2009 Vol. 17, No. 6

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Effect of varying combination of P and Zn in chelater-buffered solution on P-Zn interaction in wheat seedling
YANG Xi-Wen, TIAN Xiao-Hong, LU Xin-Chun, CAO Yu-Xian, MAI Wen-Xuan
2009, 17(6): 1055-1062. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01055
Abstract(1664) PDF(1668)
Abstract:
A nutrient solution experiment with chelater-buffered solution was conducted to investigate the interactions of Zn and P nutrients in wheat seedlings. Zn rates were supplied at three levels of deficient (0 μmol·L-1), normal (3 μmol·L-1) and excess (30 μmol·L-1), while P was supplied at 0 mmol·L-1 (insufficiency), 0.6 mmol·L-1 (normal) and 3.0 mmol·L-1 (excess). The results show that wheat seedling growth slows under deficient or excess P and Zn. Growth retardation is greater under deficient P than under excess P, and under excess Zn than under deficient Zn. The effects of deficient P and excess Zn mainly embody at tillering and shoot biomass accumulation. An obvious antagonism exists in wheat seedling roots under excessive P supply, resulting in decreased Zn content of roots. However, Zn translocation rate to shoots increases under normal and excess P dose. Large amounts of P accumulate in wheat leaf under Zn deficiency. The rate of P translocation to shoots decreases with increasing supply of Zn. Under normal P and Zn supply, P-Zn interaction benefits Zn absorption and translocation. It, however, inhibits P translocation to leaves.While chlorophyll SPAD decreases under deficient P and Zn dose, it increases under normal P and Zn supply. Wheat leaf SOD and POD activity is high while CAT activity is low under deficient P. SOD activity is low under both deficient and excess Zn. The activities of POD and CAT are high under deficient Zn, which decrease with increasing Zn dose. The study shows distinct antagonism between Zn and P in the root system, which might be the case for the other part of the wheat crop. The antagonism does not only occur under abnormal supplies of P and Zn, but also under balanced P and Zn doses.
Effect of varying fertilization treatment on the content and distribution of trace elements in harvested crops
ZHU Xian-Jin, YU Wan-Tai, MA Qiang, JIANG Zi-Shao, ZHOU Hua
2009, 17(6): 1063-1068. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01063
Abstract(1719) PDF(1379)
Abstract:
The content and distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in harvested crops under different long-term fertilization schemes were analyzed. Data from 18 years of continuous field trials in aquic-brown soils in a suburb of Shenyang, Northeast China were used in the study. Based on the study, the order of the trace elements in the harvested crops in relation to content is as follows: Fe> Mn, Zn>Cu. The content of the trace elements in maize is higher than that in soybean. There are extreme differences in the content of trace elements among different fertilization treatments, generally occurring in the order of NPK+M>NPK>M>CK. There is a significant correlation between trace element content and grain yield/stalk yield.R2 regression trends of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents in maize harvests and stalks yield are 0.99, 0.94, 0.92 and 0.87 respectively. R2 regression trends of Fe and Mn content in soybean harvests and stalks yield are all 0.97, while that of Zn and Cu content in soybean harvests and grain yield are 1.00 and 0.97 respectively. The distribution of trace elements varies with fertilization treatment. In maize, trace elements are mainly concentrated in stalks, whereas they are concentrated in grains for soybean. Nutrient cycling like straw re-use is therefore an effective strategy for sustainable agro-ecosystem. Extensive and intensive application of nutrients recycling like plowing straw into the soil should therefore be supported.
Root morphology and nitrogen accumulation in soybean (Glycnie max L.) under different nitrogen application levels
WANG Shu-Qi, HAN Xiao-Zeng, QIAO Yun-Fa, YAN Jun, LI Xiao-Hui
2009, 17(6): 1069-1073. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01069
Abstract(2195) PDF(1861)
Abstract:
A pot experiment was set up to study the effect of different nitrogen application levels on root morphology and nitrogen accumulation in soybean (，Glycnie max L.). The results show that nitrogen application level significantly influences soybean biomass, nitrogen accumulation and root morphology. Plant dry weight, nitrogen accumulation and per plant yield increase to the maximum point first and then decrease with increasing N application. For all the treatments, of which 100 kg(N)·hm-2 treatment (N100) presents the best effect, the effects are in the following order: N100>N200>N50>N25>N0. Meanwhile, root to shoot ratio of soybean under N0 and N25, N50 is higher than that under N200, suggesting that low nitrogen stress enhances root development. However, root length, surface area and volume initially drop with increasing nitrogen dose, then increase and eventually decrease in the order as follows: N100>N200>N0>N50>N25. For different growth stages, plant biomass, nitrogen accumulatin and root morphology are as follows: flowering>seedling>podding. This implies that proper nitrogen application has significant effect on soybean biomass, nitrogen accumulation and root morphology. This influences transport and efficiency of nitrogen, which eventually influences the yield and quality of soybean.
Effect of long-term fertilization on photosynthetic property and yield of summer maize (Zea mays L.)
CAO Cai-Yun, ZHENG Chun-Lian, LI Ke-Jiang, MA Jun-Yong, CUI Yan-Hong
2009, 17(6): 1074-1079. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01074
Abstract(1593) PDF(1455)
Abstract:
Based on a long-term fertilization split design experimentation, the effect of combined chemical fertilizer and straw application on photosynthetic property and yield of summer maize was determined. The main treatment in the study was chemical fertilization, and maize-straw fertilization was the sub-treatment. The variables investigated include leaf area, leaf area index and chlorophyll content. The results indicate that though long-term maize-straw application positively influences maize yield, a large-scale yield increase mainly relies on chemical fertilization. Yield for the combined application of maize-straw and chemical fertilizer is much higher than that for individual applications of the fertilizers. The indices for photosynthesis, leaf area, leaf area index increase with increasing application of chemical fertilizer, and the leaf area index keeps around 3.5 at the late filling stage. Long-term application of maize-straw increases leaf area and grain number hence yields. In comparison with chemical fertilizer, maize-straw application only or no fertilization decrease the chlorophyll content. The combination of maize-straw and chemical fertilizer further increases grain number and 1000-grain weight, delays leaf decrepitude and prolongs leaf functional period, eventually increases summer maize yield. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and crop straw is a better fertilization mode for high summer maize yield in the study area.
Effect of regulated deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on maize leaf protective system
LIU Xiao-Gang, ZHANG Fu-Cang, YANG Qi-Liang, LI Zhi-Jun
2009, 17(6): 1080-1085. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01080
Abstract(1863) PDF(1326)
Abstract:
A pot experiment was conducted on spring maize to determine the effect of the water deficit period and nitrogen application rate on leaf protective system of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar (SS) contents as well as peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The study shows that while regulated deficit irrigation increases MDA and SS contents, it at the same time decreases POD and SOD activity. Nitrogen application ensures high levels of SS, SOD and POD before heading. MDA content is negatively correlated with nitrogen rate and irrigation level, reaching its peak in the late stage of jointing, and then decreasing. Nitrogen application in regulated deficit irrigation leads to a relatively high SS content from seedling to terminal jointing stage, whereas high nitrogen application rates in continuous water deficit decreases SS content. POD activity is maximum at terminal jointing stage, decreasing during heading stage. Water deficit significantly decreases POD activity, with a significant compensation effect after re-flood irrigation. Although nitrogen application enhances POD activity, but high nitrogen dose with water deficit in heading or during whole growing stage decreases POD activity at heading stage. SOD activity trend is consistent with that of POD. Compensation effect of re-flood irrigation is better for physiology and biochemistry under water deficit at seedling stage, and it takes the second place under water deficit at jointing stage. High nitrogen treatment is not suitable for water deficit irrigation at heading stage. The best treatment combination is water deficit at seedling stage with low nitrogen dose.
