2012 Vol. 20, No. 2

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Content of soil mineral nitrogen as influenced by sample extraction and preservation
LUO Zhu-Zhu, HUANG Gao-Bao, CAI Li-Qun, ZHANG Ren-Zhi\, LI Ling-Ling, XIE Jun-Hong
2012, 20(2): 127-137. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00127
Abstract(1475) PDF(1232)
Abstract:
Based on long-term field experiments at Dingxi in the western Loess Plateau, the effects of different agricultural measures on soil quality were studied using an integrated assessment model. A total of 6 agricultural measures with 2 tillage systems and 3 ground-cover forms were used. The agricultural measured included conventional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (TS), no-tillage with straw mulching (NTS), conventional tillage with plastic-film mulch (TP) and no-tillage with plastic-film mulch (NTP). The experiment was conducted in two rotation sequences. Sequence 1 started with pea followed by spring wheat (P→W) whereas sequence 2 started with spring wheat followed by field pea (W→P). The results showed that soil quality evaluation with integrated-weighted and addition-multiplication methods reasonably reflected actual soil conditions, and the effect of tillage variations on soil quality. The 8 most sensitive indicators were selected from a total of 29 assessment indictors vial discriminative analysis. The selected indicators were used to evaluate soil physical quality, fertility, health and land productivity in the semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau. These 8 indicators included soil aggregates, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, invertase activity, grain yield, net income and output/input ratio. Based on the 29 indicators, the order of soil quality index (SQI) ranked from high to low was NTS, TS, NTP, NT, TP and T in both rotation sequences. Again based on the 8 indicators, the orders of SQI ranked from high to low were NTS, TS, NTP, NT, T and TP in the P→W rotation sequence, and NTS, TS, NT, NTP, T and TP in the W→P rotation sequence. The results of the 2 assessment systems were similar and highly correlated. This indicated that the 8 indicators were sufficiently representative of the soil conditions in the western Loess Plateau.
Content of soil mineral nitrogen as influenced by sample extraction and preservation
ZHU Qiang, MA Li, MA Qiang, LI Li, CHEN Bao-Cheng, LIU Zhi-Guang, ZHANG Min
2012, 20(2): 138-143. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00138
Abstract(1634) PDF(1838)
Abstract:
While it has been demonstrated that soil mineral N (NO3-N and NH4-N) analysis is critical for determining N fertilizer rate for most field crops, it remains difficult to predict crop N requirement using soil mineral N content due to rapid changes during transportation, pretreatment and storage of soil samples. Proper handling and preserving of soil samples after collection were thus important for the accurate determination of soil mineral N. Analysis fresh soil samples for inorganic N has been recommended, but time constraints had usually require temporary storage of dried or frozen soil samples for later extraction and analysis of soil NO3-N and NH4-N. Meanwhile, 2 mol·L-1 KCl and 0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2 (both used as reference extraction regent for soil mineral N) have larger ionic concentrations. 2 mol·L(-1 KCl has been proven to be beneficial for soil mineral N content stability, but 0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2 was convenient for confection and has similar ionic strength in soil solutions. In the past several years, much effort has been devoted to the study of fertilizer N use efficiency. However, information on the fate of N in samples under different preservation methods and acquired for different extraction regent, as well as the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on soil mineral N concentration were lacking. This study investigated the impacts of soil sample extraction and preservation methods on mineral nitrogen content of three types of soil. The ability of two extraction regents (2 mol·L-1 KCl and 0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2) was assessed. Five preservation methods were evaluated, including no preservation (samples were immediately extracted within 24 h of sample collection), air-drying, freezing at -19 oC for ten days, and extraction within 24 h and extract liquors frozen at -19 oC for 10 d and 70 d. Ten soil samples (with different fertilization treatments) were collected at 0~20 cm depth from three locations representing different soil types. The content of soil mineral nitrogen was determined using continuous flow auto-analyzer. The results showed that extractable NO3-N by 2 mol·L-1 KCl significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with that by 0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2 for all the three soil samples. The contents of NO3-N in fresh soils (no preserved) were lower than in frozen soils and in air-dried soils. Compared with analysis of fresh samples, short time freezing of fresh soil extracts was a reasonable and relatively reliable method of determining soil inorganic N. However, NH4-N contents changed irregularly with different preservation methods.
