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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2013 Vol. 21, No. 9
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2013, 21(9): 1039-1048.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01039
Abstract:
Research and practices on circular agriculture (CA) has been hotspots of Chinese agriculture development in recent years. CA plays a significant role in resource using, energy saving, emission reduction, enterprise and industry development, and farmer income improvement in China. How to build a suitable evaluation system is one of the top issues on the CA research and development. In this paper, the general progresses of CA researches were discussed, and the evaluating content, indicators and methods were summarized as well. Generally, the evaluation for CA was classified as two types. The first was macro-evaluation focusing on the national or regional scale, whose indexes were constructed base on the social and economic development, resource reduces, resource recycle and safety of resource and environment dimensions. The goal of this kind of evaluation was to determine the social, economic and ecological effects of CA development. Another kind was micro-evaluation focusing on the industrial park, enterprise, or local farm system scale, whose goal was assessment of the features of materials cycling and energy flow in CA systems, and the environment impacts as well. Many methods were introduced in this kind evaluation including system dynamic, emergy, life cycle assessment, etc. At the same time, there existed marked difference in evaluating content, indicators and methods for the micro-evaluation. Furthermore, the suitable evaluation index for different scales (national, regional, enterprise, detailed pattern or technology, etc.) were expected to further study, which should be according with the 4R rule (recycle, reuse, reduce and regulate) of CA.
Research and practices on circular agriculture (CA) has been hotspots of Chinese agriculture development in recent years. CA plays a significant role in resource using, energy saving, emission reduction, enterprise and industry development, and farmer income improvement in China. How to build a suitable evaluation system is one of the top issues on the CA research and development. In this paper, the general progresses of CA researches were discussed, and the evaluating content, indicators and methods were summarized as well. Generally, the evaluation for CA was classified as two types. The first was macro-evaluation focusing on the national or regional scale, whose indexes were constructed base on the social and economic development, resource reduces, resource recycle and safety of resource and environment dimensions. The goal of this kind of evaluation was to determine the social, economic and ecological effects of CA development. Another kind was micro-evaluation focusing on the industrial park, enterprise, or local farm system scale, whose goal was assessment of the features of materials cycling and energy flow in CA systems, and the environment impacts as well. Many methods were introduced in this kind evaluation including system dynamic, emergy, life cycle assessment, etc. At the same time, there existed marked difference in evaluating content, indicators and methods for the micro-evaluation. Furthermore, the suitable evaluation index for different scales (national, regional, enterprise, detailed pattern or technology, etc.) were expected to further study, which should be according with the 4R rule (recycle, reuse, reduce and regulate) of CA.
2013, 21(9): 1049-1056.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01049
Abstract:
Either CO2 enrichment or nitrogen (N) application influences growth and development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition on the photosynthetic area of source organs (green leaves, stem & sheath, spike and awns), grain number and weight per spike, and grain-leaf ratio of winter wheat at heading stage were investigated in this study. The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers (OTCs) with two wheat varieties, "Xiaoyan 6" and "Xiaoyan 22", as materials in 2008-2009. Wheat plants were grown under different treatments of two CO2 concentrations (375 μL·L-1 and 750 μL·L-1) and three nitrogen application levels [0, 0.15 g(N)·kg-1(soil) and 0.30 g(N)·kg-1(soil)]. The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width, stem node length and diameter, spike length and width, awn length. The photosynthetic area, grain number and weight per spike, and grain-leaf ratio of wheat were also enhanced under nitrogen application. Compared with ambient CO2 concentration (375 μL·L -1), elevated CO2 concentration (750 μL·L-1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length, photosynthetic area of leaf, stem node and awn (P < 0.05); but it insignificantly affected leaf width, stem node diameter and spike area (P> 0.05). CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of "Xiaoyan 6" and "Xiaoyan 22" by 8.1%~15.1% and 2.8%~13.2%, respectively, with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N)·kg-1(soil). Under three nitrogen levels, CO2 enrichment increased spike grain number and the ratio of grain number-leaf area in varying degrees. The grain number-leaf area ratio of two varieties increased most obviously under 0.30 g(N)·kg -1(soil) and 0.15 g(N)·kg-1(soil), with 44.2% and 41.4% increments compared with the ambient CO2 concentration. Moreover, high CO2 concentration reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area under no nitrogen application, but raised them by 43.6% and 20.7% averagely under nitrogen application. The awn area was only 3% of the total photosynthetic area, greatly smaller than those of other resources organs. It suggested that CO2 enrichment enlarge the photosynthetic area of wheat mainly through elongating leaves and stem. It improved the relationship between sources and sink to increase sink number and mater translocation captivity per unit leaf area simultaneously. Nitrogen addition would promote the response of wheat source and sink growth to CO2 enrichment.
Either CO2 enrichment or nitrogen (N) application influences growth and development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition on the photosynthetic area of source organs (green leaves, stem & sheath, spike and awns), grain number and weight per spike, and grain-leaf ratio of winter wheat at heading stage were investigated in this study. The pot experiment was carried out in open top chambers (OTCs) with two wheat varieties, "Xiaoyan 6" and "Xiaoyan 22", as materials in 2008-2009. Wheat plants were grown under different treatments of two CO2 concentrations (375 μL·L-1 and 750 μL·L-1) and three nitrogen application levels [0, 0.15 g(N)·kg-1(soil) and 0.30 g(N)·kg-1(soil)]. The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased leaf length and width, stem node length and diameter, spike length and width, awn length. The photosynthetic area, grain number and weight per spike, and grain-leaf ratio of wheat were also enhanced under nitrogen application. Compared with ambient CO2 concentration (375 μL·L -1), elevated CO2 concentration (750 μL·L-1) positively influenced leaf and stem node length, photosynthetic area of leaf, stem node and awn (P < 0.05); but it insignificantly affected leaf width, stem node diameter and spike area (P> 0.05). CO2 concentration elevation increased the photosynthetic area per stem of "Xiaoyan 6" and "Xiaoyan 22" by 8.1%~15.1% and 2.8%~13.2%, respectively, with the biggest variable amplitude under the nitrogen application level of 0.30 g(N)·kg-1(soil). Under three nitrogen levels, CO2 enrichment increased spike grain number and the ratio of grain number-leaf area in varying degrees. The grain number-leaf area ratio of two varieties increased most obviously under 0.30 g(N)·kg -1(soil) and 0.15 g(N)·kg-1(soil), with 44.2% and 41.4% increments compared with the ambient CO2 concentration. Moreover, high CO2 concentration reduced spike grain weight and the ratio of grain weight-leaf area under no nitrogen application, but raised them by 43.6% and 20.7% averagely under nitrogen application. The awn area was only 3% of the total photosynthetic area, greatly smaller than those of other resources organs. It suggested that CO2 enrichment enlarge the photosynthetic area of wheat mainly through elongating leaves and stem. It improved the relationship between sources and sink to increase sink number and mater translocation captivity per unit leaf area simultaneously. Nitrogen addition would promote the response of wheat source and sink growth to CO2 enrichment.
2013, 21(9): 1057-1063.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01057
Abstract:
The Loess Plateau is characterized by severe soil erosion. Soil organic carbon is an essential element of soil quality, including soil tilth, soil fertility, soil aggregate stability and soil erodability. Soil organic carbon formation, change and depletion are very slow processes. Labile fractions of soil organic carbon are more sensitive to agricultural operations than total organic carbon. Tillage is a main factor affecing soil organic carbon in agricultural soils. Although a lot of work has been done on soil organic carbon on the Loess Plateau, most have actually focused only on total organic carbon. Relatively less research has been done on changes in the fractions of soil organic carbon over the long-term in response to tillage practices. Hence in this paper, the changes in the fractions of soil organic carbon due to long-term tillage practices in loess soils were investigated. Total organic carbon (TOC) and readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROOC) of soils from a 12-year experiment with different tillage practices were analyzed in this paper. The long-term experiment was commenced in 2001 in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, which is a typical semiarid rainfed area in the western Loess Plateau. The experiment included conventional tillage (T) and 5 conservation tillage practices [no tillage with straw mulching (NTS), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (TS), no tillage (NT), no tillage with plastic film mulching (NTP) and conventional tillage with plastic film mulching (TP)]. The results showed that soil TOC content decreased with increasing soil depth, and this was especially true for soil depths within 10~30 cm. At the start of the experiment, differences among treatments were insignificant for soil depths of 0~5 cm, 5~10 cm and 10~30 cm. However, these differences became more significant with time. The order of the average content of TOC and ROOC in the 0~30 cm soil depth for the different treatments was NTS > TS > NTP > NT > T > TP. Compare with T, the average ranges of TOC and ROOC under NT, NTS, NTP and TS increased respectively by 1.2%~7.2% and 5.3%~16.6%. However, those of TP dropped by 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. Both no tillage and straw mulching increased TOC and ROOC contents, and the combinative use (NTS) provided the optimum conditions for improving soil organic carbon. TP was the worst treatment in terms of soil TOC content. Compared with 2002, the average contents of TOC and ROOC under NTS increased respectively by 9.5% and 42.9%, 13.2% and 67.6%, 21.5% and 71.5%, 1.1% and 15.9%, 2.7% and 12.6% in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012. ROOC was much more sensitive to the tillage practices than TOC. Therefore no tillage used in conjunction with straw returning was critical for improving both TOC and ROOC in loess soils. It was possible to use ROOC as an early indicator for changes in soil organic carbon in loess soil of the western Loess Plateau. However, further research was needed to confirm the reliability of the use of ROOC for thus purpose.
