene several stronger allelopathic wheat germplasm. 5 wheat cultivars “115/Qinghaimai”, “92L89”, “Baiquan3199”, “81-214” and “92H31”, tested for strong allelopathic potential, were screened by ASSM method. The results show that different wheat cultivars have significantly different allelopathic potential, with inhibition rate (IR) of 10.1%～69.1% against lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lettuce root IR in the 5 selected wheat cultivars is 69.1%, 68.5%, 68.7%, 69.1% and 65.2% respectively. In addition, 2 weak allelopathic potential wheat cultivars, “Kang 10103(80)” and “A246”, with IR of 10.1% and 12.2%, are found among the tested germplasms. The wheat germplasm, following the stronger allelopathic potential test by ASSM bioassay also shows strong allelopathic potential in the field, and confirmed by relay seeding in the agar method. This suggests that ASSM is a feasible method for screening allelopathic wheat. Consequently, the screened wheat cultivars are valuable for allelopathic wheat breeding, which can serve as an important germplasm. This can equally be a reference method in screening allelopathic potential in wheat germplasm.
Solidago canadensis L. allelopathy and resource competitiveness under different nitrogen supply
SHEN Li-Hua, GUO Qiong-Xia, XIONG Jun, LI Guo-Qing, LIN Wen-Xiong
2008, 16(4): 900-904. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00900
Abstract(1268) PDF(896)
Abstract:
To find the relationship between Solidago canadensis L. allelopathy and resource competitiveness in the process of invasion, allelopathy and competition separation-based bioassay (ACS) approach was used to analyze S. canadensis L. response under different nitrogen supply. The results show that the invasive plant S. canadensis L. has a high ability to interfere with target wheat plant. It is highly stable and very competitive, and its allelopathic potential increases with decreasing nitrogen supply in cocultured systems. The reverse is true for the native species of S. decurrens Lour., which has a lower allelopathic potential at all nitrogen supply levels and a low resource competitiveness under normal to rich nitrogen supply. However, S. decurrens Lour. has a remarkably high ability to compete for resources under low nitrogen supply, believed to be induced by co-culture system competition.
Identification and fungitoxicity of volatiles of invasive plant Wedelia trilobata L.
JIANG Gui-Bo, CHEN Shi, ZENG Ren-Sen
2008, 16(4): 905-908. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00905
Abstract(1314) PDF(834)
Abstract:
Volatile oil from the shoot of Wedelia trilobata L., an invasive alien weed in South China, was extracted by steam distillation and its fungitoxicity to Magnaporthe grisea Barr., Rhizoctonia solani (Oryza sativa L.) and Rhizoctonia solani (Zea mays L.) investigated. The chemical constituents of the volatiles were identified by GC-MS analysis. The volatiles inhibit mycelial growth of the above 3 pathogens at the maximum of 54.8%, 32.9% and 56.3% respectively. 34 constituents are found in the volatile oil, of which 29 identified by mass spectrum constitute 90.88% volatile oil. The main constituents of the volatile oil are 2,6,6-Trimethyl-Bicyclo[3.1.1]-2-heptene (25.16%), 2,7,7-Trimethyl-Bicyclo[2.2.1]-2-heptene (22.90%) and γ-terpinene (8.98%). The results indicate that volatiles of W. trilobata have strong antibiotic effect on native pathogens. This may be an important mechanism for the successful invasion of the exotic plant.
Photosynthetic characteristics of Prinsepia uniflora Batal.
YANG Xiao-Pen, ZHANG Chao, WANG Wen-Mei, ZHANG Wang-Jun
2008, 16(4): 909-913. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00909
Abstract(1231) PDF(825)
Abstract:
The photosynthetic characteristics of Prinsepia uniflora Batal. were examined by using Li-6400 Portable Photosynthesis System. The results indicate that the diurnal curve of photosynthesis rate (Pn) of P. uniflora leaf presents two peaks, and the fist peak appeares at 10:00 ,and sub-peak at 15:00, with an obvious middepression. The diurnal curves of leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance are similar to Pn, with two peaks too. Pn is significantly positive related with transpiration rate and stomatal conductance.The principal environmental factors affecting Pn are photosynthetic active radiation and relative humidity. The light saturation point and light compensation point of P. uniflora are 1 020 μmol·m-2·s-1 and 23.8 μmol·m-2·s-1 respectively, while the apparent quantum yield is 0.056 9. The CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensation point are 1 330 μmol·mol-1 and 54.7 μmol·mol-1 respectively, while the carboxylation efficiency is 0.072 4. The optimal leaf temperature of photosynthesis is 24.9℃. The seasonal variation of Pn presents a twopeak curve too.
