2011 Vol. 19, No. 1

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity and its relationship with soil environmental factors in different soil types
MA Kun, TAO Yuan, DU Qian, WANG Zhan-Jun, JIANG Qi
2011, 19(1): 1-7. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00001
Abstract(2411) PDF(2141)
Abstract:
Rhizospheric soil samples were collected from 5 soil types (dark loessial soil, cumulated irrigated soil, cultivated loessial soil, sierozems and aeolian soil) in 6 sampling sites (Liupanshan Mountain forest land, Yinchuan farmland, Nuanquan farmland, Guyuan farmland, Yanchi desert and Lingwu desert) with gramineae vegetation communities. Then the relationship between Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) diversity and soil environmental factors was investigated. Based on spore morphological characteristics, a total of 5 genera and 48 species of AMF were found in five soil types. Specifically, there were 1 Acaulospora, 3 Gigaspora, 37 Glomus, 1 Paraglomus and 6 Scutellospora species. From the 6 sampling sites, Glomus was the most dominant genera and G. geosporum and G. manihotis were the most dominant species. Obviously differences were noted in AMF genus frquencies at each sampling site. Glomus was found at every site, its frequency was the highest. Nuanquan farmlands with high plant diversities had relatively high AMF species abundance and diversity. The effects of soil environmental factors on AMF spore density changed with soil and vegetation type. Based on axial principal analysis, total salt, pH, available potassium and available phosphorus mostly explained the relationship between AMF spore density and soil fertility. To a certain degree, the species and distribution of AMF corresponded with vegetation type, plant diversity and soil fertility at the various sampling sites.
Effect of submergence on rhizospheric soil enzyme activity and fertility of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)
TAN Shu-Duan, ZHU Ming-Yong, ZHANG Ke-Rong, ZHANG Quan-Fa, JIANG Li-Hong
2011, 19(1): 8-12. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00008
Abstract(1621) PDF(1448)
Abstract:
Bermudagrass that naturally grows in water fluctuation (XC) and non-water fluctuation (FC) zones in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was submerged in different depths of water in order to investigate rhizospheric soil enzyme activities and fertility under different submergence stresses. The results showed that sucrase activity in non-flooded rhizospheric soil was higher than those in soils submerged with different depths of water, suggesting the flooded soils were not as rich in plant nutrients as non-flooded soils. The activities of urase and acid phosphatase in FC rhizospheric soil were higher than those in XC rhizospheric soil. FC rhizospheric soil N content was significantly lower than that of XC after flooding. Total phosphorus in FC rhizospheric soil was significantly higher than that in XC before flooding. This suggested that XC used more soil nutrients than FC during growth period and reserved more energy which enhanced its submergence-resistant ability. All these findings indicated that there existed some relationships among rhizospheric soil enzyme activity, fertility and tolerance to submergence in bermudagrass under different habitats (submergence stress).
Soil enzyme activity in spring potato fields under different mulching practices in double rice cropping area
LIN Ye-Chun, ZENG Zhao-Hai, TANG Hai-Ming, XIAO Xiao-Ping, TANG Wen-Guang, YANG Guang-Li, HU Yue-Gao
2011, 19(1): 13-18. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00013
Abstract(1679) PDF(1202)
Abstract:
An experiment was designed to explore the effects of different surface mulching practices on soil β-glucosidase, arylamidase, alkalinephosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase activities in spring potato fields in double rice cropping areas. Surface mulching practices included zero mulching (CK), rice straw mulching, non-woven fabric mulching, rice straw plus non-woven fabric mulching, black plastic film mulching, and rice straw plus black plastic film mulching. The results indicated that surface mulching significantly affected soil enzyme activity. Compared with CK, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase significantly increased (P<0.05) respectively by 17.55%, 24.77% and 87.2% under rice straw mulching. Arylamidase and dehydrogenase activities increased significantly (P<0.05) by 8.03% and 71.05%, respectively under rice straw plus non-woven fabric mulching. Black plastic film mulching also significant increased (P<0.05) the activities of β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase by 23.44%, 22.70%, 37.43% and 146.30%, respectively. Similarly, rice straw plus black plastic film mulching significantly improved (P<0.05) the activities of β-glucosidase, arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase by 34.76%, 19.31%, 19.03%, 51.98% and 125.62%, respectively. In conclusion therefore, the activities of soil enzymes related to soil nutrient cycling were significantly enhanced by rice straw plus black plastic film mulching, which in turn enhanced soil fertility and quality.
Dual effect of fruit tree cultivation on soil physical characteristics
SUN Lei, WANG Yi-Quan, ZHANG Yu-Lin, LI Jian-Bo, HU Hai-Yan
2011, 19(1): 19-23. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.10112011.00019
Abstract(1518) PDF(1192)
Abstract:
Soil bulk density, hardness, moisture and surface soil aggregation composition were measured in <10-, 10~20- and >20-year-old orchards in Weibei Region. The results showed that soil bulk density in the 0~30 cm soil layer decreased with increasing orchard age. However, bulk density below the 30 cm layer increased with increasing orchard age, exceeding the 1.30 g?cm-3 upper limit for healthy garden soils. Soil bulk density in the 10~30 cm soil layer was lower in orchards than in croplands. Soil hardness increased sharply below the 30 cm soil layer, almost reaching the 1 000 kPa upper limit of soil quality standard for healthy root growth. Soil hardness in the 17.5~27.5 cm soil layer is lower in orchards than in croplands. Soil aggregation status was poor in surface soil of orchards. Most water-stable aggregates in the orchard soils were in 0.5~0.25 mm range class. Contents of water-stable soil aggregates >0.25 mm increased with increasing age of orchards. Water-stable soil aggregates contents in 20-year-old orchards were two times higher than those in 10-year-old orchards. Fruit trees have a dual effect on soil physical characteristics. Soil physical conditions was generally improved in topsoil (0~30 cm), but worsen in subsoil (<30 cm) with increasing orchard age. As latent degradation of subsoil in orchards affected the healthy growth of fruit trees, any such degradation should be carefully monitored.
Reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application under different crop rotation systems in paddy fields of Taihu Area
QIAO Jun, YAN Ting-Mei, XUE Feng, YANG Lin-Zhang, LU Ping
2011, 19(1): 24-31. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00024
Abstract(2026) PDF(1286)
Abstract:
In a paddy rice field experiment with different crop rotation systems and nitrogen application rates, surface water nitrogen content, nitrogen lose via runoff, soil fertility and rice yield were determined. Based on the experiment, chemical nitrogen fertilizer application during rice season in alfalfa-rice or rye-rice rotation systems can be reduced, and not in wheat-rice rotation system in Yixing, Jiangsu Province. Alfalfa-rice and rye-rice rotation systems enhanced soil nitrogen content, promoted rice nitrogen absorption and significantly improved rice yield. Because there was no nitrogen fertilization in winter, nitrogen loss via field water runoff into natural water bodies dropped during this period. The increase of organic fertilizer ratio under the same nitrogen application did also dropped total nitrogen in surface water. The green manure, especially alfalfa, was not only low cost but also effectively replaced chemical nitrogen fertilizers, which resulted in lowered cost of rice production. Replacing traditional wheat-rice with alfalfa-rice rotation system and reducing 120 kg·hm?2 of nitrogen application during rice season resulted in economic benefits and yield increase and environmental sustainability in Yixing, Jiangsu Province.
Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen balance after topdressing fertilization in paddy fields of Taihu Lake region
ZHOU Wei, TIAN Yu-Hua, YIN Bin
2011, 19(1): 32-36. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00032
Abstract(1803) PDF(1426)
Abstract:
Ammonia volatilization, N fertilizer fate and soil residual nitrogen at different rice growth stages were investigated via continuous air-flow enclosure method and field 15N micro-plot experiment in gley paddy soils in Taihu Lake region. Results showed that ammonia volatilization occurred within one week and peaked in 1~2 days after fertilization. The rate of ammonia volatilization changed with NH4+-N concentration in surface water. Ammonia volatilization loss from surface water respectively accounted for 16.7% and 6.3% of fertilizers applied at tillering and booting stages. Nitrogen use efficiency of rice plant was 36.7% and 49.6% of applied fertilizers at tillering and booting stages, respectively. This was mainly due to less ammonia volatilization after booting fertilization, which was more readily transferred to grains. In the two topdressing fertilization, apparent rate of nitrogen loss were 52.8% and 40.7% of applied N fertilizer respectively. About 10.6% of applied N fertilizer remained in the soil, which was mostly concentrated in the 0~20 cm soil layer. This showed that fertilization in booting stage could improve N use efficiency and reduce N loss. This was because of low ammonia volatilization loss and high utilization of fertilizers by grain of panicles during this period.
Physiological response of seedling of “Liangyoupeijiu” and its parents to nitrogen nutrient
XIANG Xiao-Liang, NING Shu-Ju, ZHU Lan-Fang, ZHANG Guo-Ying, WEI Dao-Zhi
2011, 19(1): 37-41. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00037
Abstract(1635) PDF(1315)
Abstract:
The biological characteristics and physiological indices of “Liangyoupeijiu” (“LYP9”) and its parents were studied in hydroponic experiments under different nitrogen levels. The results showed significant differences in biological characteristics of both “LYP9” and its parents under different levels of nitrogen supply. Biological response of “LYP9” and its parents affected by variety, nitrogen level and their interaction with the effects order of variety factor > nitrogen level factor > interaction of the two factors. With the exception of the maximum root length, the biological characteristics and physiological indices such as aboveground (shoot) and belowground (root) dry weight, nitrogen accumulation, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate increased with increasing nitrogen level. In the study, “LYP9” showed the highest level and significant transgressive heterosis in plant height, root volume, dry matter weight, nitrogen accumulation, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate. Whereas total nitrogen uptake increased, nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen level. Physiological response to nitrogen nutrient of “LYP9” and the parents at seedling stage was similar. Intervarietal differences existed in the response of aboveground (shoot) and belowground (root) systems to nitrogen.
Effect of biogas manure on arthropod community structure in eggplant field and eggplant yield
YANG Qi, ZHANG Ben-Kai, YAO Yu-Gui, DING Ren-Jie, WU Hou-Zhang
2011, 19(1): 42-46. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00042
Abstract(1427) PDF(1129)
Abstract:
Three fertilizer application treatments (chemical fertilizer, half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure, and biogas plus cake manure) were adopted under equal N, P (P2O5) and K (K2O) rates to study the effects of biogas manure on yield of eggplant and structure of arthropod community in eggplant fields. The results showed that the number of pest species under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 3.67±0.88 in 4 m2 in eggplant field, significantly less than that under application of chemical fertilizer or half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure. Pest species number under application of half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure was also significantly less than that under chemical fertilizer application. The individual number of pests and target pests Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 64.67±4.06, 31.67±0.56 and 8.00±0.15 in 4 m2, respectively. This was significantly less than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different from that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application. The individual number of spiders and dominant nature enemy Aranea ventricocus (Koch) under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 12.67±1.76 and 7.67±0.67 in 4 m2, respectively, significantly greater than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different from that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application. Under combined application of biogas and cake manure, arthropod community diversity index was 1.68±0.04 and evenness index was 0.53±0.003. This was significantly higher than those under applications of chemical fertilizer, and half chemical and biogas manure. The dominant concentration of arthropod community under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 0.33±0.02, also significantly less than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different form that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application. In terms of arthropod community stability, Ss/Si index was 0.112 5±0.001 1 under combined application of biogas and cake manure, significantly higher than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different from that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application. Sn/Sp index under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 1.650 0±0.005 5, which significantly exceeded that under applications of chemical fertilizer, and half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure. Eggplant yield under the three fertilizer application treatments was not significantly different.
Effect of rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge on soil moisture in Medicago sativa grassland and water use efficiency
KOU Jiang-Tao, SHI Shang-Li
2011, 19(1): 47-53. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00047
Abstract(1707) PDF(1289)
Abstract:
The productivity and water use efficiency of cultivated pastures are low in arid and semiarid areas of the Loess Plateau due to low annual rainfall and periodical deficit of soil moisture. In this study, the rainwater harvesting system via plastic film-covered ridge was applied in production of biennial Medicago sativa grassland in dryland. And the impact of ditch/ridge ratio and mulching patterns on the trends and use efficiency of soil moisture were determined. Results showed that rainwater harvesting by plastic film-covered ridge significantly improved soil moisture content in 0~20 cm soil at early stage of rainwater harvesting (from the middle ten-day of April to the first ten-day of June). It also greatly enhanced average soil moisture content in 0~120 cm soil at mid-late rainwater harvesting stage (from the middle ten-day of June to the last ten-day of September). During winter, rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge increased soil infiltration capacity and improved average soil moisture content in 20~120 cm soil. Further, the rainwater harvesting efficiency of plastic film-covered ridge was higher than that of compacted bare ridge. The moisture storage in 0~120 cm soil with rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge initially dropped, and then rose during the growth period of M. sativa. At late growth stage, soil moisture storage with rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge was evidently higher than that via compacted bare ridge. Average water use efficiency with plastic film-covered ridge was 34.91 kg·mm-1·hm-2, which was 2.25 times that of CK (flat field without ridge and mulch). Average water use efficiency with compacted bare ridge was 28.47 kg·mm-1·hm-2, which was 1.83 times that of CK. Average water use efficiency of plastic film-covered ridge increased by 22.62% compared with that of compacted bare ridge, and the highest ones were in plastic film-covered ridges with 60 cm/60 cm and 60 cm/75 cm ditch/ridge ratios.
