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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2014 Vol. 22, No. 5
Display Method:
2014, 22(5): 501-508.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31133
Abstract:
It is generally known that nitrogen (N) and water are critical for crop growth. It is therefore important to study the effects of N fertilization and irrigation on crop yield, soil properties and their relationship to crop yield. However, domestic studies have provided little details about the relationship between crop yield and soil properties influenced by N fertilization and irrigation management schemes. Foreign studies have mainly focused on the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and crop yield, and the relationship of crop yield with soil biochemical properties not well documented. To address this knowledge gap, this study explored the effects of N fertilization and irrigation management schemes on crop yield and soil biochemical properties and their relationship. N fertilization and irrigation management schemes were initiated in 2005 at the Fengqiu Agro-Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Under summer maize (Zea mays L.) and winter wheat (Triticumae stivum L.) crop rotation system, N fertilizer was applied at the rates of 150 kg·hm-2, 190 kg·hm-2, 230 kg·hm-2 and 270 kg·hm -2 per crop season and non-N input used as the control. Irrigation was done to meet soil field capacity of the 0 20 cm, 0 40 cm and 0 60 cm soil layers and also with rain-fed treatment as the control. Soil samples were collected at 0 20 cm soil depth in June 2011 and basal biochemical properties determined. Meanwhile, crop yield data for 2008 2011 were analyzed. The results showed that N fertilization rate of 150 270 kg·hm-2 did not significantly enhance maize yield in 2008 and 2009, and wheat yield in 2009 and 2010. Irrigation little influenced maize yield in 2010, while maize yield in 2008 and 2009 gradually increased with increasing irrigation amount. Compared with rain-fed system, irrigation increased wheat yield in 2008 2011. N fertilization increased soil total N content (TN), available N content (AN), dehydrogenase activity (DHD), urease activity (URE), microbial biomass carbon content (MBC), basal soil respiration (BSR) and nitrification potential (NP) to varying degrees. N fertilization slightly decreased soil pH and sharply decreased available P content (AP) by 48.7% 51.6%. Irrigation slightly increased TN and DHD and then decreased URE, BSR, NP and total K content (TK) to varying degrees. With the exception of TK, AN, and DHD, correlation analysis showed significant correlations among these properties. Principal component analysis was used to select highly weighted factors for explaining yield variation. The selected properties included TN, DOC, AP, MBC, MBN, NP and quotient of respiration (qCO2). After analyses using the determined biochemical properties, multi-collinearity problem was resolved. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the selected properties (TN, DOC, AP, MBC, MBN, NP, qCO2) and crop yield, in which all the regression equations of predicted maize yield in 2009 and 2010 were highly significant. In conclusion, differentiation of soil biochemical properties resulting from N fertilization and irrigation partly estimated crop yield. This research method provided the needed reference for selecting yield determinants and building yield models.