AM fungal genetic diversity in seven medicinal plant rhizospheres in Anguo City of Hebei Province
HE Xue-Li, WANG Ya-Li, ZHAO Li-Li
2012, 20(2): 144-150. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00144
Abstract(1379) PDF(1193)
Abstract:
To shed more light on the genetic diversity of AM fungi associated with medicinal plants, soil samples were collected in August 2010 in the 0~30 cm depth soil rhizosphere of 7 medicinal plants in Planting Site, Huozhuang Village and Dahu Village of Anguo City, Hebei Province. caulospora bireticulata was used for spore DNA extraction, PCR amplification, sequence determination and cluster analysis to determine the relationship between genetic diversity of A. bireticulata and soil factors. The 2 fungus DNA sequences from Scutellaria baicalensis and Dendranthema morifolium were used for tree phyletic evolution derived by phylogenetic inference analysis of 18S rRNA gene (partial) to 28S rRNA gene (partial) nuclear ribosomal sequences. The measured DNA regions were 18S rRNA (partial), ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2 and 28S rRNA (partial). The results showed that AM fungi likely infected all host plants, with 99.2% similarity in A. bireticulata DNA sequences in 3 sampling plots. A high generation stability was noted, indicating a broad spectrum of A. bireticulata. In the 18S, 5.8S and 28S regions,A. bireticulata DNA was highly conservative, with 10 strains having no difference in gene position spot. A significant gene variation was noted in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. When ITS1 region position spot was located in 291~379 bp, A. bireticulata DNA sequence exhibited 1~4 bp difference. Also when ITS2 region position spot was located in 538~742 bp, DNA sequences for 10 strains exhibited 0~5 bp difference. Cluster analysis showed that the similarities of A. bireticulata DNA sequences among different medicinal plants in the same sampling plot were higher than those among different sampling plots of the same medicinal plant. The similarities in A. bireticulata DNA sequences among different medical plants in the same sampling plot were very high; some as high as 100%. On the contrary, the similarities in A. bireticulata DNA sequences of the same medical plants among different sampling plots were low. This suggested that A. bireticulata DNA sequences were closely related with soil factors. Because of the combined effect of soil texture and host plant, A. bireticulata DNA sequences were remarkably different. The highest difference in DNA sequence was in the Huozhuang-based S. baicalensis and Plant Site-based Bupleurum chinense; with difference up to 7 bp in 1 700 bp.
Effect of fertilization regime on tea yield, nutrient accumulation and soil fertility
LIN Xin-Jian, HUANG Dong-Feng, LI Wei-Hua, WANG Li-Min, WANG Fei, FAN Ping, QIU Xia-Xuan
2012, 20(2): 151-157. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00151
Abstract(1531) PDF(1634)
Abstract:
Fertilization is an important agricultural measure that improves not only tea yield and quality, but also soil quality; all of which sustain tea garden utility. A 4-year field orientation experiment was conducted with 6 fertilization regimes to study the effects of fertilization regime on tea yield, nutrient accumulation and soil fertility. The fertilization regimes included none-fertilization, tea formula fertilizer, half tea formula fertilizer and half organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, full tea formula fertilizer and legume green manure and half tea formula fertilizer plus half organic fertilizer with legume green manure. The tested nutrients included nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, polyphenols and water extracts. The study was designed to facilitate the selection of reasonable tea fertilization models. Results showed that the fertilization regimes produced higher yields, accumulated nutrients and soil fertility than none-fertilization regime. Moreover, the regime of half tea formula fertilizer plus half organic fertilizer with legume green manure regime had the highest output of 5 929 kg·hm-2. Compared with the none-fertilization, it increased tea yield by 106.17%. Its accumulated nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 4.962 kg·hm-2, 0.48 kg·hm-2 and 5.966 kg·hm-2, increased by 88.6%, 57.41% and 98.87% over the none-fertilization regime respectively. The polyphenols and water extracts contents were 23.39 kg·hm-2 and 119.41 kg·hm-2, increased by 73.29% and 85.56%, respectively, compared with the none-fertilization regime. It also improved tea garden soil organic matter by 1.29 times, total nitrogen by 1.7 times, total phosphorus by 2.98 times, available nitrogen by 1.59 times, available phosphorus by 34.3 times and available potassium by 3.3 times. It was therefore beneficial to adopt the fertilization regime of half tea formula fertilizer plus half organic fertilizer with legume green manure regime in tea production.