Effect of plastic film mulching on photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics of corn leaf under different fertilization schemes at jointing stage
LI Wan-Feng1, LI Zhao-Jun, LIANG Yong-Chao, XIE Xiao-Yu, WEI Xue-Zhi, YANG Jia-Iia
2009, 17(6): 1086-1089. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01086
Abstract(1705) PDF(1360)
Abstract:
Plastic film mulching (PFM) and different fertilization schemes were conducted in corn fields in the black soil region of Northeast China at jointing stage and the effect on the physiological characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll analyzed. The results reveal the following: PFM significantly increases photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) and water use efficiency (WUE). It has no effect on intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and stomatal limitation (Ls). PFM has a stronger effect on photosynthetic parameters of corn treated with only nitrogen or phosphorus than those treated with other fertilizer types. PFM significantly increases Fm value, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo ratios of corn treated with P and PK fertilizer. However, PFM significantly decreases Fmvalue, and Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo ratios of corn treated with NPK fertilizers.
Effect of sulphate-potassium magnesium on growth and nutrient absorption of peanut in poor-K acid soil
WANG Fei, LI Qing-Hua, HE Chun-Mei, LIN Cheng, LI Yu, LIN Xin-Jian
2009, 17(6): 1090-1093. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01090
Abstract(2058) PDF(1614)
Abstract:
A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effects of sulphate-potassium magnesium fertilization level on the growth and nutrient absorption of peanut in poor-K acid sandy soil. The results show an improvement in economic and total biological yields of peanuts, which subsequently drop with increasing sulphate-potassium magnesium application levels in the soil. Peanut yield is highest at 513 mg sulphate-potassium magnesium per kg of soil (corresponding to 0.12 g K2O, 0.028 g Mg and 0.09 g S per kg soil), with economic and total biological yields improve by 20.2% and 32.2% respectively over CK. With increasing sulphate-potassium magnesium application level, the respective absorptions of K, Mg and S variously improve. The absorptions of K and S steadily improve, while the absorption of Mg initially increases and subsequently drops. Correlative interactive effects of absorption of K and Mg are positive. Peanut quality increases with increasing sulphate-potassium magnesium application level, and coarse protein and fat contents of nutlet variously improve over CK. The content of coarse protein steadily increases, whereas that of coarse fat steadily drops. This suggests that in the acid sandy soil with low level of K, middle level of Mg, and potential S stress, fertilizing peanuts with sulphate-potassium magnesium leads to a significant positive correlation between K and Mg absorption. However, the correlation between K and S absorption is not so obvious.
Effect of N, P and K fertilizer combination and application rate on yield of Astragalus sinicus L.
SU Wei, LU Jian-Wei, LIU Wei, CAO Wei-Dong, LU Ming-Xing
2009, 17(6): 1094-1098. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01094
Abstract(1874) PDF(1521)
Abstract:
The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on the yield of Astragalus sinicus L. was investigated in 3414-design fertilization trial. The results show that comparing with no fertilizer treatment (CK), the thirteen fertilization treatments harvest average 21.1 t·hm-2 higher yield, with a yield increase of 135%. Under the fixed combination rates of P25-K2O at 60-60 kg·hm-2, N-K2O at 75-60 kg·hm-2 and N-P25 at 75-60 kg·hm-2, A. sinicus yield significant increase with respective increase in N (N 0~112.5 kg·hm-2), P (P25 0~90 kg·hm-2), K (K2O 0~90 kg·hm-2) application rates. And the highest yield increment rates caused by N, P, K fertilizers are 65.0%, 27.8% and 44.5% respectively. In view of nutrition efficiency, medium application rates of N (N 75.0 kg·hm-2), P (P25 60 kg·hm-2) and a low rate of K (K2O 30 kg·hm-2) are the best application rates. The results also show beneficial interactions among N, P and K. Medium application rates of N (N 75.0 kg·hm-2), P (P25 60 kg·hm-2) and K (K2O 60 kg·hm-2) have synergetic effects on nutrient and yield. The results therefore imply that fertilization significantly increases yield of A. sinicus and different combination and application rates of N, P and K are important factors that influence A.sinicus yield.
Effect of mixed application of growth regulators and fertilizers on the growth, cold-resistance and physiology of turfgrass Zoysia matrella in wintering period
HU Hong-You, LI Xiong
2009, 17(6): 1099-1105. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01099
Abstract(1564) PDF(1384)
Abstract:
In addressing the problem of warm-season turfgrass withering during winter, the turfgrass species Zoysia matrella was treated with growth regulators, fast-released fertilizers and organic fertilizers in L9(34 orthogonal test. Compared with the control, leaf LAI, chlorophyll, free proline and soluble sugar of the treatments significantly improve. Also, the activities of root and of antioxidant enzymes of SOD, POD and CAT improve, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreases significantly. Hence the growth, cold-resistance ability and landscape quality of turfgrass during winter under the treatments are significantly enhanced. Range analysis indicates that the effective factors vary with different test indexes, implying that plant growth regulators and fertilizers are complementary in promoting growth and enhancing physiological functions of turfgrass in winter. For an improved integrated quality of Z. matrella turfgrass in winter, an optimum formula is proposed based on comprehensive analysis of the growth and cold-resistance stress indexes. The proposed optimum formula is: liquid fertilizer, containing paclobutrazol, triacontanol, sulphate-potassium magnesium, urea and chitosan at 300 mg·L-1, 2 mg·L-1, 1 500 mg·L-1, 1 000 mg·L-1 and 1 000 mg·L-1 respectively. This should be applied to the turfgrass by foliage spray at 200 mL·m-2, and then peanut cake broadcasted at 90 g·m-2.
Effect of sugarcane vinasse on soil physicochemical properties and oxidoreductase enzymes
SU Tian-Ming, LI Yang-Rui, WEI Guang-Po, JIANG Ze-Pu
2009, 17(6): 1106-1110. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01106
Abstract(1608) PDF(1133)
Abstract:
An experiment was conducted in sugarcane field to study the effect of six treatments [vinasse application (four application rates), CK1 (non-fertilizer) and CK2 (chemical fertilizer)] on soil physicochemical properties, catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity. The results show that total N, Cl-, organic matter (OM), humic acid (HA) content of soil improves under vinasse treatments. Catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity increase abnormally at sugarcane settling stage and then sharply decrease to CK2 level at sugarcane maturity stage. Catalase activity has extremly significant positive correlations with total N, OM, HA, and significant positive correlations with fulvic acid fraction(FAF), humic acid fraction (HAF) and Cl- (r0.05=0.811, r0.01=0.917, n=6). An obvious significant correlation also exists between polyphenol oxidase activity and OM, HA and Cl- content. At the latter stage of sugarcane growth, total N, OM, Cl- sugarcane fields are lower than in 75 ton treatment in sugarcane fields. Soil fertility, OM and HA content, and catalase and polyphenol oxidase activity are higher in the four vinasse treatments than in CK1 and CK2 treatments. Sugarcane plantation absorbs vinasse nutrient and purifies soil environment when treated with vinasse.
