中国生态农业学报(中英文)

Effect of fertilization on soil fertility, wheat yield and quality in Shajiang black soil

CAO Cheng-Fu, KONG Ling-Cong, ZHANG Cun-Ling, ZHAO Bin, ZHAO Zhu, ZHANG Yao-Lan, DU Shi-Zhou

2008, 16(5): 1073-1077. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01073

Abstract(1035) PDF(812)

Abstract:
Using data from 22 years fertilization experiment, the effect of fertilization on soil fertility, and the yield and quality of strong gluten wheat in Shajiang black soils were investigated in this study. The results show that longterm application of either organic manure alone or its combination with chemical fertilizer increases soil organic matter content and available N, P, K. Based on wheat yield, basic fertility under combined fertilization is 2 715.0 kg·hm^-2 higher than that under chemical fertilizers alone with same N treatment. Yield as well as protein content, wet gluten and sedimentation value of strong gluten wheat are in direct correlation with soil organic matter content, total N, total P and available P. Combined fertilization is a relevant approach and does not only increase basic soil fertility, but does also enhance sustainable cultivation of strong gluten wheat.

Effect of fallow and fertilization on soil mineral nitrogen in summer maize

SU Tao, WANG Zhao-Hui, ZAI Song-Mei, LI Sheng-Xiu

2008, 16(5): 1078-1082. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01078

Abstract(1003) PDF(719)

Abstract:
The relation between fallow, fertilization and soil inorganic nitrogen dynamics in the growth phase of summer maize was studied by field experimentation. The results indicate that the amount of nitrate nitrogen residue in the 0 ～ 200 cm soil layer, especially the 0 ～ 100 cm soil layer, is decreases significantly by planting summer maize. However, there is no observed significant effect of planting summer maize on residue amount of ammonia nitrogen and its distribution along profile. The amount of nitrate nitrogen residue in 0～200 cm soil under maize at silking is 198.1 kg·hm^-2, that under fallow is 562.2 kg·hm^-2, which is 364.1 kg·hm^-2higher than the former. Application of nitrogen fertilizer markedly increases soil nitrate nitrogen residue, also affecting its distribution in the soil profile. However, nitrogen fertilizer application has no obvious effect on residue amount and profile distribution of ammonia nitrogen. The amount of nitrate nitrogen residue under fertilization at the emergence period of summer maize is 857.3 kg·hm^-2; that of non-fertilization is 165.7 kg·hm^-2, 4.2 times less than the former. Compared with non-fertilization, nitrogen fertilization can increase nitrate nitrogen content, not only in the surface soil, but also in the 200 cm soil layer at seedling stage. At harvest, nitrate nitrogen content of fertilization treatment in soils deeper than 60 cm significantly increases, and is highest at 180 ～ 200 cm soil depth.

Population quality and grain yield construction of mid-season indica hybrid rice “Wandao153” under different N applications

WU Wen-Ge, YANG Lian-Song, SU Ze-Sheng, ZHANG Yu-Hai, BAI Yi-Song, ZHAO Jue-Jian, HU Gen-Sheng, FANG Wen-Jie

2008, 16(5): 1083-1089. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01083

Abstract(1056) PDF(573)

Abstract:
The effects of nitrogen application on the population quality, grain yield construction and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in mid-season indica hybrid rice “Wandao153” were investigated under field conditions. Five nitrogen treatments were set at 0 kg(N)·hm^-2,150.0 kg(N)·hm^-2,187.5 kg(N)·hm^-2,225.0 kg(N)·hm^-2,262.5 kg(N)·hm^-2and 300.0 kg(N)·hm^-2 respectively. The results show that the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application has a significant effect on grain yield. Between 0 ～ 300 kg(N)·hm^-2 nitrogen fertilization, indica hybrid rice yield initially increases to its maximum at 262.5 kg(N)·hm^-2, and then drastically decreases at 300 kg(N)·hm^-2. Relation between N application rate and grain yield follows a uni-peak curve, peaking at 11 355 kg·hm^-2grain yield of 262.5 kg(N)·hm^-2, with the most apparent yield-increasing effect at 150～225 kg(N)·hm^-2. The important factor for yield difference with different N application rates is variations in the number of spikelet which has a significant direct correlation with N application rate (r = 0.963 5^**). Nitrogen fertilizer application markedly affects the population quality of indica hybrid rice. Appropriate N application rate enhances LAI and grain-leaf area ratio of mid-season indica hybrid rice, and also maintains higher rates of leaf dry-matter and blade weight per shoot at heading stage. This is conducive for increasing plant photosynthetic capability and dry-matter accumulation at the late stage, apparently enhancing conversion rate of dry-matter after heading, while keeping plants from early senescence and increasing lodging resistance at the late stage with high agronomic nitrogen utilization efficiency. The recommended amount of applied N for mid-season indica hybrid rice (for a super-high yield) in Jianghuai Region is 262.5 kg(N)·hm^-2.

Effect of crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on wheat quality and variation coefficient

CUI Huan-Hu, JING Hua, WANG Yu-Zhi, LU La-Hu, MA Ai-Ping

2008, 16(5): 1090-1094. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01090

Abstract(960) PDF(771)

Abstract:
The quality of wheat and its coefficient of variation under different crop rotation and nitrogen fertilizer level were investigated using four crop-rotation systems (wheat, followed by soybean, sunflower, maize or fallow respectively) . The results show significant differences in measured value of wheat quality traits including 1000-kernel weight, test weight, protein content, sedimentation and wet gluten; and each quality trait preferably coordinates in the rotation with soybean. 1000-kernel weight and test weight have higher means in fallow rotation with high nitrogen level, while protein content, sedimentation and wet gluten have higher means at high nitrogen level for the four rotation systems. The effect of the rotation and nitrogen fertilizer rate on the variation coefficient of the quality traits is in the following order: sedimentation>wet gluten>protein content; sedimentation > protein content > wet gluten. Thus this research provides the theoretic base for the standardized cultivation of specific quality wheat.

Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on soil nitrogen in spring wheat fields

ZHANG Bu-Chong, ZHAO Wen-Zhi, ZHANG Wei

2008, 16(5): 1095-1099. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01095

Abstract(954) PDF(850)

Abstract:
The dynamics of soil available nitrogen (SAN) and total nitrogen (STN) in spring wheat fields following two years (2003 and 2004) of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) was studied in Hexi oasis irrigation region. The differences in soil nitrogen index at harvest (between the two experimental years) were analyzed using Paired-Sample T-Test (2-tailed), and regression relations between SAN,STN and total irrigation water (IR) for the entire wheat growing season developed. The regression relations provided relevant hints for analyzing the effects of RDI on soil nitrogen in spring wheat fields. Results show that RDI significantly affect soil nitrogen in the 0 ~ 20 cm, 20 ~ 40 cm and 0 ~ 40 cm soil layers in spring wheat fields for 2003 and 2004, while Paired-Sample T-Test on soil nitrogen at wheat harvest indicates that STN and SAN in the 0 ~ 20 cm soil layer, STN in the 20 ~ 40 cm and 0 ~ 40 cm soil layers in 2004 are significantly higher than in 2003. However, no significant difference exists in SAN in the 20 ~ 40 cm and 0 ~ 40 cm soil layers for 2003 and 2004. Furthermore, STN in the 0 ~ 40 cm soil layer has a negative linear correlation with IR during wheat growing seasons, while SAN has a positive linear correlation with IR.