Effect of fertilizer amount on yield and nutrient accumulation of green manures
PAN Fu-Xia, LU Jian-Wei, LI Xiao-Kun, LIU Wei, WEI Yun-Xian, ZHU De-Xiong, GENG Ming-Jian, CAO Wei-Dong
2012, 20(2): 158-162. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00158
Abstract(1702) PDF(1472)
Abstract:
The abundant winter fallow fields in southern China can be used to cultivate green manure crops. It has been demonstrated that returning green manure to farmlands supports sustainable agricultural development. Green manure yield has, however, decreased sharply in recent years, seriously limiting large-scale applications of green manure in agricultural production. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on yield and nutrient accumulation of green manure. The crops considered for use as green manure in this study included Astragalus sinicus L. and Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., which were studied in 11 treatments. A. aequalis was a natural reseeding gramineae grass grown in A. sinicus field. For more accurate analysis, 2 types of green manure were separately harvested and weighted. Results showed that fertilizer application significantly increased fresh yield of two plants. Compared with non-fertilizer treatments, yield under fertilizer treatments increased by 42.8%~311.1%. Compared with nutrient deficiency treatment, N, P and K treatments increased yield by 57.1%~177.5%, 27.8%~178.7% and 14.2%~32.4%, respectively. Fresh yields of the 2 green manures increased with increasing application rates of N, P, K. Fresh yield of A. aequalis was higher than that of A. sinicus under the medium and high application amounts of N and P fertilizers. For all K fertilizer treatments,A. aequalis produced higher fresh yield than A. sinicus. Green manure nutrient accumulation increased with increasing N, P, K application rate. Under medium and high N and P treatments, N and P accumulations in A. aequalis were higher than those in A. sinicus. However, K accumulation in A. aequalis was higher than that in A. sinicus for all K treatments. With 112.5 kg·hm-2, 19.7 kg·hm-2 and 37.5 kg·hm-2 of N, P and K fertilizer application rates, total yield and C, N, P and K accumulations of two plants were maximum, reaching 49 424 kg·hm-2, 3 212 kg·hm-2, 151 kg·hm-2, 19.8 kg·hm-2 and 156 kg·hm-2, respectively. Meanwhile, yield and C, N, P and K accumulations in A. aequalis accounted for 59.0%, 65.7%, 66.3% and 64.4% of the above total amounts. Those indicated that A. aequalis was a high quality green manure with a little input.
Effects of pig manure-biogas slurry application on soil ammonia volatilization and maize output and quality
WU Hua-Shan, GUO De-Jie, MA Yan, CHANG Zhi-Zhou
2012, 20(2): 163-168. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00163
Abstract(2763) PDF(1711)
Abstract:
Pig manure-biogas slurry contains nutrients such as N, P, K, amino acid, humic acid, etc., and poses eutrophication of water bodies if not efficiently used. Using biogas slurry as a substitute for chemical fertilizers is best alternative practice. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of pig manure-biogas slurry on soil ammonia volatilization and maize output (quantity and quality). A set of spring and summer maize field experiments were carried out to study the variations in the contents of soil available N, P and K and ammonia volatilization after application of pig manure-biogas slurry. The results showed that soil ammonia volatilization after base fertilization was higher in summer maize than in spring maize. Soil ammonia volatilization was significantly higher under biogas slurry application than under chemical fertilization. Also ammonia volatilization increased with increasing biogas slurry application rate. Ratio of N loss by ammonia volatilization to fertilizer N was 0.17%~2.16%, with an average of 0.88%. In spring maize season, treatment of 100% chemical fertilization, and treatment of 50% biogas slurry N with 50% chemical N yielded 901.55 kg·667m-2 and 892.71 kg·667m-2 maize, remarkably higher than the outputs from other treatments. Dissoluble sugar content under 100% chemical fertilization treatment was 103.69 g·kg-1, much lower than that from other treatments. Also dreg ratio of 100% chemical fertilization treatment was 9.87%, significantly higher than that of other treatments. The other parameters of maize quality were not remarkably different among treatments. Summer maize output was lower than that of spring maize. Summer maize yield of 100% chemical fertilization treatment was 523.47 kg·667m-2, the highest in all the treatments. The yield of treatment of 50% biogas slurry N with 50% chemical N was 513.41 kg·667m-2, the second highest in all the treatments. Maize quality under 100% chemical fertilization treatment was higher than that under 100% biogas slurry treatment. However, no significant difference was noted in maize quality under treatment of 50% biogas slurry N with 50% chemical N. The results suggested that 50% chemical fertilizer N was replaceable with biogas slurry N in maize cultivation.
Effect of organic microbe fertilizer application on watermelon growth and soil microorganisms under continuous mono-cropping
LI Shuan-Xi, SHEN Qi-Rong, ZHENG Xian-Qing, ZHU Yi-Yong, YUAN Da-Wei, ZHANG Juan-Qin, LYV Wei-Guang
2012, 20(2): 169-174. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00169
Abstract(1998) PDF(2023)
Abstract:
Plot and field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of organic microbe fertilizer (OMF) application on the bio-properties of watermelon and soil microorganisms under continuous mono-cropping. The field of the experiment was already continuously mono-cropped for three consecutive years with watermelon. Four treatments were arrayed — watermelon seedling was cultured in healthy vegetable garden soil (T1, control), T1 + application of 25 g per plant of OMF at transplanting period (T2), water- melon seedling was cultured in healthy vegetable garden soil with 2% OMF; T4: T3 + application of 25 g per plant of OMF at transplanting period. Results showed that compared with the control, application of OMF significantly increased (P < 0.05) plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll content, total uptakes of N, P and K, and quality and yield of watermelon. After high-quality carbon and microbe OMF application, the numbers of bacteria of the treatments T2 and T4 increased by 24.9%~51.0% and 35.7~55.8%, actinomycetes by 18%~41% and 15%~35% and fungi by 7.4%~21.9% and 4.9%~31.9%, respectively over the control. Conversely, the number of fusarium oxysporum (a witling disease causing fungi) significantly decreased. The number of actinomycetes, fungi was increased. The control rate of wilt was more than 83%. The results suggested that OMF application (especially at seedling and transplanting stages) significantly promoted watermelon growth, stimulated soil microbial activity and limited the adverse effects of continuously cropping on watermelon.