Distribution characteristics of soil carbon during forage greening in different alpine grasslands of Eastern Qilian Mountains
YANG Cheng-De, CHEN Xiu-Rong, LONG Rui-Jun, Xue Li, ZHANG Zhen-Fen
2009, 17(6): 1111-1116. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01111
Abstract(1620) PDF(1585)
Abstract:
Rhododendrons spp. brushland (DJ), Salix cupularis brushland (GL), Dasiphoru fruticosa brushland (JL), Polygonum viviparum grassland (ZY), Grass steppe (HC), Swamp grassland (ZZ) and Kobresia grassland (SC), which designate seven different alpine grassland types in the Eastern Qilian Mountains of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of Western China, were selected for soil carbon investigation (including microbial biomass carbon with Fumigation Extraction Method, soil organic matter and K2SO4-extractable carbon). The results show that the soil organic matter varies from 82.3 to 207.2 g·kg-1 and is influenced by vegetation type. K2SO4-extractable carbon and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) range from 23.61 to 138.81 mg·kg-1 and from 156.19 to 1 182.84 mg·kg-1 extractable carbon to soil organic matter and MBC varies from 0.03% to 0.06% and from 9.97% to 18.46% respectively. Under brushland, the value of K2SO4-extractable carbon under GL is lower than that under DJ. Under grassland, however, that value under HC is lower than under ZY, ZZ and SC. MBC contribution to soil organic matter ranges from 0.19% ( under HC) to 0.48% (under JL), and the value for upper layer is greater than that for the lower layer, except under ZY and ZZ. MBC, which is higher in the upper layer than in the lower layer, has significant positive correlations (at P<0.05 or P< 0.01) with soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus under the seven vegetation types. Furthermore, MBC has significant positive correlations with K2SO4-extractable carbon for brushland (at P<0.05) and for grassland (P<0.01). MBC also has significant positive correlations (P<0.01) with microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass phosphorus under DJ, GL, JL, ZY, HC, ZZ and SC. MBC content and its contribution to soil organic matter are commonly different among sampling sites and soil layers. Furthermore, MBC is influenced by soil organic matter, K2SO4-extractable carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus.
Canonical correlation analyses of sub-suitable mineral elements and chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaf with soil ecosystem index in Nanyang
NIU Shu-Jin, SHEN Xiao-Tian, CHENG Yu-Yuan, MA Yu, LIU Hong, LI Peng, LIU Guo-Shun, JIE Xiao-Lei
2009, 17(6): 1117-1123. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01117
Abstract(2144) PDF(1639)
Abstract:
Soil ecosystem indexes, leaf mineral elements and chemical compositions of flue-cured tobacco from 13 different ecotypes of Nanyang tobacco cultivation area were analyzed along with 16 high-quality tobacco leaf samples from Brazil and Zimbabwe tobacco cultivation areas. Comparison of mineral elements and leaf chemical compositions from Nanyang and the high-quality tobacco shows that P, K, Ca and Na are the main sub-suitable mineral elements and that nicotine, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents are the main sub-suitable chemical compositions of flue-cured tobacco in Nanyang. Canonical correlation between sub-suitable mineral elements, tobacco leaf chemical compositions and soil ecosystem indexes was conducted. The results show that increasing soil Zn (to a certain range) increases reducing sugar while decreasing nicotine content in tobacco leaf. With the reduction of amonifier amount and increment of nitrifier amount in the soil, tobacco leaf nicotine content significantly increases, while total sugar, starch and P decrease. Reducing sugar content of tobacco leaf increases with decreasing soil actinomycetes and increasing silicatebacteria. Ca and Na content of tobacco leaf is highly negatively correlated with soil Cu content. While tobacco leaf Ca content increases, Na content decreases with decreasing amount of soil nitrifier and increasing amount of soil eumycetesr. We conclude that soil, especially soil microbe characteristics, improvement enhances tobacco leaf quality.
Variations of soil organic matter in typical orchard regions
YANG Shi-Qi, ZHANG Ai-Ping, YANG Shu-Jing, YANG Zheng-Li, LIU Guo-Qiang
2009, 17(6): 1124-1127. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01124
Abstract(1864) PDF(1619)
Abstract:
Eleven sampling regions were selected in the Loess Plateau, Jiaodong Peninsular and Beijing suburbs, and based on orchard age, the orchards in each sampling region were devided into three groups of 5~10, 10~15 and >15 years. 99 soil samples in the 0~20 cm layer in orchards and 33 samples in the 0~20 cm layer in nearby croplands were collected. Quantitative attributes of topsoil organic matter in orchard fields, differences in soil organic matter property between the orchard and cropland, and variations in soil organic matter among different orchard age groups were statistically analyzed. The results show higher soil organic matter content in Xixia, Jiaodong Peninsular, and Beijing suburb; and lower in Baota in the Losse Plateau. Compared with croplands, over 60% orchards exhibit statistically insignificant variation in soil organic matter. In less than 30% orchard fields, soil organic matter significant increase, averagely by 0.62%; and significant decrease in less than 10% orchards, averagely by 0.20%. Significant changes in topsoil organic matter content with the orchard age are observed only in two sampling regions. In high yield and high quilty fruit-producing areas, soil organic matter is enhanced by organic fertilizer application, growing grass in orchard, returning grass or stalk into orchard soil. On the whole, soil organic matter in orchard field is not high and varies greatly. Sustainable development capacity of the fruit production is also weak.
Relationship between soil nutrient and Shatianyou fruit quality in its main production areas
TU Chang-Qing, WANG Kai-Feng, WEN Xin-Rong, HE Jiang
2009, 17(6): 1128-1131. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01128
Abstract(1956) PDF(1408)
Abstract:
In 2005, a sampling survey was conducted in the main Shatianyou fruit production areas of Meizhou City. Nutrient contents of 0~60 cm soil layer and quality of Shatianyou fruit collected from Shatianyou orchards in four villages (Dahuang, Xiaohuang, Pengxia and Pengshang) in Songkou Town, Mei County were analyzed. Results show significant difference in soil nutrient status among 4 samplig orchards. Soil nutrient contents for Dahuang and Xiaohuang are relatively high while those for Pengshang and Pengxia are very poor. Differences are observed in Shatianyou fruit quality from the four orchards. Relatively high reducing sugar (RS) and vitamin C (VC) contents exist in Shatianyou fruits from Xiaohuang and Dahuang, which are sweeter and juicier than those from Pengshang and Pengxia. Regression analysis reveals significant positive correlation between RS and soil available N, an extremely significant positive correlation between VC and soil available N, and a negative correlation between VC and available K. Fruit total acid content has an extremely significant positive correlation with soil total P and N, available P and slow available K. This implies that Shatianyou fruit quality is influenced by soil NPK nutrient status, which is particularly related with soil N content.