It is generally known that nitrogen (N) and water are critical for crop growth. It is therefore important to study the effects of N fertilization and irrigation on crop yield, soil properties and their relationship to crop yield. However, domestic studies have provided little details about the relationship between crop yield and soil properties influenced by N fertilization and irrigation management schemes. Foreign studies have mainly focused on the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and crop yield, and the relationship of crop yield with soil biochemical properties not well documented. To address this knowledge gap, this study explored the effects of N fertilization and irrigation management schemes on crop yield and soil biochemical properties and their relationship. N fertilization and irrigation management schemes were initiated in 2005 at the Fengqiu Agro-Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Under summer maize (Zea mays L.) and winter wheat (Triticumae stivum L.) crop rotation system, N fertilizer was applied at the rates of 150 kg·hm-2, 190 kg·hm-2, 230 kg·hm-2 and 270 kg·hm -2 per crop season and non-N input used as the control. Irrigation was done to meet soil field capacity of the 0 20 cm, 0 40 cm and 0 60 cm soil layers and also with rain-fed treatment as the control. Soil samples were collected at 0 20 cm soil depth in June 2011 and basal biochemical properties determined. Meanwhile, crop yield data for 2008 2011 were analyzed. The results showed that N fertilization rate of 150 270 kg·hm-2 did not significantly enhance maize yield in 2008 and 2009, and wheat yield in 2009 and 2010. Irrigation little influenced maize yield in 2010, while maize yield in 2008 and 2009 gradually increased with increasing irrigation amount. Compared with rain-fed system, irrigation increased wheat yield in 2008 2011. N fertilization increased soil total N content (TN), available N content (AN), dehydrogenase activity (DHD), urease activity (URE), microbial biomass carbon content (MBC), basal soil respiration (BSR) and nitrification potential (NP) to varying degrees. N fertilization slightly decreased soil pH and sharply decreased available P content (AP) by 48.7% 51.6%. Irrigation slightly increased TN and DHD and then decreased URE, BSR, NP and total K content (TK) to varying degrees. With the exception of TK, AN, and DHD, correlation analysis showed significant correlations among these properties. Principal component analysis was used to select highly weighted factors for explaining yield variation. The selected properties included TN, DOC, AP, MBC, MBN, NP and quotient of respiration (qCO2). After analyses using the determined biochemical properties, multi-collinearity problem was resolved. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis was performed using the selected properties (TN, DOC, AP, MBC, MBN, NP, qCO2) and crop yield, in which all the regression equations of predicted maize yield in 2009 and 2010 were highly significant. In conclusion, differentiation of soil biochemical properties resulting from N fertilization and irrigation partly estimated crop yield. This research method provided the needed reference for selecting yield determinants and building yield models.
2014, 22(5): 509-515.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31142
Abstract:
A field micro-plot (labeled 15N) fertilizer experiment was conducted to investigate the use efficiency of fertilizer N and its residual features under different rice-based cropping systems (Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation, fallow-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation) in the Taihu Lake Region. Results showed that 20.9%?49.6% of N uptake of rice was derived from the applied fertilizer N. Fallow-rice rotation system largely depended on inorganic N fertilizer to form yield. N fertilizer use efficiency of rice was 25.0%?41.5% of the labeled fertilizer N at harvest. Residual fertilizer N rate in soils was 13.4%-24.6%, over 90% of which was in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The amount of fertilizer N residue in the soil profile decreased rapidly with increasing soil depth. Only 0.2%-0.7% of the fertilizer N was in the soil layer of 30-40 cm. Fertilizer N use efficiency and soil residual N rate were largest at N application rate of 240 kg·hm-2 under Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation and fallow-rice rotation systems. This respectively exceeded by 55.6% and 66.0% over N fertilizer use efficiency under wheat-rice rotation. Fertilizer N use efficiency, soil residual rate as well as total N recovery rate were lowest while N loss rate highest under wheat-rice rotation system at N application rate of 240 kg·hm-2. As for the Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system, the loss rate of N fertilizer was lowest, which was less than those of fallow-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation systems by 13.9% and 39.2%, respectively. Under different rotation systems, rice yield increased with increasing urea application rate. Under straw-return application of Chinese milk vetch of Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system, rice yield was significantly higher compared to those of wheat-rice rotation and fallow-rice rotation at N application of 240 kg·hm-2. Although rice yield under wheat-rice rotation was slightly higher than that under fallow-rice rotation, it was not significantly different. The study suggested that N application at 240 kg·hm-2 in addition to straw-return application of Chinese milk vetch of Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation not only ensured N fertilizer use efficiency and high rice grain yield, but also reduced the loss of N fertilizer and environmental risks. Considering these factors, Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system was recommended as a suitable cropping system worthy of promotion in the Taihu Lake Region.