Effect of bast-fiber film mulching and fertilization interaction on soil nutrient, soil enzyme activity and pepper growth
SHU Ying-Jie, ZHOU Yu-Li, ZHANG Zi-Xue, ZHU Hua-Xiang, WANG Zhen
2012, 20(2): 175-180. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00175
Abstract(1817) PDF(1430)
Abstract:
Bast-fiber films are increasingly used in agriculture. An experiment was therefore conducted to explore the effects of bast-fiber film mulching on growth and yield of solanaceous vegetable crops and soil properties. Pepper was planted under open field and greenhouse conditions to study the effects of the interactions of different film mulching and fertilization on 10 cm depth soil temperature at primary planting stage, pepper growth, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity. The result showed that temperature of 10 cm depth soil mulched by different films at primary planting stage was higher than that of none film mulching treatment. Heat preservation effect of polythene (PE) film was better than that of bast-fiber film. Also heat preservation effects of the interactions of PE film mulching with organic manure or both organic manure and compound fertilizer were the best. Furthermore, 10 cm depth soil temperature dropped after 11 a.m. under bast-fiber film mulching. Bast-fiber film mulch significantly suppressed weed growth. Weed weight was the minimum under treatment of bast-fiber film mulching combined with compound fertilizer application. Pepper plant height, stem diameter and yield significantly increased under film mulching, but no evident changes were noted in SPAD and vitamin C content. Yield was higher significantly under bast-fiber film mulching than under PE film mulching and the control treatments. Soil pH and organic matter content significantly dropped, while available N, K and Olsen-P contents significantly increased under film mulching, compared with the control. Bast-fiber film mulching presented more obvious effects on the above soil properties. Soil protease, urease, catalase, sucrase activities also increased significantly under film mulching.
Health volume of agricultural water consumption and its calculation model in the Heihe River Basin
SUN Qi-Wei, WU Pu-Te, WANG Yu-Bao, ZHAO Xi-Ning
2012, 20(2): 181-188. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00181
Abstract(1061) PDF(887)
Abstract:
With competition between agriculture and other industries in the northwest arid areas of China, determination of healthy volume of agricultural water consumption provides the basis for reasonable distribution of available water resources. Based on healthy agricultural water volume connotation and standard, a multi-objective optimization layer calculation model was developed for the northwest arid areas of China. The model achieved its objective function not only for maximum water consumptions in different industries, but also for total water consumption. It also successfully calculated the healthy volumes of agricultural water consumption in different areas under given optimization sequences. The model was successfully tested in calculating healthy volume of agricultural water consumption in the Heihe River Basin (HRB). For different county-level administrative units, the healthy volume of agricultural water consumption was evaluated under different water inflow frequencies for the past (1999), present (2006) and future (2020) years. The results show that model-adjusted water resources allocation in 1999, 2006 and 2020 reduced the basin water volume consumption (in the agricultural and industrial sectors) by 2.7%, 4.6% and 2.1%, respectively. Water benefit was comprehensively increased by 7.1%, 16.6% and 13.1% in 1999, 2006 and 2020, respectively. Similarly, ecological benefit respectively increased by 27.6%, 37.4% and 13.6% in the above periods. Not only was the model reliable, but the feasibility of healthy agricultural water consumption in the region increased. Comparisons of healthy agricultural water consumption among different years revealed that the water situation in the agricultural sector in 2006 was healthier than in 1999. Also the situation in 2020 was healthier than in 2006. While agricultural water use ratios reduced by 3.4% and 2.0%, water efficiency increased by 31.1% and 91.6%, respectively. Based on previous agricultural water distributions, the basin water deficit in 2020 was predicted at 10.6%, 13.8% and 25.9% under 50%, 75% and 95% of water inflow frequencies. It showed higher scarcity of water resources then. It was concluded that in order to meaningfully curb water shortage, water resources allocation should be adjusted based on healthy volumes of agricultural water consumption.
