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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2014 Vol. 22, No. 10
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2014, 22(10): 1129-1138.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.130121
Abstract:
Organic fertilizer application is an essential measure for improving soil organic carbon (SOC) content, promoting soil aggregate formation and improving soil structure. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influences of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer applications on the distribution and stability (in terms of mean weight diameter, MWD) of soil aggregates, aggregate formation in relation to SOC concentration and responses of SOC content of whole soils and different aggregates to cumulative C input. The experiment was initiated in 1986 and included five treatments - no fertilizer (CK), only chemical fertilizer (CF), rice straw plus chemical fertilizer (RS), low manure rate plus chemical fertilizer (M1), and high manure rate plus chemical fertilizer (M2). Soil samples (in the 0-10 cm soil layer) were collected in 2009 to determine aggregate size distribution and SOC content in bulk soil and different aggregate fractions - they are, large macro-aggregates (LM, >2 mm), small macro-aggregates (SM, 0.25-2 mm), micro-aggregates (MA, 0.25-0.053 mm) and silt plus clay (S&C, <0.053 mm) fractions. The ratios and SOC content of particulate organic matter (POM), micro-aggregates (MA-SM) and silt plus clay (S&C-SM) fractions within SM fraction were also analyzed. Compared with CK and CF treatments, combined application of rice straw or manure with chemical fertilizer significantly improved the proportions of LM and SM, and also MWD of the soil aggregates, but reduced S&C content. Changes were more evident in manure treatments (M1 and M2) than in RS treatment, but no significant difference was noted between M1 and M2. Sole chemical fertilization reduced the stability of soil aggregates. In term of SOC concentration within aggregate fractions, it was highest in LM and SM fractions, followed by S&C and then lowest in MA fraction. SOC concentration of aggregates did not increase linearly with aggregates size. Comparing the four aggregate sizes, SM fraction contributed the most to SOC sequestration in bulk soils. Within SM, MA fraction formed the key site for SOC storage. SOC contents of bulk soils, LM, SM and fractions within SM (i.e., POM, MA-SM and S&C-SM) responded positively to cumulative C input, but no apparent changes in SOC were noted for MA and S&C fractions, indicating C saturation in the two fractions. It was concluded that organic amendment (of either rice-residue or manure) promoted the formation of macro-aggregates and improved aggregate stability. However, soil organic matter was not likely the major binding agent driving soil aggregation in red paddy soils.
Organic fertilizer application is an essential measure for improving soil organic carbon (SOC) content, promoting soil aggregate formation and improving soil structure. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influences of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer applications on the distribution and stability (in terms of mean weight diameter, MWD) of soil aggregates, aggregate formation in relation to SOC concentration and responses of SOC content of whole soils and different aggregates to cumulative C input. The experiment was initiated in 1986 and included five treatments - no fertilizer (CK), only chemical fertilizer (CF), rice straw plus chemical fertilizer (RS), low manure rate plus chemical fertilizer (M1), and high manure rate plus chemical fertilizer (M2). Soil samples (in the 0-10 cm soil layer) were collected in 2009 to determine aggregate size distribution and SOC content in bulk soil and different aggregate fractions - they are, large macro-aggregates (LM, >2 mm), small macro-aggregates (SM, 0.25-2 mm), micro-aggregates (MA, 0.25-0.053 mm) and silt plus clay (S&C, <0.053 mm) fractions. The ratios and SOC content of particulate organic matter (POM), micro-aggregates (MA-SM) and silt plus clay (S&C-SM) fractions within SM fraction were also analyzed. Compared with CK and CF treatments, combined application of rice straw or manure with chemical fertilizer significantly improved the proportions of LM and SM, and also MWD of the soil aggregates, but reduced S&C content. Changes were more evident in manure treatments (M1 and M2) than in RS treatment, but no significant difference was noted between M1 and M2. Sole chemical fertilization reduced the stability of soil aggregates. In term of SOC concentration within aggregate fractions, it was highest in LM and SM fractions, followed by S&C and then lowest in MA fraction. SOC concentration of aggregates did not increase linearly with aggregates size. Comparing the four aggregate sizes, SM fraction contributed the most to SOC sequestration in bulk soils. Within SM, MA fraction formed the key site for SOC storage. SOC contents of bulk soils, LM, SM and fractions within SM (i.e., POM, MA-SM and S&C-SM) responded positively to cumulative C input, but no apparent changes in SOC were noted for MA and S&C fractions, indicating C saturation in the two fractions. It was concluded that organic amendment (of either rice-residue or manure) promoted the formation of macro-aggregates and improved aggregate stability. However, soil organic matter was not likely the major binding agent driving soil aggregation in red paddy soils.
GAO Yanmei,
SUN Min,
GAO Zhiqiang,
REN Aixia,
ZHAO Hongmei,
LI Guang,
YANG Zhenping,
ZONG Yuzheng,
HAO Xingyu
2014, 22(10): 1139-1145.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140427
Abstract:
To explore the effects of water-osmotic plastic film mulching in fallow period and phosphorus fertilization on soil water storage and movement, grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland wheat, field trial was conducted in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province. A split plot design was used in the trial and the mulching condition assigned to the main plot and the phosphorus fertilization rate assigned to the sub-plot. The experiment included three phosphorus fertilization levels during wheat growth period, which were 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2, 112.5 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 and 150 kg(P2O5)·hm-2. Two mulching conditions were set up for each fertilization treatment - water-osmotic plastic film mulching and no mulching in fallow period. Each mulching-fertilization treatment replicated three times. The results showed significant increase in soil water storage in the 0-100 cm layer under mulching treatment from sowing stage to booting stage. The soil water storage increased 38-41 mm at sowing stage compared with no mulching treatment. Increased phosphorus fertilization rate enhanced soil water storage from wintering stage to booting stage, it especially obvious for the 40-100 cm soil layer at elongation stage. Water-osmotic plastic film mulching in fallow period promoted decrement of soil water and its percentage of that of the whole growth period from sowing stage to elongation stage, and inhibited soil water decrement from elongation stage to anthesis stage. Increasing phosphorus fertilization rate significantly enhanced soil water decrement and its percentage of that of the whole growth period from elongation stage to anthesis stage. The decrement of soil water in 80-100 cm layer also increased significantly from anthesis stage to maturity stage with the increased phosphorus fertilization rate. Under mulching treatment, wheat yield increased 1 452 kg·hm-2, water use efficiency improved by 16%, compared with those of the no mulching treatment. With the increasing of phosphorus fertilization rate, both yield and water use efficiency improved significantly. Under the combination of mulching and phosphorus fertilization, the decrement of soil water in 60-100 cm layer from elongation stage to anthesis stage and that in 80-100 cm layer from anthesis stage to maturity stage significantly correlated with wheat yield. These results suggested that mulching in fallow period in dryland be beneficial for water storage and conservation of rainfall in fallow period, which made it possible for wheat to use the rainfall in fallow period in spring and summer. Mulching in fallow period was also helpful for wheat to absorb soil moisture in early and middle growth periods. Increasing phosphorus fertilization improved wheat absorbing soil moisture in deep layer in later growth period. Mulching in fallow period combined with 150 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 phosphorus fertilization in dryland wheat improved soil water retention capacity, increased wheat production and efficiency.