Influence of soil-applied fertilizer on the development, host selection and fecundity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
LU Wei, HOU Mao-Lin, WEN Ji-Hui
2008, 16(4): 914-920. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00914
Abstract(1144) PDF(804)
Abstract:
To elucidate the effects of soil NPK-fertilization on the relationship between host plant and sweet-potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), infestation and development of whitefly on potted cucumber plants under different fertilizer treatments were investigated. Results show that soil NPK-fertilization has significant effects on larval duration, survival rate of old nymphs and nymph size; non-significant effects on survival rate of whitefly egg and young nymphs. Adult whitefly prefers treated cucumber plants with medium concentration of nitrogen and without potassium and phosphorus, while it apparently avoids cucumber plants treated with high concentration of nitrogen along with potassium and phosphorus fertilizers. Whitefly longevity and fecundity are the shortest and the lowest on treated cucumber plants with only phosphorus fertilizer. In cucumber plants treated with high concentration of nitrogen along with potassium and phosphorus fertilizers, whitefly population increases 74.4 folds after one generation; while its population increases by only 17.2 folds in plants treated with phosphorus fertilizer only.
Effect of agronomic measures on population dynamics of sweet potato stem nematode (Ditylenchus destructo)
JIN Feng-Zhu, HAI Tang, WU Bao-Yue, HU Yue-Gao
2008, 16(4): 921-924. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00921
Abstract(950) PDF(726)
Abstract:
The effects of agronomic measures on the dynamics of Ditylenchus destructor population was investigated at a 5-continuous-year sweet potato experimental site. The results show that the population of D. destructor for treatments with crop rotation, crop rotation and film mulch, and crop rotation and film mulch with resistant plant variety is lower than that of the control. The agronomic measures of crop rotation, crop rotation and film mulch, and crop rotation and film mulch with resistant plant variety decreases D. destructors population in the soil by 37.24%, 49.45% and 54.33%, and yield of sweet potato remarkably increases by 130.34%, 132.74% and 161.73% respectively. However, cover crops like rye do not significantly reduce D. destructor population. Under cover crops,D. destructors average population in the soil decreases only by 23.26% whereas sweet potato yield remarkably increases by 83.26%. Correlation analysis shows that D. destructors average population in the soil negatively correlates with yield increase, while it positively correlates with morbidity and disease index of sweet potato, with correlation coefficients of -0.978 9, 0.958 1 and 0.975 4 respectively. Treatment of crop rotation and film mulch with resistant plant variety is recommended since it inhibit D. destructor population growth most significant.
Variability of free amino acid content in brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) during adaptation to resistant rice variety “IR26”
XU Hong-Xing, LU Zhong-Xian, CHEN Jian-Ming, ZHENG Xu-Song, YU Xiao-Ping
2008, 16(4): 925-928. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00925
Abstract(1330) PDF(999)
Abstract:
The contents of free amino acids in brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stal were determined during its adaptation stage to resistant rice variety “IR26”. The results show that the contents of total free amino acids (TFAA) and essential amino acids (EAA) in leaf sheath and sap flow of “IR26” drop by 3.78% and 3.05% below those in the susceptible variety “TN1”. Brachypterous BPH female adults feeding on “IR26” obtains more TFAA and EAA, except phenylalanine and lysine in the second generation. However, TFAA and EAA contents decrease in the third generation. The contents of other free amino acids in female adult honeydew increase, except aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cystine, when BPH is transferred from “TN1” to “IR26”. When the BPH fed with “IR26” for three generations are transferred to “TN1”, the contents of threonine, valine, arginine, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid and glycine become lower than in those feeding exclusively on “IR26”. No obvious difference exists in TFAA contents between BPH feeding on “IR26” and “TN1”.
Prediction models of grub population dynamics in wheat lands of South Shanxi Province
FAN Shao-Qiang, ZHENG Wang-Yi, XIE Xian-Sheng, CAO Ya-Ping
2008, 16(4): 929-932. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00929
Abstract(1195) PDF(852)
Abstract:
In order to correctly predict the grub population dynamics for a timely control, we investigated and analyzed grub genesis regulation in first-cropping and continuous-cropping wheat fields by chessboarol sampling method using 1982～2002 data collected in the wheat lands of South Shanxi Province. Furthermore, the influence of weather factors on grub population dynamics for different cropping systems was investigated and regression equations established by the adoption of multi-analysis method. Four factors including grub original density (X1), August rainfall (X2), rainfall in the last 10 days of September (X3) and the 5 cm depth soil temperature in last 10 days of September (X4) were selected and their correlations with infection degree of grub genesis (Y) determined. Based on path-analysis, the most important factor is grub original density, followed by weather factors. Regression equation for the first-cropping wheat field is Y=0.037 9+0.596 9X1+0.001 9X2-0.009 8X3+0.046 0X4 and that for the continuous-cropping wheat field is Y=1.765 5+0.634 8X1-0.005 2X2-0.003 7X3-0.003 5X4. For 1982～2006, the prediction rate of the models are 88% and 92% respectively. The results show that the prediction model is highly suitable for forecasting grub population dynamics.