Regulation mechanism of irrigation schedule on population photosynthesis of winter wheat
LIU Li-Ping, OUYANG Zhu, WU Lan-Fang, SHU Zhen-Zhong, LI Fa-Dong
2012, 20(2): 189-196. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00189
Abstract(1547) PDF(1239)
Abstract:
The main mode of resource assimilation relevant to wheat grain yield is photosynthesis. Irrigation is a critical cultivation measure for plant growth and photosynthesis. Despite the tremendous progress in understanding the effects of irrigation on photosynthesis, the mechanism of irrigation on population photosynthesis (PP) remains unclear. A field experiment was therefore conducted to clarify the regulation mechanisms of different irrigation schedules on population photosynthetic of winter wheat. The experiment included 5 irrigation schedules [no irrigation (W0), 1-time irrigation at jointing (W1j) or booting (W1b) stage, 2-time irrigation at jointing and booting stages (W2), and 3-time irrigation at jointing, booting and grain-filling stages (W3)] and 3 planting densities [180 (D1), 300 (D2) and 450 (D3) seedlings per square meter]. The results indicated that irrigation significantly improved PP. The relationship between PP and irrigation time/volume was to some extent parabolic. Improvements in PP (resulting from more irrigation time/volume) were mainly related to increases in leaf area index (LAI) and population light interception. PP exhibited a significantly negative correlation with percent canopy light transmittance. PP at grain filling stage was significantly positively correlated with accumulated dry matter and grain yield. In terms of main effects, partial correlation analysis showed that PP of W0, W1j, W1b and W3 was regulated by percent population light transmission and leaf area. On the other hand, W2 PP was mainly influenced by flag-leaf photosynthetic rate. This indicated that spring irrigations at jointing and booting stages (W2) led to higher photosynthetic rate and yield output. On this basis, planting 300 seedlings per square meter was the optimum combination. The combination of W2 and D2 increased PP during mid-late growth stages and extended high PP duration, which ultimately increased grain yield.
Effect of treatment patterns of used plastic film in field on oil flax physiological index and yield
YAN Zhi-Li, WU Bing, DANG Zhan-Hai, CHEN Yong-Jun, LING Peng, NIU Jun-Yi
2012, 20(2): 197-202. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00197
Abstract(1402) PDF(1164)
Abstract:
Field experiments were conducted to investigate effective reuse patterns of used plastic films in field and its effect on oil flax production stability and yield. The study compared the influences of 5 used plastic film treatment patterns on oil flax leaf SOD activity, MDA content, Pro content, soluble protein content and yield components and yield. The 5 patterns included field-kept film and no-tillage sowing the next year (T1), field-kept film with earth mulching and no-tillage sowing the next year (T2), field-kept film with straw mulching the current year and no-tillage sowing after straw clearing the next year (T3), field-kept film with replacement by new plastic film and no-tillage sowing the next year (T4) and film collection with land preparation and new plastic film mulching just after harvest and sowing the next year (T5). The treatment of film collection just after seasonal harvest with land preparation and no-mulch sowing the next year (T6) was used as the control. The results indicated that keeping used plastic films in field till the next year had the same film mulching effect on soil temperature, moisture and nutrient. It did not only enhance SOD activity and soluble protein content, but also coordinately regulated MDA and Pro contents. It also increased per-plant capsule number, one-thousand-grain weight and crop yield. Yields of T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 increased by 10.05%, 17.52%, 29.79%, 40.67% and 22.16%, respectively, over the control. The treatment of keeping film in the field until the next year with new plastic film mulching and no-tillage sowing the next year pattern (T4) was the optimal used plastic film treatment method in regions with plastic film mulching cultivation in China. It also offered the best choice for the highest oil flax yield.
Effect of conservation tillage of wide/narrow row planting on maize root and transmittance distribution
LIU Chao-Wei, ZHANG En-He, XIE Rui-Zhi, LIU Wu-Ren, LI Shao-Kun
2012, 20(2): 203-209. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00203
Abstract(1566) PDF(1270)
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted to explore maize yield variability in relation to canopy structure, root distribution and other factors under conventional tillage planting and wide/narrow row planting in 2007—2008. The results showed lower soil compaction under wide/narrow row planting than conventional tillage planting by 25.17%~52.04% after sub-soiling during the period from June 25 to September 20. In the upper 45 cm soil layer, soil compaction decreased by 14.08%~53.16%. The least soil compaction was in the 11~20 cm soil layer. Root dry matter under conventional tillage planting was 13.47% and 29.62% higher than that of wide/narrow row planting at milking and maturity stages, respectively. However, percent root matter in the deep layer under wide/narrow row planting was higher than that of conventional tillage planting. At the 15~30 cm soil layer, percent root matter under wide/narrow row planting was 6.59%, 8.21% and 9.00% at silking, milking, maturity stages, respectively. Similarly, percent root matter under conventional tillage planting was 5.21%, 7.48%, 5.42% for the 3 growth stages, respectively. While it was 2.30%, 2.61% and 3.24% at the 30~45 cm soil layer at the 3 stages under wide/narrow row planting, percent root dry matter under conventional tillage planting was 1.62%, 2.53% and 2.09%. Different varieties and rainfall distributions influenced root growth under wide/narrow row planting. Photosynthetical active radiation (PAR) at middle part of plants under conventional tillage planting was lower than that under wide/narrow row planting. However, PAR at bottom of plant on June 18, July 24 and August 29 under wide/narrow row planting was significantly higher than that of conventional tillage planting by 16.12%, 5.15% and 4.95%, respectively. Increasing plant density therefore increased PAR under wide/narrow row planting, which eventually enhanced photosynthetic efficiency.