The Loess Plateau is characterized by severe soil erosion. Soil organic carbon is an essential element of soil quality, including soil tilth, soil fertility, soil aggregate stability and soil erodability. Soil organic carbon formation, change and depletion are very slow processes. Labile fractions of soil organic carbon are more sensitive to agricultural operations than total organic carbon. Tillage is a main factor affecing soil organic carbon in agricultural soils. Although a lot of work has been done on soil organic carbon on the Loess Plateau, most have actually focused only on total organic carbon. Relatively less research has been done on changes in the fractions of soil organic carbon over the long-term in response to tillage practices. Hence in this paper, the changes in the fractions of soil organic carbon due to long-term tillage practices in loess soils were investigated. Total organic carbon (TOC) and readily oxidizable organic carbon (ROOC) of soils from a 12-year experiment with different tillage practices were analyzed in this paper. The long-term experiment was commenced in 2001 in Dingxi City, Gansu Province, which is a typical semiarid rainfed area in the western Loess Plateau. The experiment included conventional tillage (T) and 5 conservation tillage practices [no tillage with straw mulching (NTS), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (TS), no tillage (NT), no tillage with plastic film mulching (NTP) and conventional tillage with plastic film mulching (TP)]. The results showed that soil TOC content decreased with increasing soil depth, and this was especially true for soil depths within 10~30 cm. At the start of the experiment, differences among treatments were insignificant for soil depths of 0~5 cm, 5~10 cm and 10~30 cm. However, these differences became more significant with time. The order of the average content of TOC and ROOC in the 0~30 cm soil depth for the different treatments was NTS > TS > NTP > NT > T > TP. Compare with T, the average ranges of TOC and ROOC under NT, NTS, NTP and TS increased respectively by 1.2%~7.2% and 5.3%~16.6%. However, those of TP dropped by 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively. Both no tillage and straw mulching increased TOC and ROOC contents, and the combinative use (NTS) provided the optimum conditions for improving soil organic carbon. TP was the worst treatment in terms of soil TOC content. Compared with 2002, the average contents of TOC and ROOC under NTS increased respectively by 9.5% and 42.9%, 13.2% and 67.6%, 21.5% and 71.5%, 1.1% and 15.9%, 2.7% and 12.6% in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2012. ROOC was much more sensitive to the tillage practices than TOC. Therefore no tillage used in conjunction with straw returning was critical for improving both TOC and ROOC in loess soils. It was possible to use ROOC as an early indicator for changes in soil organic carbon in loess soil of the western Loess Plateau. However, further research was needed to confirm the reliability of the use of ROOC for thus purpose.
2013, 21(9): 1064-1072.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01064
Abstract:
It was imperative to research the mechanisms of nutrient effect at different growth stages so as to enhance plant nutrient assimilation efficiency. In this study, field experiments considering sowing date, density and fertilizer dose were conducted to evaluate this process in "Nonghua 101" maize cultivar. Daily mean temperature was recorded and leaf and other fractions sampled during maize growth period for chemical analysis and N, P and K concentrations. While population effect was introduced into the analysis on the basis of daily dry matter accumulation, thermo temperature effect was introduced in terms of environmental conditions. Then the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method was used to assess the evaluation methods of nutrient processes and efficiency during maize growth stages. Next, the accuracy of the adopted method was determined from main statistic parameters using the SAS software. Based on the results, the correlation coefficient (r) between expected daily dry matter accumulation and observed data was 0.72~0.99. Paired T-test analysis showed that the trends of the different growth stages were insignificant at P > 0.05. The variance between observed daily mean dry matter accumulation and expected value was also insignificant at P > 0.05. It was then obvious that the main parameters of effects of nutrients at different growth stages varied remarkably. The ranges of nutrient effect values of three leaf to jointing stage, jointing to flare opening stage, flare opening to silking stage, and silking to maturity stage were 0~0.58, 0.43~2.57, 0.45~4.58 and 0.86~4.71, respectively. The modified BLUP method was therefore potentially suitable for evaluating the effects of nutrients at different maize growth stages. The method was therefore recommended for field evaluation of the effects of nutrients on maize production.
It was imperative to research the mechanisms of nutrient effect at different growth stages so as to enhance plant nutrient assimilation efficiency. In this study, field experiments considering sowing date, density and fertilizer dose were conducted to evaluate this process in "Nonghua 101" maize cultivar. Daily mean temperature was recorded and leaf and other fractions sampled during maize growth period for chemical analysis and N, P and K concentrations. While population effect was introduced into the analysis on the basis of daily dry matter accumulation, thermo temperature effect was introduced in terms of environmental conditions. Then the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method was used to assess the evaluation methods of nutrient processes and efficiency during maize growth stages. Next, the accuracy of the adopted method was determined from main statistic parameters using the SAS software. Based on the results, the correlation coefficient (r) between expected daily dry matter accumulation and observed data was 0.72~0.99. Paired T-test analysis showed that the trends of the different growth stages were insignificant at P > 0.05. The variance between observed daily mean dry matter accumulation and expected value was also insignificant at P > 0.05. It was then obvious that the main parameters of effects of nutrients at different growth stages varied remarkably. The ranges of nutrient effect values of three leaf to jointing stage, jointing to flare opening stage, flare opening to silking stage, and silking to maturity stage were 0~0.58, 0.43~2.57, 0.45~4.58 and 0.86~4.71, respectively. The modified BLUP method was therefore potentially suitable for evaluating the effects of nutrients at different maize growth stages. The method was therefore recommended for field evaluation of the effects of nutrients on maize production.
2013, 21(9): 1073-1077.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01073
Abstract:
It was possible to increase soil microbial activity and improve soil quality by using organic fertilizers. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is critical for high efficiency of organic fertilizer. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on soil microbial biomass at the same level of nitrogen. Of the five treatments used in the study, four received organic manure in different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (20︰1, 15︰1, 10︰1 and 5︰1) and another was non fertilizer treatment (CK). The results showed that all of the treatments with organic fertilizers increased soil contents of microbial biomass C and N. The order of soil microbial biomass C content for different treatments was 20︰1 > 10︰1 ≈ 15︰1 > 5︰1 > CK. Also the order of soil microbial biomass N content for different treatments was 15︰1 > 10︰1 > 20︰1 > 5︰1 > CK. The soil microbial biomass C/N reflected soil nitrogen biological activity. The order of soil microbial biomass C/N for different treatments was 15︰1 < 10︰1 < 20︰1 ≈ 5︰1 < CK. This suggested that organic manures with 15︰1 or 10︰1 carbon-to-nitrogen ratios improved biological activity of soil nitrogen and decreased nitrogen loss. Although soil microbial biomass was high under fertilization of organic manure with a high (20︰1) carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, biological activity of soil nitrogen was low. Soil microbial biomass was low under treatment of organic manure with a low (5︰1) carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The study laid the theoretical and practical bases for the scientific use of organic manure in organic agriculture.
It was possible to increase soil microbial activity and improve soil quality by using organic fertilizers. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is critical for high efficiency of organic fertilizer. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of organic fertilizers with different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios on soil microbial biomass at the same level of nitrogen. Of the five treatments used in the study, four received organic manure in different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (20︰1, 15︰1, 10︰1 and 5︰1) and another was non fertilizer treatment (CK). The results showed that all of the treatments with organic fertilizers increased soil contents of microbial biomass C and N. The order of soil microbial biomass C content for different treatments was 20︰1 > 10︰1 ≈ 15︰1 > 5︰1 > CK. Also the order of soil microbial biomass N content for different treatments was 15︰1 > 10︰1 > 20︰1 > 5︰1 > CK. The soil microbial biomass C/N reflected soil nitrogen biological activity. The order of soil microbial biomass C/N for different treatments was 15︰1 < 10︰1 < 20︰1 ≈ 5︰1 < CK. This suggested that organic manures with 15︰1 or 10︰1 carbon-to-nitrogen ratios improved biological activity of soil nitrogen and decreased nitrogen loss. Although soil microbial biomass was high under fertilization of organic manure with a high (20︰1) carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, biological activity of soil nitrogen was low. Soil microbial biomass was low under treatment of organic manure with a low (5︰1) carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. The study laid the theoretical and practical bases for the scientific use of organic manure in organic agriculture.
