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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2013 Vol. 21, No. 6
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2013, 21(6): 645-651.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00645
Abstract:
Agro-ecosystem has become an integrated crop production system with significant human disturbances. Compared with natural ecosystems, the crop production function of agro-ecosystem has intensified while impairing other ecosystem services such as gas/water regulation, soil conservation and biodiversity maintenance. In recent years, agro-ecosystem services have become more and more scarce because of large demand by the rapid global development. This has resulted in an increasing concern about the values and services of agro-ecosystems across the globe. This study argued that biodiversity of agro-ecosystem was the physical basis for ecosystem services. The study reviewed classical studies on agro-ecosystem services, including production supply, carbon sequestra-tion, soil conservation, nutrient cycle and water regulation, and on the comprehensive assessment of agro-ecosystem services. The study further discussed the passive effects (e.g., non-point pollution, CH4/N2O emissions and heavy metal pollution) of agricultural production on human society and the environment. It was necessary that farmers and government organs realized the importance of the tradeoff between the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural production. The various effects of agricultural production sys-tems (e.g., integrated, conventional and organic agro-ecosystems, and combined food/forest systems) on the services of different agro-ecosystems were further compared. It was noted that only multi-functional agricultural production systems maximized welfare supported by agro-ecosystem services. Four key measures for developing multi-functional agro-ecosystems in China were eventually listed. The measures included: (1) ensuring the existence of farmlands of 120 million hm2; (2) reasonable arrangements of the distri-bution of forests, grasslands, wetlands and water resources; (3) encouraging tourism in farming regions in order to strengthen the cultural functions of agro-ecosystems; and (4) stepwise implementation of ecological compensation strategies for adoption of agro-ecosystems.
Agro-ecosystem has become an integrated crop production system with significant human disturbances. Compared with natural ecosystems, the crop production function of agro-ecosystem has intensified while impairing other ecosystem services such as gas/water regulation, soil conservation and biodiversity maintenance. In recent years, agro-ecosystem services have become more and more scarce because of large demand by the rapid global development. This has resulted in an increasing concern about the values and services of agro-ecosystems across the globe. This study argued that biodiversity of agro-ecosystem was the physical basis for ecosystem services. The study reviewed classical studies on agro-ecosystem services, including production supply, carbon sequestra-tion, soil conservation, nutrient cycle and water regulation, and on the comprehensive assessment of agro-ecosystem services. The study further discussed the passive effects (e.g., non-point pollution, CH4/N2O emissions and heavy metal pollution) of agricultural production on human society and the environment. It was necessary that farmers and government organs realized the importance of the tradeoff between the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural production. The various effects of agricultural production sys-tems (e.g., integrated, conventional and organic agro-ecosystems, and combined food/forest systems) on the services of different agro-ecosystems were further compared. It was noted that only multi-functional agricultural production systems maximized welfare supported by agro-ecosystem services. Four key measures for developing multi-functional agro-ecosystems in China were eventually listed. The measures included: (1) ensuring the existence of farmlands of 120 million hm2; (2) reasonable arrangements of the distri-bution of forests, grasslands, wetlands and water resources; (3) encouraging tourism in farming regions in order to strengthen the cultural functions of agro-ecosystems; and (4) stepwise implementation of ecological compensation strategies for adoption of agro-ecosystems.
2013, 21(6): 652-657.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00652
Abstract:
In a field experiment, the effects of biomasses on rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi (AMF), soybean dual symbiosis, soybean yield and soil microbes were studied. The four kinds investigated biomasses were straw, potato skins, edible fungi waste, and soybean extract liquid. Samples were determined during plant growth stages of the fourth compound leaf expanding (V5), initial pod bearing (R3) and full grain filling (R6). The results showed that all four biomasses types promoted soybean dual symbiotic system. The effects on soybean arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi were higher and longer than on rhizobium formation. Straw had the best performance not only for soybean dual symbiosis system, soil bacteria number and soil fungi number, but also for soybean yield. During R6 period, nodule number, AMF colonization and soil bacteria number increased by 238.46%, 26.28% and 131.99%, respectively, compared with the control. Soybean yield also increased by 69.78%. In practice, straw was easier to obtain and more convenient to apply than other materials. Thus straw was the most ideal biomass among the four kinds of biomass. The processing method of soybean liquid extract significant influenced soybean dual symbiosis. Nodule number was increased by 89.74% during R6 period while AMF colonization rate increased by 31.23% under soybean liquid extract treatment than under the control. The mode of soaking seeds before sowing caused more damage to soybean cotyledons. Also seedling rate was severely degraded, which resulted in relatively low yields. The edible fungi waste and potato skin had different effects on soybean dual symbiosis at the three growth stages. However, AMF colonization rate and soil fungi number in the two treatments were significantly higher than in the control during R6 period.
In a field experiment, the effects of biomasses on rhizobium and arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi (AMF), soybean dual symbiosis, soybean yield and soil microbes were studied. The four kinds investigated biomasses were straw, potato skins, edible fungi waste, and soybean extract liquid. Samples were determined during plant growth stages of the fourth compound leaf expanding (V5), initial pod bearing (R3) and full grain filling (R6). The results showed that all four biomasses types promoted soybean dual symbiotic system. The effects on soybean arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi were higher and longer than on rhizobium formation. Straw had the best performance not only for soybean dual symbiosis system, soil bacteria number and soil fungi number, but also for soybean yield. During R6 period, nodule number, AMF colonization and soil bacteria number increased by 238.46%, 26.28% and 131.99%, respectively, compared with the control. Soybean yield also increased by 69.78%. In practice, straw was easier to obtain and more convenient to apply than other materials. Thus straw was the most ideal biomass among the four kinds of biomass. The processing method of soybean liquid extract significant influenced soybean dual symbiosis. Nodule number was increased by 89.74% during R6 period while AMF colonization rate increased by 31.23% under soybean liquid extract treatment than under the control. The mode of soaking seeds before sowing caused more damage to soybean cotyledons. Also seedling rate was severely degraded, which resulted in relatively low yields. The edible fungi waste and potato skin had different effects on soybean dual symbiosis at the three growth stages. However, AMF colonization rate and soil fungi number in the two treatments were significantly higher than in the control during R6 period.
2013, 21(6): 658-665.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00658
Abstract:
Although rational application of phosphate could increase winter wheat grain yield, phosphate fertilizer can easily be transformed into slowly available or insoluble phosphates in calcareous soils. This could limit phosphorus use efficiency with recovery efficiency of only 5%~25%. It is therefore critical to determine optimal phosphate application rate to enhance high production efficiency and yield of winter wheat. Phosphorus use efficiency is generally affected by several factors including wheat variety, soil fertility and ecological conditions. This implies that results of optimal phosphate application rate could be different in regions with different hydro-climatic and agronomic conditions. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of phosphate application rates by evaluating selected stress-resistance indexes, including contents of proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate reductase (NR) activity of flag leaf of winter wheat. Winter wheat cultivar "Linhan 6" yield and phosphorus use efficiency were also analyzed along with the distribution of soil phosphorus fractions under four phosphate levels (P2O5 rates of 0 kg·hm-2, 60 kg·hm-2, 120 kg·hm-2, and 180 kg·hm-2) in Xiangfen County. The county is located in the rain-fed cultivation area of Shanxi Province. The study explored suitable phosphate application rate and laid the scientific basis for pro-environmental production of wheat under rain-fed conditions. The results showed that winter wheat stress-resistance strengthened which subsequently increased spike number and yield of winter wheat with increasing phosphate rate. However, no significant difference was observed in kernel number and 1000-kernel weight under different phosphate rates. In the 0~120 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 range, NR activity of flag-leaf, spike number and yield of winter wheat increased significantly. However, MDA and Pro contents of flag-leaf decreased significantly with increasing phosphate rate. When phosphate application rate reached 180 kg(P2O5)·hm-2, MDA and Pro contents slightly decreased, or even increased with increasing phosphate application rate. With the exception of the heading stage, no significant difference was also noted in spike number, yield and NR activity of winter wheat. The phosphate fertilizer use efficiency was relatively low (9%~13%) because of P-fixation. The highest phosphate fertilizer use efficiency was in the application range of 60~120 kg(P2O5)·hm-2. The sequence of phosphate fractions in the 1.0 m soil profile was HCl-Pi > Residual-P > HCl-Po > NaOH-Pi > NaHCO3-Pi > NaOH-Po > H2O-Pi > NaHCO3-Po > H2O-Po. Most of phosphate fractions were HCl-P and Residual-P, accounting for 75% and 20% (in terms of proportion) of soil total phosphate. Also H2O-P, NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P together accounted for 5% of soil total phosphate. The applied phosphorus mainly occurred in the 0~20 cm soil layer during the growth period. The amount of increase in different Hedley phosphorus was 0~39.11 mg·kg-1 and P-fixation increased with increasing phosphate fertilizer rate. Based on a comprehensive stress-resistance index, yield and phosphorus use efficiency, the recommended optimal phosphate application rate was 120 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 in the rain-fed winter wheat conditions in southern Shanxi Province or in drylands with similar ecological conditions.