To explore the effects of water-osmotic plastic film mulching in fallow period and phosphorus fertilization on soil water storage and movement, grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland wheat, field trial was conducted in Wenxi County, Shanxi Province. A split plot design was used in the trial and the mulching condition assigned to the main plot and the phosphorus fertilization rate assigned to the sub-plot. The experiment included three phosphorus fertilization levels during wheat growth period, which were 75 kg(P2O5)·hm-2, 112.5 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 and 150 kg(P2O5)·hm-2. Two mulching conditions were set up for each fertilization treatment - water-osmotic plastic film mulching and no mulching in fallow period. Each mulching-fertilization treatment replicated three times. The results showed significant increase in soil water storage in the 0-100 cm layer under mulching treatment from sowing stage to booting stage. The soil water storage increased 38-41 mm at sowing stage compared with no mulching treatment. Increased phosphorus fertilization rate enhanced soil water storage from wintering stage to booting stage, it especially obvious for the 40-100 cm soil layer at elongation stage. Water-osmotic plastic film mulching in fallow period promoted decrement of soil water and its percentage of that of the whole growth period from sowing stage to elongation stage, and inhibited soil water decrement from elongation stage to anthesis stage. Increasing phosphorus fertilization rate significantly enhanced soil water decrement and its percentage of that of the whole growth period from elongation stage to anthesis stage. The decrement of soil water in 80-100 cm layer also increased significantly from anthesis stage to maturity stage with the increased phosphorus fertilization rate. Under mulching treatment, wheat yield increased 1 452 kg·hm-2, water use efficiency improved by 16%, compared with those of the no mulching treatment. With the increasing of phosphorus fertilization rate, both yield and water use efficiency improved significantly. Under the combination of mulching and phosphorus fertilization, the decrement of soil water in 60-100 cm layer from elongation stage to anthesis stage and that in 80-100 cm layer from anthesis stage to maturity stage significantly correlated with wheat yield. These results suggested that mulching in fallow period in dryland be beneficial for water storage and conservation of rainfall in fallow period, which made it possible for wheat to use the rainfall in fallow period in spring and summer. Mulching in fallow period was also helpful for wheat to absorb soil moisture in early and middle growth periods. Increasing phosphorus fertilization improved wheat absorbing soil moisture in deep layer in later growth period. Mulching in fallow period combined with 150 kg(P2O5)·hm-2 phosphorus fertilization in dryland wheat improved soil water retention capacity, increased wheat production and efficiency.
2014, 22(10): 1146-1155.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140647
Abstract:
A 2-year field experiment was conducted during summer maize seasons at Wuqiao Experimental Station, Hebei Province. In the experiment, different amounts of organic fertilizers were continuous applied for 2 years of 2011 and 2012 during summer maize seasons based on plant densities. The aim of the experiment was to analyze the effects of organic fertilizer on dry matter production and yield formation of summer maize at low planting density in order to reduce lodging while achieving stable and/or high yield. The randomized block design was used with two factors (plant density and amount of organic fertilizer). Three planting densities - 90 000 plants·hm-2 (D1), 75 000 plants·hm-2 (D2) and 60 000 plants·hm-2 (D3) were set in the experiment. While one amount of organic fertilizer of 30 m3·hm-2 (O1) was applied under D1 and D2, three amounts of organic fertilizer of 0 m3·hm-2 (O0), 30 m3·hm-2 (O1), 45 m3·hm-2 (O2) were applied under D3. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer effectively improved soil fertility. The application of organic fertilizer in 2011 improved dry matter production, crop growth rate and crop yield under D3. However, the improvements in these crop variables were not significant. In the second year of organic fertilization (which was in 2012), senescence delayed and leaf area index together with relative chlorophyll content at late growth stage maintained high values under 60 000 plants·hm -2 planting density. Total dry matter production at maturity stage under 60 000 plants·hm -2 planting density significantly improved to almost similar levels to that under 75 000 plants·hm-2 and 90 000 plants·hm-2 planting densities. In addition, dry matter production and crop growth rate under planting density of 60 000 plants·hm-2 both improved after anthesis by organic fertilization. Both the crop parameters maintained high levels similar to those under planting densities of 75 000 plants·hm-2 and 90 000 plants·hm-2. Both kernel number per ear and thousand kernel weight under planting density of 60 000 plants·hm-2 significantly increased by the application of organic fertilizer, which effectively compensated for low ear number at low planting density. Crop yield under low density (60 000 plant·hm-2) plus 45 m3·hm-2 organic fertilizer (D3O2) was 10 838 kg·hm-2, which was similar to that under planting densities of 75 000 plants·hm-2 and 90 000 plants·hm-2 (11 080 kg·hm-2 and 11 202 kg·hm-2). It was concluded that low planting density in combination with the application of organic fertilizer effectively regulated both pre-anthesis and post-anthesis dry matter production, delayed leaf senescence, increased dry matter production after anthesis, suppressed excessive growth and increased crop yield.
A 2-year field experiment was conducted during summer maize seasons at Wuqiao Experimental Station, Hebei Province. In the experiment, different amounts of organic fertilizers were continuous applied for 2 years of 2011 and 2012 during summer maize seasons based on plant densities. The aim of the experiment was to analyze the effects of organic fertilizer on dry matter production and yield formation of summer maize at low planting density in order to reduce lodging while achieving stable and/or high yield. The randomized block design was used with two factors (plant density and amount of organic fertilizer). Three planting densities - 90 000 plants·hm-2 (D1), 75 000 plants·hm-2 (D2) and 60 000 plants·hm-2 (D3) were set in the experiment. While one amount of organic fertilizer of 30 m3·hm-2 (O1) was applied under D1 and D2, three amounts of organic fertilizer of 0 m3·hm-2 (O0), 30 m3·hm-2 (O1), 45 m3·hm-2 (O2) were applied under D3. The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer effectively improved soil fertility. The application of organic fertilizer in 2011 improved dry matter production, crop growth rate and crop yield under D3. However, the improvements in these crop variables were not significant. In the second year of organic fertilization (which was in 2012), senescence delayed and leaf area index together with relative chlorophyll content at late growth stage maintained high values under 60 000 plants·hm -2 planting density. Total dry matter production at maturity stage under 60 000 plants·hm -2 planting density significantly improved to almost similar levels to that under 75 000 plants·hm-2 and 90 000 plants·hm-2 planting densities. In addition, dry matter production and crop growth rate under planting density of 60 000 plants·hm-2 both improved after anthesis by organic fertilization. Both the crop parameters maintained high levels similar to those under planting densities of 75 000 plants·hm-2 and 90 000 plants·hm-2. Both kernel number per ear and thousand kernel weight under planting density of 60 000 plants·hm-2 significantly increased by the application of organic fertilizer, which effectively compensated for low ear number at low planting density. Crop yield under low density (60 000 plant·hm-2) plus 45 m3·hm-2 organic fertilizer (D3O2) was 10 838 kg·hm-2, which was similar to that under planting densities of 75 000 plants·hm-2 and 90 000 plants·hm-2 (11 080 kg·hm-2 and 11 202 kg·hm-2). It was concluded that low planting density in combination with the application of organic fertilizer effectively regulated both pre-anthesis and post-anthesis dry matter production, delayed leaf senescence, increased dry matter production after anthesis, suppressed excessive growth and increased crop yield.