2013, 21(9): 1078-1087.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01078
Abstract:
Capsicum-maize relay intercropping pattern, as an ecologically efficient and high-yield system, is a promising management practice widely used in northwest China. An experiment with different capsicum-maize intercropping systems was conducted to determine the effects of relay intercropping maize on microbial ecological characteristics of rhizosphere soil in capsicum field. The intercropping systems included no partitioned intercropped capsicum and maize (ICN), and nylon-mesh partitioned intercropped capsicum and maize (ICM), plastic-film partitioned intercropped capsicum and maize (ICP), and sole capsicum (SC). The traditional dilution plate method, chloroform fumigation method, BIOLOG GN system and inter-specific root separation techniques were adopted to determine the microbial amount, microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, and diversity of microbial community. The results showed that the trend of total microbial amount in rhizosphere soil was same at that of bacterial amount at any growth stages of capsicum. The amounts of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes and the ratios of fungi to actinomycete and bacteria to actinomycete counts of ICN treatment and ICM treatment were slightly higher than those of SC treatment and ICP treatment. Compared with other treatments at full fruiting stage, ICN increased soil microbial biomass C and N respectively by 14.2%~54.0% and 10.6%~54.7%. BIOLOG analysis showed that the curve between Average Well Color Development (AWCD) and incubation time was S-shaped for all the treatments. Relay intercropping of capsicum and maize not only significantly (P < 0.05) increased Shannon-Wiener index, meeting rate of different plant species (PIE), Simpson index and Mclntosh index of soil microbial community, but also enhanced soil microbe sole-carbon-source utilization. Correlation analysis revealed that the correlation between different diversity indexes of rhizosphere soil microbe community and biological yields of capsicum were either partially (P < 0.05) or fully (P < 0.05) significant. The findings suggested that root interaction between intercropped crops enhanced the population of microorganisms and carbon-metabolic microbial diversity in rhizosphere soils under capsicum-maize relay intercropping system.
Capsicum-maize relay intercropping pattern, as an ecologically efficient and high-yield system, is a promising management practice widely used in northwest China. An experiment with different capsicum-maize intercropping systems was conducted to determine the effects of relay intercropping maize on microbial ecological characteristics of rhizosphere soil in capsicum field. The intercropping systems included no partitioned intercropped capsicum and maize (ICN), and nylon-mesh partitioned intercropped capsicum and maize (ICM), plastic-film partitioned intercropped capsicum and maize (ICP), and sole capsicum (SC). The traditional dilution plate method, chloroform fumigation method, BIOLOG GN system and inter-specific root separation techniques were adopted to determine the microbial amount, microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon, and diversity of microbial community. The results showed that the trend of total microbial amount in rhizosphere soil was same at that of bacterial amount at any growth stages of capsicum. The amounts of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes and the ratios of fungi to actinomycete and bacteria to actinomycete counts of ICN treatment and ICM treatment were slightly higher than those of SC treatment and ICP treatment. Compared with other treatments at full fruiting stage, ICN increased soil microbial biomass C and N respectively by 14.2%~54.0% and 10.6%~54.7%. BIOLOG analysis showed that the curve between Average Well Color Development (AWCD) and incubation time was S-shaped for all the treatments. Relay intercropping of capsicum and maize not only significantly (P < 0.05) increased Shannon-Wiener index, meeting rate of different plant species (PIE), Simpson index and Mclntosh index of soil microbial community, but also enhanced soil microbe sole-carbon-source utilization. Correlation analysis revealed that the correlation between different diversity indexes of rhizosphere soil microbe community and biological yields of capsicum were either partially (P < 0.05) or fully (P < 0.05) significant. The findings suggested that root interaction between intercropped crops enhanced the population of microorganisms and carbon-metabolic microbial diversity in rhizosphere soils under capsicum-maize relay intercropping system.
2013, 21(9): 1088-1094.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01088
Abstract:
The characteristics of soil microorganisms are critical in soil restoration and ecosystem health. To a large extent, different restoration methods of vegetation have different effects on the activity of soil microorganisms. The understanding of the characteristics of soil microorganisms under different restoration methods of vegetation is critical for exploring the effects of vegetation restoration on soils and for laying the scientific basis for ecological restoration of abandoned fields. In this study, a field experiment was conducted in saline soil of the alluvial fans of the Manas River Valley, which is largely an arid region. The four treatments were set out in the experiment, including original abandoned field (control), water supplement field, artificial grassland field and plant supplement field. The last three treatments were applied in the original abandoned field. The main aim of the experiment was to study the effects of different restoration models on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and soil respiration rate of abandoned saline fields. The results indicated that soil enzyme activity, soil microbial population and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly enhanced by different vegetation restoration models. Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under water supplement field, artificial grassland field and planting supplement field were respectively 17.80%, 26.38%, 5.33%, and 7.89%, 12.75%, 21.93% higher than those under original abandoned field. The numbers of soil microbes under the three vegetation restoration treatments were respectively 4.72, 6.04 and 4.56 times that of original abandoned field. Also soil sucrase activity under the three different restoration treatments were respectively 3.4, 3.2 and 7.7 times that of the original abandoned field. Then soil polyphenol oxidase activity under the three different restoration treatments were respectively 1.7, 1.2 and 1.5 times that of the original abandoned field. Similarly, soil urease activity of three different restoration treatments were respectively 11.1%, 52.3% and 37.1% higher than that of the original abandoned field. Among the treatments, soil catalase activity of the water supplement field treatment was highest (1.53 times that of the original abandoned field). The order of changes in soil respiration rate under the three different restoration models of abandoned saline field was artificial grassland field > water supplement field > planting supplement field > original abandon farmland field. Soil respiration rate under artificial grassland field was 52.25% higher than that under the abandoned field. Water supplement and artificial grassland fields of abandoned saline fields in arid regions enhanced the accumulation of soil nutrient and thereby improved soil quality. Correlation analysis showed that among the indexes of the characteristics of soil microorganisms, soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass C/N and soil microbial amount were positive correlated (significant at P < 0.05). Positive correlations were noted between soil respiration rate versus soil urease, microbial population and microbial biomass C (significant at P < 0.05) and negative (but not significant) correlations between soil respiration rate and soil microbial biomass N. Also positive correlations were noted between soil sucrase activity versus the other three soil enzymes (urease, polyphenol oxidase and catalase) and microbial biomass nitrogen (significant at P < 0.05). A positive correlation was noted between soil urease and soil microbial amount (significant atP < 0.05). There was also a positive correlation between soil polyphenol oxidase and soil catalase (significant at P < 0.05). Thus the characteristics of soil microorganisms were interrelated with soil enzymes and soil respiration rate. This suggested that the three factors not only exhibited distinct characteristics but also mutually influenced and interacted during soil conversion. This interaction therefore needed further clarification in further research efforts.
The characteristics of soil microorganisms are critical in soil restoration and ecosystem health. To a large extent, different restoration methods of vegetation have different effects on the activity of soil microorganisms. The understanding of the characteristics of soil microorganisms under different restoration methods of vegetation is critical for exploring the effects of vegetation restoration on soils and for laying the scientific basis for ecological restoration of abandoned fields. In this study, a field experiment was conducted in saline soil of the alluvial fans of the Manas River Valley, which is largely an arid region. The four treatments were set out in the experiment, including original abandoned field (control), water supplement field, artificial grassland field and plant supplement field. The last three treatments were applied in the original abandoned field. The main aim of the experiment was to study the effects of different restoration models on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and soil respiration rate of abandoned saline fields. The results indicated that soil enzyme activity, soil microbial population and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly enhanced by different vegetation restoration models. Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under water supplement field, artificial grassland field and planting supplement field were respectively 17.80%, 26.38%, 5.33%, and 7.89%, 12.75%, 21.93% higher than those under original abandoned field. The numbers of soil microbes under the three vegetation restoration treatments were respectively 4.72, 6.04 and 4.56 times that of original abandoned field. Also soil sucrase activity under the three different restoration treatments were respectively 3.4, 3.2 and 7.7 times that of the original abandoned field. Then soil polyphenol oxidase activity under the three different restoration treatments were respectively 1.7, 1.2 and 1.5 times that of the original abandoned field. Similarly, soil urease activity of three different restoration treatments were respectively 11.1%, 52.3% and 37.1% higher than that of the original abandoned field. Among the treatments, soil catalase activity of the water supplement field treatment was highest (1.53 times that of the original abandoned field). The order of changes in soil respiration rate under the three different restoration models of abandoned saline field was artificial grassland field > water supplement field > planting supplement field > original abandon farmland field. Soil respiration rate under artificial grassland field was 52.25% higher than that under the abandoned field. Water supplement and artificial grassland fields of abandoned saline fields in arid regions enhanced the accumulation of soil nutrient and thereby improved soil quality. Correlation analysis showed that among the indexes of the characteristics of soil microorganisms, soil microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass C/N and soil microbial amount were positive correlated (significant at P < 0.05). Positive correlations were noted between soil respiration rate versus soil urease, microbial population and microbial biomass C (significant at P < 0.05) and negative (but not significant) correlations between soil respiration rate and soil microbial biomass N. Also positive correlations were noted between soil sucrase activity versus the other three soil enzymes (urease, polyphenol oxidase and catalase) and microbial biomass nitrogen (significant at P < 0.05). A positive correlation was noted between soil urease and soil microbial amount (significant atP < 0.05). There was also a positive correlation between soil polyphenol oxidase and soil catalase (significant at P < 0.05). Thus the characteristics of soil microorganisms were interrelated with soil enzymes and soil respiration rate. This suggested that the three factors not only exhibited distinct characteristics but also mutually influenced and interacted during soil conversion. This interaction therefore needed further clarification in further research efforts.