Although rational application of phosphate could increase winter wheat grain yield, phosphate fertilizer can easily be transformed into slowly available or insoluble phosphates in calcareous soils. This could limit phosphorus use efficiency with recovery efficiency of only 5%~25%. It is therefore critical to determine optimal phosphate application rate to enhance high production efficiency and yield of winter wheat. Phosphorus use efficiency is generally affected by several factors including wheat variety, soil fertility and ecological conditions. This implies that results of optimal phosphate application rate could be different in regions with different hydro-climatic and agronomic conditions. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of phosphate application rates by evaluating selected stress-resistance indexes, including contents of proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate reductase (NR) activity of flag leaf of winter wheat. Winter wheat cultivar "Linhan 6" yield and phosphorus use efficiency were also analyzed along with the distribution of soil phosphorus fractions under four phosphate levels (P2O5 rates of 0 kg·hm-2, 60 kg·hm-2, 120 kg·hm-2, and 180 kg·hm-2) in Xiangfen County. The county is located in the rain-fed cultivation area of Shanxi Province. The study explored suitable phosphate application rate and laid the scientific basis for pro-environmental production of wheat under rain-fed conditions. The results showed that winter wheat stress-resistance strengthened which subsequently increased spike number and yield of winter wheat with increasing phosphate rate. However, no significant difference was observed in kernel number and 1000-kernel weight under different phosphate rates. In the 0~120 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 range, NR activity of flag-leaf, spike number and yield of winter wheat increased significantly. However, MDA and Pro contents of flag-leaf decreased significantly with increasing phosphate rate. When phosphate application rate reached 180 kg(P2O5)·hm-2, MDA and Pro contents slightly decreased, or even increased with increasing phosphate application rate. With the exception of the heading stage, no significant difference was also noted in spike number, yield and NR activity of winter wheat. The phosphate fertilizer use efficiency was relatively low (9%~13%) because of P-fixation. The highest phosphate fertilizer use efficiency was in the application range of 60~120 kg(P2O5)·hm-2. The sequence of phosphate fractions in the 1.0 m soil profile was HCl-Pi > Residual-P > HCl-Po > NaOH-Pi > NaHCO3-Pi > NaOH-Po > H2O-Pi > NaHCO3-Po > H2O-Po. Most of phosphate fractions were HCl-P and Residual-P, accounting for 75% and 20% (in terms of proportion) of soil total phosphate. Also H2O-P, NaHCO3-P and NaOH-P together accounted for 5% of soil total phosphate. The applied phosphorus mainly occurred in the 0~20 cm soil layer during the growth period. The amount of increase in different Hedley phosphorus was 0~39.11 mg·kg-1 and P-fixation increased with increasing phosphate fertilizer rate. Based on a comprehensive stress-resistance index, yield and phosphorus use efficiency, the recommended optimal phosphate application rate was 120 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 in the rain-fed winter wheat conditions in southern Shanxi Province or in drylands with similar ecological conditions.
2013, 21(6): 666-673.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00666
Abstract:
Soil redox was one of the most important chemical process in cool waterlogged paddy fields that occurred in the entire process of soil development. It importantly influenced the migration and transformation of soil materials and determined biological effectiveness of soil nutrients and contaminants. Soil redox research was still largely lacking in cold waterlogged paddy fields. The effects of ridging and fertilization on the state of soil redox in cold waterlogged paddy fields were analyzed in this study to lay relevant references for improving cold waterlogged paddy soils. An experiment of four ridge treatments [control (CK), ridge height of 10 cm (LG10), 15 cm (LG15), and 20 cm (LG20)] and eight fertilization treatments [CK (without fertilization), NPK (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2 and K2O 120 kg?hm-2), NP1K (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 72 kg?hm-2 and K2O 120 kg?hm-2), NP2K (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 108 kg?hm-2 and K2O 120 kg?hm-2), NPK+Zn (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2, K2O 120 kg?hm -2 and Zn 0.75 kg?hm-2), NPK1 (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2 and K2O 96 kg?hm-2), NPK2 (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 72 kg?hm-2 and K2O 144 kg?hm-2), NPK+Si (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2, K2O 120 kg?hm-2 and SiO2 0.75 kg?hm-2)] was conducted to study soil redox in cold waterlogged paddy fields. Results showed that soil redox potential was 48.5~ 198.0 mV in cold waterlogged paddy fields, which was far lower than that (450~700 mV) in normal paddy fields. Ridging increased soil redox potential in the top (0~5 cm) soil layer while suppressing it in the lower (5~20 cm) soil layer. Total reductions in cold waterlogged paddy soils were 5.7~15.6 cmol?kg 1 under ridge treatments and 7.7~16.0 cmol?kg 1 under fertilizer treatments. Ridging increased total reduction over the short-term. While applications of potassic, zinc- and silicon fertilizer retarded total reduction, application of phosphate had no effects on total reduction. Average soil Fe2+ content was 3 388.92 mg?kg 1 in the 0~25 cm soil layer and 3 356.39 mg?kg-1 in the 25~50 cm soil layer. About 60 days after ridging, soil Fe2+ content decreased with increasing ridge height. NPK2, NPK+Si and NPK+Zn treatments sharply decreased soil Fe2+ content compared with CK and NPK. Ridging and fertilization initially decreased soil Mn2+ content and then increased it in cold waterlogged paddy fields.
Soil redox was one of the most important chemical process in cool waterlogged paddy fields that occurred in the entire process of soil development. It importantly influenced the migration and transformation of soil materials and determined biological effectiveness of soil nutrients and contaminants. Soil redox research was still largely lacking in cold waterlogged paddy fields. The effects of ridging and fertilization on the state of soil redox in cold waterlogged paddy fields were analyzed in this study to lay relevant references for improving cold waterlogged paddy soils. An experiment of four ridge treatments [control (CK), ridge height of 10 cm (LG10), 15 cm (LG15), and 20 cm (LG20)] and eight fertilization treatments [CK (without fertilization), NPK (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2 and K2O 120 kg?hm-2), NP1K (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 72 kg?hm-2 and K2O 120 kg?hm-2), NP2K (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 108 kg?hm-2 and K2O 120 kg?hm-2), NPK+Zn (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2, K2O 120 kg?hm -2 and Zn 0.75 kg?hm-2), NPK1 (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2 and K2O 96 kg?hm-2), NPK2 (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 72 kg?hm-2 and K2O 144 kg?hm-2), NPK+Si (N 180 kg?hm-2, P2O5 90 kg?hm-2, K2O 120 kg?hm-2 and SiO2 0.75 kg?hm-2)] was conducted to study soil redox in cold waterlogged paddy fields. Results showed that soil redox potential was 48.5~ 198.0 mV in cold waterlogged paddy fields, which was far lower than that (450~700 mV) in normal paddy fields. Ridging increased soil redox potential in the top (0~5 cm) soil layer while suppressing it in the lower (5~20 cm) soil layer. Total reductions in cold waterlogged paddy soils were 5.7~15.6 cmol?kg 1 under ridge treatments and 7.7~16.0 cmol?kg 1 under fertilizer treatments. Ridging increased total reduction over the short-term. While applications of potassic, zinc- and silicon fertilizer retarded total reduction, application of phosphate had no effects on total reduction. Average soil Fe2+ content was 3 388.92 mg?kg 1 in the 0~25 cm soil layer and 3 356.39 mg?kg-1 in the 25~50 cm soil layer. About 60 days after ridging, soil Fe2+ content decreased with increasing ridge height. NPK2, NPK+Si and NPK+Zn treatments sharply decreased soil Fe2+ content compared with CK and NPK. Ridging and fertilization initially decreased soil Mn2+ content and then increased it in cold waterlogged paddy fields.
2013, 21(6): 674-680.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00674
Abstract:
Gravel-sand mulching is a compreshensive technology in dry land farming that significantly improves microclimatic conditions in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. With the development of watermelon industry and regularization of produce in recent years, continuous watermelon cropping has become a common farming system. The obstacles of continuous cropping of watermelon have been more severe in gravel-sand mulched fields. This study investigated and resolved the obstacles of continuous cropping of watermelon under gravel-sand mulched field conditions. The effects of crop rotation on soil microbial population and physiochemical properties were evaluated based on long-term experiment of continuous cropping under gravel-sand mulched field conditions. The four treatments arrayed in the experiment included watermelon → watermelon (CK), watermelon → kidney bean, watermelon → pepper and watermelon → pumpkin. Results suggested that compared with the control, the three rotation treatments significantly decreased the number and proportion of fungi, while significantly increased the number of bacteria and actinomyce, number ratio of bacteria to fungi (B/F). Soil microbe diversity index also significantly increased under the three rotation systems. The effect of the watermelon → pepper treatment was good, under which the diversity index (McIntosh index) was 0.247, (vs CK of 0.146), proportion of actinomyce was 31.98% (vs CK of 14.22%), proportion of fungi was 0.06% (vs CK of 0.43%). Different crops had different water and nutrient requirements which resulted in different soil microbial populations. It was concluded that crop rotation changed soil microenvironment in gravel-sand mulched fields, increased diversity index and limited adverse effects of continuous cropping on watermelon. An efficient rotation system for resolving the obstacles in continuous cropping of watermelon was watermelon and pepper rotation system.