HUANG Qiaoyi,
TANG Shuanhu,
CHEN Jiansheng,
ZHANG Fabao,
XIE Kaizhi,
HUANG Xu,
JIANG Ruiping,
LI Ping
2014, 22(10): 1156-1164.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.131201
Abstract:
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz), a perennial shrub belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, is grown in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of China. Cassava root develops into tubers that form an important source of dietary and industrial carbohydrates. Cassava is the most competitive biofuel crop in terms of clean energy (ethanol and hydrogen) production because of its high starch content and high level of production. Cassava yield is significant related with nutrient content of the plant. To analyze the effects of N, P2O5 and K2O contents at different growth stages [seedling stage (SS), tuber root formative stage (TRF), early tuberous root growth stage (TRG), rapid root bulking stage (TRB) and maturity stage MS)] of different cassava varieties, a field trial with five fertilization treatments [NP, NK, PK, NPK (in these treatments, the application rates of N, P, and K were 360 kg(N)·hm-2, 144 kg(P2O5)·hm-2, 360 kg(K2O)·hm-2), and CK (no fertilizer application)] and two varieties [(newly developed ('SC5') and conventional ('SC205')] was carried out. Results showed that cassava root yield had significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) with N content at TRF, TRG and TRB stages, and with K2O content at SS, TRG and TRB stages. Starch content of cassava root had significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) with N content at TRF stage. It had significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) with P2O5 content at SS and MS stages, and with K2O content at MS stage. Application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved N content of cassava. However, phosphate and potassium fertilizers had little impact on N content. Phosphate fertilizer only significantly improved P2O5 content at SS stage while nitrogen and potassium fertilizer also enhanced P2O5 content. The application of potassium fertilizer significantly increased K2O content of cassava, whereas nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers had no effect on K2O content. The effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers on N and P2O5 contents of 'SC205' were similar to those of 'SC5'. However, potassium fertilizer improved K2O content of 'SC205' more than that of 'SC5'. While N and P2O5 contents of 'SC205' were very close to that of 'SC5', N content of 'SC205' at TRF stage was significantly higher than that of 'SC5'. Also P2O5 content of 'SC205' was significantly lower than that of 'SC5'.K2O content of 'SC5' was higher than that of 'SC205' at SS to TRB stages and the difference was notable at TRF and TRG stages. It was concluded that N, P2O5 and K2O contents of different cassava varieties were different, which significantly influenced cassava yield. Therefore to fertilize cassava, it was necessary consider not only nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer balance but also the nutritive characteristics of different cassava varieties.
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Grantz), a perennial shrub belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, is grown in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of China. Cassava root develops into tubers that form an important source of dietary and industrial carbohydrates. Cassava is the most competitive biofuel crop in terms of clean energy (ethanol and hydrogen) production because of its high starch content and high level of production. Cassava yield is significant related with nutrient content of the plant. To analyze the effects of N, P2O5 and K2O contents at different growth stages [seedling stage (SS), tuber root formative stage (TRF), early tuberous root growth stage (TRG), rapid root bulking stage (TRB) and maturity stage MS)] of different cassava varieties, a field trial with five fertilization treatments [NP, NK, PK, NPK (in these treatments, the application rates of N, P, and K were 360 kg(N)·hm-2, 144 kg(P2O5)·hm-2, 360 kg(K2O)·hm-2), and CK (no fertilizer application)] and two varieties [(newly developed ('SC5') and conventional ('SC205')] was carried out. Results showed that cassava root yield had significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) with N content at TRF, TRG and TRB stages, and with K2O content at SS, TRG and TRB stages. Starch content of cassava root had significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) with N content at TRF stage. It had significant negative correlation (P < 0.01) with P2O5 content at SS and MS stages, and with K2O content at MS stage. Application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved N content of cassava. However, phosphate and potassium fertilizers had little impact on N content. Phosphate fertilizer only significantly improved P2O5 content at SS stage while nitrogen and potassium fertilizer also enhanced P2O5 content. The application of potassium fertilizer significantly increased K2O content of cassava, whereas nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers had no effect on K2O content. The effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers on N and P2O5 contents of 'SC205' were similar to those of 'SC5'. However, potassium fertilizer improved K2O content of 'SC205' more than that of 'SC5'. While N and P2O5 contents of 'SC205' were very close to that of 'SC5', N content of 'SC205' at TRF stage was significantly higher than that of 'SC5'. Also P2O5 content of 'SC205' was significantly lower than that of 'SC5'.K2O content of 'SC5' was higher than that of 'SC205' at SS to TRB stages and the difference was notable at TRF and TRG stages. It was concluded that N, P2O5 and K2O contents of different cassava varieties were different, which significantly influenced cassava yield. Therefore to fertilize cassava, it was necessary consider not only nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizer balance but also the nutritive characteristics of different cassava varieties.
2014, 22(10): 1165-1173.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140253
Abstract:
To find out the influence of different cultivation patterns on cold waterlogged paddy fields, the production potential of cold waterlogged paddy field was analyzed. The experiment was conducted in cold waterlogged paddy fields using the conventional tillage as the CK in contrast to the patterns of ridge culture (T1) and rice-fish (T2). The effects of different patterns on rice yield, and soil temperature, pH, and contents of aggregates, organic matter, reducing substrate, and enzyme activity were investigated. Results showed that compared with the control (CK), T1 significantly reduced soil micro-aggregate (<0.25 mm) content, enhanced the formation of large aggregates, improved soil temperature, increased soil organic matter, improved soil pH, inhibited soil ferrous rise after rice tillering stage, reduced soil manganous content, reduced rice root toxicity, enhanced soil enzyme activity and increased available nutrients contents of soil. Large aggregates (>1 mm) and organic matter content increased respectively by 67.6% and 28.0% at rice maturity stage. Treatment T2 had less effect on soil physical and chemical properties in cold waterlogged paddy fields. However, it significantly increased soil available nutrients (mainly available potassium and phosphorus) contents. Soil available potassium content increased 18.2% and 69.2% at booting and mature stages, compared with CK. It provided good soil environment and nutrition for rice growth, promoted rice growth and development, and improved rice yield. Further analysis showed that treatments T1 and T2 significantly improved rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy fields and increased yield in the range of 8.8%-25.8%. The effect of T1 on increasing rice production was the most significant, with actual output reaching 7 623 kg·hm-2. In conclusion, treatment T1 effectively improved soil properties in cold waterlogged paddy fields and increased rice yield. The effect of increasing production of treatment T2 was mainly drived by increased water and soil available nutrients in cold paddy waterlogged fields.