Effect of mulching mode on growth and water use of greenhouse pepper during fruiting stage
WU Xing, LIANG Yin-Li, HAO Wang-Lin, LUO An-Rong, PENG Qiang, CHEN Chen
2011, 19(1): 54-58. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00054
Abstract(1727) PDF(1294)
Abstract:
The effects of different mulching treatments (e.g., plastic film mulching, wheat straw mulching, combined plastic film and wheat straw mulching and no mulching) on the growth and water use of greenhouse pepper during fruiting stage were studied in order to establish an optimum mulching mode for greenhouse pepper production. The results showed that soil temperature increasing extent under combined plastic film and wheat straw mulching treatment was higher than that under straw mulching treatment at the early fruiting stage. At the middle and late fruiting stage, soil temperature decreasing extent was lower under combined plastic film and wheat straw mulching treatment than that under plastic film mulching treatment. Mulching significantly promoted greenhouse pepper growth, and increased leaf chlorophyll content, gross and plant-part dry weight, and fruit yield. Mulching also reduced water consumption. Combined plastic film and wheat straw mulching had the strongest effect on growth and water use characteristics of greenhouse pepper. Greenhouse pepper water use efficiency under plastic film mulching, wheat straw mulching, and combined plastic film and wheat straw mulching treatments were 2.09, 1.67 and 2.17 times of that under no mulching treatment, respectively. Based on the results, it was concluded that combined plastic film and wheat straw mulching was the best mulching mode for greenhouse pepper production in terms of plant dry weight, yield and water use efficiency.
Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of oasis spring wheat fields under regulated deficit irrigation
ZHANG Heng-Jia, HUANG Gao-Bao
2011, 19(1): 59-62. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00059
Abstract(1614) PDF(1318)
Abstract:
Differences in soil C∶N and C∶P ratios at oasis spring wheat under regulated deficit irrigation were analyzed for two experimental years using Paired-Sample T-Test. Soil organic C balance was also analyzed which provided basic data for soil nutrient element transformation and cycling. The study was a proxy for further advances and expansion of ecological stoichiometric theory. Compared with 2007, results indicated that C∶N ratio in the 0~20 cm, 20~40 cm and 0~40 cm soil layers at field of oasis spring wheat harvested in 2008 significantly dropped by 19.0%~37.3%, 11.8%~27.9% and 17.1%~32.8%, respectively. Concurrently, C∶P ratio significantly increased by 31.9%~62.4%, 16.5%~79.1% and 33.6%~68.8%, respectively. Higher C∶N and C∶P ratios were observed under the treatments with light or medium water deficit in jointing stage, light or not water deficit in booting to heading stage, and medium or sever water deficit in filling to maturing stage. Furthermore, soil organic C content in different soil layers increased after two years of experimentation. It increased by 1.31~2.35 t(C)·hm-2 in the 0~20 cm layer, 2.00~4.58 t(C)·hm-2 in the 20~40 cm layer and by 2.18~3.07 t(C)·hm-2 in the 0~40 cm layer.
Analysis of hydrochemical characteristics of domestic water in rural areas of Lanzhou City
CHEN Yin-Ping, LUO Yong-Qing, TAO Ling, LI Yu-Qiang
2011, 19(1): 63-68. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00063
Abstract(1784) PDF(1468)
Abstract:
The concentrations of major ions, salinity, total hardness, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in domestic waters (cellar, well, spring, river, pool, tap waters) in rural areas of Lanzhou City were measured and compared with the background of Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water (GB5749—2006). Based on the results, domestic water salinity in rural areas of Lanzhou City was in the range of 0.14~2.72 g·L-1, with an average of 0.76±0.63 g·L-1. Significant differences were noted among the different domestic water types, with an order of decreasing salinity as follows: well water > spring water > pool water > tap water > river water > cellar water. Average total hardness of the waters was 397.06±307.13 mg·L-1, with also a decreasing order as follows: well water > river water > tap water > spring water > cellar water > pool water. With the exception of pool water, all the water samples had higher hardness than the background standards for drinking water. Ion concentrations, except potassium, were significant different in the water types. Well water had the highest ion concentration. Some well water samples had extreme concentrations of NO3--N, sulphate and chloride, far in excess of the background standards. But the average for all samples was lower than the standard. Significant differences (at P<0.05) also existed in EC and pH among different water types. The following hydrochemical types were noted for different water types: HCO3-Cl-Ca-Mg for well water, HCO3-Cl-Ca for spring water, HCO3-Cl-SO4-Ca-Na for pool water, and HCO3-Ca-Mg for cellar, river and tap waters.
Effect of high temperature at heading and flowering stage on seed-setting rate of rice recombinant inbreed line population (RIL47)
ZHOU Hao, HU Wen-Bin, WANG Zuo-Ping, PENG Ke-Qin, XIAO Guo-Ying
2011, 19(1): 69-74. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00069
Abstract(1652) PDF(1564)
Abstract:
Rice recombinant inbreed line population RIL47 (comprising 254 lines) was treated with high and natural (CK) temperatures at heading and flowering stage and the effect of high temperature on seed-setting rates evaluated. The results indicated that seed-setting rate of RIL47 followed a normal distribution curve under natural conditions. Compared with natural temperature, high temperature significantly decreased RIL47 seed-setting rate with an average decline of 81.6%. Absolute decline in RIL47 seed-setting rate followed a normal distribution curve. Five heat-tolerant lines (07H1619, 1590, 1521, 1706 and 1608) and three heat-sensitive lines (07H1751, 1710 and 1719) were simultaneously selected from the 254 RIL47 lines by using a heat-injure index. This could be used in analyzing heat resistance of rice.