Gravel-sand mulching is a compreshensive technology in dry land farming that significantly improves microclimatic conditions in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. With the development of watermelon industry and regularization of produce in recent years, continuous watermelon cropping has become a common farming system. The obstacles of continuous cropping of watermelon have been more severe in gravel-sand mulched fields. This study investigated and resolved the obstacles of continuous cropping of watermelon under gravel-sand mulched field conditions. The effects of crop rotation on soil microbial population and physiochemical properties were evaluated based on long-term experiment of continuous cropping under gravel-sand mulched field conditions. The four treatments arrayed in the experiment included watermelon → watermelon (CK), watermelon → kidney bean, watermelon → pepper and watermelon → pumpkin. Results suggested that compared with the control, the three rotation treatments significantly decreased the number and proportion of fungi, while significantly increased the number of bacteria and actinomyce, number ratio of bacteria to fungi (B/F). Soil microbe diversity index also significantly increased under the three rotation systems. The effect of the watermelon → pepper treatment was good, under which the diversity index (McIntosh index) was 0.247, (vs CK of 0.146), proportion of actinomyce was 31.98% (vs CK of 14.22%), proportion of fungi was 0.06% (vs CK of 0.43%). Different crops had different water and nutrient requirements which resulted in different soil microbial populations. It was concluded that crop rotation changed soil microenvironment in gravel-sand mulched fields, increased diversity index and limited adverse effects of continuous cropping on watermelon. An efficient rotation system for resolving the obstacles in continuous cropping of watermelon was watermelon and pepper rotation system.
2013, 21(6): 681-688.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00681
Abstract:
The development of eco-agriculture and sustainable agriculture has been followed by the rapid development of greenhouse tomato in organic media culture. This has sustained a year-after-year increase in land area under greenhouse tomato production. However, the conventional planting and production allows persistent reuse of the same medium for cost reduction, which has led to heavy disease and insects infestation. This has deteriorated the plant physical and chemical characteristics with decreasing yield output and fruit quality. These production challenges have constituted a major bottleneck restricting sustainable development of greenhouse tomato in organic media culture. This paper studied the changes in biological and physicochemical characteristics in rhizosphere media under three crop rotation systems - normal cropping, alternate cropping and continuous cropping. The effects of the different crop rotation systems on enzyme activity, organic matter content and main nutrients in rhizosphere media of tomato under solar greenhouse were analyzed. The study laid relevant scientific reference for the sustainable development of greenhouse tomato in organic media culture. The results showed that the activities of protease, phosphatase, urease and catalase decreased in organic media culture under continuous cropping of tomato. Also the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium decreased. Normal cropping conditions had little effect on enzyme activity, organic matter content and major nutrients contents. Chemical properties were closely related with biological properties in organic media under normal cropping, alternate cropping and continuous cropping. This resulted in changes in micro-ecological environment, and further changes in plant growth, disease and insects intestatins, yield and fruit quality of tomato. Protease, phosphatase, urease and catalase activities were significantly correlated with organic matter and main nutrients contents. Among the four enzymes, urease activity had the strongest correlation with organic matter and main nutrients contents. This suggested that urease activity was the main factor influencing the media fertility. Plasticity indexes of available potassium, available phosphorus, total potassium and catalase was higher than other indexes in all the treatments. Under different crop rotation systems, plasticity index of new media was largest, followed by that for alternate cropping system and then continuous cropping system. The result suggested that enzyme activity well correlated with organic matter and main nutrients contents in greenhouse tomato rhizosphere media under different crop rotation systems. Also enzyme activity, organic matter and main nutrients contents were important elements of media material cycle. It was therefore possible to use enzyme activity in characterizing organic matter and nutrient state which reflected the intensity and direction of various biological activities in media. Enzyme activity, organic matter and main nutrients contents decreased after continuous cropping, tomato nutrient source reduced and inhibited tomato plant growth. However, enzyme activity and main nutrients of media culture were less affected under normal cropping treatment. It suggested that continuous cropping media culture was not suitable for tomato growth. Biological and physicochemical characters of normal cropping media and new media were very similar. The normal cropping system was adaptable to the growth and development of solar greenhouse tomato.
The development of eco-agriculture and sustainable agriculture has been followed by the rapid development of greenhouse tomato in organic media culture. This has sustained a year-after-year increase in land area under greenhouse tomato production. However, the conventional planting and production allows persistent reuse of the same medium for cost reduction, which has led to heavy disease and insects infestation. This has deteriorated the plant physical and chemical characteristics with decreasing yield output and fruit quality. These production challenges have constituted a major bottleneck restricting sustainable development of greenhouse tomato in organic media culture. This paper studied the changes in biological and physicochemical characteristics in rhizosphere media under three crop rotation systems - normal cropping, alternate cropping and continuous cropping. The effects of the different crop rotation systems on enzyme activity, organic matter content and main nutrients in rhizosphere media of tomato under solar greenhouse were analyzed. The study laid relevant scientific reference for the sustainable development of greenhouse tomato in organic media culture. The results showed that the activities of protease, phosphatase, urease and catalase decreased in organic media culture under continuous cropping of tomato. Also the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium decreased. Normal cropping conditions had little effect on enzyme activity, organic matter content and major nutrients contents. Chemical properties were closely related with biological properties in organic media under normal cropping, alternate cropping and continuous cropping. This resulted in changes in micro-ecological environment, and further changes in plant growth, disease and insects intestatins, yield and fruit quality of tomato. Protease, phosphatase, urease and catalase activities were significantly correlated with organic matter and main nutrients contents. Among the four enzymes, urease activity had the strongest correlation with organic matter and main nutrients contents. This suggested that urease activity was the main factor influencing the media fertility. Plasticity indexes of available potassium, available phosphorus, total potassium and catalase was higher than other indexes in all the treatments. Under different crop rotation systems, plasticity index of new media was largest, followed by that for alternate cropping system and then continuous cropping system. The result suggested that enzyme activity well correlated with organic matter and main nutrients contents in greenhouse tomato rhizosphere media under different crop rotation systems. Also enzyme activity, organic matter and main nutrients contents were important elements of media material cycle. It was therefore possible to use enzyme activity in characterizing organic matter and nutrient state which reflected the intensity and direction of various biological activities in media. Enzyme activity, organic matter and main nutrients contents decreased after continuous cropping, tomato nutrient source reduced and inhibited tomato plant growth. However, enzyme activity and main nutrients of media culture were less affected under normal cropping treatment. It suggested that continuous cropping media culture was not suitable for tomato growth. Biological and physicochemical characters of normal cropping media and new media were very similar. The normal cropping system was adaptable to the growth and development of solar greenhouse tomato.
2013, 21(6): 689-699.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00689
Abstract:
The Yellow River irrigation area in the central Gansu Province is one of the main potato growing regions in Northwest China. Potato is often grown continuously in a monocropping system by farmers and planting enterprises in Gansu to maximize consecutive payoffs. This practice has resulted in severe declines in tuber yield and quality. To address this problem, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 to study the effects of continuous potato monocropping (CPM) on eco-physiological characteristics of potato plant using the "Atlantic" potato variety in Jingtai County of Baiyin City. In the experiment, five treatments of continuous monocropping potato for 1~5 years were set, and named L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5, respectively. In addition, rotation treatment, in which maize was planted in 2008 and 2009, potato in 2010, was used as the control (L0). There was no statistical difference in tuber yield among L0, L1 and L2. However, significant declines in tuber yield occurred in L3, L4 and L5; decreasing by 44%~56% compared with L0. This proved that after continuing for two years, CPM significantly reduced tuber yield. For potato yield component, correlation analysis indicated that average fresh-weight of individual tuber was the leading cause of decline in tuber yield under CPM system. Dry matter contents of different potato organs gradually decreased with longer CPM duration. However, potato root-to-shoot ratio was the reverse. CPM significantly affected photosynthetic physiology of potato plants. While Pn, Gs and Tr significantly decreased with increasing CPM duration, Ci increased. CPM also significantly affected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in potato leaf. Fv /Fm, ΦPSII and qP gradually increased with increasing CPM duration, whereas F0 gradually declined. There was a declining trend in the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in potato leaf after an initial increase with increasing CPM duration. There was no significant difference in potato leaf MDA content in L1 and L2 compared with that in L0. However, potato leaf MDA content increased about 4~6 folds respectively in L3, L4 and L5. The activity of potato root system, total root absorption area and root active absorption area all significantly declined with increasing CPM duration. Root morphological parameters including total root length, surface area and tip number gradually increased with increasing CPM duration, but were statistically not different in root diameter and volume among the six treatments. The results confirmed that CPM significantly affected not only the distribution of dry matter in potato plants, but also the changes in morphology and photosynthesis associated with physiologic processes of potato; causing tuber yield decline. Besides, the metabolism and regulation of endogenous hormones within potato plants were probably connected with the decline in tuber yield. This resulted in sink-source imbalance in potato plants.