Effect of rice-duck farming ecosystem on zoobenthos biodiversity in paddy field
WANG Chang-Fu, WANG Jin-Ping, CAO Cou-Gui
2008, 16(4): 933-937. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00933
Abstract(1081) PDF(972)
Abstract:
In order to study the impact of rice-duck farming ecosystem on zoobenthos biodiversity in paddy waters, surface soil samples taken from rice-duck farming ecosystem and conventional paddy fields were analyzed for zoobenthos biodiversity. The results show that the number of zoobenthos species (genus) declines in rice-duck farming ecosystems compared with conventional paddy. The total number of zoobenthos in riceduck farming ecosystem declines remarkably during the early stage of rice growth, but almost equals that of conventional paddy at late growth stage. Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index and evenness index all show similar trend of change. The diversity indexes and evenness index of zoobenthos in rice-duck farming ecosystems are higher than those in normal paddy during the early stage of rice growth, but are in the reverse trend during the later stage. The result may have varied implications for water management and implementation of rice-duck farming technology.
Arthropod biodiversity and community structure as influenced by different winter-cropping systems in the paddy fields of Enping City, Guangdong Province
TAN Qian-Kai, LI Hua-Shou, LUO Shi-Ming, ZHENG Hai, WU Chao-Xiong
2008, 16(4): 938-943. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00938
Abstract(1140) PDF(807)
Abstract:
In order to assess the dynamics of arthropod biodiversity and community structure in a typical winter paddy field, investigations were carried out in 5 typical cropping systems, including early-rice-late-rice-winter-potato (RRP), rice-rice-winter-vegetable (RRV), rice-rice-winter-fallow (WF), field-ridge rice-rice-winter-fallow (FR) and rice-rice-winter-turnover-plow (PF) during the winter of 2005～2007 in 12 townships of Enping City, South China. Results for the winter of 2005～2006 show that spider is the dominant arthropod species in the 5 plots, while lepidoptera dominates in RRV treatment. Biodiversity index is significantly different (P＜0.05) among the 5 treatments. The indexes of richness eveness (DG) and density (J) in RRV and RRP treatments are higher than the other three. Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes (H) in FR and RRV treatments are 1.865 9±0.103 7 and 1.590 9±0.093 8 respectively, which are higher than the other treatments. The highest densitygroup index (DG) is 7.595 0±0.047 6, existing in RRV treatment. Results for 2006～2007 are similar to those for 2005～2006. RRV and FR treatments have higher H 1.782 5±0.145 4 and 1.137 9±0.101 5，than the others. The highest diversitygroup index (DG) is 11.210 3±0.351 2 in RRV treatment. Sorenson similarity index (S1) is highest between WF and RRP treatments, while PF and FR treatments have low S1. Whittaker similarity index S2 between FR and RRP treatments is the highest, while RRV and RRP treatments have the lowest. In conclusion therefore, biodiversity of winter-turnover-plow (PF) is significantly different from the other cropping systems, and ricericewintervegetable (RRV) system has a significant effect on biodiversity enhancement in paddy fields.
Screening of phytase producing strain and optimization of fermentation conditions
YANG Yan-Ling, FANG Jin-Tong, HUANG Tian-Sun
2008, 16(4): 944-947. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00944
Abstract(1305) PDF(877)
Abstract:
A phytase-producing strain was isolated and identified as Aspergullus niger FZ41. Liquid fermentation was investigated and the optimal fermentation medium obtained. A 500 mL flask filled with 50 mL inoculums with an initial pH of 6.0 was used in the inoculation. The relative percents of ingredients of fermentation medium were: starch 4%, NH4NO3 0.08%, KCl 0.05%, MgSO4·7H2 0.05%, FeSO4·7H2 0.003%, MnSO4·7H2 0.003%. The age of the inoculums was 36 h, with initial medium pH 6.0 and an inoculation dose of 5%. Extracellular phytase production was 219 U·mL-1 under fermentation conditions of 30 ℃ at 220 r·min-1 for 84 h.
Effect of copper stress on ultra-structure of mesophyll cells in Chinese cabbage
LIN Yi-Zhang, ZHANG Shu-Yuan, ZHU Hai-Sheng
2008, 16(4): 948-951. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00948
Abstract(1320) PDF(786)
Abstract:
Ultra-structural changes in mesophll cells of two breeds of Chinese cabbage (“Wuyueman” and “Shanghaiqing”) under copper stress were investigated with transmission electron microscopy. When Chinese cabbage grows in the normal copper condition, various organelles of the crop morphologically integrate. But when it grows under copper stress, the number of chloroplasts reduces with increasing external copper concentration in both breeds. The chloroplast structure in leaf cells of “Wuyueman” is slightly injured when the concentration of Cu2+ reaches 10～20 mg·L-1. However, chloroplast membrane disrupts, some mitochondria cristae decreases, and certain crystal structure in some leaf mitochondria cells of “Wuyueman” are observed under high concentration of Cu2+(40～50 mg·L-1). In the leaf cells of “Shanghaiqing”, it is observed that ultrastructural damage gradually strengthens with increased Cu2+ concentration. The cell wall and cytoplast are separated, the chloroplast membrane is almost disorganized, some mitochondria cristae float in chaos and the vesicular sphere is visible under such concentration. The results also indicate that “Shanghaiqing” is more sensitive to copper stress than “Wuyueman”.