To find out the influence of different cultivation patterns on cold waterlogged paddy fields, the production potential of cold waterlogged paddy field was analyzed. The experiment was conducted in cold waterlogged paddy fields using the conventional tillage as the CK in contrast to the patterns of ridge culture (T1) and rice-fish (T2). The effects of different patterns on rice yield, and soil temperature, pH, and contents of aggregates, organic matter, reducing substrate, and enzyme activity were investigated. Results showed that compared with the control (CK), T1 significantly reduced soil micro-aggregate (<0.25 mm) content, enhanced the formation of large aggregates, improved soil temperature, increased soil organic matter, improved soil pH, inhibited soil ferrous rise after rice tillering stage, reduced soil manganous content, reduced rice root toxicity, enhanced soil enzyme activity and increased available nutrients contents of soil. Large aggregates (>1 mm) and organic matter content increased respectively by 67.6% and 28.0% at rice maturity stage. Treatment T2 had less effect on soil physical and chemical properties in cold waterlogged paddy fields. However, it significantly increased soil available nutrients (mainly available potassium and phosphorus) contents. Soil available potassium content increased 18.2% and 69.2% at booting and mature stages, compared with CK. It provided good soil environment and nutrition for rice growth, promoted rice growth and development, and improved rice yield. Further analysis showed that treatments T1 and T2 significantly improved rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy fields and increased yield in the range of 8.8%-25.8%. The effect of T1 on increasing rice production was the most significant, with actual output reaching 7 623 kg·hm-2. In conclusion, treatment T1 effectively improved soil properties in cold waterlogged paddy fields and increased rice yield. The effect of increasing production of treatment T2 was mainly drived by increased water and soil available nutrients in cold paddy waterlogged fields.
2014, 22(10): 1174-1181.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140216
Abstract:
Whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting is a firstly spreading wheat cultivation technique in Gansu Province. Domestic studies have shown significant increases in yields of wheat, flax and other crops under this cultivation mode. Previous researches mainly focused on the cultivation techniques and yield effects, with little documentation of the mechanism of yield increase. To address this knowledge gap, field experiments were conducted to explore the regulation of whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting (PM) and whole field sand mulching with flat planting (SM) on soil moisture content and yield of spring wheat in semiarid dryland areas. The results showed that compared to uncovered and flat planting (CK), PM and SM significantly improved soil moisture conditions in the 0?40 cm soil layer. This was especially noticeable in dry years, which supported early growth of wheat by enhancing water use in the 0-200 cm soil layer after wheat emergence. The maximum soil water used by wheat under PM was from 60-80 cm and that under both SM and CK was from 40-60 cm in the first year (median water year) of wheat cultivation. In the second year (less water year) of cultivation, the maximum soil water used under PM was from 120-180 cm and that under both SM and CK was from 60-80 cm. After two years of continuous cultivation, the depth of used water under PM increased from 120 cm to 200 cm, that under SM increased from 120 cm to 140 cm and that under CK remained unchanged. Leisure efficiency of PM was the highest, followed by SM and then CK. Leisure efficiency of each treatment decreased with increasing years of wheat cultivation. In summary, PM and SM improved the moisture environment of the soil in early wheat growth period, promoted water use after wheat emergence and accelerated the use of deep soil moisture. Compared with CK, PM and SM increased wheat yield by 48.77%-815.79% and 49.41%-702.24%, respectively. But with increasing years of cultivation, the depth of used water deepened and leisure efficiency decreased, with negative impacts on soil water balance.
Whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting is a firstly spreading wheat cultivation technique in Gansu Province. Domestic studies have shown significant increases in yields of wheat, flax and other crops under this cultivation mode. Previous researches mainly focused on the cultivation techniques and yield effects, with little documentation of the mechanism of yield increase. To address this knowledge gap, field experiments were conducted to explore the regulation of whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting (PM) and whole field sand mulching with flat planting (SM) on soil moisture content and yield of spring wheat in semiarid dryland areas. The results showed that compared to uncovered and flat planting (CK), PM and SM significantly improved soil moisture conditions in the 0?40 cm soil layer. This was especially noticeable in dry years, which supported early growth of wheat by enhancing water use in the 0-200 cm soil layer after wheat emergence. The maximum soil water used by wheat under PM was from 60-80 cm and that under both SM and CK was from 40-60 cm in the first year (median water year) of wheat cultivation. In the second year (less water year) of cultivation, the maximum soil water used under PM was from 120-180 cm and that under both SM and CK was from 60-80 cm. After two years of continuous cultivation, the depth of used water under PM increased from 120 cm to 200 cm, that under SM increased from 120 cm to 140 cm and that under CK remained unchanged. Leisure efficiency of PM was the highest, followed by SM and then CK. Leisure efficiency of each treatment decreased with increasing years of wheat cultivation. In summary, PM and SM improved the moisture environment of the soil in early wheat growth period, promoted water use after wheat emergence and accelerated the use of deep soil moisture. Compared with CK, PM and SM increased wheat yield by 48.77%-815.79% and 49.41%-702.24%, respectively. But with increasing years of cultivation, the depth of used water deepened and leisure efficiency decreased, with negative impacts on soil water balance.
2014, 22(10): 1182-1189.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140249
Abstract:
Nitrogen mineralization has been one of the most important links of nitrogen cycle in soil ecosystems. Temperature and pH are important environmental factors influencing nitrogen mineralization. In this study, two paddy soils with different pH values were used to anaerobically incubate at four different temperatures - 15 ℃, 25 ℃, 37 ℃ and 50 ℃. Using the first order reaction kinetics equation in combination with the effective accumulated temperature equation, mineralization parameters such as soil nitrogen mineralization potential (NO), mineralization rate (k), mineralization degree (ka) and potential/total nitrogen mineralization rate (NO/Tot.N) were analyzed in order to determine the impact of temperature on soil nitrogen mineralization under anaerobic condition. The results showed that soil nitrogen mineralization potential (NO) of two paddy soils increased with increasing temperature. The changes in k and ka depended on temperature degrees of soils with different nitrogen mineralization potentials. At 15-37 ℃, soil k and ka increased with increasing temperature. However, the differences between every two soils were not significant at the same temperature. Then within 37-50 ℃, the changes in soil k and ka grew significantly (P < 0.01) different with increasing temperatures in different soils. It suggested that at high temperatures, the effect of temperature on the mineralization of different paddy soils changed greatly. NO/Tot. N increased with increasing temperatures, suggesting that the quality of organic nitrogen improved at higher temperatures. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between temperature and mineralization parameters within the range of 15-37 ℃. Within the range of 37-50 ℃, the correlation decreased and some even became negative. The pH values did not fluctuate or change with the mineralization parameters. This implied that under anaerobic condition, theresponse of nitrogen mineralization of soils with different pH was similar to temperature within low to medium temperatures, but was significantly different at high temperatures.
Nitrogen mineralization has been one of the most important links of nitrogen cycle in soil ecosystems. Temperature and pH are important environmental factors influencing nitrogen mineralization. In this study, two paddy soils with different pH values were used to anaerobically incubate at four different temperatures - 15 ℃, 25 ℃, 37 ℃ and 50 ℃. Using the first order reaction kinetics equation in combination with the effective accumulated temperature equation, mineralization parameters such as soil nitrogen mineralization potential (NO), mineralization rate (k), mineralization degree (ka) and potential/total nitrogen mineralization rate (NO/Tot.N) were analyzed in order to determine the impact of temperature on soil nitrogen mineralization under anaerobic condition. The results showed that soil nitrogen mineralization potential (NO) of two paddy soils increased with increasing temperature. The changes in k and ka depended on temperature degrees of soils with different nitrogen mineralization potentials. At 15-37 ℃, soil k and ka increased with increasing temperature. However, the differences between every two soils were not significant at the same temperature. Then within 37-50 ℃, the changes in soil k and ka grew significantly (P < 0.01) different with increasing temperatures in different soils. It suggested that at high temperatures, the effect of temperature on the mineralization of different paddy soils changed greatly. NO/Tot. N increased with increasing temperatures, suggesting that the quality of organic nitrogen improved at higher temperatures. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between temperature and mineralization parameters within the range of 15-37 ℃. Within the range of 37-50 ℃, the correlation decreased and some even became negative. The pH values did not fluctuate or change with the mineralization parameters. This implied that under anaerobic condition, theresponse of nitrogen mineralization of soils with different pH was similar to temperature within low to medium temperatures, but was significantly different at high temperatures.