HOU Meng,
LI Qiang,
XIN Guo-Sheng,
WU Wen-Sheng,
WANG Liang-Ping,
WANG Xin,
ZHANG Yun-Gang,
TANG Zhong-Hou,
TANG Wei,
LI Xiu-Ying,
MA Dai-Fu
2013, 21(9): 1095-1099.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01095
Abstract:
Sweet potato is an important food/energy crop and is crucial for addressing poverty and malnutrition in developing countries. In addition to inherited issues, sweet potato is highly sensitive to environment conditions. Genotypic variations in yield-related traits and their relationships with main storage root quality traits were investigated using the 105 sweet potato hybrids (derived from "Xushu 25" and "Xu 22-5") in four ecological environments (Xuzhou City, Yantai City, Wanzhou City and Nanchang City). The vine length, stem diameter, branch number, storage root number, aboveground fresh weight, aboveground dry matter content, storage root fresh weight, and storage root dry matter content were investigated in the study. Carotene content was determined using the acetone extraction method. Starch, reducing sugar, soluble sugar and protein contents were measured using the near infrared reflectance spectrometer method in the laboratory. The results showed that environment (E), genotype (G) and their interactions (E×G) had significant (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) impacts on main yield traits. E×G had no significant effect on aboveground dry matter content. The effects of environment on main yield-related traits were much higher than those of genotype and E×G. There was a wide range of main yield traits for different ecological conditions. The highest coefficient of variation was for the fresh weight of storage root per plant, followed by dry weight of storage root per plant (which was for Yantai site). The lowest coefficient of variation was dry matter content of storage root (for Xuzhou site). For the four experimental sites, the highest vine length and branch number per plant, and the lowest stem diameter and storage root number per plant were in Xuzhou site. The highest stem diameter, aboveground fresh weight, aboveground dry weight and fresh weight of storage root per plant, and the lowest aboveground dry matter content were in Yantai site. The lowest vine length, aboveground fresh weight and aboveground dry weight per plant, and the highest aboveground dry matter content, dry matter content of storage root, storage root number and dry weight of storage root per plant were in Nanchang site. The lowest dry matter content of storage root, branch number, fresh weight of storage root and dry weight of storage root per plant were in Wanzhou site. For Xuzhou site, dry weight of storage root per plant had a positive correlation with starch content. Fresh and dry weights of storage root per plant had negative correlation with protein content. For Yantai site, fresh weight of storage root had positive and significant correlation with total carotenoid content. Also the fresh and dry weights of storage root had negative correlation with protein content. For Nanchang site, fresh weight of storage root had positive correlation with soluble sugar content, but negative correlation with protein content. The dry weight of storage root was positively correlated with starch content. Then for Wanzhou site, fresh weight of storage root was positively correlated with starch content. It was then concluded from the results of the correlation analysis that the fresh weight of storage root per plant was negatively correlated with protein content. This suggested that it was difficult to get sweet potato varieties with high yield and high protein.
Sweet potato is an important food/energy crop and is crucial for addressing poverty and malnutrition in developing countries. In addition to inherited issues, sweet potato is highly sensitive to environment conditions. Genotypic variations in yield-related traits and their relationships with main storage root quality traits were investigated using the 105 sweet potato hybrids (derived from "Xushu 25" and "Xu 22-5") in four ecological environments (Xuzhou City, Yantai City, Wanzhou City and Nanchang City). The vine length, stem diameter, branch number, storage root number, aboveground fresh weight, aboveground dry matter content, storage root fresh weight, and storage root dry matter content were investigated in the study. Carotene content was determined using the acetone extraction method. Starch, reducing sugar, soluble sugar and protein contents were measured using the near infrared reflectance spectrometer method in the laboratory. The results showed that environment (E), genotype (G) and their interactions (E×G) had significant (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) impacts on main yield traits. E×G had no significant effect on aboveground dry matter content. The effects of environment on main yield-related traits were much higher than those of genotype and E×G. There was a wide range of main yield traits for different ecological conditions. The highest coefficient of variation was for the fresh weight of storage root per plant, followed by dry weight of storage root per plant (which was for Yantai site). The lowest coefficient of variation was dry matter content of storage root (for Xuzhou site). For the four experimental sites, the highest vine length and branch number per plant, and the lowest stem diameter and storage root number per plant were in Xuzhou site. The highest stem diameter, aboveground fresh weight, aboveground dry weight and fresh weight of storage root per plant, and the lowest aboveground dry matter content were in Yantai site. The lowest vine length, aboveground fresh weight and aboveground dry weight per plant, and the highest aboveground dry matter content, dry matter content of storage root, storage root number and dry weight of storage root per plant were in Nanchang site. The lowest dry matter content of storage root, branch number, fresh weight of storage root and dry weight of storage root per plant were in Wanzhou site. For Xuzhou site, dry weight of storage root per plant had a positive correlation with starch content. Fresh and dry weights of storage root per plant had negative correlation with protein content. For Yantai site, fresh weight of storage root had positive and significant correlation with total carotenoid content. Also the fresh and dry weights of storage root had negative correlation with protein content. For Nanchang site, fresh weight of storage root had positive correlation with soluble sugar content, but negative correlation with protein content. The dry weight of storage root was positively correlated with starch content. Then for Wanzhou site, fresh weight of storage root was positively correlated with starch content. It was then concluded from the results of the correlation analysis that the fresh weight of storage root per plant was negatively correlated with protein content. This suggested that it was difficult to get sweet potato varieties with high yield and high protein.
2013, 21(9): 1100-1106.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01100
Abstract:
As the main factors that influence crop yield and quality, drought has been the focus of agro-ecology for decades. To determine the physiological response of plants to fast water stress, root drought was simulated along with photosynthetic control of leaf surface air humidity in tomato. Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) solution was used in the drought study. Changes in tomato leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, osmotic adjustment substances and other physiological parameters were monitored. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of tomato leaves under water stress was lower than that of the control when stomatal conductance (Gs) was less than 120 mmol·m-2·s-1 and vice versa. A significant negative exponentiation correlation was noted between water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and stomatal conductance (Gs) in tomato. VPD was significantly positively correlated with Gs (R2 ≥ 0.892). Under specific air humidity condition, maximum Gs under water stress treatment was only 43%~51% that of the control. Soluble sugar content of tomato leaves increased initially and then decreased under the rapid water stress condition. Soluble sugar content increased significantly by 61.4%~195.8% and 56.0%~167.5% over the control. Tomato leaf Gs exhibited a threshold response to Pn, and which threshold value was 120 mmol·m-2·s-1. Soluble sugar was suitable for supporting physiology process such as cell turgor pressure, stomatal opening and photosynthesis. The fluctuation in stomata opening was the mode of adaptation of tomato plant to water stress. Regulation of stomata opening was a critical form of response of tomato plant to drought stress.
As the main factors that influence crop yield and quality, drought has been the focus of agro-ecology for decades. To determine the physiological response of plants to fast water stress, root drought was simulated along with photosynthetic control of leaf surface air humidity in tomato. Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) solution was used in the drought study. Changes in tomato leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, osmotic adjustment substances and other physiological parameters were monitored. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of tomato leaves under water stress was lower than that of the control when stomatal conductance (Gs) was less than 120 mmol·m-2·s-1 and vice versa. A significant negative exponentiation correlation was noted between water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and stomatal conductance (Gs) in tomato. VPD was significantly positively correlated with Gs (R2 ≥ 0.892). Under specific air humidity condition, maximum Gs under water stress treatment was only 43%~51% that of the control. Soluble sugar content of tomato leaves increased initially and then decreased under the rapid water stress condition. Soluble sugar content increased significantly by 61.4%~195.8% and 56.0%~167.5% over the control. Tomato leaf Gs exhibited a threshold response to Pn, and which threshold value was 120 mmol·m-2·s-1. Soluble sugar was suitable for supporting physiology process such as cell turgor pressure, stomatal opening and photosynthesis. The fluctuation in stomata opening was the mode of adaptation of tomato plant to water stress. Regulation of stomata opening was a critical form of response of tomato plant to drought stress.
2013, 21(9): 1107-1113.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01107
Abstract:
A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of lodging caused by wind in Aug. 2012 in Changchun, Jilin Province, on grain-filling characteristics, grain quality and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.). The maize plants were divided into four groups (treatments)-no lodging (CK), disposition of lodging plants (DL), lower part of the lodging layer (LL), and upper part of the lodging layer (UL). The results showed that grain-filling and kernel dehydration rates were significantly affected by wind-caused lodging. Compared to CK, grain-filling rate and moisture content of LL treatment respectively increased by 26.9% and 136.0% at 6 days after lodging. Under DL, UL and LL treatments, maize yield respectively dropped by 11.75%, 10.51% and 29.88% compared with CK. This suggested that lower layer part maize yield was most affected by wind damage. Seed yield component analysis showed that the yield reduction was mainly due to the reductions in effective grain per spike and the 100-kernel weight, both caused by reduced grain-filling rate. Statistical analysis showed that the maximum and average yield reduction rates were respectively 29.68% and 14.75%. This, further strongly indicated that wind damage significantly influenced maize yield. Lodging also influenced grain nutrient store. Fat and protein stores were more significantly affected than starch store. Correlation analysis showed that grain nutrient store was extremely significantly and positively correlated with kernel dry weight. The correlation coefficients between kernel dry weight and starch and then between kernel dry weight and fat were 0.618~0.861 and 0.580~0.797 (P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, kernel dry weight was significantly negatively correlated with protein. However, taking timely anti-wind damage measures like bundles after lodging significantly reduced yield loss.