Application of ASI systematic approach on Panyu banana orchard soils

LI Guo-Liang, YAO Li-Xian, FU Chang-Ying, HE Zhao-Huan, TU Shi-Hua

2008, 16(5): 1100-1095. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01100

Abstract(1353) PDF(804)

Abstract:
The limiting factors of soil nutrient in three different banana orchard farms, Dongchong, Lingshan and Wanqingsha, in Panyu District, Guangzhou City, were identified by systematic application of indicator plant (banana) and diagnostic soil analysis (soil adsorption trial and pot experiment). Results show lack of soil N in all three banana orchards in the study area. Compared with OPT (Optimal Treatment), yield of N treatment markedly decreases by 59.7%, 46.7% and 55.1% in Dongchong, Lingshan and Wanqingsha respectively. Banana K and Mg content is low, while B is high in the Dongchong and Lingshan banana orchards. P and K are lacking in soils in Wanqingsha banana orchard. However, soil Mn content in the three banana orchard farms is sufficient.

Effect of sewage sludge compound fertilizer on soil enzyme activity and growth of Poa annua Linn.

YAN Shuang-Dui, BU Yu-Shan, LIU Li-Jun

2008, 16(5): 1104-1108. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01104

Abstract(1471) PDF(741)

Abstract:
To enhance the utilization of detoxified city sewage sludge, the effect of sewage sludge compound fertilizer on the growth of Poa annua Linn. and activity of soil enzyme were studied in a pot experiment. Results indicate dramatic enhancement of the activities of soil urease, protein enzyme and invertase with increasing rates of sewage sludge in compound fertilizer under consistent N, P, K amounts. At the same time, there is observable improvement in the color of grass, while the grass-cuttings and tillering number increase. And especially in the middle to late growth stages, grass color improves by two grades, weight of grass-cuttings increases by 10 ～ 15 g·pot^-1, tillering increases by 30 ～ 50 tillers per pot, while permeability of cell membrane reduces by 40%. However, if sewage sludge N nutrient goes above 60%, the sewage sludge fertilizer has very little effect on grass. Therefore, in using compound sewage sludge fertilizers, N nutrient should be kept within 60%.

Effect of genotype and sowing time on growth, development and yield of high quality wheat

PEI Xue-Xia, WANG Jiao-Ai, DANG Jian-You, ZHANG Ding-Yi

2008, 16(5): 1109-1115. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01109

Abstract(1303) PDF(635)

Abstract:
Under global warming conditions, appropriate sowing time of wheat is critical for high yields of high-quality wheat. Using field experiment, the effect of genotype and sowing time on the growth, development and yield of three high quality wheat cultivars was investigated. Results show that sowing date has various effects on the duration of growth stages of different wheat cultivars. Variation of duration of heading stage among different sowing dates is two days at most, and that of maturing stage is one day at most. Reasonable sowing time has a number of advantages for high quality wheat, including plant tillering, young spike differentiation, dry-matter accumulation and wintering safety，and harmonize individual plant characters and community quality to get proper spike number per hectare, kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight, furthermore, the high yield of high quality wheat.Under the same yield level,acting force of the two controllable factors on yield of high quality wheat is: sowing time ＞ genotype.

Effect of tobacco formulated fertilizer synergist on the contents of endogenousphytohormones and polyamine in flue-cured tobacco root system

ZHANG Xue-Qin, PENG Ke-Qin, WANG Shao-Xian, XIAO Lang-Tao, LI Zai-Jun, KU Wen-Zhen, TONG Jian-Hua

2008, 16(5): 1116-1121. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01116

Abstract(1403) PDF(854)

Abstract:
The effect of tobacco formulated fertilizer synergist on the contents of endogenous phytohormones and polyamine in the root system of maturing flue-cured tobacco was investigated, and yield and output value of the tobacco leaf analyzed. Results show that tobacco formulated fertilizer synergist increases GA_{3_{, IAA and spermine contents, but decreases ABA and putrescine contents. Furthermore, decreasing application of tobacco formulated fertilizer synergist enhances spermine content in flue-cured tobacco. At the early stage, synergist has little impact on the content of spermidine. However, spermidine content increases rapidly at the late stage. 45.45 g tobacco formulated fertilizer with 0.454 5 g synergist treatment produces the best effects on endogenous phytohormones and polyamine contents. The yield and output value of tobacco leaf increase by application of tobacco formulated fertilizer synergist. Although tobacco leaf yield reduces with the use of synergist and decreasing amount of tobacco formulated fertilizer, output value increases due to higher quality tobacco leaf. 36.36 g formulated fertilizer with 0.454 5 g synergist treatment has the best effect.}}

Evaluation of adaptability of conservation tillage in Loess Plateau semi-arid areas

SUN Li-Jun, ZHANG Ren-Zhi, HUANG Gao-Bao, CAI Li-Qun

2008, 16(5): 1122-1126. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01122

Abstract(1313) PDF(767)

Abstract:
To explore the adaptability of conservation tillage in the Loess Plateau semi-arid areas of Gansu Province, a conservation tillage experiment was conducted for 2001 ~ 2005 and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) used to evaluate the economic and ecological suitability of five conservation tillage methods. The economic and ecological adaptability evaluation shows that no-tillage with straw cover (NTS) is the best among the tillage methods investigated. NTS adaptability ratio (PI) is far higher than the other tillage methods, ranging from 0.76 to 0.84 , which is 2 ~ 2.5 times ordinary tillage (T), showing that NTS treatment is more adaptable to the local ecology. PIs for NTS, no-tillage (NT) and no-tillage with plastic cover (NTP) are higher than that for tillage with straw cover (TS), T and tillage with plastic cover (TP). This implies that the adaptability of NTS, NT and NTP is better than that of TS, T and TP. Hence adopting NTS not only increases crop yield or reduces total input, but also enhances sustained development of agriculture in the Loess Plateau semi-arid areas of Gansu Province.

Biogeochemical circulation and management countermeasures of N and P in coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay

ZHANG Xu-Liang, GU Dong-Qi, FENG Ai-Ping, SUI Yu-Zhu

2008, 16(5): 1127-1133. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01127

Abstract(1325) PDF(667)

Abstract:
In biogeochemical circulation in coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay, the main sources of N and P are industrial and municipal domestic wastewater, surface runoff and superfluous irrigation water from farmlands as well as fishery wastewater. N and P are transported into subtidal wetlands through intertidal and supratidal wetlands, which lead to concentrations of inorganic N and P of seawater rise in subtidal wetlands. This study shows that N and P load in coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay are 46 271.1 tons and 2 092.1 tons in of 2000. Through analysis of the processes of biogeochemical circulation in the coastal wetlands of southern Laizhou Bay, it is discovered that natural coastal wetlands absorb and decompose N and P. Observed concentrations of inorganic N and P in seawater of subtidal wetlands for the year of 2000 are respectively 0.086 mg·L^-1and 0.029 mg·L^-1, while theoretical concentrations are 6.74 mg·L^-1and 0.299 mg·L^-1without regard to N and P absorption by intertidal and supratidal wetlands respectively, 78.4 and 10.3 times of observed concentrations,indicating obvious absorbing and purifying effect of natural wetland on input N and P. To decrease the concentration of N and P in the seawaters of southern Laizhou Bay, we need to develope circular economy, decrease the amount of N and P load in coastal wetlands, protect and restore natural wetlands, construct artificial wetlands and enhance purifye functions.

Vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticide residue along soil profile in agricultural soils of Huizhou

TAN Zhen, LI Chuan-Hong, YU Lin-Wei, XIE Yi-Fa, LEI Ze-Xiang

2008, 16(5): 1134-1137. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01134

Abstract(1097) PDF(821)

Abstract:
17 kinds of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in 6 agricultural soil profiles of Huizhou City were detected.The residues and distribution of OCPs in the soil were discussed.Results show that OCPs are found in all the samples and the range of OCPs content is 0.25～64.16 μg·kg^-1.The content of OCPs decreases with soil depth and the vertical changes of all chemicals of OCPs are different due to various factors.HCHs residues shows low variation alonge the profiles and their highest concentrations are usually found in the subsoil (5～20 cm)in most sample sites.The topsoil contains much more DDTs than the bottom layes of soil.The ration of α-HCH/γ-HCH and DDT/(DDE+DDD)indicates that most of DDTs residues are from historic utilization,while recent Lindane into the environment might be correlated with HCHs,whose control should be enforced.

Diversity and stability of peanut kernel quality in different ecological regions of Shandong Province

WANG Cai-Bin, LIU Yun-Feng, WU Zheng-Feng, ZHENG Ya-Ping, WAN Shu-Bo, SUN Kiu-Xiang, SUN Xue-Wu, FENG Hao

2008, 16(5): 1138-1142. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01138

Abstract(1106) PDF(912)

Abstract:
In order to understand the diversity and quality stability of peanut kernel in different ecological zones, a multi-locational experiment involving three peanut varieties (“Huayu 22”, a traditional big-pod type mainly for export; “Luhua 11”, ordinary high-yield big-pod type; “Huayu 23”, traditional small-pod type also for export) was conducted in major peanut production regions in Shandong Province. Results show that kernel fat content ranges 43.67% ～ 52.75%, with an average of 47.98%. Peanuts cultivated in the eastern regions have higher kernel fat content than those in the central and western regions of Shandong; and peanuts planted in spring contain more fat than those in summer. Kernel protein content of peanuts grown in Shandong Province ranges from 18.18% ～ 25.73%, with an average of 22.36%, which also varies for different ecological regions in the province (central-south region > eastern region > western region). But no obvious difference between spring-planted peanut and summer-intercropped peanut is observed. Though there is high environmental influence, both the environment and variety have significant effect on kernel fat and protein content. The fat and protein contents of spring-planted “Huayu22”and summer-intercropped “Luhua 11”are stable, while “Huayu 23”is environmentally sensitive. Whether sown in spring or intercropped in summer, fat and protein contents of “Huayu 22”are not only high but as well relatively stable.

Analysis of water consumption and yield characteristic of aerobic rice in North China

LIU Zhi-Juan, YANG Xiao-Guang, XUE Chang-Ying, ZHANG Qiu-Ping, B.A.M.Bouman, WANG Hua-Qi

2008, 16(5): 1143-1148. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01143

Abstract(1149) PDF(803)

Abstract:
Two years field experiment (2001 ~ 2002) was conducted in Beijing to explore the effect of irrigation on yield, yield component, water use efficiency (WUE) and water consumption characteristics of two aerobic rice cultivars (“HD297”and “HD502”). When irrigation is 300～522 mm, yield of “HD297”and “HD502” is 3 876～5 289 kg·hm^－2 and 3 977～5 664 kg·hm^－2 respectively and corresponding WUE is 1.01~ 1.29 g·kg^－1 and 1.03～1.33 g·kg^－1. Significant differences exist among irrigation treatments; however, yield and WUE of “HD502” are always higher than those of “HD297” for all treatments. Therefore,“HD502” is more suitable for Beijing area than “HD297”. The analysis on aerobic rice yield shows that WUE increases by 1.9%～27.7% with only 7.9%～29.8% decrease in yield, especially in early and middle stages, the highest increase of WUE, 3.6%～23.1% increase with only 7.9%～15.5% decrease in yield, is observed in limited irrigation treatment. Therefore limited irrigation in early stage and sufficient irrigation in later stage is the best water-saving irrigation model for aerobic rice in Beijing. Using historical weather data for Beijing, precipitation characteristics for the growing season of aerobic rice are analyzed. The period is divided into three phases based on precipitation in the growing season of aerobic rice and using the Person-III method. The relation between water requirement of aerobic rice and precipitation is discussed. It is necessary to irrigate at all growth stages of aerobic rice in mild and dry years. However, irrigation is only needed at flowering to maturity stage in humid years.

Comparative analysis of photosynthetic characteristics of different cotton cultivars

ZHANG Bian-Jiang, WANG Rong-Fu, ZHANG Xiang-Gui, NI Wan-Chao

2008, 16(5): 1149-1153. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01149

Abstract(1009) PDF(698)

Abstract:
The photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of “Hai7124” (Gossypium barbadense), “Jinhuazhongmian” (G. arboreum), “Hongxinmian” (G. herbaceum) and “Su12” (G. hirsutum) were analyzed in this paper. The results show that total chlorophyll content, leaf mass per area, Pn, PSⅡ photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and photochemical quenching (q^P) of the cotton cultivars are the following order: “Hai7124” > “Su12” > “Jinhuazhongmian” > “Hongxinmian”; indicating that “Hai7124” has higher photosynthetic efficiency. Further investigation shows that diurnal variation curves of Pn for “Hai7124”, “Jinhuazhongmian” and “Su12” have two peaks that occur at 12:00 and 16:00, though Pn for “Hongxinmian” varies and has a uni-peak curve that occurs between 12:00 ～ 14:00. This is consistent with diurnal variations in stomatal conductance (Cs). Photoinhibition of photosynthesis at noon is related with decreasing Cs and PSⅡ photochemical efficiency.

Selection of drought resistant materials and drought resistant index for maize in South China

LIAO Jiang-Lin, HE Xi-Quan, SHENG Liang-Xue, XIAO Guo-Ying, ZENG Jian-Bo

2008, 16(5): 1154-1157. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01154

Abstract(1139) PDF(818)

Abstract:
Drought climate (July to August) in southern China poses tremendous threat to maize production. In this paper, drought-resistance characteristics and indexes of 12 maize inbred lines were investigated by water weight control method at seedling stage, and equivalent water supply at booting to filling stage of maize. The results show that “178” is the most drought-resistant inbred line at seedling and booting to filling stages, while “Qi319” and “S4084” are the drought-sensitive inbred lines at seedling and booting to filling stages. For drought-sensitive materials, 7 days is the longest drought duration at seedling stage， and for drought-resistant materials, 12 days is the longest duration. Seedling survival rate can be used as drought-evaluation index while photosynthetic rate and the difference between pre- and post-treatments of relative electric conductivity as well as proline and soluble sugar contents can be handy and reliable drought-evaluation index.

Adverse temperature tolerance induction in cabbage seed at germination stage

WANG Guang-Yin, GU Gui-Lan, ZHANG Ling-Yun

2008, 16(5): 1158-1162. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01158

Abstract(1033) PDF(813)

Abstract:
To investigate adverse temperature tolerance induction in summer and autoumn cabbage, changes in adverse temperature tolerance of pretreated cabbage seeds with different degrees of temperature during germination were investigated. Results show that the optimum germination temperature of cabbage seeds is 20 ℃, and that germination vigor decreases remarkably when seeds germinate under above 35 ℃ or below 15 ℃. Mild pretreatment temperature can greatly improve the germination ability of cabbage seed in high temperatures (35 ℃). Minimum and maximum pretreatment temperatures are 10 ℃ and 30 ℃ respectively, optimal pretreatment time is 8 hours. Pretreatment lower temperatures of 5 ℃ and 10 ℃ improves seed vigor in high temperature (35 ℃)，while pretreatment higher temperatures of 25 ℃ and 30 ℃ adaptation to heat and chilling stress.