Spatial and temporal changing patterns of temperature affected by typical urban plant community
LIN Yin-Ding, WU Xiao-Gang, HAO Xing-Yu, WANG Juan, LIANG Feng, LIANG Juan, WANG Zhi-Hong
2008, 16(4): 952-956. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00952
Abstract(1037) PDF(879)
Abstract:
Three typical plant communities of urban greenbelts, poplar forest, shrub and lawn were selected and air temperature measurements taken at varying distances from selected communities and at different heights, in order to learn the spatio-temporal pattern of change of air temperature around the plant communities. The results indicate that the 3 plant communities have the most significant impact on the surrounding air temperature in the afternoon hours (14:00～15:30), followed by the morning hours (10:00～11:30). However, at dusk (17:00～18:30), there is the reverse in air temperature around the poplar forest and shrub, and no significant effect is observed around the lawns. The impact of the 3 plant communities on air temperature weakens with increasing distance away from the communities. The impact intensity of poplar forest on the surrounding air temperature is 3.55 ℃, 1.48 times that of shrubs and 2.73 times that of lawns. The poplar forest also presents a stronger influence on the surrounding field air temperature, especially in the afternoon hours (14:00～15:30). The horizontal field of influence of poplar forest, shrub, and lawn is 14 m, 12 m and 8 m, and the vertical field of influence is 7.5 m, 3.5 m and 2.5 m, respectively.
Environment-friendly wood adhesive preparation from soy
TONG Ling, LIN Qiao-Jia, WENG Xian-Ying, CHEN Nai-Rong
2008, 16(4): 957-962. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00957
Abstract(1140) PDF(989)
Abstract:
The authors selected several suitable modifiers to enhance the hydrophobic strength of soy adhesive at different phases. The technology of the pressing-board with composite modified soy adhesives is established and tested. The test results show that soy power and polyphenylene polyisocyanate（PAPI）are two more important factors affecting the hdrophobic strength of the soy adhesive. The best modification prescription is 21% soy powder, 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), 1.5 mol·L-1 urea, 1.2% anhydride and 20% PAPI. The pressing-board technology shows that hot-press temperature is the most significant factor in determining the hydrophobic strength of adhesives. It is most efficient at a hotpress temperature of 140 ℃, specific pressure of 1.2 MPa and hot-press duration of 1.0 min·mm-1. The average hydrophobic strength of the modified soy adhesives is 0.94 MPa. It can serve as urea resin because it meets grade II glue and free formaldehyde waterproof requirement. Furthermore, the modified adhesives are harmless and environmentally friendly, with high marketability as well as socio-ecological benefits. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) validates the principles of waterproof development and chemical mechanism of the compositely modified soy-based wood adhseive.
Livelihood value and proper utilization of farmer-household biodiversity —Preliminary analysis with an eco-economic perspective
LIANG Wei-Li, LU Hong-Zhan, QIN Feng-Shu
2008, 16(4): 963-966. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00963
Abstract(1189) PDF(751)
Abstract:
Through trans-disciplinary analysis with the theories and principles of ecology and economics, the relationship between multi-enterprising and biodiversity, and functions of biodiversity in the livelihood of farming households were analyzed. Preliminary conclusions of the analysis include: ecologically multi-enterprising organisms are an important means of utilizing biodiversity which plays an important role in enhancing system stability; since economic output of agriculture relies on ecological processes, economic diversity can be said to be the product of biodiversity. In other words, economic diversity of agricultural systems depends on biodiversity. Hence biodiversity reduces economic risk and builds up economic stability, a very important factor for the livelihood of small farmer households who have week coping ability with risks. Biodiversity also expands food chain – industrial chain in economic terms, increases added value and satisfies various consumption and production needs of rural family members. Therefore with the current small farming scale, unstable market of farm products and relatively surplus rural labor, farmers are encouraged to develop multi-enterprising strategies to fully utilize the social, ecological and economic advantages of biodiversity. In doing so, it is necessary to offer scientific and technical support to farmers to ensure efficiency, profitability and safety of both the system and products.
Safety status and development strategy of peanut in Hunan Province
LIU Deng-Wang, LI Lin, ZOU Dong-Sheng
2008, 16(4): 967-970. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00967
Abstract(1182) PDF(1062)
Abstract:
Peanut, rich in plant oil, protein, and natural health-care elements, is a kind of food enjoyed by a wide range of consumers. An increasingly close attention is being paid to its safety status due to pollutions of aflatoxin, heavy metal, growth regulator, pesticide, and other agricultural chemical pollutants. This paper analyzes the safety status, conditions of production of peanut in Hunan Province and demonstrates the main pollution phenomena of peanut. Combined with overall strategic arrangement of the production distribution and adaptation of cultivar structure, techniques for high yield, fine quality and green cultivation are put forward. Strategies like wholecoursed, ecological and highly efficient management measures should be implemented in peanut production to ensure food safety and people's health.