Properties of saline-alkaline soil under different land use types in Yellow River Delta
LI Qing-Mei, HOU Long-Yu, LIU Yan, MA Feng-Yun
2009, 17(6): 1132-1136. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01132
Abstract(1998) PDF(1547)
Abstract:
n order to allviate saline-alkaline property of soils for sustainable soil utilization, the properties of soils under the four land use types of wasteland, cotton land, clover land and pear orchard were analyzed. The analysis reveals the following: 1) In cotton lands, there is increasing soil bulk density, decreasing soil porosity and capillarity porosity, and rising water tables driven by the mode of irrigation which induces heavy salt return to soil surface. 2) In clover lands, there is decreasing soil organic matter and other nutrients, and soil physical properties are better with lower salinity due to less human disturbance. On other hand, azotobacter of legume increases the available nitrogen content in surface soil. 3) In pear orchards which are usually planted in areas with better soil quality, soil physical properties are better and salinity is lower than those in cotton lands, driven by the application of organic fertilizer such as animal manure. 4) In waster lands, soil properties are better than in cotton land, land recovering from degenerating cotton lands is feasible.
Effect of land use type on profile distribution of glomalin
TANG Hong-Liang, LIU Long, WANG Li, BA Chao-Jie
2009, 17(6): 1137-1142. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01137
Abstract(1689) PDF(1648)
Abstract:
Despite evident importance of glomalin in maintaining soil organic carbon balance and soil aggregate stability, little remains known about soil profile distribution patterns and influencing factors of glomalin under different land use types. In this study, we selected four land use types (farmland, artificial grassland, orchard and abandoned land) to examine soil profile distribution patterns and influencing factors of glomalin. Soil samples were collected from depths of 0~10 cm, 10~20 cm, 20~30 cm and 30~40 cm respectively. Soil glomalin, pH, available phosphorus, organic carbon and protease activity were determined for the collected soil samples. The results show that average soil glomalin content ranges from 1.41~3.18 mg·g-1, accounting for 6.98%~31.34% of soil organic carbon. Glomalin is therefore regarded as a major carbon pool in soil. Significant differences in soil glomalin are observed among the land use types and soil layers (P< 0.01). Soil glomalin exhibits obvious vertical distribution pattern, which decreases with increasing soil depth (except for abandoned lands). Soil glomalin is significantly directly related with soil available phosphorus and protease (P< 0.01). Soil available phosphorus, to a large degree, determines the content and distribution of soil glomalin. A simple and indirect correlation is observed between soil glomalin and protease. However, more research is recommended to further clarify the relationship. Based on the study, we conclude that glomalin is an important indicator for arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal growth and variations in soil ecosystem.
Effect of wind speed on transpiration and biomass accumulation of potted amaranth
LI Xia, XUE Xu-Zhang, WANG Guo-Dong, XIE Ying-Ge, LI Shao, CHEN Fei
2009, 17(6): 1143-1148. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01143
Abstract(1675) PDF(1470)
Abstract:
By using pot experiment under greenhouse condition, the effect of wind speed on amaranth transpiration and biomass accumulation was analyzed at wind speed of 2.0 m·s-1, 1.0 m·s-1, 0.4 m·s-1 and 0.0 m·s-1. The study shows similar changes in transpiration rate and daily transpiration of potted amaranth at different wind speed. There exist no remarkable differences among the treatments. In general, transpiration rate and daily transpiration are maximum at 1.0 m·s-1, followed by 0.4 m·s-1 and the 0.0 m·s-1, the lowest at 2.0 m·s-1. Meanwhile, stepwise regression analyses show strongest positive correlation between transpiration rate and illumination intensity under different wind speed, followed by that between transpiration rate and temperature at 2.0 m·s-1. However, transpiration rate of other treatments has significant negative correlation with relative humidity. Daily mean temperature is a major factor affecting daily transpiration rate. The biomass accumulation curve of the potted amaranth shows that biomass accumulation is highest at 1.0 m·s-1 and lowest at 2.0 m·s-1. The effect of wind speed under greenhouse condition on above-ground fresh weight, under-ground fresh weight and root-shoot ratio of potted amaranth are very significant, highest at 1.0 m·s-1 and lowest at 2.0 m·s-1. Dry matter weight is obviously affected by wind speed, and is maximum at 1.0 m·s-1. The effect of wind speed on transpiration water consumption and water use efficiency is insignificant, but water use efficiency is maximum at 1.0 m·s-1 wind speed
Relationships between fatty acids of grain and taste quality of rice and regulating effects of soil moisture
ZHENG Gui-Ping, LIU Mu-Jiang, LIU Li-Hua, WANG Xiu-Zhi, YIN Da-Wei, GAO Yang, WANG Bo-Lun
2009, 17(6): 1149-1155. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01149
Abstract(1784) PDF(1376)
Abstract:
To prove the relationships between the taste quality and fatty acids content of rice grain, fatty acids, protein, amlose contents of five varieties of rice were measured. And soil moisture was regulated at water poteintial of -30 ~ -35 kPa and -60 ~ -65 kPa, then the ingredients and taste value of superior grain, medium grain and inferior grain of two varieties were analyzed. The results show that fatty acids content of “Kenjiandao 5”, “Fushiguang” and “DongnongV 10” is significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of “Kendao 8” and “Kongyu 131”. Also the taste value of “Kongyu 131” is significantly higher than that of “DongnongV 10”, “Kenjiandao 5” and “Kendao 8”. Furthermore, “Fushiguang”, “DongnongV 10” and “Kenjiandao 5” have a significantly higher taste value than “Kendao 8”; and the taste value of “Fushiguang” is significantly higher than that of “DongnongV 10” and “Kenjiandao 5”. Taste value is significantly negatively correlated with fatty acids and protein contents (r = -0.577**, -0.910** for 2002; r = -0.845**, -0.980** for 2003). Protein content is in turn significantly positively correlated with fatty acids content (r = 0.582** for 2002; r = 0.866** following order of fatty acids > protein > amylose. Fatty acids content of the “Shangyu 397” and “Suijing 3” rice grains at different positions of the panicle are significantly higher (P< 0.01) than in the control under different water-control treatments before heading. This is, however not the case for “Suijing 3” under high water-control treatment at tilling stage. During the same growth period under intensive water-control, fatty acids content of the two varieties is higher, but it is not significant. Water-control during filling stage leads to a significantly lower taste value compared with CK. The coefficient of variance for fatty acids is higher than those for protein and amlyose. However, protein path coefficient is the highest among the grain ingredients. In summary therefore, rice grain fatty acid content subject to external influences is highly correlated with taste quality. It then implies that fatty acids study should be part of any grain taste evaluation and nutritional assessments.
Inducible regulation of allelopathic potential in different wheat genetypes under drought and prohydrojasmon (PDJ) treatment
ZHI Jin-Hu, MA Yong-Qing, ZUO Sheng-Peng
2009, 17(6): 1156-1161. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01156
Abstract(1847) PDF(1341)
Abstract:
In a pot experiment, growth adaptation of four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions was investigated following seed pretreatment by soaking with prohydrojasmon (a kind of exogenous hormone at 10 mg·L-1) before sowing. The seeds were subjected to artificial soil water regulation at 75% and 45% field capacity at the start of greening. Also in the experiment, the photosynthesis level, water use, variation of weed-controlling effect of allelopathy of wheat under acclimatized soil water and PDJ treatment was conducted. Soil drought and PDJ were used to stimulate the overall allelopathic inhibition and weed-resistance of wheat in the pot trial. The study shows that physiological response of “Lankao 95-25” and “Xiaoyan 6” to water shortage and PDJ is significant due to enhanced leaf net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and stoma capacity. Under PDJ, photosynthetic rate of “Yumai 66” obviously increases. However, water use efficiency decreases, while drought stress has just the opposite effect on “Yumai 66”. Under PDJ treatment, leaf net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of “Lankao 217” decrease. Based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CVA), water deficit and PDJ change the phenotype and photosynthetic physiology of plants, consequently influencing weed-controlling effect of allelopathy. On the average, allelopathic potential in intact wheat plants has a significant correlation with wheat weed-resistance expressed with weed biomass. Wheat weed-resistance characteristics are significantly directly related with wheat photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency. However, they are significantly inversely related with aboveground biomass, plant height, node distance and stoma conductance.