Temperature-driven climatic factors and their impact on the fertility of hybrid rice at anthesis

TONG Zhi-Ting, LI Shou-Hua, DUAN Wei-Xin, DENG Yun, TIAN Xiao-Hai

2008, 16(5): 1163-1166. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01163

Abstract(983) PDF(914)

Abstract:
Different sowing times and on-farm observation are used to investigate field climatic factors coinstantaneous with harmful high temperatures and their effects on hybrid rice fertility at anthesis for the year 2005. The results show that daytime temperature and light density in high and normal temperature periods are significantly different in the hours of 10:00 ～14:00, but much similar in the hours of 8:00～10:00 and 16:00 ~ 18:00. Though daytime relative humidity is lower in high temperature than in normal temperature periods, the difference is insignificant. High temperature-driven climatic factors induce significant poor seed-setting, decreasing on the average of 8.0% for three cultivars. Under high temperature-driven conditions, the percent of pollen vigor and pollen number per stigma decrease sharply, up to 6.0% and 8.4 pollens respectively, when compared with normal temperature conditions. Seed-setting rate, however, shows no significant difference among three cultivars. Comparison to “Shanyou63”, “Jinyou448” and “Liangyoupeijiu” show a relatively large difference in seed-setting rate, percent pollen vigor and pollination per stigma under the two climatic conditions. This implies that “Shanyou63” is more tolerant to high temperature-driven climatic conditions than the other two hybrids.

Spatio-temporal pattern of cold and frost damage in China

GAO Mao-Fang, QIU Jian-Jun, LIU San-Chao, QIN Zhi-Hao, WANG Li-Gang

2008, 16(5): 1167-1172. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01167

Abstract(1504) PDF(779)

Abstract:
Cold and frost damage is a natural disaster of significant impact on crop yield in China. Extensive analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of cold and frost damage has been done in this paper. Most of Chinese cropland areas are affected by cold damage, especially in the northeast and Huanghuaihai regions. The intensity of cold damage in North and Central China has been increasing in the last two decades. South China and Southwest China including Yunnan and Guangdong Provinces lie in relatively low latitude zones also suffered from severe cold damage in some years.In the last two decades, the trend of cold damage can be described as a sequence of weak-strong-weak. The most serious cold damage occurred in China during 1992 to 1999. In 1998, 8.67 million hectares of cropland was damaged in the whole China, Jiangsu and An'hui Provinces accounting for more than 5 million hectares. Cold damage impact dropped after 1999 with annual cold damage area above 37 million hectares. Variation analysis on the development of cold damage for three time periods (1986～1991, 1992～1999 and 2000～2005) indicates that cold damage is becoming stronger in most of Chinese provinces. Annual damaged cropland area in eight provinces increases by more than 100 thousand hectares. Spatial and temporal analysis of cold damage in China can be vital in regional planning of crops and can provide strong scientific basis for forecasting and effective defenses.

Ameliorative effect of exogenous Ca²⁺and GA₃ on Peganum harmala alkaloid inhibition in germinating cucumber seeds

LIU Jian-Xin, HU Hao-Bin, WANG Xin

2008, 16(5): 1173-1177. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01173

Abstract(1224) PDF(680)

Abstract:
A hydroponics experiment was conducted to study the effect of exogenous Ca²⁺ and GA₃ on cucumber germination inhibited by Peganum harmala alkaloid. The results indicate that Ca²⁺ and GA₃, single or combined application treatments, promote cucumber seed germination treated with P.harmala alkaloid, increase germination rate, germination vigor and index; as well as α-amylase, protease, lipase, isocitratelyase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) and Ca²⁺—ATPase activities; and GA and CaM content in cucumber seeds; but decrease abscisic acid (ABA) content. The synergistic effects of combined Ca²⁺ and GA3 on increasing GA and decreasing ABA are oberseved compared with Ca²⁺ treatment. It shows that exogenous Ca²⁺ and GA₃ can alleviate P. harmala alkaloid inhibition in cucumber germination.

Effect of calmodulin antagonist W7 on antioxidant systems of roots of cucumber seedlings under hypoxia stress

JIAO YanSheng, GUO ShiRong, LI Juan, FAN HuaiFu, MA RongLi, HUANG BaoJian

2008, 16(5): 1178-1182. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01178

Abstract(969) PDF(688)

Abstract:
The effect of calmodulin antagonist W7 on antioxidant systems of roots of cucumber seedlings under hypoxia stress was studied in hydroponics culture. Results show that pretreated seedlings with calmodulin antagonist W7 under hypoxia stress have lower SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR activities, and higher production rate of O₂^-, MDA and H₂O₂ contents compared with hypoxia stress treatment without calmodulin antagonist W7 pretreatment. This indicates that calmodulin antagonist W7 pretreatment can restrain Ca²⁺·CaM signal transduction, leading to increase in reactive oxygen content and decrease in activity of certain antioxidants, subsequently reducing resistance of cucumber seedlings to hypoxia stress, hence stunted roots. The experiment shows that Ca²⁺·CaM signal system plays an important regulating role in alleviating hypoxia stress in roots of cucumber seedlings.

Effect of salicylic acid on antioxidant enzymes of Chinese fir seedling under drought-stress

DING Guo-Chang, LIN Si-Zu, WANG Ai-Ping, CAO Guang-Qiu

2008, 16(5): 1183-1187. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01183

Abstract(1079) PDF(754)

Abstract:
To study the effects of auto-toxic substances, salicylic acid (SA), on Chinese fir, antioxidant enzyme activity of Chinese fir treated with different concentrations of SA under different degrees of drought-stress (different concentrations of PEG) was investigated. Results show that under slight (-0.3 MPa) and moderate (-0.5 MPa) drought-stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity initially increases, followed by a subsequent decrease, and then sharp decline. Under severe drought-stress (-0.7 Mpa), SOD activity decrease linearly. POD activity shows an initial decline, followed by a rise for a maximum of 21 days under slight drought-stress. However, POD activity shows an overall decline under moderate to severe drought-stress.

Relationship between eucalyptus resistance to eucalyptus dieback and defense enzyme system

FENG Li-Zhen, CHEN Quan-Zhu, GUO Wen-Shuo, ZHU Jian-Hua, CHEN Hong-Mei

2008, 16(5): 1188-1191. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01188

Abstract(1196) PDF(851)

Abstract:
In order to determine the biochemical index, which indicates resistance of eucalyptus to eucalyptus dieback (Cylindrodadium quinqueseptatum Morgan), 11 eucalyptus cultivars were selected from Fujian Province and the activities of two major defense-enzymes, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), analyzed. The results show that POD and SOD activities of healthy or infected leaves of the 11 cultivars change in a regular manner in the following order: resistant cultivar > moderate resistant cultivar > moderate susceptible cultivar > susceptible cultivar. POD isozyme band shows no regularity with resistance to eucalyptus dieback before or after inoculation, while SOD isozyme band has a relatively positive relation to the resistance to eucalyptus dieback. In relation to breeding, POD and SOD activity before and after inoculation and SOD isozyme bands after inoculation can be used as early biochemical indexes for resistance of eucalyptus to eucalyptus dieback.