Effect of cultivation patterns on growth of maize root and water use efficiency
GAO Yu-Hong, GUO Li-Zhuo, NIU Jun-Yi, YAN Zhi-Li, LIU Jian-Hua, XU Rui, WANG Yan
2012, 20(2): 210-216. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00210
Abstract(2012) PDF(1883)
Abstract:
Field experiments were conducted in 2008~2009 to study the effects of 7 cultivation patterns on the distributions of maize roots, yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of the study was to further make clear the enhancing mechanisms of maize production under full film mulching and double furrow system in northwest China and to lay the theoretical and technological basis of cultivation techniques for high-yield maize in arid/semi-arid areas. The results showed that while root length and dry weight gradually increased with growth duration, and they gradually declined with soil depth under different cultivation patterns. Root length in the 0~150 cm soil layer under even row-spacing sowing in furrow with whole film mulching was significantly longer than those under sowing in furrow with semi-film mulching and conventional cultivation with or without film mulching. Pinch sowing in furrow with whole film mulching had the highest percent root length distribution in the 120~150 cm soil depth, followed by even row-spacing sowing in furrow with whole film mulching. Conventional cultivation without film mulching had the least percent root length distribution in the 120~150 cm soil layer. Most of the root dry weight was concentrated in the 0~30 cm soil layer, and was higher in furrows than in ridges. Root dry weight order was as follows: sowing in furrow with whole film mulching > conventional cultivation with film mulching > sowing in furrow with semi-film mulching, even row-spacing sowing > pinch sowing. The results further showed that even row-spacing sowing in furrow with whole film mulching improved grain yield by 17.72%, 22.01% and 47.00%, and ,WUE by 6.41%, 18.54% and 43.57%, respectively, compared with sowing in furrow with semi-film mulching, conventional cultivation with film mulching and conventional cultivation without film mulching. Even row-spacing sowing in furrow with whole film mulching was the optimum maize cultivation method in Longdong area of northwest China.
Effects of continuous cropping on the quality of Rehmannia glutinosa L. and soil micro-ecology
LI Zheng-Fang, YANG Yan-Qiu, XIW Dong-Feng, ZHU Lan-Fang, ZHANG Zi-Fang, HUANG Mu-Ji, LIU Zong-Quan, ZHANG Zhong-Yi, LIN Wen-Xiong
2012, 20(2): 217-224. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00217
Abstract(1884) PDF(2150)
Abstract:
Rehmannia glutinosa L. is one of Chinese herbal medicines with serious cultivation obstacles. In this study, samples of newly cultivated and continuously cropped R. glutinosa soil and uncultivated soil were collected in R. glutinosa genuine producing area in Jiaozuo City of Henan Province and R. glutinosa production area in Linfen City of Shanxi Province. R. glutinosa samples also were collected from the same areas. The soil samples were then evaluated in relation to R. glutinosa quality under continuous cropping, and R. glutinosa quality decline mechanisms were explored in terms of soil micro-ecological (soil microbes and enzyme) activities. The results showed that R. glutinosa quality in the genuine producing area was significantly different (P<0.05) from that in the production area. However, the quality differences of R. glutinosa between newly cultivation and continuous cropping were significantly higher than those between different producing areas. Continuous cropping in the two areas significantly inhibited R. glutinosa seedling growth. While continuous cropping reduced the number of rhizosphere bacteria, it increased fungi and actinomycetes populations. This resulted in the transition from bacteria-populated to fungi-populated soil type. Compared with newly cultivated R. glutinosa soil, continuously cropped R. glutinosa soil significantly decreased the activities of urease, sucrase and catalase (P < 0.05) while slightly increased the activities of polyphenoloxidase, cellulose and protease in the two areas. However, phosphatase activity in continuously cropped R. glutinosa soil exhibited the opposite trend for the two areas. Therefore, speculation was put forward that auto-toxicity changed the soil micro-ecology and somehow affected soil enzyme activity, thereby reducing R. glutinosa ability to absorb nutrients.