Construction and analysis of suppression subtractive library of Festuca arundinacea to low temperature stress
HUANG Jin-Wen, LUO Juan, CHEN Dong-Mei, ZHENG Hong-Yan, LIN Wen-Xiong
2009, 17(6): 1162-1167. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01162
Abstract(1816) PDF(2078)
Abstract:
A forward subtractive cDNA library was constructed from tall fescue “Houndog 5” cultivar exposed to low temperature stress via suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Then cold-resistance of tall fescue (induced by low temperaturing) was determined through genes expression analysis. A total of 36 ESTs from SSH-cDNA library were selected and sequenced after reverse northern hybridization screening. The sequencing results were analyzed by means of retrieval and alignment in unigene GeneBank database. Based on the analysis, 34 genes exhibited different expressions, of which the functions of 33 genes were known and identified. These functionally known genes were detected in signal transduction, photosynthesis, sugar metabolism, material transportation and stress resistance.
Effect of salicylic acid on heat resistance of rice seedling under heat stress
LU Jun, ZHANG Rui, ZONG Xue-Feng, WANG San-Gen, HE Guang-Hua
2009, 17(6): 1168-1171. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01168
Abstract(1774) PDF(1829)
Abstract:
The effect of salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment on heat resistance of “Xinongyou1” rice seedlings under high temperature stress was investigated. The study shows that 0.5 mmol·L-1 SA pretreatment retards electrolyte osmosis in rice seedling, reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide anion radical () production rate. Meanwhile, contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, vitamin C and GSH in rice seedling increase with SA pretreatment under high temperature stress. The findings suggest that SA pretreatment enhances heat resistance of rice seedling.
Effect of He-Ne laser and enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on the activities of three polyphenol metabolism enzymes in wheat seedling
SHAN Hao, HAN Rong
2009, 17(6): 1172-1175. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01172
Abstract(1601) PDF(1181)
Abstract:
“Jinmai No. 8” wheat seedlings were exposed to He-Ne laser irradiation (5 mMW·mm-2) and enhanced UV-B radiation (10.08 kJ·m-2·d-1) and the effect on the activities of three polyphenol metabolism enzymes (phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) in wheat seedling analyzed. The results show that UV-B radiation enhances wheat seedling phenylalanine ammonialyase activity while it limits activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. The activities among phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in different treatment groups get related with treatment time increased. The long-term enhanced UV-B radiation reduces polyphenol metabolic rate, breaking up biomembranes as free radicals accumulate with time. Damage to wheat seedlings induced by the enhanced UV-B radiation on polyphenol metabolism is limited by He-Ne laser irradiation.
Effect of exogenous ascorbic acid on photosynthesis and growth of rice under O3 stress
XIE Ju-Qing, LI Guo-Xue, WANG Xiao-Ke, ZHENG Qi-Wei, FENG Zhao-Zhong
2009, 17(6): 1176-1181. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01176
Abstract(1809) PDF(1237)
Abstract:
To clarify the effect of changing troposphere ozone (O3) concentration on rice growth and inhibiting effect of exogenous ascorbic, the effect of exogenous ascorbic acid (ExAsA) on rice photosynthesis and growth under O3 stress was investigated using open-top chamber (OTC) in rice field. Analysis shows that photosynthetic pigment contents, gas exchange parameters, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), and grain/leaf area ratio of rice notably decrease under O3 stress. Chlorophyll a (chl a) level, chl a/chl b ratio, photosynthetic rate (Pn), and transpiration rate (Tr) significantly increase, whereas chl b and stomatal conductance (Gs) have no obvious change after ExAsA application. The effect of ExAsA on NAR, RGA, and grain/leaf area ratio is notable under O3 stress, and is especially remarkable for grain/leaf area ratio. This demonstrates beneficial effect on coordinated development of source and sink, which forms the basis for improving rice yield and quality.
Tolerance of different varieties of Salix integra to high zinc stress
YANG Wei-Dong, CHEN Yi-Tai
2009, 17(6): 1182-1186. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01182
Abstract(1632) PDF(1309)
Abstract:
The effect of high Zn stress on Zn uptake, accumulation and the growth of three varieties of Salix integra were analyzed through nutrient solution culture. The results show that the influence of Zn treatment on growth parameters is related to plant variety, plant part and Zn concentration. Growth parameters of the three varieties are retarded at Zn concentration of 100 mmol·L-1(low) and 1 000 μmol·L-1(high). Root length of ‘Weishanhu’ and ‘Dahongtou’, and root biomass of ‘Dahongtou’ significantly drop in low Zn concentration. Stem height, root length and biomass markedly reduce in high Zn concentration. Zn uptake and accumulation vary with plant variety and shoot Zn content decreases with increasing Zn concentration. However, root Zn content increases with elevated Zn concentration. Root Zn concentration is generally higher than that of shoot. For the different plant varieties, shoot Zn concentration ranges from 1 477.58 to 1 583.19 μg·g-1 in low concentration Zn with an average of 1 530.29 μg·g-1. Translocation factor (TF) decreases with Zn concentration increasing with TF for ‘Weishanhu’ and ‘Yizhibi’ higher than that for ‘Dahongtou’. Shoot total Zn content decreases with increasing Zn concentration. Shoot total Zn amount from 2 332.58 to 3 871.41 μg with an average of 3 266.27 μg. Shoot/root total Zn ratio is in excess of 1 for three varieties. Tolerance index (TI) decreases with increasing Zn concentration, which is above 0.5 for the three varieties in low Zn concentration. This study suggests that high Zn concentration severely inhibits growth of S. integra. The three varieties have strong tolerance and high accumulation capacity in low Zn concentration. This shows that S. integra has a high potential for phytoextraction of Zn, whose concentration is not higher than 100 μmol·L-1.
Nutrition physiological and molecular response of rice seedling to varying inorganic arsenic stress
YANG Gui-Di, WANG Hai-Bin, CHEN Rong-Shan, NIU Bian-Hong, LIU Lin, HE Hai-Bin, LIN Wen-Xiong
2009, 17(6): 1187-1190. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01187
Abstract(1592) PDF(1552)
Abstract:
To explore nutrition physiologcial mechanism in rice seedlings under arsenic stress, a hydroponics experiment was conducted on nutrition physiological and molecular response of “Shanyou63” rice seedlings under stress of different forms of inorganic arsenic. Morphological indexes of root length, shoot height and dry weight, and NPK content in plants were analyzed after As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) treatments. More importantly, four rice genes correlating with key enzymes regulating NPK absorption were determinted by Real-time Fluorescent Quantitative PCR to evaluate expression changes under stress of different forms of inorganic arsenic. The results show that root length, plant height, and dry weight of rice seedlings significantly drop after treatment of arsenic. As(Ⅲ) is more toxic than As(Ⅴ). While phosphorus and potassium accumulation is suppressed mainly by As(Ⅲ), nitrogen on the other hand is suppressed mainly by As(Ⅴ). A less regulated gene expression in relation to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption is observed after arsenic treatment. As(Ⅲ) has a greater suppression on phosphate and potassium transporter protein expression than As(Ⅴ). As(Ⅴ) on the other hand has a greater suppression on nitrate and ammonium transporter protein expression than As(Ⅲ). This implies that As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) differently influence nutrition physiological mechanism of rice seedlings.