Evaluation of resistance of apple cultivars to Venturia inaequalis

HU Xiao-Ping, LIANG Zhen-Yu, YANG Jia-Rong, YANG Zhi-Wei

2008, 16(5): 1192-1196. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01192

Abstract(1317) PDF(795)

Abstract:
Spreading inoculation is confirmed as the best inoculation method for Venturia inaequalis among the spreading, soaking, fungi disk coverage and injecting methods with conidiospore suspension of V. inaequalis.15 apple cultivars including“Qinguan”（Malus domestica）,“Fuji” （M. domestica）,“Gala” （M. domestica）,“Starking Delicious”（M. domestica）,“Jonagold”（M. domestica）,“Pink Lady”（M. domestica）,“Gold Century”（M. domestica）,“Gafu”（M. domestica）,“Pacific Rosa”（M. domestica）,“Granny Smith”（M. domestica）,“4-1” （M. pumila）,“M26”（M. pumila）,“MM106”（M. pumila）,“Midget Crabapple”（M. micromalus）and“Xinjiang Wild Apple”(M. sieversii) were collected. Resistance of the 15 cultivars to V. inaequalis was determined through conidiospore suspension inoculation. The 15 cultivars were divided into 4 groups based on disease resistance index and average disease severity. The divisions are high resistance cultivars including “Xinjiang Wild Apple” and “Qinguan”; moderate resistance cultivar including “Midget Crabapple”; moderate susceptible cultivars including “MM106”, “M26”, “Jonagold”, “Starking Delicious”, “Fuji” and “Gala”; and high susceptible cultivars including “Granny Smith”, “4-1”, “Gafu”, “Pacific Rosa”, “Pink Lady” and “Gold Century”.

Effect of tri-dimensional eco-agriculture pattern in Karst peak-cluster zones－A case study of Guohua Demonstration Area in Pingguo County,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

WU Kong-Yun, JIANG Zhong-Cheng, LUO Wei-Qun, QING Xiao-Qun

2008, 16(5): 1197-1200. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01197

Abstract(1240) PDF(996)

Abstract:
The tri-dimensional eco-agriculture in Guohua Demonstration Area comprises“foodstuff crop-economic crop-pasture” pattern,“fruit-herb” pattern and “ecological forest-pasture-livestock and poultry” pattern. These three eco-agriculture patterns make the most use of light, heat, water and soil in the peak-cluster depressions of Guohua. Analysis of a four-year tri-dimensional eco-agriculture pattern shows that the system greatly improves the ecological environment of Guohua Demonstration Area, vegetation coverage rate increases to 50% ～ 70％ in 2005 from 10% in 2000. Annual net income of farmers rises from 632 yuan to 1 524 yuan in 2005. The tri-dimensional eco-agriculture greatly emphasizes on mutual beneficiality between the environment and economy when compared to traditional agriculture.

Sustainability of eco-agricultural patterns in hilly red soil areas

WU Da-Fu, CHEN Hong-Wei, WANG Xiao-Long, LI Zhong-Pei, HE Yuan-Qiu

2008, 16(5): 1201-1207. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01201

Abstract(1100) PDF(808)

Abstract:
121 households in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province were interviewed using pre-designed questionnaire. Based on initial data analysis, the region can be classified into 8 eco-agricultural patterns: pure food grain（P₁）,agro-silvo-pasture（P₂）, agro-fruit-pasture（P₃）, agro-pastoral-processing（P_{4）, agro-pastoral-vegetable（P₅）, agro-fruit（P₆）, agro-pastoral-medicine（P₇） and agro-pasture（P₈）. The method of principal component analysis and integrative evaluation were adopted. The 8 eco-agricultural patterns were evaluated and analyzed in accordance with sustainable agricultural development. The sustainability index of the 8 eco-agricultural patterns ranges from 0.200 0~ 0.596 2, with P₁ having lowest（0.200 0）. The sustainability indexes for P₂, P₅, P₆, P₇, P₈ are between 0.31 and 0.47, and those for P₄ and P₃ are 0.596 2 and 0.513 3 respectively. A prolonged ecological chain can augment eco-agricultural sustainability index, improve eco-agricultural systems and enhance eco-agricultural stability.}

Comprehensive utilization of rural straw resource in Jiangsu Province－Economic analysis on biomass power generation in Yancheng

JIANG Dong-Mei, ZHU Pei-Xin

2008, 16(5): 1208-1212. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01208

Abstract(1265) PDF(811)

Abstract:
With gradual depletion of non-renewable energy resources, people now turn their attention to renewable energy resources. This paper introduces straw resources in Yancheng and analyzes the social economic background of electricity generation from straw. Then it analyzes the technology and equipment conditions for electricity generation from straw based on a number of materials and empirical research. Income-cost analysis method is used to verify economic benefit feasibility of the technology. Results show that the full use of available straw can generate about 0.37 billion yuan per year. Based on previous studies, it is deduced that generation of electricity from straw can reduce CO₂ and SO₂ emission and dust pollution. Therefore straw is a clean resource and electricity generation from straw has strong ecological benefits. Furthermore, there are good external social benefits of electricity generation from straw. Finally, appropriate measures are proposed to redress problems of generating electricity from straws in Yancheng.

Analysis and evaluation of ecological landscape pattern of Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve of Fujian

CHEN Chuan-Ming

2008, 16(5): 1213-1217. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01213

Abstract(970) PDF(775)

Abstract:
Based on the principles of landscape ecology and supported by RS and GIS technology, data on the number, area and perimeter of landscape patches in Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve (a national nature reserve) of Fujian Province were extracted and used to analyze the landscape pattern of the protected area. Then by using AHP method along with multiplicity, rareness, naturalness, representation, area feasibility, human disturbance and stability indices, a comprehensive landscape evaluation was performed. The study reveals three dominant vegetation types in the area ― evergreen broadleaf forest, evergreen coniferous forest and evergreen conifer-broadleaf mixed forest. There is a low degree of landscape fragmentation in the area, indicating that vegetation in the area is somewhat under sound protection. Residential patches are in the greatest number with large landscape porosity, which has a major effect on landscape formation in the study area. The diversity of landscape is highest at the patch-scale and lowest at area-scale. The integrated landscape ecological quality evaluation of Tianbaoyan Nature Reserve is 0.819, implying that the ecological quality of the study area is still sound.

Pleioblastus amarus community recovery from slash-and-burn Chinese fir through near-natural method

DONG Jian-Wen, HUANG Qi-Tang, CHEN Shi-Pin, LIN Jin-Guo

2008, 16(5): 1218-1224. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01218

Abstract(1039) PDF(685)

Abstract:
Species composition，importance value，diversity，density，and community biomass，P. amarus quantity and growth of P. amarus community at different ages were studied.P.amarus community near-naturally generating from Chinese fir cutting under slash-and-burn，and P. amarus community in near-maturity Chinese fir forest as well as in bush/forest community were used in the study and the fundamental factors of community formation and characteristics analyzed. The results show that Chinese fir forest，with a certain population of P. amarus can recover into viable vegetation through near-natural method， with P. amarus emerging as the dominant community in the course of recovery. Vascular plant species issues and species diversity indices of P. amarus community increases with community recovering time. Family and genus composition becomes more complex，and tree species composition changes from dominant masculine to dominant feminine plants. However，ecological dominance of the community declines，evenness index increases，and dominant species becomes increasingly unclear. P. amarus dominates the community，to a large degree，in the early stages of near-natural regeneration from slash-and-burn Chinese fir at a certain population of P. amarus. Certain artificial promotion measures must be used for the continuous dominance of P. amarus community and P. amarus must be managed by near-natural method.