A field micro-plot (labeled 15N) fertilizer experiment was conducted to investigate the use efficiency of fertilizer N and its residual features under different rice-based cropping systems (Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation, fallow-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation) in the Taihu Lake Region. Results showed that 20.9%?49.6% of N uptake of rice was derived from the applied fertilizer N. Fallow-rice rotation system largely depended on inorganic N fertilizer to form yield. N fertilizer use efficiency of rice was 25.0%?41.5% of the labeled fertilizer N at harvest. Residual fertilizer N rate in soils was 13.4%-24.6%, over 90% of which was in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The amount of fertilizer N residue in the soil profile decreased rapidly with increasing soil depth. Only 0.2%-0.7% of the fertilizer N was in the soil layer of 30-40 cm. Fertilizer N use efficiency and soil residual N rate were largest at N application rate of 240 kg·hm-2 under Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation and fallow-rice rotation systems. This respectively exceeded by 55.6% and 66.0% over N fertilizer use efficiency under wheat-rice rotation. Fertilizer N use efficiency, soil residual rate as well as total N recovery rate were lowest while N loss rate highest under wheat-rice rotation system at N application rate of 240 kg·hm-2. As for the Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system, the loss rate of N fertilizer was lowest, which was less than those of fallow-rice rotation and wheat-rice rotation systems by 13.9% and 39.2%, respectively. Under different rotation systems, rice yield increased with increasing urea application rate. Under straw-return application of Chinese milk vetch of Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system, rice yield was significantly higher compared to those of wheat-rice rotation and fallow-rice rotation at N application of 240 kg·hm-2. Although rice yield under wheat-rice rotation was slightly higher than that under fallow-rice rotation, it was not significantly different. The study suggested that N application at 240 kg·hm-2 in addition to straw-return application of Chinese milk vetch of Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation not only ensured N fertilizer use efficiency and high rice grain yield, but also reduced the loss of N fertilizer and environmental risks. Considering these factors, Chinese milk vetch-rice rotation system was recommended as a suitable cropping system worthy of promotion in the Taihu Lake Region.
2014, 22(5): 516-524.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31105
Abstract:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) plays a critical role in phosphorus (P) cycle in the soil-plant system. AMF can reduce P fertilization amount through improving utilization ratio of P fertilizer and activating soil P availability. Intercropping system of different crops also increases nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency compared with monoculture system. AMF inoculation in intercropping system to reduce soil P loss has become a research hotspot. However, the beneficial effects of combination of AMF and intercropping on plant growth and P accumulation have not been fully understood on the purple soil. In this study, growth and P accumulation of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with soybean on purple soil was studied through a pot cultural experiment under different root separation ways and AMF inoculation. Three inoculation treatments [no AMF (NM), Glomus mosseae inoculation (GM), G. etunicatum inoculation (GE)] and three roots separation ways (no separation, nylon net separation, plastic-film separation) were set up. The study may provide a theoretical basis for exploring P nutrient use efficiency of intercropping system with AMF technology. Results showed that differences in AMF colonization rate of intercropped maize among different roots separation ways were not significant under GM treatment, while AMF colonization rate was significantly highest under plastic-film separation and G. etunicatum inoculation (GE treatment). Different AMF treatments showed different effects on intercropped maize growth. GE and GM treatments under three roots separation ways showed obviously different advantages. Compared to NM treatment, GM treatment increased dry biomass and plant height of intercropped maize, improved P uptake under no roots separation; while GE treatment increased dry biomass, improved P uptake under nylon net separation of roots. Furthermore, P uptake amount of intercropped maize under AMF inoculation treatments were higher than no AMF inoculation treatments. The shoots dry biomass of intercropped maize was lower under roots separation treatments than not separation treatment, roots dry biomass showed opposite trend. Whether inoculating AMF or not, root P content and uptake were significantly higher under roots separation with nylon net, while root P uptake efficiency was significantly higher under combination of no roots separation and G. mosseae inoculation than under root separation. In conclusion, AMF inoculation could promote plants growth and roots P accumulation, and showed greater advantages under nylon net separation. Nylon net separation of roots significantly improved growth of maize. The treatment of GE inoculation plus roots separation with nylon net was the best one for intercropped maize growth and P accumulation, which could effectively control P loss from slope farmland in the Dianchi Lake Basin.