The Yellow River irrigation area in the central Gansu Province is one of the main potato growing regions in Northwest China. Potato is often grown continuously in a monocropping system by farmers and planting enterprises in Gansu to maximize consecutive payoffs. This practice has resulted in severe declines in tuber yield and quality. To address this problem, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 to study the effects of continuous potato monocropping (CPM) on eco-physiological characteristics of potato plant using the "Atlantic" potato variety in Jingtai County of Baiyin City. In the experiment, five treatments of continuous monocropping potato for 1~5 years were set, and named L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5, respectively. In addition, rotation treatment, in which maize was planted in 2008 and 2009, potato in 2010, was used as the control (L0). There was no statistical difference in tuber yield among L0, L1 and L2. However, significant declines in tuber yield occurred in L3, L4 and L5; decreasing by 44%~56% compared with L0. This proved that after continuing for two years, CPM significantly reduced tuber yield. For potato yield component, correlation analysis indicated that average fresh-weight of individual tuber was the leading cause of decline in tuber yield under CPM system. Dry matter contents of different potato organs gradually decreased with longer CPM duration. However, potato root-to-shoot ratio was the reverse. CPM significantly affected photosynthetic physiology of potato plants. While Pn, Gs and Tr significantly decreased with increasing CPM duration, Ci increased. CPM also significantly affected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in potato leaf. Fv /Fm, ΦPSII and qP gradually increased with increasing CPM duration, whereas F0 gradually declined. There was a declining trend in the activities of SOD, POD and CAT in potato leaf after an initial increase with increasing CPM duration. There was no significant difference in potato leaf MDA content in L1 and L2 compared with that in L0. However, potato leaf MDA content increased about 4~6 folds respectively in L3, L4 and L5. The activity of potato root system, total root absorption area and root active absorption area all significantly declined with increasing CPM duration. Root morphological parameters including total root length, surface area and tip number gradually increased with increasing CPM duration, but were statistically not different in root diameter and volume among the six treatments. The results confirmed that CPM significantly affected not only the distribution of dry matter in potato plants, but also the changes in morphology and photosynthesis associated with physiologic processes of potato; causing tuber yield decline. Besides, the metabolism and regulation of endogenous hormones within potato plants were probably connected with the decline in tuber yield. This resulted in sink-source imbalance in potato plants.
2013, 21(6): 700-706.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00700
Abstract:
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the important greenhouse gases with a very strong global warming effect. Emissions of N2O resulting from anthropogenic activities and agricultural management practices have gained international significance in the combating climate change. A field experiment was conducted from Nov. 2008 to Oct. 2009 to evaluate N2O emissions in the crop rotation system of winter wheat and summer maize with contour Amorpha fruticosa hedge in subtropical China using static chamber gas chromatograph technique. Four treatments - compound planting of crop and hedgerow without return of hedgerow plant branches and leaves (AR), compound planting of crop and hedgerow with incorporation of hedgerow plant branches and leaves (AI), compound planting of crop and hedgerow with hedgerow plant branches and leaves mulching (AC) and monocropped crop (CK) - were used in the experiment. Results from the field observations suggested that the trends in emitted N2O fluxes under AR, AI, AC and CK were similar. Total N2O emissions from the four treatments during the whole growing season of winter wheat/summer maize rotation system were respectively 127.62 mg·m-2, 209.66 mg·m-2, 208.73 mg·m-2 and 77.52 mg·m-2. The order of N2O emission at different growth of winter wheat was: flowering-ripening stage > elongation-flowering stage > seeding emergence-elongation stage. The corresponding order of N2O emission at different growth stages of maize was: elongation-tasseling stage > seeding-elongation stage > tasseling-ripening stage. Furthermore, seasonal variation in N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature in winter wheat season and by water-filled soil pore space in summer maize season. Contour hedgerow intercropping and returning of hedge plant branches and leaves markedly enhanced soil N2O emission in complex agro-ecosystems. Compared with hedge plant branches and leaves mulching, incorporation of branches and leaves promoted N2O emission.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the important greenhouse gases with a very strong global warming effect. Emissions of N2O resulting from anthropogenic activities and agricultural management practices have gained international significance in the combating climate change. A field experiment was conducted from Nov. 2008 to Oct. 2009 to evaluate N2O emissions in the crop rotation system of winter wheat and summer maize with contour Amorpha fruticosa hedge in subtropical China using static chamber gas chromatograph technique. Four treatments - compound planting of crop and hedgerow without return of hedgerow plant branches and leaves (AR), compound planting of crop and hedgerow with incorporation of hedgerow plant branches and leaves (AI), compound planting of crop and hedgerow with hedgerow plant branches and leaves mulching (AC) and monocropped crop (CK) - were used in the experiment. Results from the field observations suggested that the trends in emitted N2O fluxes under AR, AI, AC and CK were similar. Total N2O emissions from the four treatments during the whole growing season of winter wheat/summer maize rotation system were respectively 127.62 mg·m-2, 209.66 mg·m-2, 208.73 mg·m-2 and 77.52 mg·m-2. The order of N2O emission at different growth of winter wheat was: flowering-ripening stage > elongation-flowering stage > seeding emergence-elongation stage. The corresponding order of N2O emission at different growth stages of maize was: elongation-tasseling stage > seeding-elongation stage > tasseling-ripening stage. Furthermore, seasonal variation in N2O emission was regulated by soil temperature in winter wheat season and by water-filled soil pore space in summer maize season. Contour hedgerow intercropping and returning of hedge plant branches and leaves markedly enhanced soil N2O emission in complex agro-ecosystems. Compared with hedge plant branches and leaves mulching, incorporation of branches and leaves promoted N2O emission.
2013, 21(6): 707-714.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00707
Abstract:
Allelopathic effects of tree-leaf litter on crops is one of the most important considerations in constructing inter-planting systems of trees or fruits trees and grain crops. In this study, a bench-scale experiment was conducted on wheat seed germination and growth under different concentrations of water extracts from decomposed leaf litter (the culture substrate) of 12 different trees in Guanzhong (Shaanxi Province). Nine index indicators (including germination ratio, germination rate, shoot height, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, CAT activity, root activity and chlorophyll content) of wheat were measured and the allelopathic effects of the tree-leaf litter on wheat discussed. The results were as follows: (1) While Eucommia ulmoides and Acer truncatum stimulated shoot height growth and CAT activity of wheat, they inhibit root activity. Also Paulownia fortunei and Populus canadensis stimulated wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Then Zanthoxylum bungeanum inhibited seedling root length, biomass, CAT activity and root activity of wheat. Furthermore, Juglans regia significantly inhibited seed germination rate, root length, CAT activity and chlorophyll content at high concentrations. Pyrus bretschneideri was inhibitory to seed germination rate, root length and chlorophyll content at high concentrations but stimulatory at lower concentrations. Malus pumila stimulated seed germination rate, shoot height, growth biomass and chlorophyll content. Diospyros kaki and Ziziphus jujuba inhibited seedling root length and biomass. Also Prunus persica and P. armeniaca inhibited seed germination at high concentrations but stimulated it at low concentrations. (2) Based on comprehensive analysis of allelopathic effects, P. fortunei, M. pumila and P. canadensis significantly stimulated wheat seed germination and growth, followed by P. armeniaca and A. truncatum. Then D. kaki, J. regia and Z. jujuba significantly inhibited wheat seed germination and growth, followed by Z. bungeanum and P. persica. On the contrary, P. bretschneideri inhibited wheat seed germination and growth at high concentrations but stimulated them at low concentrations. The effect was the direct reverse for E. ulmoides.
Allelopathic effects of tree-leaf litter on crops is one of the most important considerations in constructing inter-planting systems of trees or fruits trees and grain crops. In this study, a bench-scale experiment was conducted on wheat seed germination and growth under different concentrations of water extracts from decomposed leaf litter (the culture substrate) of 12 different trees in Guanzhong (Shaanxi Province). Nine index indicators (including germination ratio, germination rate, shoot height, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, CAT activity, root activity and chlorophyll content) of wheat were measured and the allelopathic effects of the tree-leaf litter on wheat discussed. The results were as follows: (1) While Eucommia ulmoides and Acer truncatum stimulated shoot height growth and CAT activity of wheat, they inhibit root activity. Also Paulownia fortunei and Populus canadensis stimulated wheat seed germination and seedling growth. Then Zanthoxylum bungeanum inhibited seedling root length, biomass, CAT activity and root activity of wheat. Furthermore, Juglans regia significantly inhibited seed germination rate, root length, CAT activity and chlorophyll content at high concentrations. Pyrus bretschneideri was inhibitory to seed germination rate, root length and chlorophyll content at high concentrations but stimulatory at lower concentrations. Malus pumila stimulated seed germination rate, shoot height, growth biomass and chlorophyll content. Diospyros kaki and Ziziphus jujuba inhibited seedling root length and biomass. Also Prunus persica and P. armeniaca inhibited seed germination at high concentrations but stimulated it at low concentrations. (2) Based on comprehensive analysis of allelopathic effects, P. fortunei, M. pumila and P. canadensis significantly stimulated wheat seed germination and growth, followed by P. armeniaca and A. truncatum. Then D. kaki, J. regia and Z. jujuba significantly inhibited wheat seed germination and growth, followed by Z. bungeanum and P. persica. On the contrary, P. bretschneideri inhibited wheat seed germination and growth at high concentrations but stimulated them at low concentrations. The effect was the direct reverse for E. ulmoides.