2014, 22(10): 1190-1199.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140396
Abstract:
To develop a better screening and identification method of low nitrogen resistant hybrid maize cultivars at the seedling stage, and obtain low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars applicable in production, 51 commercial hybrid maize cultivars were two-year treated under low nitrogen stress by the vermiculite and pearlite pot culture with Hoagland nutrient solution. The results showed that low nitrogen stress had a significant impact on the main morphological and physiological indexes of different maize cultivars at the seedling stage and the degrees of effect among the indexes and cultivars were significantly different. Based on the coefficients of variation of relative values of different indexes, total of 7 indexes including leaf area, nitrogen accumulation, root-shoot ratio, dry shoot weight, root volume, dry root weight and dry biomass weight were selected as indexes for screening and evaluation of the degree of low nitrogen tolerance of hybrid maize. The low nitrogen tolerability of hybrid maize was evaluated by using the method of the fuzzy membership function with the normalized coefficients of variation as weight of the selected 7 indexes. The evaluation result was compared with the results of the fuzzy membership function and principal component analysis using 13 indexes for the first year and 25 indexes for the second year. The comparison showed that the evaluation results of 7 screening indexes and all the indexes were largely identical. The coincidences rates of low nitrogen tolerance and sensitivity of the first 10 cultivars were 90% and 80%, proving the representativeness of the screening indexes and the feasibility of the evaluation method. The study showed that the above 7 indexes may be used to evaluate low nitrogen resistance of maize at seedling stage and to screen hybrid maize cultivars with low nitrogen resistance. In the study, 'Zhenghong 311', 'Chengdan 30', and 'Qianbei 2' were identified as low nitrogen resistant cultivars and to be suitable for the southwestern hill and mountain areas of china.
To develop a better screening and identification method of low nitrogen resistant hybrid maize cultivars at the seedling stage, and obtain low nitrogen tolerant maize cultivars applicable in production, 51 commercial hybrid maize cultivars were two-year treated under low nitrogen stress by the vermiculite and pearlite pot culture with Hoagland nutrient solution. The results showed that low nitrogen stress had a significant impact on the main morphological and physiological indexes of different maize cultivars at the seedling stage and the degrees of effect among the indexes and cultivars were significantly different. Based on the coefficients of variation of relative values of different indexes, total of 7 indexes including leaf area, nitrogen accumulation, root-shoot ratio, dry shoot weight, root volume, dry root weight and dry biomass weight were selected as indexes for screening and evaluation of the degree of low nitrogen tolerance of hybrid maize. The low nitrogen tolerability of hybrid maize was evaluated by using the method of the fuzzy membership function with the normalized coefficients of variation as weight of the selected 7 indexes. The evaluation result was compared with the results of the fuzzy membership function and principal component analysis using 13 indexes for the first year and 25 indexes for the second year. The comparison showed that the evaluation results of 7 screening indexes and all the indexes were largely identical. The coincidences rates of low nitrogen tolerance and sensitivity of the first 10 cultivars were 90% and 80%, proving the representativeness of the screening indexes and the feasibility of the evaluation method. The study showed that the above 7 indexes may be used to evaluate low nitrogen resistance of maize at seedling stage and to screen hybrid maize cultivars with low nitrogen resistance. In the study, 'Zhenghong 311', 'Chengdan 30', and 'Qianbei 2' were identified as low nitrogen resistant cultivars and to be suitable for the southwestern hill and mountain areas of china.
2014, 22(10): 1200-1206.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140277
Abstract:
In this study, five cultivars of soybean, which were transgenic soybean by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene, non-transgenic parent 'Heinong35', wild soybean cultivar, local cultivar of 'Kangxianwang' and salt sensitive cultivar 'Hefeng 50', were planted in saline-alkali soil. The rhizospheric soil was sampled respectively at seeding stage, flowering and podding stage, pod-filling stage and maturity stage to determine (using classical methods) dynamic changes in bacteria population related to nitrogen transformation, biochemical function and available nitrogen contents. The results laid basic theory on the mechanisms of the effects of transgenic BADH soybean on nitrogen transformation. Compared with non-transgenic soybean, transgenic BADH soybean had positive effects on azotobacteria population and negative effects on ammonifying bacteria population at seedling, flowering and podding stages and with no significant effects on nitrifying bacteria population. Transgenic BADH soybean significantly increased nitrogen fixation intensity at maturity stage, and nitrification intensity at every growth stage of soybean. It also inhibited ammoniation intensity of soybean at seedling, flowering and podding, and pod-filling stages. The content of ammonium nitrogen in rhizospheric soils of transgenic BADH soybean was decreased compared with that of non-transgenic parent at seedling, flowering and podding stages. However, the content of ammonium nitrogen in rhizospheric soils with transgenic BADH soybean increased at maturity stage with no change at pod-filling stage. The content of nitrate nitrogen in rhizospheric soils of transgenic BADH soybean was higher than that of non-transgenic parent at seedling, pod-filling and maturity stages, and lower at flowering and podding stage. Transgenic BADH soybean influenced nitrogen transformation by changing the population of functional bacteria and the processes of biochemical intensity at seedling, flowering and podding stages.
In this study, five cultivars of soybean, which were transgenic soybean by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene, non-transgenic parent 'Heinong35', wild soybean cultivar, local cultivar of 'Kangxianwang' and salt sensitive cultivar 'Hefeng 50', were planted in saline-alkali soil. The rhizospheric soil was sampled respectively at seeding stage, flowering and podding stage, pod-filling stage and maturity stage to determine (using classical methods) dynamic changes in bacteria population related to nitrogen transformation, biochemical function and available nitrogen contents. The results laid basic theory on the mechanisms of the effects of transgenic BADH soybean on nitrogen transformation. Compared with non-transgenic soybean, transgenic BADH soybean had positive effects on azotobacteria population and negative effects on ammonifying bacteria population at seedling, flowering and podding stages and with no significant effects on nitrifying bacteria population. Transgenic BADH soybean significantly increased nitrogen fixation intensity at maturity stage, and nitrification intensity at every growth stage of soybean. It also inhibited ammoniation intensity of soybean at seedling, flowering and podding, and pod-filling stages. The content of ammonium nitrogen in rhizospheric soils of transgenic BADH soybean was decreased compared with that of non-transgenic parent at seedling, flowering and podding stages. However, the content of ammonium nitrogen in rhizospheric soils with transgenic BADH soybean increased at maturity stage with no change at pod-filling stage. The content of nitrate nitrogen in rhizospheric soils of transgenic BADH soybean was higher than that of non-transgenic parent at seedling, pod-filling and maturity stages, and lower at flowering and podding stage. Transgenic BADH soybean influenced nitrogen transformation by changing the population of functional bacteria and the processes of biochemical intensity at seedling, flowering and podding stages.