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) plays a critical role in phosphorus (P) cycle in the soil-plant system. AMF can reduce P fertilization amount through improving utilization ratio of P fertilizer and activating soil P availability. Intercropping system of different crops also increases nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency compared with monoculture system. AMF inoculation in intercropping system to reduce soil P loss has become a research hotspot. However, the beneficial effects of combination of AMF and intercropping on plant growth and P accumulation have not been fully understood on the purple soil. In this study, growth and P accumulation of maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with soybean on purple soil was studied through a pot cultural experiment under different root separation ways and AMF inoculation. Three inoculation treatments [no AMF (NM), Glomus mosseae inoculation (GM), G. etunicatum inoculation (GE)] and three roots separation ways (no separation, nylon net separation, plastic-film separation) were set up. The study may provide a theoretical basis for exploring P nutrient use efficiency of intercropping system with AMF technology. Results showed that differences in AMF colonization rate of intercropped maize among different roots separation ways were not significant under GM treatment, while AMF colonization rate was significantly highest under plastic-film separation and G. etunicatum inoculation (GE treatment). Different AMF treatments showed different effects on intercropped maize growth. GE and GM treatments under three roots separation ways showed obviously different advantages. Compared to NM treatment, GM treatment increased dry biomass and plant height of intercropped maize, improved P uptake under no roots separation; while GE treatment increased dry biomass, improved P uptake under nylon net separation of roots. Furthermore, P uptake amount of intercropped maize under AMF inoculation treatments were higher than no AMF inoculation treatments. The shoots dry biomass of intercropped maize was lower under roots separation treatments than not separation treatment, roots dry biomass showed opposite trend. Whether inoculating AMF or not, root P content and uptake were significantly higher under roots separation with nylon net, while root P uptake efficiency was significantly higher under combination of no roots separation and G. mosseae inoculation than under root separation. In conclusion, AMF inoculation could promote plants growth and roots P accumulation, and showed greater advantages under nylon net separation. Nylon net separation of roots significantly improved growth of maize. The treatment of GE inoculation plus roots separation with nylon net was the best one for intercropped maize growth and P accumulation, which could effectively control P loss from slope farmland in the Dianchi Lake Basin.
2014, 22(5): 525-533.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.40081
Abstract:
To determine the fertilization efficiency under different fertilization modes and fertilization rates of tea garden, a field test was conducted to study the effects of different fertilization practices on soil fertility, and tea quality and yield components. Three fertilization modes were set up - broadcast fertilization, furrow fertilization and furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching. Five fertilization rates were designed under furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching, which were zero fertilization (CK), 45 kg(N)·hm-2, 60 kg(N)·hm-2, 75 kg(N)·hm-2, 90 kg(N)·hm-2. The results showed that in terms of soil fertility and tea yield components and quality, furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching was better than furrow fertilization. Furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching improved both the quality and yield of tea and it also enhanced to a certain extent soil nutrient in the tea garden. Broadcast fertilization had the worst effects on soil fertility and tea yield components and quality. Compared with furrow fertilization, furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching increased tea water extract, caffeine and free amino acids contents by 2.24%, 7.26%, 14.68%. Also, it increased the bud leaf density and length by 8.50% and 8.15%, respectively. Then organic matter, total nitrogen, available N, P and K respectively improved by 10.87%, 26.74%, 17.95%, 34.69%, 25.42% in surface soil and by 10.38%, 28.22%, 25.64%, 15.34%, 17.97% in subsurface soil under furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching. Contrarily, tea polyphenols decreased by 1.88% and pH by 8.16% and 5.30% in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. Comparison of the effects of different nitrogen doses under furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching showed that the tea quality and yield components increased with increasing nitrogen dosage. However, the differences in the effects of 75 kg·hm-2 and 90 kg·hm-2 treatments were not significant in terms of tea quality and yield components. Thus under plastic-film mulching, furrow nitrogen fertilization at 75 kg·hm-2 was an enough dosage for efficient tea garden production management.