2013, 21(6): 715-719.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00715
Abstract:
The effects of water stress (water logging and non-water logging) and nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitrate and mixture of both) on concentrations of substrates in sugar and nitrogen metabolism (including nitrate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar and free amino acid) in roots, sheaths and stems, and leaves of maize at seedling stage were analyzed in a sand culture experiment. The results showed that under non-water logging conditions, ammonium treated maize had the highest concentration of soluble sugar and free amino acid in different parts of the plant. Dry biomass of different parts of nitrate-treated maize plants was significantly lower than that of ammonium-treated plants. Root and leaf dry biomasses were also significantly lower in ammonium-treated plants than plants treated with mixed nitrogen after seven days of water logging. Water logging significantly reduced nitrate concentration in roots and leaves of nitrate-treated maize plants by 62.6% and 30.0%, respectively. Furthermore, water logging significantly increased soluble/reducing sugar and free amino acid concentrations in roots, soluble/reducing sugar concentrations in sheaths and stems, and soluble sugar and free amino acid concentrations in leaves of ammonium-fed plants. It, however, increased reducing sugar concentration in roots, sheaths and stems and leaves, and free amino acid concentration in leaves of nitrate-fed plants. Ammonium rather than nitrate or mixed nitrogen alleviated therefore the negative effects of water logging resulting from more substrates of sugar and nitrogen metabolism when ammonium was the solely form of nitrogen.
The effects of water stress (water logging and non-water logging) and nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitrate and mixture of both) on concentrations of substrates in sugar and nitrogen metabolism (including nitrate, soluble sugar, reducing sugar and free amino acid) in roots, sheaths and stems, and leaves of maize at seedling stage were analyzed in a sand culture experiment. The results showed that under non-water logging conditions, ammonium treated maize had the highest concentration of soluble sugar and free amino acid in different parts of the plant. Dry biomass of different parts of nitrate-treated maize plants was significantly lower than that of ammonium-treated plants. Root and leaf dry biomasses were also significantly lower in ammonium-treated plants than plants treated with mixed nitrogen after seven days of water logging. Water logging significantly reduced nitrate concentration in roots and leaves of nitrate-treated maize plants by 62.6% and 30.0%, respectively. Furthermore, water logging significantly increased soluble/reducing sugar and free amino acid concentrations in roots, soluble/reducing sugar concentrations in sheaths and stems, and soluble sugar and free amino acid concentrations in leaves of ammonium-fed plants. It, however, increased reducing sugar concentration in roots, sheaths and stems and leaves, and free amino acid concentration in leaves of nitrate-fed plants. Ammonium rather than nitrate or mixed nitrogen alleviated therefore the negative effects of water logging resulting from more substrates of sugar and nitrogen metabolism when ammonium was the solely form of nitrogen.
QIAO Pei,
LU Cun-Fu,
LI Hong-Mei,
JIN De-Shan,
LI Hong-Ying,
YU Meng,
LU Xiao,
YANG Feng-Jiao,
CHEN Yu-Zhen
2013, 21(6): 720-727.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00720
Abstract:
Studies have shown that salt stress could influence normal seed germination. Generally, the greater the concentration, the smaller is the germination rate. Seed germination research under salt stress has laid the critical basis for characterizing the ability of plant salt tolerance. This research used chemical mutagenic wheat materials to study seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress. The results showed that as NaCl concentration increased (from 0 to 100 mmol·L-1, 200 mmol·L-1, 300 mmol·L-1 and 400 mmol·L-1), percent germination, germination index, vitality index, seedling height, root length, seedling fresh/dry weight and root fresh/dry weight decreased. Also 300 mmol·L-1 of NaCl concentration was the critical salt concentration for the germination of three mutagenic wheat materials and CAO811CK (control). Compared to the other wheat materials, the CAO8113K excelled. Under salt stress, with prolonged duration of the test, the contents of soluble proteins and MDA of the four wheat materials under 300 mmol·L-1 of NaCl stress gradually increased and so were activities of SOD, POD and CAT. Using a comprehensive empirical distribution function and fuzzy membership function, five physical indices were selected (including soluble protein, MDA, SOD, POD and CAT) to evaluate wheat salt-tolerance capacity. The order of salt-tolerance capacity of the four tested mutagenic wheat materials was as follows: CAO8113K > CAO811CK > CAO8114K > CAO8112K. This was basically the same as the observations in the earlier studies. The mutagenic wheat CAO8113K had better resistance than the other wheat materials.
Studies have shown that salt stress could influence normal seed germination. Generally, the greater the concentration, the smaller is the germination rate. Seed germination research under salt stress has laid the critical basis for characterizing the ability of plant salt tolerance. This research used chemical mutagenic wheat materials to study seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress. The results showed that as NaCl concentration increased (from 0 to 100 mmol·L-1, 200 mmol·L-1, 300 mmol·L-1 and 400 mmol·L-1), percent germination, germination index, vitality index, seedling height, root length, seedling fresh/dry weight and root fresh/dry weight decreased. Also 300 mmol·L-1 of NaCl concentration was the critical salt concentration for the germination of three mutagenic wheat materials and CAO811CK (control). Compared to the other wheat materials, the CAO8113K excelled. Under salt stress, with prolonged duration of the test, the contents of soluble proteins and MDA of the four wheat materials under 300 mmol·L-1 of NaCl stress gradually increased and so were activities of SOD, POD and CAT. Using a comprehensive empirical distribution function and fuzzy membership function, five physical indices were selected (including soluble protein, MDA, SOD, POD and CAT) to evaluate wheat salt-tolerance capacity. The order of salt-tolerance capacity of the four tested mutagenic wheat materials was as follows: CAO8113K > CAO811CK > CAO8114K > CAO8112K. This was basically the same as the observations in the earlier studies. The mutagenic wheat CAO8113K had better resistance than the other wheat materials.
2013, 21(6): 728-736.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00728
Abstract:
Soil nematodes are the most abundant group of soil animals. Nematodes rapidly react to environmental changes. In the farmland ecosystem, any factor that affects the soil environment (tillage, fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide measures) influences the composition and diversity of soil nematode community. The response of soil nematode community to excessive application of agrochemicals was investigated in a typical farmland ecosystem in the Hulan area of Harbin in this study. The study used excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers along with herbicides and pesticides in soil, and investigated nematode communities and community diversity. A total of 27 families and 45 genera were observed in the study. Cephalobus and Aphelenchus were the most dominant genera. The composition of soil nematode community, relative abundance of different trophic groups and diversities were influenced by different agrochemical treatments. Significant differences were noted among different treatments in terms of the number of total soil nematodes, and bacterial-feeding, fungal-feeding and plant parasites nematodes (P < 0.05). With increasing quantity of applied chemical fertilizers, the relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes increased. Except for PPI (plant parasitic index), soil nematode community responded differently to the different treatments in terms of the ecological indices of MI (maturity index), F/B (number ratio of fungal-feeding nematode to bacterial-feeding nematode), Evenness (evenness index), SR (richness index) and H' (diversity index). Also MI declined with increasing quantity of applied nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. The variations in soil nematode communities and diversities suggested that the response of soil nematode communities to agrochemicals was a suitable bio-indicator that adequately reflected the effects of agrochemicals application on soil quality. The excessive application of agrochemicals increased the level of disturbance of soil ecosystem and posed a significant threat to soil environment. This study was important in guiding future research on agricultural production and providing the theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and ecological systems.
Soil nematodes are the most abundant group of soil animals. Nematodes rapidly react to environmental changes. In the farmland ecosystem, any factor that affects the soil environment (tillage, fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide measures) influences the composition and diversity of soil nematode community. The response of soil nematode community to excessive application of agrochemicals was investigated in a typical farmland ecosystem in the Hulan area of Harbin in this study. The study used excessive amounts of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers along with herbicides and pesticides in soil, and investigated nematode communities and community diversity. A total of 27 families and 45 genera were observed in the study. Cephalobus and Aphelenchus were the most dominant genera. The composition of soil nematode community, relative abundance of different trophic groups and diversities were influenced by different agrochemical treatments. Significant differences were noted among different treatments in terms of the number of total soil nematodes, and bacterial-feeding, fungal-feeding and plant parasites nematodes (P < 0.05). With increasing quantity of applied chemical fertilizers, the relative abundance of plant parasitic nematodes increased. Except for PPI (plant parasitic index), soil nematode community responded differently to the different treatments in terms of the ecological indices of MI (maturity index), F/B (number ratio of fungal-feeding nematode to bacterial-feeding nematode), Evenness (evenness index), SR (richness index) and H' (diversity index). Also MI declined with increasing quantity of applied nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. The variations in soil nematode communities and diversities suggested that the response of soil nematode communities to agrochemicals was a suitable bio-indicator that adequately reflected the effects of agrochemicals application on soil quality. The excessive application of agrochemicals increased the level of disturbance of soil ecosystem and posed a significant threat to soil environment. This study was important in guiding future research on agricultural production and providing the theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and ecological systems.