Analysis of differential expression of leaf proteins in different hybrid rice during grain-filling
HUANG Jin-Wen, LI ZhongXiong, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Zhi-Xing, LI Qi-Song, ZHENG Jia-Tuan, LIN Wen-Xiong
2011, 19(1): 75-81. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00075
Abstract(1556) PDF(2174)
Abstract:
To further clarify molecular metabolism of high yield super-hybrid rice, this paper studied differential expression patterns of leaf proteins in super-hybrid combinations “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” and hybrid combinations “Shanyou 63” during grain-filling. The proteomic approach, which was based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used in the study. A total of 22 differentially expressed proteins (at a significant level) were noted, and 20 of which were eventually identified. Further analysis of relative functions and expression abundances showed advantages of “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” in photosynthetic metabolism, defense, gene-transcript regulation, cell growth, energy metabolism, compared with “Xianyou 63”. The advantages maybe the internal agents of “source” property of “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” leaf in grain-filling stage. The study revealed the source properties of high yield super-hybrid “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” at differential proteomic levels. This, to some extent, enriched the source-sink-flow theory and provided a theoretical basis for super-hybrid rice breeding.
Diurnal variation characteristics of heterosis of peach photosynthetic performance in autumn
ZHANG Bin-Bin, JIANG Wei-Bing, HAN Jian, HUA Xiang-Ping, XIE Zhi-Hua, MA Rui-Juan
2011, 19(1): 82-86. doi: DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.year_id].082
Abstract(1582) PDF(1428)
Abstract:
“Diaozhibai”, “Xiahui 5” and their hybrid F1 seedlings were used to study diurnal variations in heterosis of photosynthetic performance in autumn. While the results showed positive heterosis of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at noon and water use efficiency (WUE) for all day, that of transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) was negative for all day. Positive correlations existed between Pn and Gs, and between Tr and Gs for hybrid F1, and the correlation between Pn and Tr was significantly positive at P<0.05. The correlation between Pn and Tr, Gs/ and Pn as well as Gs and WUE was significant at P<0.05 for parents. Grey correlation analysis indicated that atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) was the main factor influencing the rate of heterosis of Pn, Tr and WUE.
Changes in NDVI and yield of winter wheat cultivars with different plant types
FENG Mei-Chen, YANG Wu-De
2011, 19(1): 87-92. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00087
Abstract(2155) PDF(1746)
Abstract:
Plant type and irrigation scheme are key influencing factors of real-time yield estimation and monitoring of winter wheat in precision farming. In this paper, MODIS remote sensing data were used in combination with GPS and ground-truth non-remote sensing data to determine the dynamics of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of winter wheat cultivars with different plant types under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions. The relationship between NDVI and yield of different winter wheat cultivars in different growth stages was then analyzed. Results showed the trends in NDVI with developmental stages of different wheat cultivars were same, following a low-high-low curve. There were obvious differences in NDVI from jointing to booting stages for different cultivars, and NDVI for cultivars with horizontal plant types was higher than that for cultivars with erect plant types. It implied that the jointing-to-booting stage was the best period for identifying plant types of winter wheat cultivars. Even for the same cultivar, mean NDVI was obviously different at each growth stage for irrigated and non-irrigated lands. NDVI for irrigated winter wheat was higher than that for non-irrigated winter wheat, with a notable difference especially at the early heading stage. At early heading stage, NDVI was strongly correlated with yield in irrigated and non-irrigated lands. However, regression equation based on NDVI both in the early heading and filling stages gave better prediction for wheat yield than that based on NDVI only in the early heading stage. This was especially the case for non-irrigated wheat fields.
Effect of water stress and re-watering on relative water content, protective enzyme and photosynthetic characteristics of wild jujube
ZHOU Zi-Yun, LIANG Zong-Suo, LI Shuo, LAI Wei-Feng
2011, 19(1): 93-97. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00093
Abstract(1656) PDF(1469)
Abstract:
Seedlings relative water content (RWC), tissue water content, water consumption rate, protective enzyme (SOD, POD and CAT) activity, relative membrane permeability, transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were analyzed to study the effects of water stress and re-watering on wild jujube. Four treatments, including one circle (Ⅰ), two circles (Ⅱ) and three circles (Ⅲ) water stress/re-watering treatments, and a normal watering (CK) treatment were designed in the experiment. Based on the results, RWC initially decreased, and then stabilized after re-watering. Generally, RWC increased with increasing water stress/re-watering circle after the third day of re-watering. While water consumption rate was highest on the day of re-watering after water stress, tissue water content was lowest on the second day of re-watering. On the second day after re-watering, protective enzyme activities in wild jujube seedlings increased with increasing water stress/re-watering circle. Relative membrane permeability was higher under treatments with lower protective enzyme activity, indicating serious damage of seedling cell membranes. Wild jujube seedling Tr, Pn and Gs after one water stress/re-watering circle were lowest on the day of re-watering. The experiment further showed that wild jujube seedlings became drought resistant after several water stress/re-watering circles. After two or three water stress/re-watering circles, transpiration and photosynthesis in wild jujube seedlings were recovered and drought damage was decreased.
Effect of potassium on physiological indices of tomato cultivars with different resistances to nematode
HU Wei, LI Jing-Zhao, ZHANG Shu-Xiang
2011, 19(1): 98-102. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00098
Abstract(1638) PDF(1178)
Abstract:
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of potassium (0, 4.0 mmol·L-1, 8.0 mmol·L-1 and 16.0 mmol·L-1) on the physiological indices of different tomato cultivars [nematode-susceptible (HS), nematode- resistant (HR) and common (CK) cultivars]. Based on the results, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and the contents of total phenol and flavonoid increased significantly with increased potassium concentration within 0~8.0 mmol·L-1. On the other hand, MDA content decreased significantly with increased potassium concentration. However, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and flavonoid content dropped at potassium level of 16.0 mmol·L-1 for HR cultivar. Contrarily, MDA content increased if potassium level was 16.0 mmol·L-1 for HR cultivar. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT, along with the contents of total phenol and flavonoid for HR cultivar were higher and MDA content lower than for HS and CK cultivars. Test of significance of the degree of interaction between potassium and cultivar showed that the activities of protective enzymes under potassium application were higher for HR than for HS and CK cultivars.