A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of lodging caused by wind in Aug. 2012 in Changchun, Jilin Province, on grain-filling characteristics, grain quality and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.). The maize plants were divided into four groups (treatments)-no lodging (CK), disposition of lodging plants (DL), lower part of the lodging layer (LL), and upper part of the lodging layer (UL). The results showed that grain-filling and kernel dehydration rates were significantly affected by wind-caused lodging. Compared to CK, grain-filling rate and moisture content of LL treatment respectively increased by 26.9% and 136.0% at 6 days after lodging. Under DL, UL and LL treatments, maize yield respectively dropped by 11.75%, 10.51% and 29.88% compared with CK. This suggested that lower layer part maize yield was most affected by wind damage. Seed yield component analysis showed that the yield reduction was mainly due to the reductions in effective grain per spike and the 100-kernel weight, both caused by reduced grain-filling rate. Statistical analysis showed that the maximum and average yield reduction rates were respectively 29.68% and 14.75%. This, further strongly indicated that wind damage significantly influenced maize yield. Lodging also influenced grain nutrient store. Fat and protein stores were more significantly affected than starch store. Correlation analysis showed that grain nutrient store was extremely significantly and positively correlated with kernel dry weight. The correlation coefficients between kernel dry weight and starch and then between kernel dry weight and fat were 0.618~0.861 and 0.580~0.797 (P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, kernel dry weight was significantly negatively correlated with protein. However, taking timely anti-wind damage measures like bundles after lodging significantly reduced yield loss.
2013, 21(9): 1114-1118.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01114
Abstract:
In this study, 6 zinc concentrations were used in Thalia dealbata Fraser aquaculture to determine the enrichment, and root sub-cellular fraction distribution and chemical forms of zinc of T. dealbata. The zinc concentrations were 0 (CK), 0.075 mmol·L-1, 0.250 mmol·L-1, 0.500 mmol·L-1, 1.000 mmol·L-1 and 2.000 mmol·L-1. The results showed the zinc was not effectively transportable to the above-ground part of T. dealbata and was mainly accumulated in roots.T. dealbata was not a hyper-accumulator as all the transfer coefficients were less than 1 under different zinc concentrations. On that basis, differential centrifugation technique and sequential chemical extraction method were used to study sub-cellular distribution and chemical forms of zinc in roots of T. dealbata. The results showed that under low znic concentrations (CK, 0.075 mmol·L-1 and 0.250 mmol·L-1), zinc was mainly bounded to cell walls, cell nucli and chloroplasts. Ethanol extractable zinc was in a dominant extractable state and accounted for over 50%, followed by NaCl extractable zinc in T. dealbata roots. With increasing zinc concentrations (0.500 mmol·L-1, 1.000 mmol·L-1 and 2.000 mmol·L-1), cytosol became the main zinc distribution site in T. dealbata roots, followed by cell walls. Zinc in cytosol respectively accounted for 31.15%, 45.12% and 56.44%. The proportion of ethanol extractable zinc dropped while NaCl and water extractable zinc increased with increasing zinc concentration, accounting for over 30% of extracted zinc. Ethanol, NaCl and water extractable zinc were the three main zinc chemical forms.
In this study, 6 zinc concentrations were used in Thalia dealbata Fraser aquaculture to determine the enrichment, and root sub-cellular fraction distribution and chemical forms of zinc of T. dealbata. The zinc concentrations were 0 (CK), 0.075 mmol·L-1, 0.250 mmol·L-1, 0.500 mmol·L-1, 1.000 mmol·L-1 and 2.000 mmol·L-1. The results showed the zinc was not effectively transportable to the above-ground part of T. dealbata and was mainly accumulated in roots.T. dealbata was not a hyper-accumulator as all the transfer coefficients were less than 1 under different zinc concentrations. On that basis, differential centrifugation technique and sequential chemical extraction method were used to study sub-cellular distribution and chemical forms of zinc in roots of T. dealbata. The results showed that under low znic concentrations (CK, 0.075 mmol·L-1 and 0.250 mmol·L-1), zinc was mainly bounded to cell walls, cell nucli and chloroplasts. Ethanol extractable zinc was in a dominant extractable state and accounted for over 50%, followed by NaCl extractable zinc in T. dealbata roots. With increasing zinc concentrations (0.500 mmol·L-1, 1.000 mmol·L-1 and 2.000 mmol·L-1), cytosol became the main zinc distribution site in T. dealbata roots, followed by cell walls. Zinc in cytosol respectively accounted for 31.15%, 45.12% and 56.44%. The proportion of ethanol extractable zinc dropped while NaCl and water extractable zinc increased with increasing zinc concentration, accounting for over 30% of extracted zinc. Ethanol, NaCl and water extractable zinc were the three main zinc chemical forms.
2013, 21(9): 1119-1126.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01119
Abstract:
Anaerobic digestion is promising in treatments of large amounts of animal manure from animal husbandry. It has been apparent that new methods of utilizing anaerobically digested slurry were needed to achieve sustainable management of husbandry wastes. Anaerobically digested slurry has shown suppressive effects on different soil-borne pathogens and its application to soils has been proposed as a new way to control several plant diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of anaerobically digested pig slurry (ADP) to suppress Phytophthora capsici, the causative agent of phytophthora blight in chilli pepper. The study also aimed to clarify the roles of ammonium and humic acid in ADP inhibition of pathogen growth. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of untreated anaerobically digested pig slurry (ADP1), ammonium-intensified pig slurry (ADP2), ammonium-removed pig slurry (ADP3) and humic acid-removed pig slurry (ADP4) on controlling phytophthora blight in chilli pepper. The results showed that ADP1 effectively reduced the incidence of phytophthora blight with a relative control efficiency of 40.8%. Disease incidence of plants treated with ADP3 and ADP4 was not significantly different from that of pathogen control (PC). This suggested that removing ammonium or humic acid from ADP significantly reduced ADP control efficiency. Real-time PCR analysis showed that P. capsici number in rhizhospheric soils of ADP2 was the least (2.51×103 copies·g-1), with significantly larger numbers for ADP3 (8.19×103 copies·g-1) and ADP4 (1.38×104 copies·g-1) treatments. When P. capsici density in the soil dropped below 9.54×103 copies·g -1, disease incidence became strongly correlated with P. capsici count. Different ADPs had different effects on the growth of soil microorganisms. The numbers of soil total bacteria, fungi and actinomycete were largest in ADP1 treatment. The least number of fungi was observed in ADP2 treatment. In-vitro experiments showed that NH4+ concentrations of 500 mg·L-1, 1 000 mg·L-1 and 1 500 mg·L-1 reduced zoospore germination by 77.6%, 81.8% and 95.4%, respectively. Zoospore germination rates in treatments with 25 mg(C)·L-1, 50 mg(C)·L-1, 75 mg(C)·L-1 and 150 mg(C)·L-1 of humic acid extracted from ADP1 decreased by 27.8%, 54.5%, 70.0% and 87.5%, respectively. The study suggested that ammonium and humic acid were major ADP inhibitors of P. capsici growth. ADP was promising in terms of inhibiting and controlling soil-borne diseases.
Anaerobic digestion is promising in treatments of large amounts of animal manure from animal husbandry. It has been apparent that new methods of utilizing anaerobically digested slurry were needed to achieve sustainable management of husbandry wastes. Anaerobically digested slurry has shown suppressive effects on different soil-borne pathogens and its application to soils has been proposed as a new way to control several plant diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of anaerobically digested pig slurry (ADP) to suppress Phytophthora capsici, the causative agent of phytophthora blight in chilli pepper. The study also aimed to clarify the roles of ammonium and humic acid in ADP inhibition of pathogen growth. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of untreated anaerobically digested pig slurry (ADP1), ammonium-intensified pig slurry (ADP2), ammonium-removed pig slurry (ADP3) and humic acid-removed pig slurry (ADP4) on controlling phytophthora blight in chilli pepper. The results showed that ADP1 effectively reduced the incidence of phytophthora blight with a relative control efficiency of 40.8%. Disease incidence of plants treated with ADP3 and ADP4 was not significantly different from that of pathogen control (PC). This suggested that removing ammonium or humic acid from ADP significantly reduced ADP control efficiency. Real-time PCR analysis showed that P. capsici number in rhizhospheric soils of ADP2 was the least (2.51×103 copies·g-1), with significantly larger numbers for ADP3 (8.19×103 copies·g-1) and ADP4 (1.38×104 copies·g-1) treatments. When P. capsici density in the soil dropped below 9.54×103 copies·g -1, disease incidence became strongly correlated with P. capsici count. Different ADPs had different effects on the growth of soil microorganisms. The numbers of soil total bacteria, fungi and actinomycete were largest in ADP1 treatment. The least number of fungi was observed in ADP2 treatment. In-vitro experiments showed that NH4+ concentrations of 500 mg·L-1, 1 000 mg·L-1 and 1 500 mg·L-1 reduced zoospore germination by 77.6%, 81.8% and 95.4%, respectively. Zoospore germination rates in treatments with 25 mg(C)·L-1, 50 mg(C)·L-1, 75 mg(C)·L-1 and 150 mg(C)·L-1 of humic acid extracted from ADP1 decreased by 27.8%, 54.5%, 70.0% and 87.5%, respectively. The study suggested that ammonium and humic acid were major ADP inhibitors of P. capsici growth. ADP was promising in terms of inhibiting and controlling soil-borne diseases.