Patterns of urban circular agriculture based on agricultural industries — A case study of Fangshan District of Beijing City
ZHAO Yong-Xiang, GUO Shu-Min
2008, 16(4): 971-975. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00971
Abstract(1198) PDF(1041)
Abstract:
This paper analyzes valuable experiences from Fangshan District of Beijing, a typical urban modern agricultural area. Industrial chain extension, agricultural castoff resource utilization, boosting peasant income and improving the life and environment of the countryside are analyzed based on circular agricultural theory, agricultural industrial development and other circular agricultural scenarios of Fangshan District. Circular agriculture patterns are summarized as follows: multi-utilization pattern of agricultural castoff based on edible fungi industry; circular agriculture garden pattern of production, processing of high quality bean and development of new productions; circular livestock industry pattern of breeding, output processing and clean production; circular fruit industry pattern of planting, processing, fruit-culture tour and fruit castoff utilization; and new countryside construction pattern of resource-saving utilization and cleansing district establishment. The existing problems and future modes of development of Fangshan District are advanced as well.
Assessment of the overall arrangement of urban modern agriculture industry in Beijing using location quotient technique
GUO Ya-Jing, GAO Shang-Bin, FANG Fang, WU Wen-Liang, ZHANG Jun-Lian
2008, 16(4): 976-980. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00976
Abstract(1203) PDF(969)
Abstract:
Based on location quotient technique, we analyzed the comparative advantages of agricultural sub-sectors of Beijing municipality over surrounding provinces, and those among 18 districts and counties of Beijing. The appropriate industrial composition of urban modern agriculture for Beijing municipality was advanced. The research results indicate no significant comparative advantage of agriculture industry of Beijing over other surrounding provinces; no advantage for crop and fish culture; but there is a significant advantage for forestry and animal husbandry. Among the districts and counties of Beijing, agriculture still has a higher proportion in local industrial economics of Yanqing, Miyun, Pinggu, Daxing, Tongzhou, Shunyi and Fangshan. For the inner structure of agriculture, crop production is higher in Fengtai, Daxing, Pinggu, Changping and Tongzhou. Comparative advantage of forestry is remarkable for Mentougou, Chaoyang, Fengtai, Changping, Huairou and Haidian. Animal production is comparatively advantageous for Huairou, Miyun, Fangshan, Shunyi, Mentougou and Yanqing. Agricultural service is outstanding (from the perspective of comparative advantage) in Haidian and Chaoyang. Consequently, in combination with natural resources and position situation, the overall arrangement of industrial development in urban agriculture in Beijing can be categorized into four different cycles: suburban agricultural cycle, exurb-plain agricultural cycle, mountain-ecology agricultural cycle, and cooperative agricultural cycle.
Sustainable development of Xinjiang River watershed ecosystem in Jiangxi Province
HUANG Guo-Qin
2008, 16(4): 981-986. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00981
Abstract(1017) PDF(894)
Abstract:
Xinjiang River is the third most important river in Jiangxi Province. Sustainable development of Xinjiang River watershed ecosystem not only directly relate to sustainable socio-economic development of the counties through which the river flows, but also the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable socio-economic development of entire Jiangxi Province. On the basis of the study, the paper indicates that sustainable development of Xinjiang River watershed ecosystem faces a series of challenges, e.g., ecological degradation, soil erosion, environmental pollution, natural disaster and impoverishment. To stimulate sustainable development of Xinjiang River watershed ecosystem in the new century, the author advances several countermeasures, including: development of ecological industry, extension of ecological agriculture, advocating and promoting ecotourism, enhancing ecological management and speeding up ecological construction.
History,current state,opportunities and countermeasures of Dong Nationality rice-fish agrosystem —A case study of Congjiang County,Guizhou Province
ZHANG Dan, MIN Qing-Wen, SUN Ye-Hong, LONG Deng-Yuan
2008, 16(4): 987-990. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00987
Abstract(1062) PDF(793)
Abstract:
According to the literatures and field survey, rice-fish agrosystem of Dong Nationality in Southeast Guizhou Province has been in existence for over a thousand years and has played a vital role in the socio-economic development of locality. However, due to the adoption of intensive agricultural systems, especially hybrid rice cultivation, excessive use of chemicals, and advanced techniques and low comparative advantage, this traditional agricultural practice is gradually being replaced by the so-called modern agricultural systems. In this paper, the current state, opportunities and challenges of rice-fish agrosystem in Conjiang County, a typical Dong Nationality region, are analyzed based on historic facts. A number of measures for the development of ricefish agrosystem are proposed with particular emphasis on the development of policies to enhance its sustainability, listing the area as a pilot GIAHS site, drawing timely master plan for the conservation and development of the culture, searching for alternative development approaches and launching related research projects on the agrosystem.
Value of the GIAHS-China traditional rice-fish system
SUN Ye-Hong, MIN Qing-Wen, CHENG Sheng-Kui
2008, 16(4): 991-994. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00991
Abstract(1405) PDF(935)
Abstract:
As one of the initial plot systems of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS), the traditional ricefish system in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province，plays potential and important roles in regional sustainable development of economy, society, culture and eco-environment. For example, it can increase the production and benefits of agriculture, reduce the cost of agriculture, bring relative economic benefits, keep the ecological balance of the rice field, protect the farmland environment and conserve the biodiversity, etc. At the same time, its social, cultural, scientific and demonstrating values are of great importance for the GIAHS dynamic conservation and adaptive management.