XIE Huiling,
LIU Jie,
CHEN Shan,
WANG Jingyuan,
FU Wei,
LI Yuanping,
WANG Wei,
XIAO Qingtie,
ZHENG Xinyu,
HUANG Jinwen,
LIN Ruiyu,
LIN Wenxiong
2014, 22(10): 1207-1213.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140341
Abstract:
To elucidate the mechanism of tolerant of exposed Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. to cadmium stress, a set of hydroponic culture experiments were set up to analyze the differential expressions of proteins in P. frutescens leaves after 3 weeks of exposure. The study used two-dimensional electrophoresis technique and added Cd2+ to hydroponic solutions of the hydroponic culture experiments. Based on the results, 25 proteins changed in P. frutescens leaves and 20 of them were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. The identified proteins included 3 proteins related to photosynthesis, 11 proteins related to energy metabolism, 1 protein related to stress, 2 proteins related to protein metabolism, 1 protein related to gene expression, 1 structural protein, and 1 protein related to biosynthesis and detoxication. Under Cd2+ concentrations of 2.0 mg·kg-1, 5.0 mg·kg-1 and 10.0 mg·kg-1, ATP synthase, serine carboxypeptidases and plant cytochrome P450 up-regulated in P. frutescens leaves, but oxygenase large subunit, ribosomal protein S3 and actin down-regulated in P. frutescens leaves. Furthermore, photosystem Ⅱ stability/assembly factor HCF136 and acyl-CoA thioesterase up-regulated in low Cd2+ concentration of 2 mg·kg-1, but down-regulated in higher Cd2+ concentrations of 5 mg·kg-1 and 10 mg·kg-1. Phosphoribulokinase/uridine kinase family protein up-regulated under 2 mg·kg-1 and 5 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ concentrations, but no difference was detected under 10 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ concentration. Additionally, retrotransposon protein involved in gene expression down-regulated under 10 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ concentration. The results indicated that P. frutescens strengthened energy metabolism, reduced photosynthesis, altered protein metabolism and gene expression, and improved detoxification under Cd2+ stress, and thereby enhanced P. frutescens cadmium tolerance.
To elucidate the mechanism of tolerant of exposed Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. to cadmium stress, a set of hydroponic culture experiments were set up to analyze the differential expressions of proteins in P. frutescens leaves after 3 weeks of exposure. The study used two-dimensional electrophoresis technique and added Cd2+ to hydroponic solutions of the hydroponic culture experiments. Based on the results, 25 proteins changed in P. frutescens leaves and 20 of them were identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. The identified proteins included 3 proteins related to photosynthesis, 11 proteins related to energy metabolism, 1 protein related to stress, 2 proteins related to protein metabolism, 1 protein related to gene expression, 1 structural protein, and 1 protein related to biosynthesis and detoxication. Under Cd2+ concentrations of 2.0 mg·kg-1, 5.0 mg·kg-1 and 10.0 mg·kg-1, ATP synthase, serine carboxypeptidases and plant cytochrome P450 up-regulated in P. frutescens leaves, but oxygenase large subunit, ribosomal protein S3 and actin down-regulated in P. frutescens leaves. Furthermore, photosystem Ⅱ stability/assembly factor HCF136 and acyl-CoA thioesterase up-regulated in low Cd2+ concentration of 2 mg·kg-1, but down-regulated in higher Cd2+ concentrations of 5 mg·kg-1 and 10 mg·kg-1. Phosphoribulokinase/uridine kinase family protein up-regulated under 2 mg·kg-1 and 5 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ concentrations, but no difference was detected under 10 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ concentration. Additionally, retrotransposon protein involved in gene expression down-regulated under 10 mg·kg-1 Cd2+ concentration. The results indicated that P. frutescens strengthened energy metabolism, reduced photosynthesis, altered protein metabolism and gene expression, and improved detoxification under Cd2+ stress, and thereby enhanced P. frutescens cadmium tolerance.
2014, 22(10): 1214-1221.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140272
Abstract:
In order to develop an effective biocontrol agent against apple canker, which was caused by the pathogen of Cytospora spp., the antagonistic bacteria strains were isolated, screened and identified by the method of confronting incubation, morphology and molecular biology. In addition, the control effect of antagonistic bacteria strains against Cytospora spp. in detached apple twigs was determined in vitro, and the probable mechanism and antibacterial activity of antagonistic strains against Cytospora spp. conidium germination and hypha growth were determined by microscopic observation and liquid culture. Twenty-three strains of bacteria were isolated from the apple orchard soil and apple tree branches in apple production areas of Gansu Province. And two antagonistic bacteria strains of LZ-1201 and TS-1203 showed significantly antagonistic effect on the Cytospora spp. growth. The inhibition rates of LZ-1201 and TS-1203 against Cytospora spp. hypha growth were 79.00% and 85.00%, respectively. The strains of LZ-1201 and TS-1203 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, respectively. The results of control experiments showed that the control effect of two antagonistic bacteria strains against Cytospora spp. decreased with the increasing dilution multiple of fermentation filtrate. The undiluted fermentation filtrates of LZ-1201 and TS 1203 strains had the best control efficiencies, which were 74.43% and 77.07%, respectively. Analysis of the probable antifungal mechanism of antagonistic bacteria strains indicated that two antagonistic bacteria strains could induce the mycelium of Cytospora spp. enlargement and deformity, cytoplasm exosmosis and dissolution. The fermentation filtrate of two antagonistic bacteria strains significantly reduced the conidium germination rate and hypha growth. When diluted by 40 times, the inhibition rate of fermentation filtrates of antagonistic bacteria strains on hypha growth was more than 60%. Therefore, these results suggested that the antagonistic strains provide a new biological control method in controlling apple canker.
In order to develop an effective biocontrol agent against apple canker, which was caused by the pathogen of Cytospora spp., the antagonistic bacteria strains were isolated, screened and identified by the method of confronting incubation, morphology and molecular biology. In addition, the control effect of antagonistic bacteria strains against Cytospora spp. in detached apple twigs was determined in vitro, and the probable mechanism and antibacterial activity of antagonistic strains against Cytospora spp. conidium germination and hypha growth were determined by microscopic observation and liquid culture. Twenty-three strains of bacteria were isolated from the apple orchard soil and apple tree branches in apple production areas of Gansu Province. And two antagonistic bacteria strains of LZ-1201 and TS-1203 showed significantly antagonistic effect on the Cytospora spp. growth. The inhibition rates of LZ-1201 and TS-1203 against Cytospora spp. hypha growth were 79.00% and 85.00%, respectively. The strains of LZ-1201 and TS-1203 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, respectively. The results of control experiments showed that the control effect of two antagonistic bacteria strains against Cytospora spp. decreased with the increasing dilution multiple of fermentation filtrate. The undiluted fermentation filtrates of LZ-1201 and TS 1203 strains had the best control efficiencies, which were 74.43% and 77.07%, respectively. Analysis of the probable antifungal mechanism of antagonistic bacteria strains indicated that two antagonistic bacteria strains could induce the mycelium of Cytospora spp. enlargement and deformity, cytoplasm exosmosis and dissolution. The fermentation filtrate of two antagonistic bacteria strains significantly reduced the conidium germination rate and hypha growth. When diluted by 40 times, the inhibition rate of fermentation filtrates of antagonistic bacteria strains on hypha growth was more than 60%. Therefore, these results suggested that the antagonistic strains provide a new biological control method in controlling apple canker.