2013, 21(9): 1127-1134.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01127
Abstract:
The effects of habitat complexity and fertilization mode on arthropod community structure in cotton fields were investigated to guide ecological control of insect pests. The study included treatments of different combinations of habitat and fertilization. In the experiment, no straw mulch (A1) and straw mulch (A2) were designed as simple- and complex-structure habitats, respectively. Compound fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 (B1), compound fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 with biogas fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 (B2) and compound fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 with urea 90 kg(N)·hm-2 (B3) were designed as fertilization modes. Ten cotton plants were sampled in each plot in the parallel jumping method. The species and individual number of arthropods in each plant and the 0.25 m2 land surface beneath the plant were counted and recorded on a weekly basis. The results showed that the individual number of spiders (counted as individuals for every 10 plants) was higher in A2 (391.1±70.1) than in A1 (226.8±29.3). Also the dominant enemy species Pardosa astrigera (also counted as individuals for every 10 plants) was higher in A2 (171.7±13.3) than in A1 (59.3±9.8). Then the dominant index for spiders was higher in A2 (0.527±0.089) than in A1 (0.258±0.049). The diversity index of insect pests was higher in A2 (1.459±0.067) than in A1 (1.245±0.249). The evenness index of insect pests was also higher in A2 (0.635±0.040) than in A1 (0.588±0.100). The individual number of insect pests was significantly higher in A2 (772.4±206.9) than in A1 (1 156.4±243.7). Based on the number of individuals per 10 plants, the target insect pest Syleptahn derogata number in A2 and A1 were respectively 320.8±80.6 and 659.5±254.8. The dominant insect pest index in A2 was 0.311±0.029 while that in A1 was 0.400±0.107. Also the diversity index of spiders in A2 was 0.997±0.169 while it was 1.584±0.138 in A1. The evenness indexes of spiders in A2 and A1 were 0.536±0.073 and 0.803±0.052, respectively. Also based on individual number per 10 plants, the insect pests numbers in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1 015.3±344.1, 714.0±152.2 and 1 164.0±168.9. Those of the target insect pest S. derogata in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 552.0±253.8, 280.6±63.7 and 638.0±256.0. The indexes of the dominant insect pests were 0.370±0.055 in B1, 0.282±0.022 in B2 and 0.414±0.111 in B3. Then the diversity indexes of the insect pests in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.324±0.228, 1.511±0.066 and 1.222±0.200. Also the diversity indexes of spiders in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.167±0.374, 1.418±0.373 and 1.286±0.262. Then the evenness indexes of the insect pests were 0.600±0.039 in B1, 0.683±0.043 in B2 and 0.550±0.081 in B3. The indexes of the dominant spiders in B1, B2 and B3 were 0.457±0.175, 0.353±0.167 and 0.368±0.123, respectively. The corresponding evenness indexes of the spiders were 0.613±0.160, 0.701±0.130 and 0.695±0.168, respectively. Then the diversity indexes of predatory insects in B1, B2 and B3 were 1.190±0.153, 1.496±0.179 and 1.474±0.125, respectively. The individual numbers of insect pests, the target insect pest S. derogate, the indexes of the dominant insect pests, the diversity indexes of insect pests, and the evenness indexes of the insect pests were significantly influenced by the interaction between habitat complexity and fertilization mode. The species number of spiders was also significantly influenced by the interaction between habitat complexity and fertilization mode. Habitats of the dominant species enemy P. astrigera improved under straw mulching in cotton fields. This significantly enhanced the ability of P. astrigera to control S. derogate. Population growth of S. derogate did not enhanced by compound and biogas fertilizers.
The effects of habitat complexity and fertilization mode on arthropod community structure in cotton fields were investigated to guide ecological control of insect pests. The study included treatments of different combinations of habitat and fertilization. In the experiment, no straw mulch (A1) and straw mulch (A2) were designed as simple- and complex-structure habitats, respectively. Compound fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 (B1), compound fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 with biogas fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 (B2) and compound fertilizer 90 kg(N)·hm-2 with urea 90 kg(N)·hm-2 (B3) were designed as fertilization modes. Ten cotton plants were sampled in each plot in the parallel jumping method. The species and individual number of arthropods in each plant and the 0.25 m2 land surface beneath the plant were counted and recorded on a weekly basis. The results showed that the individual number of spiders (counted as individuals for every 10 plants) was higher in A2 (391.1±70.1) than in A1 (226.8±29.3). Also the dominant enemy species Pardosa astrigera (also counted as individuals for every 10 plants) was higher in A2 (171.7±13.3) than in A1 (59.3±9.8). Then the dominant index for spiders was higher in A2 (0.527±0.089) than in A1 (0.258±0.049). The diversity index of insect pests was higher in A2 (1.459±0.067) than in A1 (1.245±0.249). The evenness index of insect pests was also higher in A2 (0.635±0.040) than in A1 (0.588±0.100). The individual number of insect pests was significantly higher in A2 (772.4±206.9) than in A1 (1 156.4±243.7). Based on the number of individuals per 10 plants, the target insect pest Syleptahn derogata number in A2 and A1 were respectively 320.8±80.6 and 659.5±254.8. The dominant insect pest index in A2 was 0.311±0.029 while that in A1 was 0.400±0.107. Also the diversity index of spiders in A2 was 0.997±0.169 while it was 1.584±0.138 in A1. The evenness indexes of spiders in A2 and A1 were 0.536±0.073 and 0.803±0.052, respectively. Also based on individual number per 10 plants, the insect pests numbers in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1 015.3±344.1, 714.0±152.2 and 1 164.0±168.9. Those of the target insect pest S. derogata in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 552.0±253.8, 280.6±63.7 and 638.0±256.0. The indexes of the dominant insect pests were 0.370±0.055 in B1, 0.282±0.022 in B2 and 0.414±0.111 in B3. Then the diversity indexes of the insect pests in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.324±0.228, 1.511±0.066 and 1.222±0.200. Also the diversity indexes of spiders in B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.167±0.374, 1.418±0.373 and 1.286±0.262. Then the evenness indexes of the insect pests were 0.600±0.039 in B1, 0.683±0.043 in B2 and 0.550±0.081 in B3. The indexes of the dominant spiders in B1, B2 and B3 were 0.457±0.175, 0.353±0.167 and 0.368±0.123, respectively. The corresponding evenness indexes of the spiders were 0.613±0.160, 0.701±0.130 and 0.695±0.168, respectively. Then the diversity indexes of predatory insects in B1, B2 and B3 were 1.190±0.153, 1.496±0.179 and 1.474±0.125, respectively. The individual numbers of insect pests, the target insect pest S. derogate, the indexes of the dominant insect pests, the diversity indexes of insect pests, and the evenness indexes of the insect pests were significantly influenced by the interaction between habitat complexity and fertilization mode. The species number of spiders was also significantly influenced by the interaction between habitat complexity and fertilization mode. Habitats of the dominant species enemy P. astrigera improved under straw mulching in cotton fields. This significantly enhanced the ability of P. astrigera to control S. derogate. Population growth of S. derogate did not enhanced by compound and biogas fertilizers.
2013, 21(9): 1135-1141.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01135
Abstract:
The toxicity regression equations for Angelica sinensis and Ricinus communis were established, and the sublethal dosage (LC20 and LC30 ) effects of the two extracts on the growth, development and fecundity of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) and its F1 progeny were determined in this paper. The results suggested that sublethal dosages of the two extracts had no significant effects on development duration of 2nd~5th instar larvae, pupal duration or male/female pupal weight of surviving parent and F1 progeny of S. exigua. The fecundity of parent S. exigua decreased by 21.4% and 26.5% respectively in A. sinensis LC20 and LC30 treatments, compared with the control. Also the fecundity of S. exigua F1 progeny decreased by 45.4% and 61.3% respectively in LC20 and LC30 treatments of A. sinensis. Similarly, the fecundity of parent S. exigua decreased by 23.5% and 27.3% in LC20 while that of the F1 progeny decreased by 52.7% and 61.0% respectively in R. communis LC20 and LC30 treatments. While pupation and emergence rates of parent S. exigua were not significantly affected by R. communis LC20 and LC30 treatments, the two indices significantly decreased under A. sinensis LC30 treatment. Compared with the control, A. sinensis LC20 and LC30 had no significant effect on pupation rate of S. exigua F1 progeny, while A. sinensis LC30 significantly decreased emergence rate of S. exigua F1 progeny. Also R. communis LC20 and LC30 significantly decreased emergence rate of S. exigua F1 progeny and R. communis LC30 significantly decreased pupation rate of S. exigua F1 progeny. After treated with LC20 and LC30 sublethal dosages of the extracts, adult sex ratio orders of surviving parent and F1 progeny of S. exigua were severely distorted. Meanwhile A. sinensis and R. communis LC30 dosage largely affected the adult sex ratios of S. exigua parent and F1 progeny, with sex ratios (♀∶♂) of 1∶0.5 and 1∶2.1, respectively. Our study revealed that sublethal dosages of the two extracts had some inhibitory effects on the growth, development and fecundity of S. exigua. The study therefore provided the theoretical basis for studying the sublethal effects of plant extracts.