Effect of seed priming on physiological characteristics of soybean seedling under water stress
YANG Xiao-Huan, WANG Yu-Guo, YANG Wen-Xiu, WANG Hong-Fu, MA JIN-HU
2009, 17(6): 1191-1195. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01191
Abstract(1770) PDF(1433)
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The effects of seed priming on seed membrane permeability, soluble protein content, seed germination index and seedling physiological properties of two soybean varieties (weak drought-resistant variety “Jindou 19” and strong drought-resistant variety “Jinda 53” ) under water stress were analyzed. Results indicate that seed membrane permeability of the two varieties significantly decreases while soluble protein content increases significantly under seed priming. Meanwhile, the germination potential, germination rate, germination index and vigor index increase to some degree. When seedlings are under severe water stress (6~9h), compared with the treatments without seed priming, priming makes the seedling membrane permeability and MDA content of the two varieties significantly decrease, while makes SOD and POD activities, proline and soluble protein contents increase. This implies that seed priming improves drought tolerance of soybean seedling by increasing protective enzyme activity, proline and soluble protein contents. Furthermore, the study shows that seed priming exhibits more obvious drought-resistance-increasing effect on the weak drought-resistant variety (“Jindou 19”) than on the strong drought-resistant variety (“Jinda 53”).
Regulatory effect of GA and KT on seeds germination of Nitraria tangutorum Bobr.
GUO Ye-Hong, LIN Hai-Ming
2009, 17(6): 1196-1199. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2209.01196
Abstract(1549) PDF(1855)
Abstract:
Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. seeds were treated with GA and KT with different concentrations, and the vigor, water absorption rate, seed germination rate etc of seed tested. Results show that the water absorption rate of N. tangutorum seed rapidly increases in the first 2 hours, and the whole absortption procedure appears rapid-slow-slower regulation. The best germination feature appears in treatment of 150 mg·kg-1 GA, meanwhile seed germination rate and other features are lowest under 300 mg·kg-1 GA. 60 mg·kg-1 KT showes best effect on improving seed germination with highest germination rate, germination energy, germination index and vigor index, while 100 mg·kg-1 KT presents inverse effect.
Position and quantity of endogensis rhizobia in alfalfa plant
LI Jian-Feng, ZHANG Shu-Qing, SHI Shang-Li, HUO Ping-Hui
2009, 17(6): 1200-1205. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01200
Abstract(1697) PDF(1384)
Abstract:
To determine the distribution characteristics of rhizobium in alfalfa plants and seeds, the distribution and abundance of endogenous rhizobium in different parts and seed of alfalfa at different growth stages were analyzed. The result indicates significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in endogenous rhizobium abundance in alfalfa plant. For the spatial distribution, rhizobium abundance gradually increases with source-sink transportation trend of plant photosynthate. Most endogenous rhizobia are distributed in alfalfa root, mainly in the hair roots. In main root, more endogenous rhizobia exist in the epidermis and cortex areas compared with stele. Regarding the above-ground plant parts, endogenous rhizobia are mainly distributed in flower buds at vegetative stage [8.6~9.6×103cfu·g-1(FW)], and in ovary walls of pistils at budding and floral stage. For pod-bearing stage, endogenous rhizobia are mainly in the pericarp of legumes (1.07×103cfu·pod-1), and in newborn seeds at mature stage. Rhizobium abundance in stalk is less than 2×102cfu·g-1(FW) at vegetative and pod-bearing stages, which vanishes at budding and floral stages. Rhizobia are not found in leaves. Temporally, rhizobium abundance in root and pericarp is obviously higher at pod-bearing stage than any other growth stage. Rhizobium abundance in various floral organs (except pedicle) rapidly increases after pollination. During ovary-to-legume germinative process, rhizobium abundance in ovary wall and ovule increases logarithmically. Endogenous rhizobia are found in ovule only after fertilization, and rhizobium abundance in young seeds is higher than in fertilized ovule. This implies that endogenous rhizobia can be transported and colonized in early germinated seedlings. Rhizobium abundance in mature seeds of the two alfalfa varieties stored for 120 d after harvest are 131.46 (“Longdong”) and 11.76 (“Eureka”) times higher than in newly harvested seeds. This suggests continuous proliferation of rhizobia after seeds are infested.
Distribution of phosphobacteria in rhizosphere soils of four crops in Northeast China
ZANG Wei, SUN Jian-Qiu, WANG Peng, JIANG Ben-Qing, WANG Deng-Yu, ZHANG Jian, LI Tie
2009, 17(6): 1206-1210. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01206
Abstract(2330) PDF(2303)
Abstract:
Ecological distribution of phosphobacteria in soil rhizosphere of four typical crops (Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa, Zea mays and Glycine max) in the northeastern China was determined based on four principal features (bacteria quantity, community structure, diversity and similarity). The results show vast amounts of both phosphate-dissolving and phosphate-solubilizaing bacteria, which are in the ranges of 2.15~6.68×105 cfu·g-1 and 0.7~3.9×104 cfu·g-1 respectively. Correlation analysis shows no significant correlation between available P content and phosphobacteria amount in the rhizosphere soils of the four crops. Population structure of phosphobacteria is very complicated in the northeastern China. The phosphate-dissolving bacteria in rhizosphere soils of T. aestivum,/i>, O. sativa, Z. mays and G. max consist of 9, 11, 13 and 12 genera respectively, while phosphate-solubilizaing bacteria consist of 9, 8, 9 and 7 genera respectively. Shannon-Weiner biodiversity of phosphobacteria in rhizosphere soils of the four crops is high. Shannon-Weiner biodiversity index of phosphate-dissolving bacteria is higher than that of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Sorenson similarity coefficient is also high (0.50~1.00), and higher for phosphate-solubilizing bacteria.
Composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea communities in paddy soils of different rice cultivars
SONG Ya-Na, LIN Zhi-Min, LIN Jie
2009, 17(6): 1211-1215. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01211
Abstract(1709) PDF(1977)
Abstract:
Community structures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea in paddy soils of different rice cultivars were investigated by PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for soil DNA production. The results show that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea in paddy soils are rich, with more sorts in ammonia-oxidizing archaea than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The effect of rice cultivars on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria is strong. The community structures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are similar among the “TianA/Km71”, “Minyou1027” and “Km62/1027” rice cultivars, but different among the other three rice cultivars. Soil site effect on ammonia-oxidizing archaea is very obvious, with the highest differences in ammonia-oxidizing archaea community structures between bulk and rhizosphere soils of “TianA/Km71” and “Km62/1027” rice cultivars. The results demonstrate that different rice cultivars and soil site influence the community structures of ammonia-oxidizing microbial and ammomia-oxidizer, which, especially ammonia-oxidizing archaea, are important for the paddy soil ecosystems.