2013, 21(6): 737-743.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00737
Abstract:
The concentration of soluble K in soils is usually very low which implies that a higher proportion of soil K occurs as insoluble rock, minerals and other deposits. K solubilizing bacteria have been noted to dissolve K from insoluble minerals, increase available K content in soils and stimulate plant growth. Application of K solubilizing bacteria may relieve K fertilizer shortage in China. In this research, K solubilizing bacteria were isolated in selective medium from tobacco rhizosphere soils sampled from tobacco areas in Sichuan, Hubei and Shangdong Provinces, and the diversity of the bacteria isolates analyzed using the 16S rDNA sequence. 27 K solubilizing bacteria strains were isolated and all the isolated bacteria strains solubilized powdered feldspar in solid and liquid media. The range of the zone of solubilization diameter formed by the strains was 0.11~0.30 cm on the agar medium. All the strains were able to release K (0.59~4.40 mg·L-1 K of the fermentation broth) and plant-promoting effects (plant height and longest leaf length respectively increased by 0.97%~38.64% and 4.40%~31.02%). Strains XF11, GM2, JM19 and GL7 were high-efficient strains for K release and plant growth promotion and had high application potential. The strains were identified through comparisons of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. There were 85.18% Gammaproteo-bacteria, 3.70% Alphaproteo-bacteria, 3.70% Betaproteo-bacteria, 3.70% Actins-bacteria and 3.70% Bacteroidetes. Among the isolated strains, the dominant bacteria were the strains for the genera Klebsiella bacteria in tobacco rhizosphere soil. Further studies were necessary into the effects of the bacterial strains on mobilizing K-bearing minerals under field conditions.
The concentration of soluble K in soils is usually very low which implies that a higher proportion of soil K occurs as insoluble rock, minerals and other deposits. K solubilizing bacteria have been noted to dissolve K from insoluble minerals, increase available K content in soils and stimulate plant growth. Application of K solubilizing bacteria may relieve K fertilizer shortage in China. In this research, K solubilizing bacteria were isolated in selective medium from tobacco rhizosphere soils sampled from tobacco areas in Sichuan, Hubei and Shangdong Provinces, and the diversity of the bacteria isolates analyzed using the 16S rDNA sequence. 27 K solubilizing bacteria strains were isolated and all the isolated bacteria strains solubilized powdered feldspar in solid and liquid media. The range of the zone of solubilization diameter formed by the strains was 0.11~0.30 cm on the agar medium. All the strains were able to release K (0.59~4.40 mg·L-1 K of the fermentation broth) and plant-promoting effects (plant height and longest leaf length respectively increased by 0.97%~38.64% and 4.40%~31.02%). Strains XF11, GM2, JM19 and GL7 were high-efficient strains for K release and plant growth promotion and had high application potential. The strains were identified through comparisons of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. There were 85.18% Gammaproteo-bacteria, 3.70% Alphaproteo-bacteria, 3.70% Betaproteo-bacteria, 3.70% Actins-bacteria and 3.70% Bacteroidetes. Among the isolated strains, the dominant bacteria were the strains for the genera Klebsiella bacteria in tobacco rhizosphere soil. Further studies were necessary into the effects of the bacterial strains on mobilizing K-bearing minerals under field conditions.
2013, 21(6): 744-751.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00744
Abstract:
Roots absorb not only nutrients and water, but also chemically signal the state of soil nutrient and propagate the signal in soils to control physiological activities of above-ground plant organs such as stomata opening/closing, leaf blade expansion and fruit development. Therefore establishing and maintaining a healthy root system in the ground for normal development of stem, leaf and fruit is critical in crop production. But because most plant roots and growth environments are not visible, the spatial configuration and distribution of plant roots are difficult to map out. Plant visualization simulation provides quick visual effect for studying plant root growth behavior. Hence model simulation of three-dimensional plant root conformation and distribution in soils and computer visual expression are vital for the interpretation of the absorption and utilization of water and nutrient by root. This study simulated young apple tree root growth behavior under field conditions of different modes of drip irrigation. The study proposed the Otsu method to statistically analyze root distribution in space after root image partitioning. By using image processing library to obtain spatial distribution statistics matrix in Python language programming, a structure-function model was established for young apple tree root distribution under different modes of field drip irrigation. The Lynch root structure model was used as a prototype of the combined root structure-function model. Finally, three-dimensional visualization of young apple tree root growth was simulated by using the OpenAlea model. Using field young apple trees for verification, the results showed that the Otsu algorithm effectively segmented young apple tree root image data. The young apple tree root structure-functional model was established by combining general function-structure parameters and spatial distribution statistics matrix scientifically, and the model could scientifically simulate the spatial topology of young apple tree roots under different modes of field drip irrigation. The structure-functional model of young apple tree root was suitable for visualizing the changing behavior of root growth in space under different drip irrigation modes in the field. The simulated visualization results suggested that the distribution of young apple tree roots was more even under alternate irrigation of partial root zone (i.e., the two sides of the root zone). Root density was also higher under alternate irrigation, which improved water and fertilizer uptake and use efficiency. The study provided additional theoretical reference for the application of alternate irrigation of partial root zones in orchard fields.
Roots absorb not only nutrients and water, but also chemically signal the state of soil nutrient and propagate the signal in soils to control physiological activities of above-ground plant organs such as stomata opening/closing, leaf blade expansion and fruit development. Therefore establishing and maintaining a healthy root system in the ground for normal development of stem, leaf and fruit is critical in crop production. But because most plant roots and growth environments are not visible, the spatial configuration and distribution of plant roots are difficult to map out. Plant visualization simulation provides quick visual effect for studying plant root growth behavior. Hence model simulation of three-dimensional plant root conformation and distribution in soils and computer visual expression are vital for the interpretation of the absorption and utilization of water and nutrient by root. This study simulated young apple tree root growth behavior under field conditions of different modes of drip irrigation. The study proposed the Otsu method to statistically analyze root distribution in space after root image partitioning. By using image processing library to obtain spatial distribution statistics matrix in Python language programming, a structure-function model was established for young apple tree root distribution under different modes of field drip irrigation. The Lynch root structure model was used as a prototype of the combined root structure-function model. Finally, three-dimensional visualization of young apple tree root growth was simulated by using the OpenAlea model. Using field young apple trees for verification, the results showed that the Otsu algorithm effectively segmented young apple tree root image data. The young apple tree root structure-functional model was established by combining general function-structure parameters and spatial distribution statistics matrix scientifically, and the model could scientifically simulate the spatial topology of young apple tree roots under different modes of field drip irrigation. The structure-functional model of young apple tree root was suitable for visualizing the changing behavior of root growth in space under different drip irrigation modes in the field. The simulated visualization results suggested that the distribution of young apple tree roots was more even under alternate irrigation of partial root zone (i.e., the two sides of the root zone). Root density was also higher under alternate irrigation, which improved water and fertilizer uptake and use efficiency. The study provided additional theoretical reference for the application of alternate irrigation of partial root zones in orchard fields.
2013, 21(6): 752-757.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00752
Abstract:
Soil available phosphorus is a critical index for evaluating farm land quality and forms the basis for crop fertilization. It is essential to spontaneously and accurately determine soil available phosphorus for soil management and resources evaluation, which condition is met by using high spectrum technology. This paper selected 466 soil samples in the Northwest Plain of Shandong Province to determine organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents in the soil. Through cluster and variance analyses, 48 soil samples were used to determine the relationship between soil available phosphorus and high spectrum reflectivity. All 48 samples were characterized by approximate contents of organic matter, available nitrogen and available potassium, but significantly different contents of available phosphorus. High spectrum reflectivity of each soil sample was measured by ASD Fieldspec3 spectrometer. The reflectivity was then transformed into reciprocal, logarithm, square root, reciprocal of logarithmic, logarithm of reciprocal and their first order derivatives. Single correlation between soil available phosphorus content and high spectrum reflectivity in 350~2 500 nm as well as its every transformations was analyzed, and sensitive high spectrum band to available phosphorus selected. The established simple linear regressions between reflectivity or its transformations in sensitive high spectrum bands (as the independent variable) and available phosphorus content were optimized and verified. The results showed that 711 nm high spectrum was the sensitive band. The simulation model based the 711 nm spectrum provided the best estimation of soil available phosphorus with fit index (R2) of 0.822 1 and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.959 1. Modeling based on a single sensitive band of high spectrum was a spontaneous, simple and reliable approach for determining soil available phosphorus.