The toxicity regression equations for Angelica sinensis and Ricinus communis were established, and the sublethal dosage (LC20 and LC30 ) effects of the two extracts on the growth, development and fecundity of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hübner) and its F1 progeny were determined in this paper. The results suggested that sublethal dosages of the two extracts had no significant effects on development duration of 2nd~5th instar larvae, pupal duration or male/female pupal weight of surviving parent and F1 progeny of S. exigua. The fecundity of parent S. exigua decreased by 21.4% and 26.5% respectively in A. sinensis LC20 and LC30 treatments, compared with the control. Also the fecundity of S. exigua F1 progeny decreased by 45.4% and 61.3% respectively in LC20 and LC30 treatments of A. sinensis. Similarly, the fecundity of parent S. exigua decreased by 23.5% and 27.3% in LC20 while that of the F1 progeny decreased by 52.7% and 61.0% respectively in R. communis LC20 and LC30 treatments. While pupation and emergence rates of parent S. exigua were not significantly affected by R. communis LC20 and LC30 treatments, the two indices significantly decreased under A. sinensis LC30 treatment. Compared with the control, A. sinensis LC20 and LC30 had no significant effect on pupation rate of S. exigua F1 progeny, while A. sinensis LC30 significantly decreased emergence rate of S. exigua F1 progeny. Also R. communis LC20 and LC30 significantly decreased emergence rate of S. exigua F1 progeny and R. communis LC30 significantly decreased pupation rate of S. exigua F1 progeny. After treated with LC20 and LC30 sublethal dosages of the extracts, adult sex ratio orders of surviving parent and F1 progeny of S. exigua were severely distorted. Meanwhile A. sinensis and R. communis LC30 dosage largely affected the adult sex ratios of S. exigua parent and F1 progeny, with sex ratios (♀∶♂) of 1∶0.5 and 1∶2.1, respectively. Our study revealed that sublethal dosages of the two extracts had some inhibitory effects on the growth, development and fecundity of S. exigua. The study therefore provided the theoretical basis for studying the sublethal effects of plant extracts.
2013, 21(9): 1142-1148.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01142
Abstract:
An effective approach of extracting land cover information from fully polarimetric SAR images has been compensating for the lack of optical remote sensing data. This approach has also promoted the application of SAR technology in resources and ecological monitoring in coal mining areas. With abundant polarimetric information, speckle and large local heterogeneity of fully polarimetric SAR images, this study proposed an object-oriented image classification approach for hierarchical extraction of land cover information. The study area was a coal mining region in the southwest of Xuzhou City and the SAR image acquired by Radarsat-2 for a fully polarimetric image. The gray features of typical surface objects of SAR images for the study area were analyzed. The optimal segmentation scale for object-oriented image classification was proposed. The computation approach of backscatter features of segmentation objects was also presented. Also ground-truth data were collected on the land cover to verify the SAR image for the study area. In the first step, the SAR image was segmented into several scales and the optimal segmentation scale of each land cover type selected. In the second step, the backscatter feature indexes of each land cover type were calculated under the optimal segmentation scale. Then in the last step, the land cover information in the study area was hierarchically extracted using the fuzzy logic classification method. The results showed that the proposed approach accurately extracted the five types of land cover information under the optimal segmentation scales of land cover type, including farmland, road, subsidence land, building and mountain woodland. In terms of gray, shape, texture and class-related features of the segmentation objects, the membership function and nearest neighbor classification approaches weakened the "pepper phenomenon". Compared with the maximum likelihood classification method, the classification accuracy of each land cover type improved while the average classification accuracy improved by 38.3%. In particular, the classification accuracy of farmland was as high as 90.2%, an improvement of 42.0% due to use of texture features in the classification.
An effective approach of extracting land cover information from fully polarimetric SAR images has been compensating for the lack of optical remote sensing data. This approach has also promoted the application of SAR technology in resources and ecological monitoring in coal mining areas. With abundant polarimetric information, speckle and large local heterogeneity of fully polarimetric SAR images, this study proposed an object-oriented image classification approach for hierarchical extraction of land cover information. The study area was a coal mining region in the southwest of Xuzhou City and the SAR image acquired by Radarsat-2 for a fully polarimetric image. The gray features of typical surface objects of SAR images for the study area were analyzed. The optimal segmentation scale for object-oriented image classification was proposed. The computation approach of backscatter features of segmentation objects was also presented. Also ground-truth data were collected on the land cover to verify the SAR image for the study area. In the first step, the SAR image was segmented into several scales and the optimal segmentation scale of each land cover type selected. In the second step, the backscatter feature indexes of each land cover type were calculated under the optimal segmentation scale. Then in the last step, the land cover information in the study area was hierarchically extracted using the fuzzy logic classification method. The results showed that the proposed approach accurately extracted the five types of land cover information under the optimal segmentation scales of land cover type, including farmland, road, subsidence land, building and mountain woodland. In terms of gray, shape, texture and class-related features of the segmentation objects, the membership function and nearest neighbor classification approaches weakened the "pepper phenomenon". Compared with the maximum likelihood classification method, the classification accuracy of each land cover type improved while the average classification accuracy improved by 38.3%. In particular, the classification accuracy of farmland was as high as 90.2%, an improvement of 42.0% due to use of texture features in the classification.
2013, 21(9): 1149-1156.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01149
Abstract:
The wide introduction of tropical and subtropical fruit trees from Taiwan to Fujian has brought significant economic benefit in recent years. But this blind approach still carried high risks in the farming communities in Fujian. A climate similarity study between Fujian and Taiwan was conducted for the introduced fruit trees to guide government and other stakeholders optimize distributions of the fruit trees. This study aimed to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the blind introduction of fruit trees from Taiwan to Fujian and to improve the yield and quality of the cultivated fruits. The study used Gaoxiong City as a representative origination source region of major fruit cultivation area in Taiwan Province. Then a total of 67 counties in Fujian Province were used as the receiving source regions in mainland China. A total of seven climatic factors were compared in the study - annul mean temperature, mean minimum temperature in the coldest month (January), extreme minimum temperature of previous years, annual precipitation, annual sunshine hour, annual mean wind speed and annual mean relative humidity. Based on the meteorological data of Gaoxiong City for 1981-2010 and that of the 67 counties in Fujian Province for 1971-2011, the investigated climatic factors and climate similarity between Taiwan and Fujian for fruit tree cultivation were analyzed. While the fuzzy similarity priority ratio method was used in the analysis, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was use to weigh the agricultural climate similarity indices. The agricultural climate similarity priority was classified into five degrees based on the total values of the fuzzy similarity priority ratios - higher, medium, relatively poor, poor, none similar. Spatial distribution maps of agricultural climate similarity of the fruit trees were then drawn in GIS or Surfer platforms. The results showed that: (1) Agricultural climate of most counties in Zhangzhou coastal area, Tong'an District in Xiamen City had high climate similarity with Gaoxiong City. Putian City, most of Quanzhou City and west of Zhangzhou City had medium climate similarity with Gaoxiong City. Also most counties in the west mountain areas of central Fujian Province (Jiufeng Mountain, Daiyun Mountain and Boping Mountain) had poor or no climate similarity with Gaoxiong City, which implied that the west mountain areas were not suitable for the cultivation of tropical and subtropical fruit trees from Taiwan Province. The other counties of Fujian Province had relatively poor climate similarity with Gaoxiong City in Taiwan Province. In these regions, tropical and subtropical fruit trees introduced from Taiwan Province needed to be cultivated in protective fields. (2) The distributions of annul mean temperature, mean minimum temperature in the coldest month (January) and extreme minimum temperature of previous years were similar to the distribution of the total value of the fuzzy similarity priority ratio of agricultural climate between Gaoxiong City and the 67 counties in Fujian Province. Central south coastal counties of Fujian Province had relatively high similarity, while the inland counties had poor similarity. (3) The climatic factors (except for annual precipitation) of central south coast of Fujian Province, especially the south coastal counties, had high climate similarity with Gaoxiong City. (4) For fruit tree cultivation, it was feasible to study the climate similarity between Fujian Province and Gaoxiong City using the fuzzy similarity priority ratio method. The results of the study offered useful and scientific basis for optimizing the distribution of fruit trees introduced from Taiwan to Fujian.