Effect of seed priming on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress
YANG Xiao-Huan, MA Jin-Hu, GUO Shu-Jin, LI Xin-Ji, LI Sheng
2011, 19(1): 103-109. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00103
Abstract(2108) PDF(1594)
Abstract:
Seeds of 2 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) hybrid combinations of “Tx623A” × “89-363” (Sb1, a weak salt-tolerant cross combination) and “Hei30A” × “Dalizao” (Sb2, a strong salt-tolerant cross combination) were primed with 100 mmol·L-1?NaCl. The primed seeds were subjected to salt stresses of 4 NaCl concentrations (0, 50 mmol·L-1, 100 mmol·L-1?and 150 mmol·L-1) in a sand culture experiment. The effects of the seed priming and salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress were then investigated. The results showed that with or without priming, seed emergence was significantly delayed. The rates of seed emergence and seedling survival also dropped significantly, while the seedling growth was inhibited, matter accumulation dropped with increased NaCl concentration. Compared with unprimed seeds under the same NaCl concentration, primed seeds had shorter emergence time, higher rates of emergence and seedling survival, higher dry/fresh shoot and root weight, higher contents of photosynthetic pigments, and lower Na+/K+ ratio. The results suggested that seed priming promoted sorghum seed germination under salt stress, alleviated seedling damage by salt stress, accelerated seedling growth and increased seedling salt tolerance. Different effects were noted for cross combinations with different salt tolerance. The effects were much better for weaker salt-tolerant cross combinations.
Character evolution and branch classification of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss.
WANG Jian-Lin, Cirenyangjin, Dacizhuoga, WANG Zhong-Hong
2011, 19(1): 110-119. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00110
Abstract(1765) PDF(971)
Abstract:
In this paper, 67 B. juncea germplasm resources were used to determine character evolvement and branch classification based on 52 morphological traits by the maximum synchronization method. In the study, Cleome spinosa Jacq. from Capparidaceae was used as out-group. The results showed unique, homochronous or asnychromous evolution rules of basal leaves, leaves in elongated stems, bolting stem leaves and flowers traits of B. juncea. Sixty-seven B. juncea germplasm resources were classified into two groups, wild and cultivated groups. Regardless of whether the germplasms was wild or cultivated, germplasms of a group always came from one region or different regions with similar climatic conditions. The results indicated similarity in character evolution of B. juncea germplasm resources that was closely related with geographical and climatic backgrounds of the origins.
Effect of continuous cropping on Angelica sinensis diurnal photosynthetic dynamics
WANG Hui-Zhen, ZHANG Xin-Hui, LI Ying-Dong, ZHANG En-He
2011, 19(1): 120-123. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00120
Abstract(1436) PDF(1371)
Abstract:
Diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis under three rotation systems (potato-wheat-A. sinensis, A. sinensis-wheat-A. sinensis, and wheat-A. sinensis-A. sinensis rotation system over a three-year period) were monitored by using portable CI-310 Photosynthetic Gadget. Based on the results, diurnal variations in A. sinensis Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci exhibited di-peak curves, with obvious midday (12:00) depressions. However, difference existed in the time and value of diurnal variation curve peaks and troughs for Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci. The diurnal tendencies of Pn, Ci and Gs suggested that the midday depression was caused by stomatal conditions. Wheat-A. sinensis-A. sinensis and A. sinensis-wheat-A. sinensis rotation systems significantly decreased leaf chlorophyll content in A. sinensis. Diurnal average values of Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci under potato-wheat-A. sinensis rotation system were significantly higher than those under wheat-A. sinensis-A. sinensis rotation system. Continuous cropping significantly decreased A. sinensis leaf chlorophyll content and Gs, Ci, Pn and Tr, which resulted in decreased A. sinensis yield.
Allelopathic effect of salicylic acid on endogenous hormone content in Chinese fir clone
YANG Mei, CAO Guang-Qiu, HUANG Yan-Hua, LIN Si-Zu
2011, 19(1): 124-129. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00124
Abstract(1493) PDF(1210)
Abstract:
Autotoxins-tolerant clone (No. 01) and autotoxins-sensitive clone (No. 02) of Chinese fir were used to determine allelopathic effects of salicylic acid on endogenous hormone content of different Chinese fir clones. The results showed that salicylic acid promoted ABA concentration, and it was much more in clone No. 01 than in clone No. 02. Though salicylic acid lowered IAA and GA3 content in both clones, the effect was greater for GA3 in clone No. 02 than in clone No. 01 at the later stage of the experiment. However, inhibitory effects of salicylic acid stress on IAA were not significantly different for both clones. Inhibitory effect of salicylic acid stress on ZR increased with stress time and peaked at 20 day into the experiment for both clones, and it then dropped, with a stronger effect on clone No. 02 than clone No. 01.
Allelopathic effect of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) leaf litter on four herbaceous plants in invaded regions
WAN Huan-Huan, LIU Wan-Xue, WAN Fang-Hao
2011, 19(1): 130-134. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00130
Abstract(2401) PDF(1848)
Abstract:
The effects of different concentrations of water extracts of A. adenophora leaf litter on the germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Galinsoga parviflora and Medicago sativa were determined via laboratory bioassay. The objective of the study was to elucidate allelopathic effects of A. adenophora leaf litter on herbaceous plant in invaded regions. Meanwhile, allelopathic effects of A. adenophora leaf litter on the invaded soil were examined via pot experiments. Results showed that with the exception of L. perenne, there existed significant allelopathic inhibition effects of the water extracts on herbaceous plant seed germination. Inhibition effect increased with increasing concentration of water extract. For the growth of G. parviflora and M. sativa seedling, a significant promotion effect was noted at low water extract concentration. However, herbaceous plant seedling growth (except for L. perenne) was significantly inhibited at high water extract concentration. The effect of water extracts on L. perenne seedling growth was insignificant. Furthermore, pot experiments showed that T. repens seedling growth was significantly inhibited by 50 g·kg-1 leaf litter. T. repens biomass, however, increased by 71.25% with the addition of active carbon (AC). This further testified an obvious allelopathic inhibition effect of leaf litter on herbaceous plant in invaded soils. By leaf litter decomposition and releasing allelochemicals into soils, A. adenophora inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of accompanying plants, created a favorable environment for invasion and expansion.