Soil available phosphorus is a critical index for evaluating farm land quality and forms the basis for crop fertilization. It is essential to spontaneously and accurately determine soil available phosphorus for soil management and resources evaluation, which condition is met by using high spectrum technology. This paper selected 466 soil samples in the Northwest Plain of Shandong Province to determine organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents in the soil. Through cluster and variance analyses, 48 soil samples were used to determine the relationship between soil available phosphorus and high spectrum reflectivity. All 48 samples were characterized by approximate contents of organic matter, available nitrogen and available potassium, but significantly different contents of available phosphorus. High spectrum reflectivity of each soil sample was measured by ASD Fieldspec3 spectrometer. The reflectivity was then transformed into reciprocal, logarithm, square root, reciprocal of logarithmic, logarithm of reciprocal and their first order derivatives. Single correlation between soil available phosphorus content and high spectrum reflectivity in 350~2 500 nm as well as its every transformations was analyzed, and sensitive high spectrum band to available phosphorus selected. The established simple linear regressions between reflectivity or its transformations in sensitive high spectrum bands (as the independent variable) and available phosphorus content were optimized and verified. The results showed that 711 nm high spectrum was the sensitive band. The simulation model based the 711 nm spectrum provided the best estimation of soil available phosphorus with fit index (R2) of 0.822 1 and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.959 1. Modeling based on a single sensitive band of high spectrum was a spontaneous, simple and reliable approach for determining soil available phosphorus.
2013, 21(6): 758-764.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00758
Abstract:
This study used GIS and geostatistics to analyze the spatial variability and content distribution of available N, P and K as part of a comprehensive management of soil nutrients in Gaoyang County of Hebei Province. Results showed that available N and P distribution was lognormal while that of available K was normal. The averages of soil available N, P and K were respectively 76.32 mg·kg-1, 22.28 mg·kg-1 and 128.34 mg·kg-1. The coefficients of variation ranged from 36.11% to 79.71%, which suggested that the variations were at medium levels. The result showed that C0/(C+C0) of available N, P and K were respectively 38.79%, 74.27% and 32.33%, which suggested moderate spatial self-correlations. The spatial variability was caused by structural and random factors. Available K had the longest correlation range (51.94 km), available P the shortest (1.05 km) and that of available N was 43.96 km. Integrated comparisons in interpolation errors were conducted, and the best theoretical model of semivariogram of soil available N, P and K were established, which turned out to be spherical, exponential, spherical models, respectivley, with preferable 0-order trend effect. Spatial distribution maps of available N, P and K contents in cropland soils constructed by using universal Kriging interpolation objectively reflected nutrient abundance/deficiency in the study area. The maps suggested that the characteristics of the spatial distribution of available N was insignificant, available P was mainly with a banding distribution and available K was with both banding and island distribution. The content of available N was low, the area of land with 60~90 mg·kg-1 available N accounted for 93.13% of the investigated region. This suggested that there was the need to increase soil nitrogen in the study area. The contents of available P and K were in the medium-to-high range in most of the study area. Also the spatial distribution of available P showed that areas of low, medium, high and very high grades were respectively 0.34%, 31.97%, 46.98% and 20.71% of the study area. Available K map showed that the areas of low, medium, high and very high grades were respectively 0.04%, 40.36%, 54.12% and 5.48% of the study area. The figures of the GIS-based nutrient variability reflected the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and provided the theoretical basis for decision-making and soil nutrient management in the study area.
This study used GIS and geostatistics to analyze the spatial variability and content distribution of available N, P and K as part of a comprehensive management of soil nutrients in Gaoyang County of Hebei Province. Results showed that available N and P distribution was lognormal while that of available K was normal. The averages of soil available N, P and K were respectively 76.32 mg·kg-1, 22.28 mg·kg-1 and 128.34 mg·kg-1. The coefficients of variation ranged from 36.11% to 79.71%, which suggested that the variations were at medium levels. The result showed that C0/(C+C0) of available N, P and K were respectively 38.79%, 74.27% and 32.33%, which suggested moderate spatial self-correlations. The spatial variability was caused by structural and random factors. Available K had the longest correlation range (51.94 km), available P the shortest (1.05 km) and that of available N was 43.96 km. Integrated comparisons in interpolation errors were conducted, and the best theoretical model of semivariogram of soil available N, P and K were established, which turned out to be spherical, exponential, spherical models, respectivley, with preferable 0-order trend effect. Spatial distribution maps of available N, P and K contents in cropland soils constructed by using universal Kriging interpolation objectively reflected nutrient abundance/deficiency in the study area. The maps suggested that the characteristics of the spatial distribution of available N was insignificant, available P was mainly with a banding distribution and available K was with both banding and island distribution. The content of available N was low, the area of land with 60~90 mg·kg-1 available N accounted for 93.13% of the investigated region. This suggested that there was the need to increase soil nitrogen in the study area. The contents of available P and K were in the medium-to-high range in most of the study area. Also the spatial distribution of available P showed that areas of low, medium, high and very high grades were respectively 0.34%, 31.97%, 46.98% and 20.71% of the study area. Available K map showed that the areas of low, medium, high and very high grades were respectively 0.04%, 40.36%, 54.12% and 5.48% of the study area. The figures of the GIS-based nutrient variability reflected the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and provided the theoretical basis for decision-making and soil nutrient management in the study area.
2013, 21(6): 765-771.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00765
Abstract:
China has limited cultivated land and huge population, making China's per-capita cultivated land far smaller than most other countries. Although it brings enormous economic wealth to the country, mineral resources mining has also destroyed a large fraction of cultivated lands. Hence for the efficient protection of cultivated lands, it is critical to evaluate (in terms of quantity and quality) cultivated land damage via mining operations in China. Grey Clustering Method can be used in such evaluations in terms of fuzzy mathematical theory. Although widely used in other fields, its application in evaluation the degree of damage caused by mining operations to cultivated lands has been highly limited. The task of this paper was to analyze the degree to which arable lands had been damaged by mining operations. The study aimed to more objectively and accurately assess the services of arable lands and the measures for reclamation and protection. The classic Gray Clustering Method was used to determine the weights of the indicators for damaged arable lands, with appropriate adjustments to relate the threshold of the indicators to cluster objects. In this paper, effective soil thickness was set to dominant restrictive indicator. Then the relative restrictive indicators were integrated into the Gray Clustering Method to construct a GCM_DR (Grey Clustering Method Dominant Restrictive Indicator and Relative Restrictive Index) which was then used to evaluate the extent of damage of arable lands in mining areas. The model was used to evaluate some damaged arable lands in the high-dive mining area and the results compared with other evaluation methods. The results showed that the degree of damage to a total of eight evaluated units of land in two collapsed basins were respectively II, III, IV, V, I, II, Ⅲ and Ⅲ. This was approximately consistent with the results of other methods, suggesting a high reliability of the proposed method. The set of dominant restrictive indicators that accounted for the combined factors and dominant factors of the model somewhat reduced assessment process and improved evaluation efficiency. Compared with the classical Gray Clustery Model, the improved model emphasized relative restrictive index which was more sensitive. The model allocated higher weights to indexes with greater degree of damage so that the clustering coefficient closely reflected the direction of severe damage. In terms of weight ratio, the improved model emphasized the relative degree of damage expressed by the clustering coefficient. Thus to some extent, it reduced the irrationality of weight distribution caused by different hierarchical spans. This made GCM_DR model more applicable in evaluating the degree of damage to cultivated lands in mining areas. The model was suitable for determining the state of arable lands, establishing land reclamation measures and consolidating land protection programs.
China has limited cultivated land and huge population, making China's per-capita cultivated land far smaller than most other countries. Although it brings enormous economic wealth to the country, mineral resources mining has also destroyed a large fraction of cultivated lands. Hence for the efficient protection of cultivated lands, it is critical to evaluate (in terms of quantity and quality) cultivated land damage via mining operations in China. Grey Clustering Method can be used in such evaluations in terms of fuzzy mathematical theory. Although widely used in other fields, its application in evaluation the degree of damage caused by mining operations to cultivated lands has been highly limited. The task of this paper was to analyze the degree to which arable lands had been damaged by mining operations. The study aimed to more objectively and accurately assess the services of arable lands and the measures for reclamation and protection. The classic Gray Clustering Method was used to determine the weights of the indicators for damaged arable lands, with appropriate adjustments to relate the threshold of the indicators to cluster objects. In this paper, effective soil thickness was set to dominant restrictive indicator. Then the relative restrictive indicators were integrated into the Gray Clustering Method to construct a GCM_DR (Grey Clustering Method Dominant Restrictive Indicator and Relative Restrictive Index) which was then used to evaluate the extent of damage of arable lands in mining areas. The model was used to evaluate some damaged arable lands in the high-dive mining area and the results compared with other evaluation methods. The results showed that the degree of damage to a total of eight evaluated units of land in two collapsed basins were respectively II, III, IV, V, I, II, Ⅲ and Ⅲ. This was approximately consistent with the results of other methods, suggesting a high reliability of the proposed method. The set of dominant restrictive indicators that accounted for the combined factors and dominant factors of the model somewhat reduced assessment process and improved evaluation efficiency. Compared with the classical Gray Clustery Model, the improved model emphasized relative restrictive index which was more sensitive. The model allocated higher weights to indexes with greater degree of damage so that the clustering coefficient closely reflected the direction of severe damage. In terms of weight ratio, the improved model emphasized the relative degree of damage expressed by the clustering coefficient. Thus to some extent, it reduced the irrationality of weight distribution caused by different hierarchical spans. This made GCM_DR model more applicable in evaluating the degree of damage to cultivated lands in mining areas. The model was suitable for determining the state of arable lands, establishing land reclamation measures and consolidating land protection programs.