To determine the fertilization efficiency under different fertilization modes and fertilization rates of tea garden, a field test was conducted to study the effects of different fertilization practices on soil fertility, and tea quality and yield components. Three fertilization modes were set up - broadcast fertilization, furrow fertilization and furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching. Five fertilization rates were designed under furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching, which were zero fertilization (CK), 45 kg(N)·hm-2, 60 kg(N)·hm-2, 75 kg(N)·hm-2, 90 kg(N)·hm-2. The results showed that in terms of soil fertility and tea yield components and quality, furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching was better than furrow fertilization. Furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching improved both the quality and yield of tea and it also enhanced to a certain extent soil nutrient in the tea garden. Broadcast fertilization had the worst effects on soil fertility and tea yield components and quality. Compared with furrow fertilization, furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching increased tea water extract, caffeine and free amino acids contents by 2.24%, 7.26%, 14.68%. Also, it increased the bud leaf density and length by 8.50% and 8.15%, respectively. Then organic matter, total nitrogen, available N, P and K respectively improved by 10.87%, 26.74%, 17.95%, 34.69%, 25.42% in surface soil and by 10.38%, 28.22%, 25.64%, 15.34%, 17.97% in subsurface soil under furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching. Contrarily, tea polyphenols decreased by 1.88% and pH by 8.16% and 5.30% in surface and subsurface soils, respectively. Comparison of the effects of different nitrogen doses under furrow fertilization with plastic-film mulching showed that the tea quality and yield components increased with increasing nitrogen dosage. However, the differences in the effects of 75 kg·hm-2 and 90 kg·hm-2 treatments were not significant in terms of tea quality and yield components. Thus under plastic-film mulching, furrow nitrogen fertilization at 75 kg·hm-2 was an enough dosage for efficient tea garden production management.
2014, 22(5): 534-542.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31106
Abstract:
Tillage and soil moisture conservation measures have been critical in crop growth, water use and yield output. These measures have improved soil structure and increased soil organic matter content, soil infiltration, and soil temperature. Moreover, tillage and soil moisture conservation measures have increased photosynthetic characteristics. However, the degree of influence of photosynthetic physiological characteristics on crop yield and water productivity efficiency at different growth stages of winter wheat under different tillage and soil moisture conservation measures has been seldom reported. To therefore ascertain the photosynthetic/ physiological characteristics and mechanisms of yield increase under different tillage and soil moisture conservation measures, a field experiment was conducted to determine photosynthesis, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat at different growth stages under the treatments of deep tillage, no-tillage, straw mulching, organic fertilization and water-retaining agent application. The results suggested that photosynthetic rate and leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat were highest at booting stage and lowest at grain-filling stage. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were highest at flowering stage. At all growth stages, photosynthetic rate and leaf water use efficiency were highest under deep tillage treatment, followed by straw mulch treatment. At jointing, booting and flowering stages, transpiration rate was highest under organic fertilization treatment. Then at grain filling stage, transpiration rate was higher under straw mulching and no-tillage treatments than in the other treatments. Transpiration rate under control treatment was lower during all the growth stages of winter wheat compared with that under tillage and soil moisture conservation measures. The trend of change in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate was consistent. Ear length, grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight, yield and water productivity efficiency of winter wheat increased and total water consumption reduced under different tillage and soil moisture conservation measures. This was especially obvious under deep tillage. Wheat yield and water productivity efficiency were highest under deep tillage, respectively increasing by 19.6% and 38.3% compared with the control. Correlation analysis showed that photosynthetic rate and leaf water use efficiency were positively correlated with yield and water productivity efficiency. The correlations strengthened with advancing growth process, especially so at the flowering stage. At this stage, the effect of photosynthetic rate on wheat yield and water productivity efficiency was more significant than that of leaf water use efficiency.