Influence of dietary copper and vitamin A on immune function of broilers
GU Shao-Peng, ZHENG Ming-Xue, LI Bao-Jun, ZHANG Chun-Shan, SHEN Hong-Xing
2011, 19(1): 135-140. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00135
Abstract(1341) PDF(1162)
Abstract:
A 4×2 (Cu×VA) random experiment was designed to investigate the effect of different dietary levels of Cu (0 mg·kg-1, 8 mg·kg-1, 150 mg·kg-1, 225 mg·kg-1) and VA (1 500 IU·kg-1, 5 000 IU·kg-1) on broiler immune system at 0~4 and 5~7 week-old. The results showed significant effects (P<0.05, P<0.01) of Cu at 8 mg·kg-1 on percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in spleen and serum antibody titers of 0~4 week-old broilers. At the same Cu level, percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in spleen, thymus and cecal tonsil, and percentage of activated B/T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01) in 5~7 week-old broilers. Percentage of activated B/T-lymphocytes decreased at different degrees under high Cu levels of 150~225 mg·kg-1 feed. At VA supplemental level of 5 000 IU·kg-1 feed, percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood also significantly increased (P<0.05) for the 0~4 week-old broilers, while percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in spleen, cecal tonsil and serum antibody titers significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01) for the 5~7 week-ld broilers. Percentage of activated B/T-lymphocytes and serum antibody titers were not significantly affected by Cu/VA interaction for 0~4 week-old broilers. However, percentage of activated T-lymphocytes of cecal tonsil, thymus and peripheral blood significantly increased (P<0.05) for 5~7 week-old broilers, especially under Cu (8 mg·kg-1) × VA (5 000 IU·kg-1) interaction. Cu/VA interaction had a significant effect on the function of broiler immune system.
Effect of Ceratocystis fimbriata infection on antioxidant enzyme activity of sweet potato root
YU Leii-Ru, GAO Ling-Ling, GUO Jian-Wei, CHEN Xiao-Long, LI Xiu-Fen, HUANG Qiong, CHEN Hai-Ru
2011, 19(1): 141-145. doi: DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.year_id].0141
Abstract(1654) PDF(1711)
Abstract:
Three strains of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolated from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), pomegranate (Punica granatum) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) were respectively inoculated on sweet potato to study the changes of protective enzyme activity and MDA content. Results showed that the activities of sweet potato PAL, POD, SOD and CAT increased after infection with both incompatible (taro strain, pomegranate strain) and compatible (sweet potato strain) strains. The effect was more significant for incompatible strains than compatible strains. When once infected by three trains, sweet potato MDA content increased first and then decreased. MDA content was higher at 25 h after infected incompatible strains than compatible strains. At late stage inoculation (50 h), sweet potato MDA content infected compatible strains dropped to lower levels close to control. Compared with compatible strains, incompatible strains improved POD, SOD and CAT activity and increased MDA content, which enhanced resistance against C. fimbriata infection.
Sources and assessment of heavy metal contamination in water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
YE Chen, LI Si-Yue, ZHANG Quan-Fa
2011, 19(1): 146-149. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00146
Abstract(1685) PDF(1413)
Abstract:
The Three Gorges Reservoir is one of the most important water resources in China. Understanding the degree of soil contamination in the water-level fluctuation zone is critical for water/soil conservation in the region. A total of 68 soil samples were collected at 12 sites in the reservoir region and analyzed before the water level rose to 175 m above mean sea level. The degrees of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As and Cr contamination were determined via the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) method. The study showed that soils in the reservoir region were severely contaminated with As, Cd and Hg. While there was no Cr contamination in the reservoir region; Pb, Cu and Zn contamination was not significant in about 70% of the region. Further Factor Analysis on sources of heavy metals revealed that Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn contamination in the water-level fluctuation zone were caused by natural factors, and that of Hg, As and Cd by industrial factors. The findings of sources and the evaluation of surface soil heavy metal contamination were critical for sustainable environmental management in especially the water-level fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Tenebrio molitor L. bioaccumulation of heavy metal in municipal sewage sludge
GAO Hong-Li, ZHANG Luo, LI Hong-Tao, ZHOU Wen-Zong
2011, 19(1): 150-154. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00150
Abstract(1719) PDF(1219)
Abstract:
By using an orthogonal design, the effects of four breeding factors (temperature, larva breeding density, municipal sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio, and larva average weight) on the growth rate, mortality and heavy metal accumulation in T. molitor larva bred on sewage sludge were investigated. The results showed that larva growth rate and mortality increased with increasing breeding temperature. However, larva growth rate and mortality were not obviously affected by breeding density, and municipal sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio. Optimal breeding conditions for larva bioaccumulation of Cu, Se and Hg were 15 ℃, 0.2 g·cm-2, sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio of 1∶2, and larva average weight of 85.4±5.9 mg. Those for larva bioaccumulation of Cd were 15 ℃, 0.4 g·cm-2, sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio of 1∶0, and larva average weight of 85.4±5.9 mg. Optimal larva bioaccumulation of Zn occurs under the breeding conditions of 20 ℃, 0.4 g·cm-2, sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio of 1∶0, and larva average weight of 34.9±4.9 mg. Obvious symptoms of Cu, Cd, Se, Hg and Zn bioaccumulation were noted in T. molitor larva fed with sewage sludge.
Image analysis method in application of digital image on diagnosing wheat nitrogen status
LI Hong-Jun, ZHANG Li-Zhou, CHEN Xi-Ming, ZHANG Yu-Ming, CHENG Yi-Song, HU Chun-Sheng
2011, 19(1): 155-159. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00155
Abstract(1520) PDF(1622)
Abstract:
Easy, fast and cheap diagnosis of crop nitrogen status is a key to optimize nitrogen fertilization. Crop nitrogen status can be measured by relating it to color parameters retrieved form digital images. In this paper, color parameters of digital image of winter wheat under different levels of nitrogen supply were analyzed by using Adobe Photoshop and PCI Geomatics remote sensing image processing software and the results compared. Based on color differences, winter wheat image was divided into three parts (soil, leaves with and without reflection). Correlations among eight color parameters retrieved by PCI and Photoshop, SPAD values and total nitrogen content of wheat were analyzed. The results showed that G/R and R/(R+G+B) ratios of leaves with reflection were significantly correlated with wheat SPAD at reviving stage. R/(R+G+B) ratio of leaves with and without reflection was significantly correlated with wheat total nitrogen content at jointing stage. It was noted that improvements in image processing for getting color parameters of software were required. Color parameters obtained via image classification could increase the diagnosis accuracy of wheat nitrogen status.