Functions and assessment methods of protecting soil fertility of agro-forestry ecosystems

XIAO Hong-Sheng, WANG Yong, LUO Shi-Ming

2008, 16(5): 1225-1229. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01225

Abstract(1228) PDF(842)

Abstract:
Advances in the soil fertility （including SOM and N，P，K） conservation functions of agro-forestry ecosystem and their assessment methods were summarized and key operational assessment principles proposed. The agro-forestry ecosystem function to conserve soil fertility in the two ways: i） natural soil fertility, including tree and crop residue, underground biome remaining in the soil; and ii）artificial chemical and organic fertilization of the soil. For assessment purposes, the functions were put into two categories－the flow-type eco-service（FE）, interpreted as enhancing soil fertility; and the storage-type eco-service（SE）, interpreted as sustaining soil fertility. The formulas and assessment parameters are inherently different for specific regions and sub-ecosystems. Using this approach, the soil fertility conservation function of Foshan agro-forestry ecosystem was assessed for year 2005; the FE value is estimated at 83.2 million yuan and SE value calculated at 1 982.8 million yuan.

Evaluation of the development of agro-recycling economy in Hebei Province using integrated index system

JIA Shi-Jing, LIU Yin-Cang, WANG Hui-Jun

2008, 16(5): 1230-1233. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01230

Abstract(1403) PDF(897)

Abstract:
Given the essence of agro-recycling economy, this paper established an integrated index system for evaluating the development level of agro-recycling economy, where 18 exercisable indexes were grouped into four classification（development of economy and society，resource reduction input, resource recycling and reuse, and resource and environment safety）. Using Hebei Province as a case study, the development of agro-recycling economy was analyzed for the period 1991～2005. The results indicate a comprehensive improvement in agro-recycling economy in Hebei Province, mainly facilitated by agricultural output promotion. However, agricultural input level is the biggest obstacle for the development of agro-recycling economy in Hebei Province. The level of agricultural resource recycling and reuse is lagging compared with agricultural resource and environmental safety.

Comprehensive evaluation method for sustainable utilization of agricultural resources in Fujian Province

CHEN Jia-Jin, LI Li-Chun, LI Wen

2008, 16(5): 1234-1238. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01234

Abstract(957) PDF(809)

Abstract:
The index synthetic evaluation method for sustainable utilization of agricultural resources was established based on characteristics of agricultural resources and restricting factors of its sustainable utilization in Fujian Province. The method has a set of comprehensive principles for indexes selection that are integrative, dominant, regional, variant, dynamic and operable. 34 factors were selected from 9 classes, including land resources, agro-climatic resources, water resources, forest resources, feed resources, aquatic resources, rural energy, production conditions, and agro-efficiency. The factors were classified based on their impact on agro-resource utilization. 7 indexes, including land use status, soil status, climatic resources, meteorological damages, rural energy, production conditions and agro-efficiency were calculated with the established method. Thus index synthetic evaluation is conducted based on index weight to synthetically reflect sustainable utilization of agricultural resources. The study shows that sustainable utilization of agricultural resources in 80.6% of the counties in Fujian is excellent.

Analysis of the dynamics of sustainable development in Shaanxi Province

XIAO Ling, CHAO Shi-Jun, ZHAO Xian-Gui, WANG Hong-Bo

2008, 16(5): 1239-1243. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01239

Abstract(1312) PDF(754)

Abstract:
In order to precisely determine spatial and temporal variations in sustainable development in Shaanxi Province, this paper analyzed the ecological footprint, ecological capacity and sustainable development index for the province for a 25-year period （1989～2004）. The analyzing results show that Shaanxi Province composes three regions: the ecologically high-overload region of Guanzhong with the exception of Tongchuan and Baoji, where sustainable development index is less than 0.2 and sustainability badly hampered; the ecologically low-overload region of South Shaanxi Ankang, Shangluo, Guanzhong Tongchuan,North Shaanxi Yan’an and Yulin, where sustainable development index is bigger than 0.3; the ecologically medium-overload region which comprises the other regions of Shaanxi Province, where sustainable development index is generally 0.2 ～ 0.29 with low sustainability potential.

Empirical analysis of coupling principles of ecological environment with urbanization in Xianyang City

CHEN Dong-Qin, LU Xin-Wei

2008, 16(5): 1244-1247. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01244

Abstract(945) PDF(750)

Abstract:
This paper analyzed changes in environmental pollution and urbanization development to study the coupling effects of urbanization and eco-environment in Xianyang City for 1984～2004 by using economic method. The general relationship between industrial waste discharge and urbanization follows an inverted U-shaped curve. While the curve skews rightwards for industrial wastewater discharge, it skews leftwards for industrial exhaust gas, and solid waste. At present, the urbanization in Xianyang City is in the elementary stage. But when the urbanization takes off, discharge of the industrial waste will rise with increase in population and economic development. Therefore, along with urbanization, the local government should expand environmental protection and strengthen environment protection policies in order to promote energy structure transformation from coal to cleaner sources of energy; transform the economic structure from high energy consumption, emission and pollution to low energy consumption, emission and pollution; restructure industrialization from primary industry to tertiary industry with low pollution. Such policy shifts can gradually decrease the waste discharge, improve the ecological environment and harmonize the development of urbanization and the ecological environment. 

Environmental monitoring and evaluation of Weihai Bay seawater

ZHANG Shao-Hua, YUAN Yong-Dang, LIU Zhen-Lin, SHI Kun-Tao, SONG Zong-Cheng, WANG Tong-Hua

2008, 16(5): 1248-1252. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01248

Abstract(819) PDF(748)

Abstract:
From 2005 to 2006, we spotted monitored stations in Weihai Bay on monthly or quarterly basis for temperature, transparence, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, oil content, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate, etc. The results indicate that average seawater temperature at Weihai Bay is 13.1 ℃, with the highest temperature (25.1 ℃) occurring in August and the lowest (1.1 ℃) occurring in January. Annual transparence ranges from 0.24 m to 5.28 m and pH ranges from 7.56 to 8.45, consistent with the national grade II seawater standard. Dissolved oxygen is within 5.22 ～ 8.09 mg·L^-1, with an annual average of 7.22 mg·L^-1. Chemical oxygen demand is 0.201 ～ 1.531 mg·L^-1 while dissolved inorganic nitrogen is 0.111~0.686 mg·L^-1. Phosphate content fluctuates between 0.016 mg·L^-1 and 0.036 mg·L^-1. In the summer and autumn, EI(Eutrophication Index) is larger than 1, indicating that the main contaminants are dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate. Based on the findings proposals are advanced on marine aquiculture in Weihai Bay.

Application of Apack software on analyzing spatial pattern of wetland landscape on the Zoige Plateau

BAI Jun-Hong, OUYANG Hua, WANG Qing-Gai, DING Qiu-Yi, GAO Hai-Feng

2008, 16(5): 1253-1256. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01253

Abstract(1322) PDF(801)

Abstract:
Based on remote sensing image for 2000, spatial distribution pattern and heterogeneity of alpine wetlands on the Zoige Plateau were analyzed using the Apack software package. Results indicate that wetland ratio on the Zoige Plateau is 9.7% and marsh-wetland landscape is the dominant wetland type, accounting for 96.32% of the total wetland landscape area. Low diversity and evenness, and landscape fragmentation, as well as complex geometrical shape of wetlands show low similarity in the area. Zoige County has the largest wetland area and wetland ratio among the five counties, while Aba and Luqu Counties have smaller wetland area. More patches exist in Hongyuan County, while Luqu County has less patches; and the largest and smallest average patch areas are in Zoige and Aba Counties respectively. There are, big differences between the proportions of wetland landscape type, but marsh-wetland landscape consists of major wetland landscapes in the five counties, with a high aggregation index, low landscape fragmentation and complex geometrical shape. On the regional level, natural wetlands dominate the pattern of alpine wetlands on the Zoige Plateau, which exists in a high spatial heterogeneity.