Application of rural household survey to returned cropland to forest or grassland project—A case study of Huangfuchuan Watershed
HONG Rui, LI Bo, CHONG Jie, HAO Li-Xia, HAO Xiang-Wei
2008, 16(4): 995-999. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.00995
Abstract(1260) PDF(765)
Abstract:
Rural household survey characterized as a direct, up-to-date data gathering,and holistic problem meeting can be used to investigate engineering effects on rural household in production and livelihood. This method was applied to returned cropland to forest or grassland project in this study. A case study based on data from rural household survey in Huangfuchuan Watershed shows that most farmers agree to return cropland to forest or grassland, while some of them resent against grazing prohibition and feeding confinement. The age of the peasants, peasant family size and derived income from the project greatly influence the overall attitude of the peasants towards the project, while income earned from animal husbandry is the main factor influencing peasant attitude towards feeding confinements. While correlation analysis shows that educational status is the main factor influencing peasant family income, cropland area and crop and animal produce are inversely proportional to peasant per-capita net income. Hence unsustainable mode of production coupled with unsustainable environmental conditions leads to vicious circle of eco-economy. It is therefore prudent to develop countermeasures to the unsustainable economic growth by efficiently utilizing the project and encouraging peasants to return cropland to forest or grassland.
Changing process of farming resources and grain production safety in Inner Mongolian
Aodenggaowa
2008, 16(4): 1000-1004. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01000
Abstract(985) PDF(982)
Abstract:
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a vast territory with disparate water resources, heat energy and other basic conditions. Geographical land resource as well as arable land resources difference are extremely remarkable. Using 50 years of statistical data and 9 years of land use change data on Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, we analyzed cultivated area, average cultivated area change, per-capita cultivated area and regional differences in cultivated area. The relationship between cultivated area change and grain yield was analyzed on the same basis. The results indicate a high fluctuation in per-capita average grain yield in Inner Mongolian. Along with socio-economic development and population growth, per-capita average cultivated area tends to drop. With regard to grain production safety therefore, protecting cultivable land is a fundamental requirement for grain production safety. Hence this paper advances some strategies to protect farmland and ensure grain production safety. Most important of these strategies include: cherishing and protecting existing farmland; improving construction of agricultural infrastructure, especially water conservancy; controlling non-agricultural construction on farmlands; strengthening administrative and social surveillance of farmlands; and establishing inspection mechanism for farmland utilization to prevent land misappropriation.
Energy flow of agro-fruit ecosystem in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province
WU Fa-Qi, LIU Hai-Bin, SUN Bao-Sheng, ZHOU Zheng-Li, WANG Jian
2008, 16(4): 1005-1010. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01005
Abstract(1435) PDF(1022)
Abstract:
We examined energy flow in the agro-fruit ecosystem in the south central part of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province, at Feimahe and Nangou Villages of Baota District of Yan’an Municipality, and Xipo Village of Chunhua County. The results show that energy output-input ratio of the agro-subsystem is 3.58 compared to 1.86 for the fruit-subsystem; 3.17 for livestock-subsystem, 0.41 for humansubsystem and 1.17 for the whole ecosystem. Among the subsystems, net energy use is highest (1.281×1013 J per village per year) in the humansubsystem. Energy output of economic products (food grain and fodder) in the agro-subsystem is 3.47×1012 J per year. Of this energy, 97% is used within the ecosystem and only 3% is marketed out. Fruit energy output for the fruit-subsystem is 4.14×1012 J per year, of which 45% is used in the ecosystem and 55% marketed out. Annual energy output of the livestock-subsystem is 5.38×1012 J, which constitutes 14% of total energy output in the ecosystem. In summary therefore, the energy analysis shows that the agro-fruit ecosystem is a developing agricultural ecosystem that includes food production for local consumption, and a market-oriented fruit industry linked with livestock-subsystem and supported by market forces. The industrial structures of the ecosystem need adjustment for higher productivity and better sustainability by stabilizing agricultural production, developing livestock industry and intensifying fruit production.
Ecosystem service value of restored secondary forest in the Karstic-rocky hills —A case study of Nongla National Medicine Nature Reserve,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
WU Kong-Yun, JIANG Zhong-Cheng, DENG Xin-Hui, YE Ye
2008, 16(4): 1011-1014. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01011
Abstract(1495) PDF(846)
Abstract:
An economic approach of ecological evaluation was used to assess the value of restored secondary forest in Nongla National Medicine Nature Reserve of Mashan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Results show a high ecological value (on economical scale) of restored secondary forests in Nongla. Over the period of 25 years (1981～2006) accumulated total ecosystem service value of Nongla restored secondary forest is estimated at RMB 0.882 billion and above. Direct use of lumber, herb and fruit is valued at RMB 0.049 billion, 5.57% of the total forest value. Indirect use of the restored secondary forest is RMB 0.833 billion, far exceeding the direct use value and accounting for 94.44% of the total value. Service values for soil erosion, biodiversity, research and culture are RMB 0.313 billion, RMB 0.174 billion and RMB 0.052 billion respectively. Nongla restored secondary forest plays an important role in preventing water and soil erosion, sustaining soil fertility, developing biodiversity, and promoting research and education.