Effect of exogenous sucrose application on wheat seedling salt tolerance
YAN Su-Fang, YU Yang, GE Qing, ZHANG Yuan, SUN Jian-Hang, DU Li-Guo, XIE Zhi-Xia, XU Jin, LIU Xiao-Jing
2012, 20(2): 225-230. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00225
Abstract(1425) PDF(1366)
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of exogenous sucrose in enhancing salt tolerance of “Cang 6001” (salt-tolerant) and “Shi 4185” (salt-sensitive) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Root elongation, soluble sugar content, ROS (reactive oxygen species) level and antioxidant defense reaction were examined in wheat grown in nutrient solutions with/without NaCl (150 mmol·L-1) and/or sucrose (80 mmol·L-1). The salt treatment induced significant inhibitory effects on plant growth. Root elongation was obviously (P < 0.05) restrained by treatment with 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl. Compared with “Cang 6001”, “Shi 4185” seedlings were inhibited more significantly. The inhibition effects were somehow weakened by exogenous sucrose application. Exogenous sucrose obviously increased total soluble sugar contents in both “Cang 6001” and “Shi 4185” wheat cultivars. The increment in soluble sugar content in “Cang 6001” was less than that in “Shi 4185”, while “Shi 4185” contained less soluble sugar than “Cang 6001” under no exogenous sucrose application. Results of H2DCFDA fluorescence probe and fluorescence staining tests showed that exogenous sucrose pretreatment effectively decreased ROS (reactive oxygen species) level and consequently maintaining cell membrane integrity and decreasing root-tip cell mortality. Exogenous sucrose pretreatment also enhanced leaf SOD (P < 0.05), APX (P < 0.05) and CAT (P > 0.05) activities in both cultivars. It was concluded that exogenous sucrose increased wheat seedling salt tolerance. Put together, the results suggested that sucrose-mediated salt toxicity alleviation depended mainly on sucrose-mediated antioxidant defense capacity and membrane integrity. This study was positively significant for further understanding of physiological mechanisms of exogenous substances that drove wheat response to salt stress and screening wheat cultivars for high salt tolerance.
Effects of Cd2+stress on radish (Raphanus sativus) seedling growth based on proteome technique
DANG Chen, GAO Yue, YAN Han, PENG Yong-Kang
2012, 20(2): 231-235. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00231
Abstract(1275) PDF(1505)
Abstract:
Three-day-old radish seedlings were treated with 10~150 mmol·L-1 Cd2+ for 12 h for determination of the effects of Cd2+ on seedling growth and proteome by using 2-DE technique and MALDI-TOF MS. The results showed an obvious inhibition of seedling growth. Seedling height decreased from 3.80±0.68 cm under the control to 3.41±0.64 cm under 10 mmol·L-1 Cd2+ treatment (P < 0.01), 1.61±0.37 cm under 50 mmol·L-1Cd2+ treatment (P < 0.01), 1.26±0.11 cm under 100 mmol·L-1 Cd2+ treatment (P < 0.01) and to 0.80±0.14 cm under 150 mmol·L-1 Cd2+ treatment (P < 0.01). Root growth was also obviously inhibited. Cell mitotic inhibition was noted in root tip meristem. Seedling fresh weight decreased from 10.92±0.86 g under the control to 9.93±0.77 g under 10 mmol·L-1, 4.52±0.13 g under 50 mmol·L-1, 3.65±0.07 g under 100 mmol·L-1 and to 1.03±0.01 g under 150 mmol·L-1 Cd2+ treatments. Similarly, chlorophyll (a+b) content [mg·g-1(FW)] declined from 6.72±0.05 to 6.66±0.17, 6.02±0.15, 5.38±0.07 and 3.94±0.06, respectively. Proteomic techniques analyses showed that treating seedlings with 100 mmol·L-1 Cd2+ altered over 50 protein species. 9 protein spots were identified via the MS/MS approach. The identified protein sports included: spot-1 (PWWP domain containing protein), spot-2 (AAA-type ATPase family protein), spot-3 (NB-ARC domain containing protein), spot-4 [phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)], spot-5 (deoxycytidylate deaminase), spot-6 (maturase K), spot-7 (GRAS family transcription factor), spot-8 (resistance protein) and spot-9 [puroindoline B (pin)]. These identified Cd2+ responsive proteins were possibly involved in DNA function modification (DNA methylation), energy metabolism, cell signal transduction, protein biosynthesis, gene transposition, intron splicing and defense response. This suggested that several protein types were responsive to Cd2+ stress. Proteome technique was applicable in studying physiological and biochemical mechanisms of adaptation and tolerance of plant to heavy metals.