Villagers' will to pay for rural domestic pollution in water sources area

FENG Qing, WANG Xiao-Yan, ZHANG Ya-Fan, YIN Jie, WANG Lian-Rong

2008, 16(5): 1257-1262. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01257

Abstract(1061) PDF(743)

Abstract:
Using Miyun Reservoir as studied case of water source areas, neighboring villager's will-to-pay (WTP) for rural domestic pollution was evaluated by the contingent valuation method (CVM) along with determining the degree of the villagers' desire to improve the habitation around water source areas. The study lays the basis for protecting water source areas and improving rural environment. The research indicates the following: 77.7% of the villagers agree to pay for improving their living environment, with average per household WTP of 16.10 yuan·a^-1. WTP for environmental protection is related with the attitude and level of cognizance of environmental protection, education and income of villagers. Regional differences have little relevance with villagers’ WTP and distance from the village to the reservoir. However, the villagers’ WTP in eco-village is lower than that in normal villages. Increasing the educational level and income are the prime ways of enhancing the villager’s desire for improving environmental quality and management.

Elementary study on the framework of standard system for eco-agriculture in China

QIU Jian-Jun, LI Jin-Cai, LI Zhe-Min, YOU Xia, REN Tian-Zhi

2008, 16(5): 1263-1268. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01263

Abstract(1106) PDF(903)

Abstract:
In the paper, we summarize the basic characteristics of the development in China's eco-agriculture, and the significance of establishing a standards system. Based on the review and introduction of basic structures and development of China's agro-standards system as well as international standards system for organic agriculture or organic products, differences between China's eco-agriculture and that of the international community are determined. Concurrently, the principles on which China's eco-agriculture standards system is built are discussed. Finally, the paper advances the framework of the standards system forChinas eco-agriculture, with core technology standards for a layered eco-agricultural pattern like the basic layer, common layer, character layer and material layer.

Certification standards for eco-agriculture garden, village and county in China

REN Tian-Zhi, WANG Qing-Li, FANG Fang, YAN Cheng, YIN Chang-Bin

2008, 16(5): 1269-1274. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01269

Abstract(1215) PDF(927)

Abstract:
This paper discusses the development and importance of Certification Standards (CS) for eco-agriculture. Eco-agriculture county CS comprises 7 certification indexes, 19 certification bases and 49 grading standards; eco-agriculture village CS comprises 8 certification indexes, 23 certification bases and 53 grading standards; while eco-agriculture garden CS comprises 8 certification indexes, 15 certification bases and 39 grading standards. The paper finally analyzes the advantages and shortcomings of each eco-agricultural systems and their CSs， and puts forward strategies for improvement.

Categories of eco-agriculture models in China

LI Jin-Cai, ZHANG Shi-Gong, QIU Jian-Jun, REN Tian-Zhi

2008, 16(5): 1275-1278. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01275

Abstract(1185) PDF(1317)

Abstract:
China's ecological agriculture is the quintessence of traditional and modern agriculture, and the development of ecological agriculture relies on model development. At present, China's eco-agriculture models are myriad and disorderly with different classification criteria, hence extremely difficult to promote or adopt in different regions. Based on China's agricultural development features, socio-economic development and resource situations, China's eco-agriculture model is divided into four categories―multi-use material type, symbiosis type, resource exploitation and environmental management type, and scenery type. This classification is vitally significant in the promotion and utilization of ecological agriculture.

Standardized structure design of tetrad-ecoagricultural pattern in North China

SUN Bei-Lie, CHEN Cong-Bin, LIU Yang

2008, 16(5): 1279-1282. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01279

Abstract(1267) PDF(945)

Abstract:
Tetrad-ecoagricultural pattern is a typical mode and rapidly developing form of agriculture in North China. In accordance with the characteristics of the society, economy and resources of North China, the paper systemically analyzed the components of tetrad-ecoagricultural pattern, and the prime technological parameters selected for standardization. Finally, the standardized design structures of tetrad-ecoagriculture were tested.

Economic analysis and standardization of “pig-biogas-fruit” eco-agriculture model in South China

WANG Li-Gang, QU Feng, YIN Xian-Zhi, QIU Yong-Hong, HUANG De-Qing, TAO Min-Shi

2008, 16(5): 1283-1286. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01283

Abstract(1819) PDF(1017)

Abstract:
Taking Cangxi County, Sichuan Province, as a typical South China region for “pig-biogas-fruit” eco-agriculture model, rural household research and survey on standardized and non-standardized models were conducted. Standardized eco-agriculture models with “three constructions and three changes” including the construction of biogas digester, standardized fruit garden and pond, and changes in kitchen, toilet and hogpen are identified. Based on relative index analysis, the standardized model has remarkable ecological and economic benefits on pig breeding, fruit-tree production and soil fertility, and also increases farmers’ income. The study also shows that a typical household with standardized model needs 6 560 yuan for investment, present net financial value from investment is 28 700 yuan, with a dynamic investment payback period of 1.28 years. The farmer practicing the “pig-biogas-fruit” model invests less and achieves more, which is an effective way of increasing farmers’ income and is very suitable for wide application in South China.

Economic benefit of pentad-ecological homestead patterns－A case study of“fruit-livestock-biogas pit-water cellar-grass” pattern in Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province

GAO Chun-Yu, BI Yu-Yun, ZHAO Shi-Ming, LI Bao-Yu

2008, 16(5): 1287-1292. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01287

Abstract(1141) PDF(883)

Abstract:
This paper analyzes the economic benefits of pentad-ecological homestead pattern of “fruit-livestock-biogas pit-water cellar-grass” in Luochuan Country, Shaanxi Province for farmer households. The results show that household average annual investment on 0.33 hm² apple orchard of “fruit-livestock-biogas pit-water cellar-grass” pattern is 11 600 yuan, 600 yuan less than household without the pattern. Annual net income of households with the pattern is 7 571 yuan,2 445 yuan higher than households without the pattern, with an output-input ratio of 1.66, 16.2% higher than no-pattern houshold. Current net financial value of farmer households with the pattern is high as 48 600 yuan, with a return rate of 73.2% and dynamic investment recovering period of 1.67 years. Net annual average value of farmer households with the pattern is 5 927 yuan, superior to households without the pattern, which stands at 1 891 yuan. The pentad-ecological homestead pattern is economically beneficial and financially feasible.

Key technology for ecological application of large-scale biogas project

GAN Shou-Wen, XU Zhao-Bo, HUANG Wu

2008, 16(5): 1293-1297. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01293

Abstract(1312) PDF(970)

Abstract:
Key processes of whole energy and substance recycling for large-scale biogas project includes collection and pretreatment of raw materials, anaerobic digestion, aerobic water disposal, purging, deposition and transportation of biogas, innoxious treatment of residue fluid and sludge, and crop application. Raw material configuration follows certain conditions after processing and purging. Then they are put into digestion tanks for biogas production under appropriate fermentation condition. Water and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) must be removed from the gas. Water is usually removed by installment of dehydrates and H₂S is removed by desulfate temple filled with desulfurizer. The residue fluid and sludge can promote crop growth, improve crop quality and increase crop resistance to disease and pests.