Dynamic monitoring of drought in Fujian Province from MODIS remote sensing data
PAN Wei-Hua, CHEN Jia-Jin, CHEN Hui, ZHANG Chun-Gui, LI Li-Chun
2008, 16(4): 1015-1019. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01015
Abstract(1362) PDF(1044)
Abstract:
Drought is an important influencing factor on the progress of society and agriculture. Using MODIS remotely-sensed and meteorological data for 2004～2006, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and landscape temperature (Ts) of Fujian Province were retrieved by split-windows algorithm relating to a number of factors including topography, climate and vegetation cover. A drought monitoring strategy was subsequently established by Vegetation Water Supply Index (VWSI) model. The results show that VWSI drought monitoring model application is feasible in Fujian Province, which has plentiful vegetation resources. Equally, MODIS remotely-sensed data can be used to monitor continuously large scale drought in Fujian Province. Moreover, the study reveals observable differences in drought between North and South Fujian Province, and the degree of drought on the southeast coast of Fujian is more severe than that in the midwest. Noticeably, drought in Fujian Province is worsening with the passing of time, aggravated by economic development and urbanization.
Evaluation of the ecological environment of Shandong Province using MODIS data and GIS platform
MENG Yan, ZHAO Geng-Xing, CHENG Jin-Nan, FANG Lin-Na, TANG Xiu-Mei, LEI Tong
2008, 16(4): 1020-1024. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01020
Abstract(1012) PDF(822)
Abstract:
MODIS image centered about Shandong Province, classification of land use/land cover by supervised method, extraction of the indexes of biological abundance, vegetation cover, water density, land degradation, environmental quality by using spatial analysis functions in GIS and other relevant information were used to evaluate the ecological environment of Shandong Province by establishing an ecological and environmental situation index (EI) model. From the results, the overall ecological environment of Shandong Province is good, with 61.1% of the total area classed as excellent or good. However, other problems like environmental pollution, land degradation and water shortages exist, with 16.2% of the total area classed as worse. The study has positive implications on the protection and improvement of the regional ecological environment.
Application and capacity of selfdecontamination of agricultural ecosystem
YANG Shi-Qi, ZHANG Qing-Zhong, ZHANG Ai-Ping, YANG Zheng-Li
2008, 16(4): 1025-1030. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01025
Abstract(1160) PDF(781)
Abstract:
The connotation and hierarchy of self-decontaminating capacity of agricultural ecosystems are discussed. From the view point of the ecosystem, the capacity of self-decontaminating agricultural ecosystem is reviewed as well. The structure and function of five typical self-decontaminating agricultural ecosystems are analyzed. These include crop and livestock self-decontaminating system, biogas eco-agriculture self-decontaminating system, tri-dimensional agriculture self-decontaminating system, high-efficient and cleanmodern agriculture self-decontaminating system and environmentally protected and eco-restored self-decontaminating system. The capacity of agricultural self-decontaminating ecosystem lays the basis of innovation for advanced agricultural contamination prevention and cure.
Evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution and countermeasures in Shuikou Reservoir Drainage Area
HUANG Dong-Feng, LI Wei-Hua, QIU Xiao-Xuan, CHEN Chao
2008, 16(4): 1031-1036. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01031
Abstract(1063) PDF(1052)
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Agricultural non-point sources pollution (including living contaminants, human feces and urine, rural solid trash and living rubbish, chemical fertilizer, livestock and bird aquatics, farm nutrient loss, surface runoff from villages and small towns, aquiculture, etc.) in 18 townships in Shuikou Reservoir Drainage Area were surveyed and evaluated by equivalent standard discharge amount method. The results show that the total discharge of CODcr, TN and TP are 6 288.87 ton, 4 450.07 ton and 1 448.82 ton respectively, with a total equivalent standard discharge of 1.936×1010m3. The pollution rate index of CODcr, TN and TP is 2.17%, 22.99% and 74.85%, respectively. Therefore, N and P are the primary contaminants in the drainage area. Furthermore, the largest three pollution rate indexes for the pollution sources are farm nutrient loss, aquiculture, livestock and bird feces & urine, with percentages of 41.95%, 36.81% and 10.60% respectively. The cumulative pollution rate index of the three pollution sources is 89.36%, hence they constitute the primary pollution sources in the area. Among the 18 villages and townships surveyed, the total equivalent standard discharge of Huangtian in 2005 is 2.942×109m3, with a pollution rate index of 15.20%, the largest in the basin. Those of Shuikou and Dongqiao are the second and third, in that order. The results also indicate that different villages and townships have different primary pollution sources. For example, living sewage is the leading pollution source in Huangdun and Shuidong, livestock and bird feces & urine is the leading one in Luxia and Dahuang, farm nutrient loss in Meixi and Dongqiao, and aquiculture leads the rating for Shuikou and Youxikou. Therefore, different villages and townships should take varying measures to address agricultural non-point source pollution. Finally, advanced prevention, remediation and other countermeasures to agricultural non-point source pollution in Shuikou Reservoir Drainage Area include improving agricultural legislation and intensifying management measures, strengthening research and technology devoted primarily to agricultural chemical substances, developing all-purpose and comprehensive use of dejecta of livestock and birds, developing ecological and organic agriculture, advocating cleansing production and enhancing rational application of fish feed and medication to reduce losses.