2014, 22(10): 1222-1230.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140014
Abstract:
Lakeside zone belongs to land-lake ecotone and is a critical element of lake ecosystem. In recent years, ecological functions of lakes and wetlands have significantly declined due to unreasonable use of resources. This has led to a serious shortage of ecological resources. Ecological agriculture has been used to set up multi-level recyclable and healthy agro-ecological systems, which is beneficial for saving resources and ecological remediation. As a result, ecological agriculture is vital for restoring and protecting ecosystems. Huayang Lakes Area is located in the land-lake ecotone in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Although this area has abundant resources, the ecological environment is fragile. Also because of high demand for agricultural products, there is the need to set up an ecological agriculture that can sufficiently protect the ecology. Ecological agriculture can make use of multi-level and three-dimensional systems for different organisms and can also meet the purposes of resources saving, pollution reduction and ecological restoration. The design of ecological agriculture modes are based on the theory of ecology, ecological economics; and on the principles of food chain, systems engineering, ecological niche and "tri-benefit" coordination development (ecological, economic and social benefits). Ecological agriculture modes were designed in this paper by using the methods of flat structure design, three-dimensional structure, food chain structure design and production chain structure design in Huayang Lakes Area of Anhui Province. It was also based on local agricultural conditions, social and economic conditions and market orientation principle. The study was conducted on the bases of conditions of agricultural production and agricultural products demand in the area, including urban economic area, wet lakeside area, major agricultural products area, characterisitic-crops production area and farmers' courtyard. Through analysis of regional agricultural production characteristics, the paper designed eight types of ecological agriculture modes. These were space resource utilization modes, material cycle multi-state utilization modes, biological symbiosis modes, farmers' (courtyard) production and living complementary mode, and leisure and sightseeing agriculture mode. The paper also used cyclic flowcharts to detail the components and circulation processes of each mode. Specific focus was placed on the development of herbivorous livestock mode, comprehensive development of ecological economy industrial park mode, comprehensive development of wine park mode. In the allocation of different modes, determining reasonable development strengths and proper modes combination based on the sensitivity of the ecology were critical.
Lakeside zone belongs to land-lake ecotone and is a critical element of lake ecosystem. In recent years, ecological functions of lakes and wetlands have significantly declined due to unreasonable use of resources. This has led to a serious shortage of ecological resources. Ecological agriculture has been used to set up multi-level recyclable and healthy agro-ecological systems, which is beneficial for saving resources and ecological remediation. As a result, ecological agriculture is vital for restoring and protecting ecosystems. Huayang Lakes Area is located in the land-lake ecotone in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Although this area has abundant resources, the ecological environment is fragile. Also because of high demand for agricultural products, there is the need to set up an ecological agriculture that can sufficiently protect the ecology. Ecological agriculture can make use of multi-level and three-dimensional systems for different organisms and can also meet the purposes of resources saving, pollution reduction and ecological restoration. The design of ecological agriculture modes are based on the theory of ecology, ecological economics; and on the principles of food chain, systems engineering, ecological niche and "tri-benefit" coordination development (ecological, economic and social benefits). Ecological agriculture modes were designed in this paper by using the methods of flat structure design, three-dimensional structure, food chain structure design and production chain structure design in Huayang Lakes Area of Anhui Province. It was also based on local agricultural conditions, social and economic conditions and market orientation principle. The study was conducted on the bases of conditions of agricultural production and agricultural products demand in the area, including urban economic area, wet lakeside area, major agricultural products area, characterisitic-crops production area and farmers' courtyard. Through analysis of regional agricultural production characteristics, the paper designed eight types of ecological agriculture modes. These were space resource utilization modes, material cycle multi-state utilization modes, biological symbiosis modes, farmers' (courtyard) production and living complementary mode, and leisure and sightseeing agriculture mode. The paper also used cyclic flowcharts to detail the components and circulation processes of each mode. Specific focus was placed on the development of herbivorous livestock mode, comprehensive development of ecological economy industrial park mode, comprehensive development of wine park mode. In the allocation of different modes, determining reasonable development strengths and proper modes combination based on the sensitivity of the ecology were critical.
2014, 22(10): 1231-1239.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140383
Abstract:
Agricultural productions are very sensitive to climate change. Controlling agricultural greenhouse gases emissions is not only a key issue in China's efforts to address global climate change, but also an essential part of the country's drive to accelerate the shift in its agricultural development modes. For agriculture, crops and soils have substantial carbon sequestration potential. However, agricultural production has induced large amounts of carbon emissions due to the usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, machineries and other agricultural materials. Hence, developing low-carbon agriculture has largely depended on increasing carbon efficiency of crop production. Previous studies on carbon efficiency of agricultural production had concentrated on the effects of agricultural management and planting structure on carbon efficiency. However, studies on the spatial and temporal variations in regional agricultural carbon efficiency had remained extremely unavailable, especially the underlying driving factors. As the main grain production base in Jiangxi Province, Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region has been promoted as a national strategy in 2009. In this study, carbon input and output data of major crop productions in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region were obtained from Jiangxi statistical yearbooks for 2001-2011. Subsequently, carbon production efficiency, carbon economic efficiency and carbon ecological efficiency of crops were calculated at county scale. The objectives of this study were (1) to clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon efficiencies of various crops in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region, and (2) to discuss the underlying driving factors of the spatial-temporal variations. Results showed that carbon production efficiency of crops varied from 9.27 to 10.16 kg·kg-1(CE) during 2000-2010. The variation pattern could be separated into three phase as "decline phase (2000-2003), smooth phase (2004-2007) and increasing phase (2008-2010)". Carbon economic efficiency of crops fluctuated but followed a downward trend with a range of 10.73 to 9.25 Yuan·kg-1(CE) in 2000-2010. Carbon ecological efficiency of crops ranged from 1.76 to 1.94 kg(C)·kg-1(CE) in 2000- 2010. This was further divided into three phases as continuous declining phase (2000-2003), smooth development phase (2004-2007) and continuous growth phase (2008-2010). Furthermore, carbon efficiency of crops showed a significantly characteristic spatial concentration in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region; where high carbon efficiency zones were mainly concentrated in the southeast of the region for most of the years. However, low carbon efficiency zones were mainly concentrated in the counties around Jiujiang City. In the case of stable carbon input, carbon production efficiency of crops was mainly influenced by the level of agricultural development and crop yield. Carbon economic efficiency was mostly controlled by grain production and pricing system. The ecological efficiency of carbon was mainly driven by agricultural carbon output. Most counties in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region were agricultural carbon-sinks, which needed to be maintained by sustainable low-carbon agricultural developments.