Analysis of nutritive value of biogas residues and heavy metal content in feedstuff with biogas residues and the pork fed on it

ZHANG Hao, LEI Zhao-Min, DOU Xue-Cheng, LU Biao, LI Qiang

2008, 16(5): 1298-1301. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01298

Abstract(1099) PDF(936)

Abstract:
Nutrient content of biogas residue from fermentation of cattle manure and corn stalk for biogas along with the heavy metal content of compound feedstuff with biogas residues and the pork fed on it were analyzed. Results show that dry-matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and crude fiber contents of biogas residue are 857.7 mg·g^-1, 99.0 mg·g^-1, 34.9 mg·g^-1, 10.7 mg·g^-1 and 252.7 mg·g^-1 respectively. Cadmium, lead and copper contents are respectively 18.48 μg·kg^-1, 42.50 μg·kg^-1 and 20.80 μg·kg^-1; with no mercury detected. Animal feeds without biogas residue (the control treatment), biogas residue I and biogas residue II, contain lower amounts of cadmium, lead and copper than the stipulated national health standards. The contents of cadmium, lead and copper in pork fed on control foodstuff, biogas residue I and biogas residue II are 0.033 mg·kg^-1, 0.044 mg·kg^-1 and 0.058 mg·kg^-1; 0.268 mg·kg^-1, 0.364 mg·kg^-1 and 0.393 mg·kg^-1; and 5.555 mg·kg^-1, 7.180 mg·kg^-1 and 8.404 mg·kg^-1 respectively. No mercury is detected in pork product. Biogas residue is a potential additive to pig feed, and addition proportion of 2%~10% does not push heavy metal content above stipulated health standards for pork.

Increment of investment on environment protection is the key point of compensation for ecological debt

GUO Shu-Tian

2008, 16(5): 1302-1304. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01302

Abstract(999) PDF(999)

Abstract:
The concept of investment on environment protection was introdcued in this paper. And 5 points of view on increasing investment on environment protection were advanced including entirety and exactitude of thought, main body, finance and machanism of environment protection, and definite investment emphasis.

Water and food security in China

ZHANG Zheng-Bin, XU Ping

2008, 16(5): 1305-1310. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01305

Abstract(1523) PDF(1085)

Abstract:
China is the most populated developing country in the world. It has to feed about 22% of the world population using only 7% and 8% of the world arable land and freshwater resources respectively. But with sustained growth of the cosmically-based population, global warming and drought, environmental degradation, extensive and aggravated pollution, and decreasing water resources and arable land, China might face tremendous challenges and pressure for water and food security. About 70% of the poor live in arid/semi-arid areas of Northwest China where food insecurity issue is projected to last long into the future coupled with slow economic growth. Recently, China has focused on developing the western region through the implementation of strategies like reduced and even zero agricultural taxes, increased financial input, water conservancy construction and an array of other poverty alleviation projects. All these measures play key roles in solving the problem of poverty in the northwest region.

Review on non-point source pollution in Miyun Reservoir

HUANG Sheng-Bin, YE Zhi-Han, LIU Bao-Yuan

2008, 16(5): 1311-1316. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01311

Abstract(1457) PDF(812)

Abstract:
Miyun Reservoir is a unique surface water source of table-water for Beijing City, where most pollutants contaminating the reservoir are from non-point sources (NPS). This paper reviews a number of recent studies on NPS pollution in the watershed from the pollutant load and distribution, evaluation and prediction; and summarizes the factors and mechanisms of pollution as well as pollution control and management strategies. NPS pollution mainly comes from soil erosion, irrational chemicals utilization, livestock and poultry wastes, and byproducts of aquaculture. About 70% COD, 70% BOD₅, 90% NH₃-N, 70% TN and 90% TP in the reservoir water come from NPS pollution; but NPS pollutant load differs with precipitation, land use type, chemical load, degree of crop cover, etc. Along with the prediction of the trend of change of NPS pollutants, the findings and limitations of the studies are discussed and prospective pollution control, water quality protection and future research directions proposed. It is suggested that further studies should be conducted on agricultural NPS pollution, the process of pollutant movement, the change mechanism of pollution concentration and their management strategies.

Uptake, translocation and accumulation of cadmium in plant

ZHANG Yu-Xiu, YU Fei, ZHANG Yuan-Ya, SONG Xiao-Qing

2008, 16(5): 1317-1321. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01317

Abstract(1763) PDF(1672)

Abstract:
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants even at low concentrations and influences plant growth and development. Research on Cd transport in plants is highly vital in phytoremediation and environmental restoration. Soil micro-environment greatly influences Cd²⁺ absorption in plants. Cd²⁺ is selectively absorbed through root cell wall and most of it remains in the cell wall while a small fraction enters the cell by diffusion or active transport in the membrane and yet another small amount of Cd²⁺ is deposited in cell vacuole. Cd²⁺ is transported from the root to the shoot system through xylem vessels. In the shoot system, most of the Cd remains in the vacuoles of shoots and leaves, while a few is deposited in the cell wall and cytoplasm. In the period of seed development, Cd can also be transferred in the seed through the phloem, and the accumulated Cd in seeds hardly moves to other parts of the plant. Furthermore, Cd can be easily transferred to animals and man through food chain. This paper provides an overview of Cd uptake from the soil, and its translocation and accumulation in plants and the metabolic system of animals.

Ecological application of metagenomics in microbial research

ZHANG Li, ZHOU Qing

2008, 16(5): 1322-1325. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01322

Abstract(1356) PDF(1259)

Abstract:
In the environment, about 99% microorganisms have not been or can not be cultured by traditional cultivation approach. With the development of molecular biology and its application in microbiology, a new research field of metagenomics has emerged. Without prior isolation and cultivation of relative microorganisms from environmental samples, metagenome libraries are constructed by extracting DNA from environmental samples and transforming it to surrogate host. This review explains unculturability of microorganisms from the point of ecology. Metagenomics can be used for bioremediation of polluted soils and deodorization of animal manure. Furthermore, microorganisms are of immense significance in the collection, investigation and exploitation of genes in uncultured microorganisms.

Ecological effect of photorespiration of plants under environmental stress

DAI Hao, ZHOU Qing, YE Ya-Xin

2008, 16(5): 1326-1330. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01326

Abstract(1178) PDF(960)

Abstract:
Photorespiration is an important metabolic process in C₃ plants. This article analyzes the effects of human and economic development like increased CO₂ emission, ultraviolet radiation, temperature, light, etc., which influence photorespiration such as directly or indirectly changing photorespiration rate that can lead to secondary effects on plant physiological and ecological development. When C₃ plants are under environmental stress, photorespiration corresponds to metabolism which eludes the stress, especially when the environmental stress is severe. Hence photorespiration of C₃ plants under environmental stress leads to a new direction of research in environmental ecology and photorespiration.

Development and comparison of catchment hydrological models: From infancy to maturity

LU Yun-Gang, YANG Yong-Hui, FAN Jing, LIU Chang-Ming

2008, 16(5): 1331-1337. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01331

Abstract(1404) PDF(835)

Abstract:
By dividing the developmental course of catchment hydrological models into four stages: infancy, juvenility, adolescence, and maturity, the characteristics, capabilities, module functions of models at each stage are systematically compared. At each stage, models can be classified as lumped, semi-distributed, full-distributed model and integrated model system. Models belong to different classification types are compared. Those discussed models are Standford, SWM-IV, Sacramento, Tank, HEC-1, SWMM and Xinanjiang in lumped models, HSPF, PRMS, HEC-HMS, TOPMODEL and SWAT in semi-distributed models, and MIKESHE, SHETRAN, IHDM,TOPKAPI, BASINS, HMS, WMS, SMS and MMS in distributed model and integrated hydrological model. Since hydrological models are becoming an important tool in regional water resources management both in international and domestic level, the analysis is believed to give helps to new users of catchment models.

Effects of Pb²⁺ on photosynthesis of Eichhornia crassipes leaves

LI Yu-Hong, HUANG Xiao-Yu, LIN Zhi-Yong

2008, 16(5): 1338-1340. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01338

Abstract(823) PDF(761)

Abstract:

2008 Vol. 16, No. 5