Tillage and soil moisture conservation measures have been critical in crop growth, water use and yield output. These measures have improved soil structure and increased soil organic matter content, soil infiltration, and soil temperature. Moreover, tillage and soil moisture conservation measures have increased photosynthetic characteristics. However, the degree of influence of photosynthetic physiological characteristics on crop yield and water productivity efficiency at different growth stages of winter wheat under different tillage and soil moisture conservation measures has been seldom reported. To therefore ascertain the photosynthetic/ physiological characteristics and mechanisms of yield increase under different tillage and soil moisture conservation measures, a field experiment was conducted to determine photosynthesis, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat at different growth stages under the treatments of deep tillage, no-tillage, straw mulching, organic fertilization and water-retaining agent application. The results suggested that photosynthetic rate and leaf water use efficiency of winter wheat were highest at booting stage and lowest at grain-filling stage. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were highest at flowering stage. At all growth stages, photosynthetic rate and leaf water use efficiency were highest under deep tillage treatment, followed by straw mulch treatment. At jointing, booting and flowering stages, transpiration rate was highest under organic fertilization treatment. Then at grain filling stage, transpiration rate was higher under straw mulching and no-tillage treatments than in the other treatments. Transpiration rate under control treatment was lower during all the growth stages of winter wheat compared with that under tillage and soil moisture conservation measures. The trend of change in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate was consistent. Ear length, grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight, yield and water productivity efficiency of winter wheat increased and total water consumption reduced under different tillage and soil moisture conservation measures. This was especially obvious under deep tillage. Wheat yield and water productivity efficiency were highest under deep tillage, respectively increasing by 19.6% and 38.3% compared with the control. Correlation analysis showed that photosynthetic rate and leaf water use efficiency were positively correlated with yield and water productivity efficiency. The correlations strengthened with advancing growth process, especially so at the flowering stage. At this stage, the effect of photosynthetic rate on wheat yield and water productivity efficiency was more significant than that of leaf water use efficiency.
2014, 22(5): 543-550.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31175
Abstract:
Environmental conditions during grain filling stages can affect grain setting traits and quality of rice. To have high yield and quality of super rice, the effects of returning wheat straw to farmland and irrigation patterns on yield characteristics and qualities of superior and inferior grains of the super rice cultivar 'Yongyou 8' were investigated. Returning wheat straw to farmland included two treatments [all wheat straw return (T1) and no wheat straw return (T0)] while the irrigation patterns included three treatments [alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (W1), in which soil was re-watered when 15?20 cm soil water potential reached ?20 kPa; alternate wetting and severe soil drying (W2), in which soil was re-watered when 15?20 cm soil water potential reached ?40 kPa; and water-saving irrigation (W0)]. The results showed that irrigation patterns significantly influenced grain setting traits during rice grain filling stage. Compared with the W0, W1 significantly enhanced 1000-grain weight, grain setting rate and grain plumpness index, while W2 showed the contrary effects. The grain setting traits of T1 treatment were better than those of T0. The interactions of T1 and W1 improved the grain setting traits of 'Yongyou 8'. Compared with T0, T1 increased head milled rice rate (HMRR), crude protein content (CPC) and setback viscosity (SBV), but decreased percentage of chalky kernel (PCK), chalkiness degree (CD), amylase content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and breakdown viscosity (BDV). Compared with W0, W1 increased HMRR, PCK, CD, GC, BDV while it decreased AC, CPC and SBV. However, rice grain quality was bad under W2 treatment. The regulatory roles of different treatments in inferior grains were significantly greater than those in superior grains on the grain quality. In the case of T1, W1 coordinated the relationship between the grain setting traits and rice grain quality of 'Yongyou 8'.