Spatial distribution of pressure index of resource-saving farming system in main farming zones in China
WANG Jing, PANG Huan-Cheng, REN Tian-Zhi, LI Yu-Yi, ZHAO Yong-Gan
2011, 19(1): 160-166. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00160
Abstract(1390) PDF(1289)
Abstract:
Resources-saving farming system, an resources-saving and high-efficiency farming practice, offers an effective solution to resource shortage problems in China’s agricultural sector. To evaluate the state of agricultural resources and resource-saving pressures in main farming zones in China, agricultural water, arable land and chemical fertilizer were advanced as research objects. The pressure indices of water-saving, land-saving and fertilizer-saving were also calculated using resources quantities, consumption rates, and grain yield in different farming zones. Furthermore, the comprehensive resource-saving pressure index and its spatial distributions in different farming zones were analyzed. The results indicated that resource-saving pressure of farming system in most farming zones in China were moderate to low. The pressure indices for East and South China were higher than those for West and North China. North China suffered from water shortages, while South China had acute shortage of arable lands. East China suffered from over-use of chemical fertilizers. Specifically, the most important areas of water-saving were the Northeast China, Huanghuaihai Area, Northwest China, and the lower and middle plateau regions. Area requiring urgent land-saving located in Southeast China, including the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, Jiang-nan Area and South China. In contrast, Sichuan Basin, South China and Jiang-nan Area should focus more on fertilizer saving.
Assessment framework and method of agricultural system resilience to drought——A case study of Xingtai City, Hebei Province
SHANG Yan-Rui, CHEN Jia-Fei, ZHANG Rui-Qing, LI Min, ZHOU Fen-Fen, SHANG Hui-Lian
2011, 19(1): 167-171. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00167
Abstract(1484) PDF(1233)
Abstract:
Based on review of global research, this paper discussed critical problems of agricultural system resilience to drought in irrigated regions, proposed a framework and advanced a resilience assessment model, using Xingtai City in China’s Hebei Province as a case study. On a time-scale of growing season or year, the results showed that significantly drop in precipitation influenced drought situations in the region. Spatial analysis showed that disaster distribution depended largely on agricultural resources, drought-coping capacity, and social economy level, and not only on precipitation. The central flat areas with over-pumped shallow groundwater (in recent decades) had a higher resilience index. Resilience index was relatively low in the western mountains and hills where water for irrigation was scarce, per capita crop land was insufficient and per capita pure income was low. In the eastern plains, resilience index was quiet mixed. Counties with strong water fetching and financial capacity had much higher resilience capacity and counties with poor economy quiet low. This indicated that economic capacity had a significant influence on agricultural system resilience to drought. On the time-scale of a year, drought resilience that was driven by groundwater over-pumping was not practically sustainable because it neglected physical water balance and ecological stability.
Assessment of natural rubber plantation life cycle in China
XU Jie-Feng, WANG Xiao-Wen, WANG Le-Li, WANG Bo-Duo, LIN Ji-Quan, SONG Chao-Shan
2011, 19(1): 172-180. doi: DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00172
Abstract(2335) PDF(1922)
Abstract:
Using China’s natural rubber plantation as a case study, this paper classified natural rubber plantation life cycle into four stages—raw material, agrochemical production, natural rubber cultivation and transportation stages. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to evaluate potential environmental impacts of tapping 1.00 kg dry rubber under identified potential impacts, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), human toxicity potential (HTP) and abiotic depletion potential (ADP). This inventory analysis showed that the order of potential impacts of China’s natural rubber plantation was as follows: AP > EP > GWP > HTP > POCP > ADP. The respective impact indices were 1.76×10-12, 4.31×10-13, 1.37×10-13, 1.96×10-15, 9.69×10-18 and 4.88×10-19, with an average impact index of 4.32×10-13. Reduced chemical fertilizer utilization and enhanced fertilization efficiency were critical for mitigating the impact of rubber plantation on the environment. This could be achieved via effective reduced energy consumption, fertilizer production emissions, and soil fertilizer loss.
Estimation of virtual water consumption structure and water efficiency in cities and rural areas of Xinjiang
SU Rui, CHEN Ya-Ning, ZHANG Yan, LI Wei-Hong, LENG Chao
2011, 19(1): 181-186. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.0181
Abstract(1475) PDF(1293)
Abstract:
Water footprint based on virtual water is a comprehensive index and gives a true reflection of the share of human consumption. It effectively measures human consumption of water resources. This paper investigated virtual water consumption structure by using water footprint, and estimated water efficiency through calculations of hydrology water scarcity index, social water scarcity index and water intensive use degree in cities and rural areas of Xinjiang from 1995 to 2007. The results indicated a 45.4% increase in total water footprint, rising from 108.95×108 m3 in 1995 to 158.40×108 m3 in 2007. The average diversity index of virtual water consumption in cities exceeded that in rural areas by 0.69 suggesting more reasonable virtual water consumption structure in cities. The increasing diversity index of consumption across different social groups indicated gradual diversification of citizen’s consumables and improvement in diet structure. There was an increase in water intensive use degree from 7.58 in 1995 to 22.22 in 2007. It indicated marked improvements in the development of water efficiency.
Tri-giant leap from red to black and then to green revolution in China in one century
ZHANG Zheng-Bin, WANG Da-Sheng, CHEN Zhao-Bo, SUN Chuan-Fan, XU Ping
2011, 19(1): 187-192. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00187
Abstract(1886) PDF(1835)
Abstract:
The history of Chinese modern revolution can be grouped into three periods as follows: the red revolution period (from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 to that of the People’s Republic of China in 1949), the black revolution period (from start of industrial revolution in 1949 to the initial stage of a well-off society in 2000), and the green revolution period (from 2000 to 2010 aimed at developing a resource-saving and environment-friendly society). China has therefore accomplished a tri-giant leap from the red revolution to the black revolution, and then to the green revolution in the space of just one century. In the future, China must embark on green revolution, develop clean and renewable energy, green manufacturing and agricultural production, and low carbon economy. These measures would not only reduce pollution, but also improve the environment, ensure food safety and sustainable development in the country.
Grain increase in Northeast China under climatic change
ZHANG Zheng-Bin, CHEN Zhao-Bo, SUN Chuan-Fan, XU Ping
2011, 19(1): 193-196. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00193
Abstract(1843) PDF(1267)
Abstract:
Global warming had provided both opportunities and challenges for further grain increase in Northeast China. Climate warming in particularly Northeast China had resulted in the extension of frost-free period, which had increased the productive potential and extended planting area of crops in the region. With climate warming and rapid development in modern agriculture, Northeast China had become a region with the most potential for additional increase in grain production. However, high frequencies of extreme climate (e.g., cold, flood, especially drought) associated with global warming have also threatened further grain increases in Northwest China. To efficiently resolve the problems of grain allocation, transportation, processing and transformation, and to enhance farmers’ income, a number of grain security development strategies in Northeast China were advanced in this paper. The strategies included stable increases in gross grain output, well developed grain export mechanism, accelerated grain allocation, transportation, processing and transformation. As an important criterion, Northeast China should be transformed not only from a grain production to grain processing and transformation base, but also from a region driven by grain production to a region driven by agro-economy.