Effect of Brassica chinensis intercropping with Glycine max or Colocasia esculenta on Spodoptera litura and natural enemy predatory diversity in protected vegetable fields
WAN Nian-Feng, JIANG Jie-Xian, JI Xiang-Yun
2012, 20(2): 236-241. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00236
Abstract(1276) PDF(1078)
Abstract:
Appropriate intercropping systems could promote crop yield and quality, alleviate disease and insect pest damages, enhance multiple crop index and facilitate efficient utilization of sunlight, heat, water, air, fertilizer, etc. An experiment was therefore conducted in a protected horticulture park in Pudong District, Shanghai Municipality (with location coordinates of 121.70°E, 31.19°N) to determine the effects of intercropped host plants [soybeans (Glycine max) and taros (Colocasia esculenta)] in Brassica chinensis field on Spodoptera litura vegetable insect-pest and structural characteristics of natural predatory enemies. Protected vegetable fields with row-intercropped soybeans or taros were the main treatments and protected mono-cultured B. chinensis field was the control (CK) in the experiment. Trapped individual larvae and eggs in soybeans and taros were counted and natural predatory enemy community structure characteristics systematical analyzed. The results indicated that during the July-to-September investigation period, 100 plants of soybeans and taros trapped 1 098.84±107.50 and 1 260.78±126.16 larvae, respectively. 100 plants of soybeans and taros also trapped 17.45±1.31 and 20.76±1.81 individual eggs, respectively. Compared with CK, S. litura population in protected vegetable fields with intercropped soybeans and taros decreased by 37.83% and 45.89%, respectively. There were 31 natural predatory enemy species belonging to 21 families and 5 orders in protected vegetable fields with intercropped soybeans. Also 32 natural predatory enemy species belonging to 21 families and 5 orders were in protected vegetable fields with intercropped taros. The CK fields had 26 natural predatory enemy species belonging to 19 families and 5 orders. The dominant natural predatory enemy species were Lycosa pseudoamulata and Erigonidium graminicolum in CK fields and L. pseudoamulata, E. graminicolum and Pirata subpiraticus in protected vegetable fields with intercropped soybeans and taros. The individual number per-100-plant, richness and diversity index of natural predatory enemies in protected vegetable fields with intercropped soybeans were 91.22±4.91, 29.74±0.30 and 4.53±0.03, respectively, representing increases of 58.70%, 25.27% and 10.60% over CK. Also the individual number per-100-plant, richness and diversity index of natural predatory enemies in protected vegetable fields with intercropped taros were 92.09±5.03, 29.96±0.35 and 4.54±0.03, respectively, representing increases of 60.21%, 26.19% and 11.00% over CK. Based on the study, vegetable intercropping with soybeans or taros was a potential mode of controlling S. litura and facilitating the effect of natural predatory enemies on insect pests. These intercropping systems were not only beneficial to arthropod community diversity and stability, but were also an environmental friendly agro-ecosystem.
Canonical correlation analysis of main agronomic and yield characteristics of India rapeseeds (Brassica juncea) in the Tibetan Plateau
MENG Zu-Qing, CIRENYANGJIN, SONG Feng-Ping, WANG Jian-Lin
2012, 20(2): 242-246. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00242
Abstract(1493) PDF(1183)
Abstract:
To investigate the agronomic performance of India rapeseeds (Brassica juncea) under the Tibetan Plateau environment, a randomized block experiment involving 20 Indian rapeseeds materials was conducted in Tibet. The canonical correlation analysis of 4 main stem characteristics (plant height, main stem basal diameter, main inflorescence length and first branch pod number), 3 branch characters (branch height, effective branch number per plant and effective first branch number), 3 silique characters (pod length, pod width and pod beak length), 4 phenophase characters (vegetative growth days, shared days of vegetative and reproductive growth, reproductive growth days and entire growth period days) and 4 yield characters (effective pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 1000-grain weight and yield per plant) were analyzed. The results indicated that effective pod number per plant was the main factor of Indian rapeseed yield components. Silique characters were most critical for high-yield, followed by branch, phenophase and main stem characters. Main stem, branch, silique, phenophase and yield characters were closely related. The results provided the scientific basis for the development and utilization of Indian rapeseeds in the Tibetan Plateau environment.
Environmental cost control of livestock and poultry fecal pollution via biogas project
WU Shen-Shu, TAN Mei-Ying, LIU Wei
2012, 20(2): 247-252. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00247
Abstract(1806) PDF(1587)
Abstract:
As a main livestock and poultry fecal pollution management method, biogas project offers several advantages including clean energy, limited greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. Using the Dongting Lake District (DLD) in Hunan Province as a case study, environmental cost control potential of livestock and poultry fecal pollution management via biogas projects was analyzed. The analysis was based on small scale CDM (clean development mechanism) project (ASM III.D-version14), approved by the CDM Executive Board under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Environmental Cost Estimation Method. The results indicated that greenhouse gas emission was reduced by 2 891 614 ton equivalent CO2, and the environmental cost by 0.452 billion Yuan (RMB) in terms of greenhouse gas emission, provided that for the pig breeding farms with annual productions of 5 000 pigs, the biogas project was used to generate electric power in DLD; and for other pig breeding farms, the biogas project was used for heating and lighting in the surrounding residents in 2006. Concurrently, the reduced environmental cost of water pollution, soil contamination and microbial contamination was 0.456 billion RMB, 0.169 billion RMB and 0.532 billion RMB, respectively. It was therefore concluded that farmers with biogas projects (to manage livestock and poultry fecal pollution) should be supported and encouraged to achieve the environmental, economic and social benefits harmonically of livestock and poultry fecal pollution management.

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