Environmental conditions during grain filling stages can affect grain setting traits and quality of rice. To have high yield and quality of super rice, the effects of returning wheat straw to farmland and irrigation patterns on yield characteristics and qualities of superior and inferior grains of the super rice cultivar 'Yongyou 8' were investigated. Returning wheat straw to farmland included two treatments [all wheat straw return (T1) and no wheat straw return (T0)] while the irrigation patterns included three treatments [alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (W1), in which soil was re-watered when 15?20 cm soil water potential reached ?20 kPa; alternate wetting and severe soil drying (W2), in which soil was re-watered when 15?20 cm soil water potential reached ?40 kPa; and water-saving irrigation (W0)]. The results showed that irrigation patterns significantly influenced grain setting traits during rice grain filling stage. Compared with the W0, W1 significantly enhanced 1000-grain weight, grain setting rate and grain plumpness index, while W2 showed the contrary effects. The grain setting traits of T1 treatment were better than those of T0. The interactions of T1 and W1 improved the grain setting traits of 'Yongyou 8'. Compared with T0, T1 increased head milled rice rate (HMRR), crude protein content (CPC) and setback viscosity (SBV), but decreased percentage of chalky kernel (PCK), chalkiness degree (CD), amylase content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and breakdown viscosity (BDV). Compared with W0, W1 increased HMRR, PCK, CD, GC, BDV while it decreased AC, CPC and SBV. However, rice grain quality was bad under W2 treatment. The regulatory roles of different treatments in inferior grains were significantly greater than those in superior grains on the grain quality. In the case of T1, W1 coordinated the relationship between the grain setting traits and rice grain quality of 'Yongyou 8'.
2014, 22(5): 551-559.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30875
Abstract:
In Huaibei Area of Anhui Province, chilling injury occurred twice in April 2013. The winter wheat cultivars 'Jimai22' and 'Wanmai52' planted in 2012 to 2013 were used to analyze the effects of sowing date and rate on grain filling characteristics of winter wheat under chilling injury. Comparative experiments were conducted for different sowing dates [early sowing (on October 3) and timely sowing (on October 15)] and sowing rates [N1 (6×104 plant·666.7m-2), N2 (10×104 plant·666.7m -2), N3 (14×104 plant·666.7m-2) and N4 (18×104 plant·666.7m -2)] in Mengcheng and Taihe Counties. During the grain filling stage of winter wheat, field investigations of chilling injury showed that 'Jimai22' and 'Wanmai52' early sowed severely suffered injuries. The cold resistance of 'Jimai22' was higher than that of 'Wanmai52'. Under the same sowing dates, the single-grain weight of the two cultivars had the same variation trend, which decreased with increasing sowing rate. In addition, the single-grain weight of 'Jimai22' was higher than that of 'Wanmai52'. Richards equations combined with Matlab program was used to estimate the secondary parameters of wheat grain filling. The results showed that various parameters at different sowing dates had certain regularities. Specifically, initial grain-filling potential (R0), average grain-filling rate (Vmean), duration of middle grain-filling stage (T2), early stage grain-filling rate (Vp1) and middle stage grain-filling rate (Vp2) under timely sowing treatment were much higher. Contrarily, early grain-filling stage duration (T1), late grain-filling stage duration (T3) and late stage grain-filling rate (Vp3) under early sowing treatment were much higher. This suggested that early sowed winter wheat was more likely to suffer more serious chilling injury. Under the same sowing date, the two wheat cultivars had similar variation trends with changing sowing rate. Specifically, T1 and Vp3 increased gradually with increasing sowing rate. Furthermore, R0, Vmean, T2, T3, Vp1, Vp2, and Wmax (final dry weight) followed a decreasing trend. Also compared with 'Wanmai52', 'Jimai22' showed higher Vmean, T2, T3 and Vp1, and lower R0, T1, Vp2 and Vp3. Correlation analysis showed that T2 (0.871 1), T3 (0.809 6), Vmean (0.777 5) and Vp2 (0.761 6) of early sowing treatment had higher correlations with single-grain weight, while T2 (0.906 1), R0 (0.873 8), Vmean (0.837 2) and Vp2 (0.805 6) of timely sowing treatment had higher correlations with single-grain weight. Also path analysis suggested that in terms of chilling injury stress, initial grain-filling potential had positive effects on single-grain weight under both timely and early sowing treatments. Prolonged middle and late grain-filling stages were beneficial for increasing single-grain weight. However, prolonged early grain-filling stage had negative effects on single-grain weight. Also enhanced grain-filling rates at early and middle stages were conducive for increasing single-grain weight, but grain-filling rate at the late stage exerted negative effects on single-grain weight. Therefore supplementation with quick-acting fertilizers in combination with leaf fertilizer application at late growth stage under chilling injury stress were critical for improving initial grain-filling potential, prolonging middle and late grain-filling stages and increasing grain dry weight.