The wide introduction of tropical and subtropical fruit trees from Taiwan to Fujian has brought significant economic benefit in recent years. But this blind approach still carried high risks in the farming communities in Fujian. A climate similarity study between Fujian and Taiwan was conducted for the introduced fruit trees to guide government and other stakeholders optimize distributions of the fruit trees. This study aimed to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the blind introduction of fruit trees from Taiwan to Fujian and to improve the yield and quality of the cultivated fruits. The study used Gaoxiong City as a representative origination source region of major fruit cultivation area in Taiwan Province. Then a total of 67 counties in Fujian Province were used as the receiving source regions in mainland China. A total of seven climatic factors were compared in the study - annul mean temperature, mean minimum temperature in the coldest month (January), extreme minimum temperature of previous years, annual precipitation, annual sunshine hour, annual mean wind speed and annual mean relative humidity. Based on the meteorological data of Gaoxiong City for 1981-2010 and that of the 67 counties in Fujian Province for 1971-2011, the investigated climatic factors and climate similarity between Taiwan and Fujian for fruit tree cultivation were analyzed. While the fuzzy similarity priority ratio method was used in the analysis, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was use to weigh the agricultural climate similarity indices. The agricultural climate similarity priority was classified into five degrees based on the total values of the fuzzy similarity priority ratios - higher, medium, relatively poor, poor, none similar. Spatial distribution maps of agricultural climate similarity of the fruit trees were then drawn in GIS or Surfer platforms. The results showed that: (1) Agricultural climate of most counties in Zhangzhou coastal area, Tong'an District in Xiamen City had high climate similarity with Gaoxiong City. Putian City, most of Quanzhou City and west of Zhangzhou City had medium climate similarity with Gaoxiong City. Also most counties in the west mountain areas of central Fujian Province (Jiufeng Mountain, Daiyun Mountain and Boping Mountain) had poor or no climate similarity with Gaoxiong City, which implied that the west mountain areas were not suitable for the cultivation of tropical and subtropical fruit trees from Taiwan Province. The other counties of Fujian Province had relatively poor climate similarity with Gaoxiong City in Taiwan Province. In these regions, tropical and subtropical fruit trees introduced from Taiwan Province needed to be cultivated in protective fields. (2) The distributions of annul mean temperature, mean minimum temperature in the coldest month (January) and extreme minimum temperature of previous years were similar to the distribution of the total value of the fuzzy similarity priority ratio of agricultural climate between Gaoxiong City and the 67 counties in Fujian Province. Central south coastal counties of Fujian Province had relatively high similarity, while the inland counties had poor similarity. (3) The climatic factors (except for annual precipitation) of central south coast of Fujian Province, especially the south coastal counties, had high climate similarity with Gaoxiong City. (4) For fruit tree cultivation, it was feasible to study the climate similarity between Fujian Province and Gaoxiong City using the fuzzy similarity priority ratio method. The results of the study offered useful and scientific basis for optimizing the distribution of fruit trees introduced from Taiwan to Fujian.
Application of spatial viewshed analysis in classifying scenic forests along the Badaling Great Wall
2013, 21(9): 1157-1165.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01157
Abstract:
The scenic forests along the Badaling Great Wall (BGW) is 2 227.8 hm2, with a forested area of 1 314.2 hm2. The configuration and management of the scenic forests along BGW are important elements of the scenery. In this study, spatial viewshed analysis on ERDAS virtual GIS platform was used to configure the scenic forests along BGW. First, the scenic forests along BGW and a "tourist" were put in a virtual three-dimension space. The "tourist" viewed the scenic forests from 35 observation spots of different coordinates. The view ranges of the "tourist" were divided into three levels - close range (0~500 m), moderate range (500~1 000 m) and long distance (1 000~2 000 m). Then the view range and inter-visibility of the "tourist" at the three view range levels at every observation spot were recorded. Based on the view results, the scenic forests was divided into vision blunt, perceptive and sensitive areas. The results of the viewshed analysis were overlaid with vegetation and BGW forest origin data to generate a zone map. Then the landscape type of every patch of the scenic forest in the map was determined in terms of view perception. The results showed that the vision blunt area, perceptive area and sensitive area of the scenic forests along BGW were respectively 824.44 hm2, 880.4 hm2 and 3 247.77 hm2, respectively, in the farthest view rang (2 000 m). Through overlay analysis, scenic forests along BGW were divided into 119 landscape patches. For management convenience, the patches were classified into 10 forest groups. The groups included protection shrubbery in vision sensitive area, protection forest in vision sensitive area, protection shrubbery in view perceptive area, protection forest in view perception area, protection forest in vision blunt area, sightseeing forest in vision sensitive area, sightseeing forest in vision perception area, sightseeing forest in vision blunt area, recreation forest in vision sensitive area and recreation forest in vision perception area. The study provided the scientific basis for scientific management of scenic forests along BGW.
The scenic forests along the Badaling Great Wall (BGW) is 2 227.8 hm2, with a forested area of 1 314.2 hm2. The configuration and management of the scenic forests along BGW are important elements of the scenery. In this study, spatial viewshed analysis on ERDAS virtual GIS platform was used to configure the scenic forests along BGW. First, the scenic forests along BGW and a "tourist" were put in a virtual three-dimension space. The "tourist" viewed the scenic forests from 35 observation spots of different coordinates. The view ranges of the "tourist" were divided into three levels - close range (0~500 m), moderate range (500~1 000 m) and long distance (1 000~2 000 m). Then the view range and inter-visibility of the "tourist" at the three view range levels at every observation spot were recorded. Based on the view results, the scenic forests was divided into vision blunt, perceptive and sensitive areas. The results of the viewshed analysis were overlaid with vegetation and BGW forest origin data to generate a zone map. Then the landscape type of every patch of the scenic forest in the map was determined in terms of view perception. The results showed that the vision blunt area, perceptive area and sensitive area of the scenic forests along BGW were respectively 824.44 hm2, 880.4 hm2 and 3 247.77 hm2, respectively, in the farthest view rang (2 000 m). Through overlay analysis, scenic forests along BGW were divided into 119 landscape patches. For management convenience, the patches were classified into 10 forest groups. The groups included protection shrubbery in vision sensitive area, protection forest in vision sensitive area, protection shrubbery in view perceptive area, protection forest in view perception area, protection forest in vision blunt area, sightseeing forest in vision sensitive area, sightseeing forest in vision perception area, sightseeing forest in vision blunt area, recreation forest in vision sensitive area and recreation forest in vision perception area. The study provided the scientific basis for scientific management of scenic forests along BGW.
2013, 21(9): 1166-1172.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01166
Abstract:
China's huge number of rural residential land has resulted in a significant waste of limited land resources. With fast development of regional economies, land demand in China has significantly increased. With integrated construction, however, intensive land construction has the potential to alleviate the current land waste. A quantitative evaluation of regional rural residential land consolidation potential is needed for socio-economic development. Current applications of extension entropy weight models in evaluating residential land consolidation potential are relatively rare. Entropy theory enhances the objectivity of weight and takes advantage of extension theory to improve scalability and flexibility. Here in this study a comprehensive evaluation system of rural residential land consolidation potential was established with both individual and multiple indicators. The results showed that the degree of potential indicators of the datasets were basically same. The datasets had good application potential in evaluating regional rural residential land consolidation potential. The study established an index system for evaluation of regional rural residential land consolidation potential. It introduced consolidation benefit factors in combination with economic, societal and natural factors. An application example of the evaluation of consolidation potential of regional rural residential lands in the piedmont region of Taihang Mountain was also performed. The result showed different rural residential land reclamation potentials in different regions. Thirteen counties surrounding Shijiazhuang City and Beijing City with consolidation potential of [0.7, 1.0] were priority consolidation areas. Other 12 counties located in central Baoding City, southern Shijiazhuang City and northern Handan City with consolidation potential of [0.4~0.7) belonged to the key consolidation area. Then 13 counties located in Xingtai City, southern districts of Handan City and western districts of Baoding City with consolidation potential of [0, 0.4) were in moderate consolidation area. It was beneficial to combine economic and efficiency factors with residential consolidation in different regions for reasonable arrangements. This had the potential to promote regional rural residential settlement consolidation in a timely and orderly manner for efficient planning of land remediation. The extension entropy weight model was applicable in an orderly promotion of regional residential land consolidation with a comprehensive land consolidation plan.
China's huge number of rural residential land has resulted in a significant waste of limited land resources. With fast development of regional economies, land demand in China has significantly increased. With integrated construction, however, intensive land construction has the potential to alleviate the current land waste. A quantitative evaluation of regional rural residential land consolidation potential is needed for socio-economic development. Current applications of extension entropy weight models in evaluating residential land consolidation potential are relatively rare. Entropy theory enhances the objectivity of weight and takes advantage of extension theory to improve scalability and flexibility. Here in this study a comprehensive evaluation system of rural residential land consolidation potential was established with both individual and multiple indicators. The results showed that the degree of potential indicators of the datasets were basically same. The datasets had good application potential in evaluating regional rural residential land consolidation potential. The study established an index system for evaluation of regional rural residential land consolidation potential. It introduced consolidation benefit factors in combination with economic, societal and natural factors. An application example of the evaluation of consolidation potential of regional rural residential lands in the piedmont region of Taihang Mountain was also performed. The result showed different rural residential land reclamation potentials in different regions. Thirteen counties surrounding Shijiazhuang City and Beijing City with consolidation potential of [0.7, 1.0] were priority consolidation areas. Other 12 counties located in central Baoding City, southern Shijiazhuang City and northern Handan City with consolidation potential of [0.4~0.7) belonged to the key consolidation area. Then 13 counties located in Xingtai City, southern districts of Handan City and western districts of Baoding City with consolidation potential of [0, 0.4) were in moderate consolidation area. It was beneficial to combine economic and efficiency factors with residential consolidation in different regions for reasonable arrangements. This had the potential to promote regional rural residential settlement consolidation in a timely and orderly manner for efficient planning of land remediation. The extension entropy weight model was applicable in an orderly promotion of regional residential land consolidation with a comprehensive land consolidation plan.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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