Response and adaptation to climate change of agriculture and environment in Northeast China
XIE Li-Yong, LI Yan, LIN Miao
2011, 19(1): 197-201. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.0197
Abstract(1896) PDF(1424)
Abstract:
Because climate change has significantly influenced agriculture and the ecosystem, the response of agriculture and ecological environment to climate change in Northeast China were discussed in this paper. The paper also summarized adaptation mechanisms of agriculture and ecological environment to climate change. Adjustment of agricultural structure, adoption of water-saving agro-technology and conservative tillage practices, conservation of water and soil and construction of eco-economic forests were among the identified adaptation mechanisms. The potential future impacts of climate change were analyzed and related agricultural and ecological adaptation modes advanced. Such future adaptation modes included adjustments of agricultural structures and cropping systems, breeding of stress-resistant varieties, optimization of agricultural management, reinforcement of water resources management and eco-construction, development of eco-economy, and improvement of monitoring systems.
Strategic thought for sustainable agriculture development and industrialization in Northeast China
LIU Chang-Jiang
2011, 19(1): 202-204. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.0202
Abstract(1559) PDF(1299)
Abstract:
This paper expatiated the meaning and contents of sustainable agricultural development and industrialization in Northeast China. On the basis of the conditions/problems of agriculture industrialization in Northeast China, effective agricultural development approaches and rules, along with sustainable agricultural industrialization strategies were discussed. It was concluded that agriculture in China’s Northeast should take clear advantage of resource availability and healthy agro-ecological environment. High importance should be placed on consolidation and maintenance of national grain reserve, and high-level sustainable development, planning and organization of agricultural industrialization. There should also be a regional agricultural industrialization in China’s Northeast with an overall goal of sustainable rural development. All these should be implemented in a sustainable and industrialized mode. To realize sustainable agricultural industrialization, it was important to follow the rules such as social equality, sustained utilization of resources and environmental protection, exploitation of regional advantages. Meantime, science, technology and education should be paid much more attention. The local government also should play importantly supporting role in the sustainable agricultural industrialization.
Preliminary practice and prospect of “Visual Management” of precision farming with new patterns in Shuangshan Base
LIANG Qi-Zhang, QI Qing-Wen, LIANG Xun
2011, 19(1): 205-210. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00205
Abstract(1562) PDF(1154)
Abstract:
Visual Management (VM), an modern enterprise management method, was used for the first time to manage mechanized production in precision farming at Shuangshan Base. This paper discussed the use of MV in precision farming system with large tractors production. The paper first introduced the generalization functions of VM, and then illustrated the composition of VM platform in precision farming at Shuangshan Base. The core functions of VM platform in precision farming included monitoring of crop/grass growth and maturity, detection of soil fertility, moisture and insect pest, by video frequency of ground surface and remote sensing (satellites & aeria), and mini-weather station, etc. In precision farming, VM platform adequately supported fertilization and other field management decisions. This platform integrated high techniques such as GPS, GIS, RS, VISS, Internet and Intranet, with comprehensive agro-database. This enhanced the realization of visual process control and automated planning of mechanized farm production. The demonstration system platform was demonstrated to agricultural experts/officers in the 2010 Summit Forum for Developing Modern Agriculture in Northeast China, favorable comments were raised from them.
Resource evolution pattern, land use change and related ecological effect in Hailun City
LIU Zhi-Qiang, PAN Xiang-Wen, JIN Jian, CHEN Yuan, LI Zhao-Lin
2011, 19(1): 211-216. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00211
Abstract(1945) PDF(1507)
Abstract:
Using Hailun City as a case study site, land use data were collected for 1980, 1995 and 2000, evolution process of land use was analyzed via GIS and field investigations. Theory and method of ecosystem service value was used to evaluate the ecological impact of land use change in the region. The results showed that while farm, urban and traffic land areas increased, those of forest, grassland and wetland decreased. Based on ecosystem service value, ecological effects varied with land use type. Contribution rates to the ecological effects were highest for farmland (43.67% in 2000), followed by wetland (26.32% in 2000) and then forestland (14.69% in 2000). Residential and industrial land had negative contribution rates. Whereas the ecological service functions of gas and climate regulation, waste disposal, soil formation, erosion control, raw material production, recreation and culture declined, those of food production increased from 1980 through 2000. This indicated rapid development of city and grain productivity in the region, on some extent, resulting in the decrease of ecological effect.
Progress in molecular and physiological mechanisms of water-saving by compensation for water deficit of crop and how they relate to crop production
ZHOU Lei, GAN Yi, OU Xiao-Bin, WANG Gen-Xuan
2011, 19(1): 217-225. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.0217
Abstract(1918) PDF(2702)
Abstract:
The theory and technology of water-saving through crop compensation for water deficit and how they relate to crop production are theoretically important and potentially promising in agriculture application. Molecular and physiological mechanisms, however, still constitute those issues that need further research. The molecular and physiological processes of water-saving of crop by compensation for moderate water deficit was systematically analyzed based on related research advances in recent years. The researches results showed that water deficit and re-watering could change growth of plant nutritional organs such as roots, stems and leaves. Osmo-regulation, transpiration, photosynthesis and other physiological processes were also altered by water deficit and re-watering. Protein activity and molecular metabolism of crops adapted to changes in water availability. A water deficit threshold controlled compensations in crop production. With appropriate degree and duration of water deficit, crop water use efficiency improved and even increased (instead of decreasing) crop yield. If widely adopted in agricultural production, water-saving technologies through compensation for water deficit could be vital for improving economic returns and food safety.
Research progress on tolerance of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to heavy metal
SUN Tao, ZHANG Yu-Xiu, CHAI Tuan-Yao
2011, 19(1): 226-234. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00226
Abstract(2140) PDF(3288)
Abstract:
Much research has been conducted on the mechanism of phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution by Indian mustard. Indian mustard plants typically have high heavy metal (e.g. Zn and Cd) accumulation capacity. Changes had been noted in plant gene expression, cell morphology and cell structure under high heavy metal concentration, which eventually resulted in growth inhibition and even death. In Indian mustard, high efficient antioxidant system, injury-repairing system and chelation, compartmentalization for heavy metals could detoxicate the toxicity of heavy metals and alleviate the injury induced by heavy metals. Transgenic Indian mustard with tolerance or transport genes improved heavy metal accumulation ability. This implied that Indian mustard had a great potential for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils.

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