Effect of polyamine on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant in symbiotic culture condition
XIE Li-Yuan, ZHANG Yong, XIONG Bing-Quan, GAN Bing-Cheng
2009, 17(6): 1216-1220. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01216
Abstract(1423) PDF(1494)
Abstract:
The effects of exogenous polyamine on the growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and host plant in the symbiotic culture condition were investigated by micropropagating grape plantlets infected with AMF (Gigaspora margarita) and then treated with exogenous polyamine (PA) and polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor [methylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone), MGBG]. The effects of exogenous PA and MGBG on spore germination, hyphal growth of AMF and development of the host plant in symbiotic culture condition were analyzed. The results indicate that certain doses of exogenous PA have significant effect on symbiotic development, grape plantlets and AMF. AMF arbuscular abundance, hyphal length, spore number and infection rate increase after treatment with exogenous PA. Meanwhile, PA biosynthesis inhibitor (MGBG) has opposite effect which is suppressed by application of exogenous PA. This implies that PA also has significant stimulating effect on the growth and development of AMF in ex vitro conditions. Because exogenous PA activates AMF in the rhizosphere, potential AMF infection is enhanced. Thus, AMF symbiotic association with grape plantlets can establish at early weaning stage and develop with time.
Effect of transgenic Bt cotton on soil invertebrate community structure
GUO Jian-Ying, WAN Fang-Hao, WU Min
2009, 17(6): 1221-1228. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01221
Abstract(1697) PDF(1261)
Abstract:
Soil invertebrates were collected by Tullgren and Baermann funnels and analyzed using community ecology method. Then soil invertebrate community structures in the 0~15 cm soil layer in transgenic Bt cotton (cvs. “GK12” and “NuCOTN 33B”) fields were compared with those in non-Bt cotton (cv. “SM3”) fields. Nematodes and acarids are dominant soil invertebrate groups with frequencies above 54% and over 18% respectively in each cotton cultivar field. Compared with parental non-Bt cv. “SM3”field, “GK12” field has more enchytraelidae and less homopetera, psocoptera and diptera. Cumulative numbers of most soil invertebrate groups do not significantly differ in “GK12” and “NuCOTN33B” fields, except that there are less homoptera and more araneae in “GK12” field. Soil invertebrate group richness, Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness are significantly lower in “GK12” field than in “SM3” field. Those in “NuCOTN 33B” field are also higher than in “GK12” field. Scalable one-parametric Rényi-diversity profiles also indicate significantly lower diversity in “GK12” than in “SM3” field, and generally lower diversity in “GK12” than in “NuCOTN 33B” field, except for dominant and common invertebrate groups in the 10~15 cm soil layer. The dynamics of soil invertebrate abundance, diversity and evenness have a similar fluctuation trend for the three cotton cultivar fields. Abundance of soil invertebrate reaches its peak in October during the period from July to November. At the peak, soil invertebrates are concentrated in the 0~5 cm and 10~15 cm soil layers in “SM3” field, but in the 10~15 cm soil layer in “GK12” and “NuCOTN 33B” fields. While invertebrate diversity and evenness decrease in November in “SM3” field, they increase in “GK12” field. The above findings imply that planting “GK12” changes the abundance, and decreases the richness, diversity and evenness of soil invertebrate groups. Soil invertebrate community structures also differ between the two Bt cotton cultivars, with higher diversity in “NuCOTN 33B” than in “GK12” field.
Antagonistic inhibition analysis and biocontrol of asparagus stem blight Phomopsis asparagi
MA Li-Ping, HAO Bian-Qing, QIN Shu, QIAO Xiong-Wu
2009, 17(6): 1229-1233. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01229
Abstract(2278) PDF(1539)
Abstract:
The inhibition effects of an antagonistic Bacillus strain B96-II on asparagus stem blight (Phomopsis asparagi Sacc.) were investigated under laboratory in vitro and field conditions. The results demonstrate that B96-II effectively inhibits the pathogen. Inhabitation rates on P. asparagi growth rate are between 97.37% and 92.98%, when the cultures treated with 50 to 1 600 times dilution of B96-II fermentation brew. Under in vitro conditions, colonial growth on asparagus stem reduces by 94.40% compared with the control samples, and under field trials by 93.40%. Microscopic observation reveals that the mycelia and spore walls of P. asparagi are destroyed and cell contents released after B96-II treatment. Conductivity of the inoculum liquid of P. asparagi increases significantly 24 h after treatments. As B96-II inoculum liquid concentration increases from 1% to 10%, its conductivity increment increases from 47.50% to 518.33% and total dissolved solids (TDS) increment increases from 176.10% to 797.60%. B96-II also restricts P. asparagi mycelial respiration at an inhibition rate of 25.00% by addition of 1% B96-II and 196.40% by addition of 10% B96-II. Based on the analysis, the main active substances in B96-II are antagonistic proteins.
Distribution features and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in apple tree plantations in Luochuan tableland
ZHU Mei-Ling, PANG Jiang-Li, LI Xiao-Gang
2009, 17(6): 1234-1239. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01234
Abstract(2076) PDF(1280)
Abstract:
Based on systematic sampling and experimental analysis, the distribution features and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in a typical profile, LC profile, of apple tree plantation in Luochuan tableland were investigated. The heavy metals investigated in the study included As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, Co and V. Geoaccumulation index, element accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were used in the assessment. Based on the assessment, As, Cr, Ni, Mn and V have similar vertical distribution trends, generally increasing from top to bottom. However, Cu, Pb, Zn and Co almost exhibits the same distribution trend in the soil profile, generally initially decreasing and then increasing from top to bottom. There is some degree of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co and V accumulation, the phenomenon not observed for Pb and Zn. Ecological risk index for As is the highest among the 9 heavy metals investigated. As has potential ecological risk index of 39.9, though far less than slight ecological risk threshold.
Bisphenol A pollution in aquatic waters of Pearl River Delta and related ecological risk assessment
DONG Jun
2009, 17(6): 1240-1244. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01240
Abstract(1867) PDF(1493)
Abstract:
Bisphenol A (BPA) in surface water and sediments of aquiculture pond in Zhongshan City was determined. BPA is detected in all surface water samples and 44.4% sediment samples. Residual content of BPA in surface water is in the range of 0.96 ~ 4.51 μg·L-1, with an average of 3.29 μg·L-1, that in sediments is in the range of 0.19~1.31 ng·g-1(dry weight), with an average of 0.23 ng·g-1(dry weight). No significant relationship exists between BPA content and that of main environmental factors, except for pH and COD. Based on EC/PNEC evaluation standard, BPA residuary extent of the aquatic environment in Zhongshan City could induce minimal ecological risk to people and the environment.
Loading capacity estimation and risk assessment of livestock manure in cultivated lands around Dongting Lake
WU Shen-Shu, TAN Mei-Ying, HUANG Huang, LONG Yue-Lin, ZHU Hao, GAN De-Xin
2009, 17(6): 1245-1251. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01245
Abstract(1948) PDF(1558)
Abstract:
Based on the status of animal husbandry in Dongting Lake area, the quantity of livestock manure was estimated using the excretive coefficient method and the loading capacity and risk conditions evaluated. The results show that the output of livestock manure, urine, BOD5, COD and NH3-N in Dongting Lake area in 2006 are 1 616.93×104 t, 1 248.30×104 t, 72.41×104 t, 79.33×104 t and 7.48×104 t respectively. The average loading capacity of livestock manure reaches 19.25 t·hm-2. Forewarning average risk level of livestock manure loading is 0.47. On the average, there is no environmental pollution, and there is still room to develop animal production in Dongting Lake area. However, some cultivated lands already show livestock manure pollution, a trend that can not be ignored.