Agricultural productions are very sensitive to climate change. Controlling agricultural greenhouse gases emissions is not only a key issue in China's efforts to address global climate change, but also an essential part of the country's drive to accelerate the shift in its agricultural development modes. For agriculture, crops and soils have substantial carbon sequestration potential. However, agricultural production has induced large amounts of carbon emissions due to the usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, machineries and other agricultural materials. Hence, developing low-carbon agriculture has largely depended on increasing carbon efficiency of crop production. Previous studies on carbon efficiency of agricultural production had concentrated on the effects of agricultural management and planting structure on carbon efficiency. However, studies on the spatial and temporal variations in regional agricultural carbon efficiency had remained extremely unavailable, especially the underlying driving factors. As the main grain production base in Jiangxi Province, Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region has been promoted as a national strategy in 2009. In this study, carbon input and output data of major crop productions in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region were obtained from Jiangxi statistical yearbooks for 2001-2011. Subsequently, carbon production efficiency, carbon economic efficiency and carbon ecological efficiency of crops were calculated at county scale. The objectives of this study were (1) to clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon efficiencies of various crops in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region, and (2) to discuss the underlying driving factors of the spatial-temporal variations. Results showed that carbon production efficiency of crops varied from 9.27 to 10.16 kg·kg-1(CE) during 2000-2010. The variation pattern could be separated into three phase as "decline phase (2000-2003), smooth phase (2004-2007) and increasing phase (2008-2010)". Carbon economic efficiency of crops fluctuated but followed a downward trend with a range of 10.73 to 9.25 Yuan·kg-1(CE) in 2000-2010. Carbon ecological efficiency of crops ranged from 1.76 to 1.94 kg(C)·kg-1(CE) in 2000- 2010. This was further divided into three phases as continuous declining phase (2000-2003), smooth development phase (2004-2007) and continuous growth phase (2008-2010). Furthermore, carbon efficiency of crops showed a significantly characteristic spatial concentration in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region; where high carbon efficiency zones were mainly concentrated in the southeast of the region for most of the years. However, low carbon efficiency zones were mainly concentrated in the counties around Jiujiang City. In the case of stable carbon input, carbon production efficiency of crops was mainly influenced by the level of agricultural development and crop yield. Carbon economic efficiency was mostly controlled by grain production and pricing system. The ecological efficiency of carbon was mainly driven by agricultural carbon output. Most counties in Poyang Lake Eco-Economic Region were agricultural carbon-sinks, which needed to be maintained by sustainable low-carbon agricultural developments.
2014, 22(10): 1240-1251.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140483
Abstract:
The Hainan Island, a vital agricultural zone in winter for watermelon and vegetables in China, often suffers from chilling risk during production. Using natural disaster risk analysis theory, data on daily meteorology, crop yield and planted area of watermelon and vegetables as well as chilling disaster and DEM, the paper constructed the chilling grade index in accordance with the biological characteristics of watermelon and vegetables, and built a comprehensive model integrating hazard index, damage environment index, damage loss index and damage prevention capability index to assess chilling risk of watermelon and vegetables in the Hainan Island. The results showed that hazard index for watermelon decreased from the central part to the east and west of the Hainan Island. It increased from south to north for cowpea and luffa, and increased from southeast to northwest for paprika. Furthermore, distribution of various grades of hazard index was different. Damage environment index reduced from central Wuzhishan Mountain to the peripheral regions. Chilling damage loss index and prevention capability index differed in different regions. Overall, the comprehensive chilling risk index was similar in zoning for watermelon and vegetables, and was higher in the center and north while lower in the south, east and west coastal areas. The characteristics of chilling risk distribution, mainly induced by cold air action and topography, conformed to real chilling conditions in the Hainan Island. The results provided useful information that contributed to better understanding of chilling disaster risk of watermelon and vegetables in the Hainan Island. The results were also useful for policy formation on disaster risk management in the Hainan Island.
The Hainan Island, a vital agricultural zone in winter for watermelon and vegetables in China, often suffers from chilling risk during production. Using natural disaster risk analysis theory, data on daily meteorology, crop yield and planted area of watermelon and vegetables as well as chilling disaster and DEM, the paper constructed the chilling grade index in accordance with the biological characteristics of watermelon and vegetables, and built a comprehensive model integrating hazard index, damage environment index, damage loss index and damage prevention capability index to assess chilling risk of watermelon and vegetables in the Hainan Island. The results showed that hazard index for watermelon decreased from the central part to the east and west of the Hainan Island. It increased from south to north for cowpea and luffa, and increased from southeast to northwest for paprika. Furthermore, distribution of various grades of hazard index was different. Damage environment index reduced from central Wuzhishan Mountain to the peripheral regions. Chilling damage loss index and prevention capability index differed in different regions. Overall, the comprehensive chilling risk index was similar in zoning for watermelon and vegetables, and was higher in the center and north while lower in the south, east and west coastal areas. The characteristics of chilling risk distribution, mainly induced by cold air action and topography, conformed to real chilling conditions in the Hainan Island. The results provided useful information that contributed to better understanding of chilling disaster risk of watermelon and vegetables in the Hainan Island. The results were also useful for policy formation on disaster risk management in the Hainan Island.
2014, 22(10): 1252-1258.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140815
Abstract:
Surface temperature-vegetation index feature space (hereinafter to be referred as feature space method), constructed by using remote sensing technology, combines these 2 components' physiological and ecological functions and is widely used in regional drought monitoring and evapotranspiration estimation. However, influenced by the antecedent precipitation, the premise of the feature space method, i.e., the study area has extreme drought regions, is hard to satisfy. In addition, different spatial resolution remote sensing data have different abilities to identify the extreme moist or drought condition of the soil. All these facts increase the uncertainty of the feature space method. To explore the effects of spatial and temporal scale on the feature space method, this paper analyzed the continuous changes of feature space fitting borders after the rain using MODIS data. The surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) retrieved by Landsat 5 TM data were interpolated into different resolution data, feature space parameters and Temperature-Vegetation Drought Index (TVDI) obtained by these different resolution data were studied. The results showed that the fitting dry edges were far from the theoretical ones because the influence of antecedent rainfall. The continuous changes of the fitting dry edges were in accordance with the soil moisture evolution of the study area. To improve the estimate precision of the feature space method, the value of fitting dry edge at the bare soil (where NDVI=0.1) should be assigned correctly and dynamically. The decrease of the spatial resolution of remote sensing data made the fitting dry and wet edges more far from the theoretical ones and the feature space compressed to the center. These led to some places be mistaken for more drought or more moist. By this token, any discrepancy with the premise of the feature space caused error in the drought monitoring and evapotranspiration estimation. The discrepancy should be corrected based on its mechanism and the demands of the feature space method.
Surface temperature-vegetation index feature space (hereinafter to be referred as feature space method), constructed by using remote sensing technology, combines these 2 components' physiological and ecological functions and is widely used in regional drought monitoring and evapotranspiration estimation. However, influenced by the antecedent precipitation, the premise of the feature space method, i.e., the study area has extreme drought regions, is hard to satisfy. In addition, different spatial resolution remote sensing data have different abilities to identify the extreme moist or drought condition of the soil. All these facts increase the uncertainty of the feature space method. To explore the effects of spatial and temporal scale on the feature space method, this paper analyzed the continuous changes of feature space fitting borders after the rain using MODIS data. The surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) retrieved by Landsat 5 TM data were interpolated into different resolution data, feature space parameters and Temperature-Vegetation Drought Index (TVDI) obtained by these different resolution data were studied. The results showed that the fitting dry edges were far from the theoretical ones because the influence of antecedent rainfall. The continuous changes of the fitting dry edges were in accordance with the soil moisture evolution of the study area. To improve the estimate precision of the feature space method, the value of fitting dry edge at the bare soil (where NDVI=0.1) should be assigned correctly and dynamically. The decrease of the spatial resolution of remote sensing data made the fitting dry and wet edges more far from the theoretical ones and the feature space compressed to the center. These led to some places be mistaken for more drought or more moist. By this token, any discrepancy with the premise of the feature space caused error in the drought monitoring and evapotranspiration estimation. The discrepancy should be corrected based on its mechanism and the demands of the feature space method.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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