Influencing factors and countermeasures of irrigation return flow pollution in Ningxia Yellow River Water Irrigation District
ZHANG Ai-Ping, YANG Shi-Qi, ZHANG Qing-Zhong, YANG Shu-Jing, YANG Zheng-Li
2008, 16(4): 1037-1042. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01037
Abstract(1078) PDF(647)
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In this paper, the factors influencing pollution from irrigation return flow in Ningxia Yellow River Water Irrigation District (NYRWID) was analyzed. Analysis on pollution in NYRWID from irrigation return flow indicates that among the 200 barrel drains investigated, 13 are seriously polluted. The main pollutants include NH3＋-N, TP, fluorides, COD and BOD, all of which exceed safety limits. The results further show that the subjective natural conditions, used agricultural chemicals, obsolete irrigation projects and traditional production modes, enhance large amounts of pollutant movement trough irrigation return flows into the Yellow River. Pollution prevention and countermeasures advanced are referenced to further research. Prevention measures like strengthening management of irrigation return flow, intensifying scientific research, increasing financial investment and emphasizing water resources saving and protection can go a long way to abating pollution in NYRWID.
Prediction of energy consumption and CO2 emission by system dynamics approach
QIN Zhong, ZHANG Jia-En, LUO Shi-Ming, YE Yan-Qiong
2008, 16(4): 1043-1047. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01043
Abstract(1232) PDF(800)
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China is in the process of constructing an all-round, well-off society. Under the current circumstances of growing population, increasing economic development and daily energy consumption, a realistic forecast of energy demand and supplement is of particular importance for guaranteed energy supply, progressive economic development and limited CO2 emission for a sustainable development of the society. By analyzing the mode of energy consumption and population and economic development, we predict energy demand and CO2 emission in the new periodical with system dynamics approach, and then advance suggestions and countermeasures for energy development and released CO2 limit.
The status and perspective of research on crop molecular ecology
CHEN Ting, LIN Wen-Xiong, XIONG Jun, SHEN Li-Hua, WANG Jing-Yuan, LIN Rui-Yu, LI Zhao-Wei, LI Zhen-Fang
2008, 16(4): 1048-1052. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01048
Abstract(1423) PDF(897)
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Investigation of the relationship between crops and the environment as well as their interaction mechanisms at molecular level are the current focus of modern crop cultivation science and molecular ecology. This paper emphasizes ecological properties of genetic molecular and the effect of molecular ecological environment on crop growth and development from the perspective of genetic ecological characteristics of relative gene involvement in the process. It is suggested that scientific technology, policy regulation and control must be implemented based on genetic ecological characteristics at different growth stages of crops to realize high yield, best quality, high efficiency, environment-friendly and security of crop production. Finally, we further discuss several theoretical issues and their research implications on crop molecular ecology.
Advances in the investigation of triticeae crop allelopathy and molecular ecology
CHEN Dong-Mei, SHEN Li-Hua, CHEN Xiang-Xu, LIN Rui-Yu, SUN Hong-Yan, HE Hua-Qin, LIN Wen-Xiong
2008, 16(4): 1053-1059. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01053
Abstract(1608) PDF(954)
Abstract:
This article reviews recent advances in the investigation of triticeae crop allelopathy. The controversial research of wheat and barley allelopathic germplasm, resource screening and evaluation is discussed. The author also discusses genetic diversity of triticeae crops from molecular marker ISSR and allelochemical research. Finally, based on the development trend of research in plant allelopathy, the author highlights important issues deemed critical to the study of allelopathy of triticeae crops, including gene expression and signal regulation in molecular ecology and rhizospheric biological processes of wheat and barley allelopathy.
Research advances in molecular breeding of powdery mildew resistance of wheat
ZHANG Hai-Quan
2008, 16(4): 1060-1066. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01060
Abstract(1033) PDF(960)
Abstract:
Powdery mildew is caused by Erysiphe graminis D.C. f. sp. tritici (Em.Marchal) and is one of the main diseases of cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Growing resistant cultivars has proved to be an economically effective approach of controlling the disease. Molecular markers are widely used in the study on powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat. Until now, 38 resistance gene loci (Pm1～Pm38) for powdery mildew have been identified and located on different chromosomes, of which 57 loci from 41 alleles are successfully tagged or mapped. This article describes the source and utilization of powdery mildew resistance genes as well as recent research on molecular markers. Latest progress in molecular breeding of resistance to powdery mildew in wheat is discussed in detail. This study provides a reference for molecular breeding for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat.
QTL mapping in controlling seedling cold tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
WU Xing-Chun, WANG Yin, LIN Wen-Xiong
2008, 16(4): 1067-1069. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01067
Abstract(1001) PDF(824)
Abstract:
Comparison of imported and the domestic PEG on seed germination and root growth in Arabidopsis
LI Bao, SUN Fei-Fei, HU Hai-Zhou, JIA Hui-Zhen, ZHANG Wen-Sheng, LI Xia
2008, 16(4): 1070-1072. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01070
Abstract(927) PDF(746)
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