Emergy comparison for different agro-ecological regions in Shanxi Province
WANG Run-Ping, RONG Xiang-Min, HOU Xi-Hong, GAO Zhi-Qiang
2009, 17(6): 1252-1258. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01252
Abstract(1883) PDF(1314)
Abstract:
Based on emergy methods, we compared and evaluated development situation, production efficiency and environmental loading of different agro-ecological regions in Shanxi Province. The results show that in the superior agro-ecological region, total emergy input and intensive degree (empower density = 1.67E+12 sej·m-2) are high. However, human labor emergy is very high (labor emergy ratio = 70.62%) and nonrenewable industry supplemental emergy input is low, restricting labor emergy action in the region. Thus emergy yield ratio (EYR) is low (0.70) and environmental loading ratio (ELR) is high (9.33). One way to improve productive efficiency in the superior agro-ecological region is transferring superfluous labor from agriculture to other industries while increasing industry supplemental emergy input (especially high-tech industry supplemental emergy input). In the middlle agro-ecological region, the combination of labor emergy (labor emergy ratio = 51.67%) and industry supplemental emergy (industry supplemental emergy ratio = 23.36%) is better. Total emergy yield is high and so is EYR (1.25), showing a high agricultural production efficiency. However, it is still necessary to reinforce high-tech industry supplemental emergy input in order to further improve agro-ecosystem efficiency. In the inferior agro-ecological region, both total emergy yield and production efficiency are low since the environment is poor and productive methods are highly rough. If agricultural productive areas are rearrange in the region, including planting areas, forestry areas, livestock breeding areas, and fishing areas (with emphasis on dimension and concentrated production), agricultural production efficiency in the region may improve anew.
Evaluation of agricultural ecosystem services value in Manas River Watershed of China
ZHANG Hong-Feng, OUYANG Zhi-Yun, ZHENG Hua, XIAO Yi
2009, 17(6): 1259-1264. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01259
Abstract(1858) PDF(1558)
Abstract:
The agriculture ecosystem not only provides products, but also a myriad of indirect ecosystem services. Based on environmental economics and GIS technology, this paper evaluated ecosystem services such as products provision, climate regulation, soil conservation, carbon fixation, O2 release and nutrient maintenance by agriculture ecosystem of Manas River Watershed for 1976 and 2005. From the study, there is an increase in total value of ecosystem services from 352 219.4×104 yuan in 1976 to 767 061.5×104 yuan in 2005, representing a 117% increase over the 29-year period. The products provision value to total value ratio increases from 7% to 39%, implying that technology and management influence products provision. There also exists a great potential for improving the amount of products in the region. Regarding indirect agricultural ecosystem services value, the nature of the attributes represents enormous regulation and support services. For the period of study, indirect agricultural ecosystem services value increases by 43%. The study of agricultural ecosystem services in Manas River Watershed indicates myriad ecosystem services besides agricultural products provision. To attain harmonious development of the society, economy and nature ecosystem in arid watersheds, agricultural ecosystem services value should be accorded paramount importance.
A survey of herdsmen’s ecological consciousness in Hulunbeier grassland
CHEN Qiu-Hong
2009, 17(6): 1265-1272. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01265
Abstract(1503) PDF(1464)
Abstract:
To access the ecological consciousness of herdsmen in ecological frangibility of grassland areas, an ecological consciousness survey was conducted under the auspices of Chenbaerhu in Hulunbeier, Inner Mongolia. This survey items included knowledge, perception and attitude of herdsmen towards grassland protection, perception on degradation of grassland environment, and reality and expected behavior of grassland protection. The survey shows that herdsmen’s levels of ecological consciousness vary with age, nationality and education. However, the level of knowledge, willingness and conduct of the herdsmen regarding ecological consciousness is dissymmetrical. The level of knowledge is higher than the level of willingness, which is in turn higher than the level of conduct. To improve this situation and develop a conservation culture, it is admittedly necessary not only to strengthen education and training about grassland ecology and environment, but also to motivate the willingness and conduct by strengthened infrastructures of grassland protection, and improved policies and legal systems.
A genetic algorithm methodology for optimized harvesting sequence of sugarcane
SUN Li-Ya, Masami UENO, Masaaki OMINE
2009, 17(6): 1273-1277. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01273
Abstract(1755) PDF(1095)
Abstract:
New mathematical models capable of predicting sugarcane sugar content based on planting method and harvest time were used to develop a methodology for optimizing harvesting sequence, and harvesting time of sugarcane. The applicability of GA was discussed too. The methodology based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to qualitatively analyze the determinant variables of planting mode to obtain optimized combination harvest sequence, harvest time and area of different planting methods under several setted planting mode transitions. Self-crossing, as opposed to conventional GA crossing methods, was used to retain the structural ratio of planting modes. In this study, first year harvest was used for the transition state and that of the second year for the steady-state runs, while the combination of the two were formed the objective function.
An outlook on modern ecological agriculture in Shandong Province
ZHANG Jian-Zhong, SUN Chuan-Fan, CHEN Zhao-Bo, ZHANG Zheng-Bin
2009, 17(6): 1278-1282. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01278
Abstract(1923) PDF(1744)
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Shandong Province ranks first regarding agricultural exports and ranks second regarding grain production in China. This paper summarizes the state of modern agriculture in the province from the view of points of crop production potential, modern grain industry development, modern agriculture development potential, agriculture produce export, eco-agriculture potential, and agro-tech tourism. At the same time, the challenges facing modern agricultural development in the province are analyzed. The review is intended to provide the expertise needed for modern agricultural development in China in general.
Status and perspective of crop yield gap
WANG Chun-Zhi, LI Liang-Tao, CHEN Jian, LIU Ming-Qiang, YU Zhen-Rong
2009, 17(6): 1283-1287. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01283
Abstract(2368) PDF(2194)
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There exists a large gap between crop potential yield and actual yield for cultivated farmlands. Variation in crop yield from field to field is a common ubiquitous feature across agricultural landscapes. Closing yield gap plays an important role in increasing food production and ensuring food security. This study introduces the importance and necessity for closing yield gap and summarizes domestic and international research progress in yield gap analysis. The development and definition of yield gap, research method and scale, and data analysis method are documented. The application of crop growth model in yield gap research is also discussed. Finally, the main problems currently limiting yield gap analysis are advanced and research trend discussed.
Regulated deficit irrigation and its application on fruit trees
SUN Hong-Yong, ZHANG Xi-Ying, SHAO Li-Wei
2009, 17(6): 1288-1291. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.01288
Abstract(1547) PDF(2164)
Abstract:
Water resource is shortage in China, while fruit trees need much water to normal growth. So, the developing of water saving technique is inevitable in the orchard. The concept, research state and application of Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) technique on fruit tree production are briefly presented in this study. Based on the state of research, existing obstacles and future development with the application of RDI technique in fruit tree production are discussed.

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