2013, 21(6): 772-778.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00772
Abstract:
Global warming has caused northward moving of crop growth boundary. To determine the suitability of winter wheat in the northern region of Shaanxi Province, daily temperature data for 1961-2001 were collected from 5 stations (Yulin, Suide, Hengshan,Wuqi and Yan'an stations) in northern Shaanxi Province. The heat resource used in the study included the ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature before winter, negative accumulated temperature during wintering, mean temperature in January, ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature for the whole growth period and extreme low temperature. The results showed that ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature before winter exceeded 400 ℃·d in all the stations. Only Yan'an station met the required minimum temperature of 450 ℃·d for negative accumulated temperature during winter. As temperature increased from year to year, negative accumulated temperature during winter in Suide and Wuqi stations in 1993 to 1994 reached threshold value of 450 ℃·d. For ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature throughout the growth period, all the stations met the required 2 000 ℃·d. The only exception was Wuqi station, where ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature was slightly below the threshold value. In terms of mean temperature of January (the coldest month of the year), frozen injuries were no longer a future in Yan'an station as mean temperature exceeded 6 ℃. In fact, mean temperatures for Suide and Wuqi stations were respectively 7.60 ℃ and 7.07 ℃. This suggested winter wheat survival rate of over 80%. In Yulin and Hengshan stations, however, mean temperatures of January were too low for wheat to grow. While the extreme low temperature value for winter wheat growth is 20 ℃, that for all the stations exceeded 17 ℃. This suggested that extreme low temperatures in all the stations were suitable for winter wheat growth. In northern Shaanxi Province, negative accumulated temperatures during winter period, mean temperature of January and ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature for the whole growth period increased significantly throughout the investigated period. Negative accumulated temperature during wintering increased at the rate of 36.2~71.7 ℃·d·10a-1. For ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature during the growth period, it was 44.1~88.7 ℃·d·10a-1 and 0.32~0.61 ℃·d·10a-1 for extreme low temperature. Accumulated temperature before winter increased significantly by 20.3 ℃·d and 16.1 ℃·d per decade respectively for Yan'an and Wuqi stations. It, however, showed no increase for Yulin and Suide stations. Extreme low temperature increased across the entire Northern Shaanxi Province, though not significantly. In conclusion, heat resource in Yan'an was already high enough by 2001 to support the growth of winter wheat. Winter wheat growth was also suitable in Wuqi and Suide stations, but with some extreme low temperatures in January. In Yulin and Hengshan stations, however, negative accumulated temperatures during wintering period and mean temperature in January were unfit for winter wheat growth.
Global warming has caused northward moving of crop growth boundary. To determine the suitability of winter wheat in the northern region of Shaanxi Province, daily temperature data for 1961-2001 were collected from 5 stations (Yulin, Suide, Hengshan,Wuqi and Yan'an stations) in northern Shaanxi Province. The heat resource used in the study included the ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature before winter, negative accumulated temperature during wintering, mean temperature in January, ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature for the whole growth period and extreme low temperature. The results showed that ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature before winter exceeded 400 ℃·d in all the stations. Only Yan'an station met the required minimum temperature of 450 ℃·d for negative accumulated temperature during winter. As temperature increased from year to year, negative accumulated temperature during winter in Suide and Wuqi stations in 1993 to 1994 reached threshold value of 450 ℃·d. For ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature throughout the growth period, all the stations met the required 2 000 ℃·d. The only exception was Wuqi station, where ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature was slightly below the threshold value. In terms of mean temperature of January (the coldest month of the year), frozen injuries were no longer a future in Yan'an station as mean temperature exceeded 6 ℃. In fact, mean temperatures for Suide and Wuqi stations were respectively 7.60 ℃ and 7.07 ℃. This suggested winter wheat survival rate of over 80%. In Yulin and Hengshan stations, however, mean temperatures of January were too low for wheat to grow. While the extreme low temperature value for winter wheat growth is 20 ℃, that for all the stations exceeded 17 ℃. This suggested that extreme low temperatures in all the stations were suitable for winter wheat growth. In northern Shaanxi Province, negative accumulated temperatures during winter period, mean temperature of January and ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature for the whole growth period increased significantly throughout the investigated period. Negative accumulated temperature during wintering increased at the rate of 36.2~71.7 ℃·d·10a-1. For ≥0 ℃ accumulated temperature during the growth period, it was 44.1~88.7 ℃·d·10a-1 and 0.32~0.61 ℃·d·10a-1 for extreme low temperature. Accumulated temperature before winter increased significantly by 20.3 ℃·d and 16.1 ℃·d per decade respectively for Yan'an and Wuqi stations. It, however, showed no increase for Yulin and Suide stations. Extreme low temperature increased across the entire Northern Shaanxi Province, though not significantly. In conclusion, heat resource in Yan'an was already high enough by 2001 to support the growth of winter wheat. Winter wheat growth was also suitable in Wuqi and Suide stations, but with some extreme low temperatures in January. In Yulin and Hengshan stations, however, negative accumulated temperatures during wintering period and mean temperature in January were unfit for winter wheat growth.
2013, 21(6): 779-785.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00779
Abstract:
Kuaiji Mountain is the original producing area of Torreya grandis. T. grandis has a long history with profound culture, unique value, ancient grafting technique and vital agro-heritage. Research on the ecosystem services value of ancient T. grandis in Kuaiji Mountain was necessary to further understand the important agro-heritage and develop corresponding protective measures. Based on literature and available data, this paper comprehensively evaluated the ecosystem services of ancient T. grandis group resources in Kuaiji Mountain in terms of supply, regulation, culture and support. The research showed that total integrated ecosystem services value of ancient T. grandis was 8.614×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1. Of this among, supply function (such as forest by-product, etc.) was 3.686×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1, regulation function (such as soil/water conservation, climate regulation, environment purification, etc.) was 2.078×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1, cultural function (such as heritage, tourism, humanistic, research, etc.) was 2.845×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1, and support function (such as habitat, nutrient cycle, etc.) was 489 Yuan·hm-2·a-1. The ancient T. grandis group resources in Kuaiji Mountain not only had economic value, but also ecological value. Economic value was an important resource for economic forests and tourism which also promoted local sustainability of economic development. Ecological value benefited soil/water conservation and protected biodiversity. Ancient T. grandis group resources also exhibited cultural value which was inheritance of the origin and culture of the resource. As a crucial agro-heritage, the dynamic protection of ancient T. grandis group resources was beneficial to the protection and rational utilization of local resources. It also promoted a coordinated development of the local economy, environment and culture.
Kuaiji Mountain is the original producing area of Torreya grandis. T. grandis has a long history with profound culture, unique value, ancient grafting technique and vital agro-heritage. Research on the ecosystem services value of ancient T. grandis in Kuaiji Mountain was necessary to further understand the important agro-heritage and develop corresponding protective measures. Based on literature and available data, this paper comprehensively evaluated the ecosystem services of ancient T. grandis group resources in Kuaiji Mountain in terms of supply, regulation, culture and support. The research showed that total integrated ecosystem services value of ancient T. grandis was 8.614×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1. Of this among, supply function (such as forest by-product, etc.) was 3.686×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1, regulation function (such as soil/water conservation, climate regulation, environment purification, etc.) was 2.078×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1, cultural function (such as heritage, tourism, humanistic, research, etc.) was 2.845×105 Yuan·hm-2·a-1, and support function (such as habitat, nutrient cycle, etc.) was 489 Yuan·hm-2·a-1. The ancient T. grandis group resources in Kuaiji Mountain not only had economic value, but also ecological value. Economic value was an important resource for economic forests and tourism which also promoted local sustainability of economic development. Ecological value benefited soil/water conservation and protected biodiversity. Ancient T. grandis group resources also exhibited cultural value which was inheritance of the origin and culture of the resource. As a crucial agro-heritage, the dynamic protection of ancient T. grandis group resources was beneficial to the protection and rational utilization of local resources. It also promoted a coordinated development of the local economy, environment and culture.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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