In Huaibei Area of Anhui Province, chilling injury occurred twice in April 2013. The winter wheat cultivars 'Jimai22' and 'Wanmai52' planted in 2012 to 2013 were used to analyze the effects of sowing date and rate on grain filling characteristics of winter wheat under chilling injury. Comparative experiments were conducted for different sowing dates [early sowing (on October 3) and timely sowing (on October 15)] and sowing rates [N1 (6×104 plant·666.7m-2), N2 (10×104 plant·666.7m -2), N3 (14×104 plant·666.7m-2) and N4 (18×104 plant·666.7m -2)] in Mengcheng and Taihe Counties. During the grain filling stage of winter wheat, field investigations of chilling injury showed that 'Jimai22' and 'Wanmai52' early sowed severely suffered injuries. The cold resistance of 'Jimai22' was higher than that of 'Wanmai52'. Under the same sowing dates, the single-grain weight of the two cultivars had the same variation trend, which decreased with increasing sowing rate. In addition, the single-grain weight of 'Jimai22' was higher than that of 'Wanmai52'. Richards equations combined with Matlab program was used to estimate the secondary parameters of wheat grain filling. The results showed that various parameters at different sowing dates had certain regularities. Specifically, initial grain-filling potential (R0), average grain-filling rate (Vmean), duration of middle grain-filling stage (T2), early stage grain-filling rate (Vp1) and middle stage grain-filling rate (Vp2) under timely sowing treatment were much higher. Contrarily, early grain-filling stage duration (T1), late grain-filling stage duration (T3) and late stage grain-filling rate (Vp3) under early sowing treatment were much higher. This suggested that early sowed winter wheat was more likely to suffer more serious chilling injury. Under the same sowing date, the two wheat cultivars had similar variation trends with changing sowing rate. Specifically, T1 and Vp3 increased gradually with increasing sowing rate. Furthermore, R0, Vmean, T2, T3, Vp1, Vp2, and Wmax (final dry weight) followed a decreasing trend. Also compared with 'Wanmai52', 'Jimai22' showed higher Vmean, T2, T3 and Vp1, and lower R0, T1, Vp2 and Vp3. Correlation analysis showed that T2 (0.871 1), T3 (0.809 6), Vmean (0.777 5) and Vp2 (0.761 6) of early sowing treatment had higher correlations with single-grain weight, while T2 (0.906 1), R0 (0.873 8), Vmean (0.837 2) and Vp2 (0.805 6) of timely sowing treatment had higher correlations with single-grain weight. Also path analysis suggested that in terms of chilling injury stress, initial grain-filling potential had positive effects on single-grain weight under both timely and early sowing treatments. Prolonged middle and late grain-filling stages were beneficial for increasing single-grain weight. However, prolonged early grain-filling stage had negative effects on single-grain weight. Also enhanced grain-filling rates at early and middle stages were conducive for increasing single-grain weight, but grain-filling rate at the late stage exerted negative effects on single-grain weight. Therefore supplementation with quick-acting fertilizers in combination with leaf fertilizer application at late growth stage under chilling injury stress were critical for improving initial grain-filling potential, prolonging middle and late grain-filling stages and increasing grain dry weight.
2014, 22(5): 560-565.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31163
Abstract:
Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is the main crop in Yunnan Province. The characteristics of soil fixing ability of flue-cured tobacco roots at different growth stages (rosette stage, budding stage and maturity stage) were measured in situ with the anchor-shank tensiometer and self-designed shearing box at soil depths of 0 10 cm and 0 20 cm. The results showed that the order of the root density of flue-cured tobacco for different depths during the same stage were 0 10 cm > 0 20 cm. The order of the root densities of different growth stages for the same depth were maturity stage > budding stage > rosette stage. The soil fixing abilities of flue-cured tobacco roots for the same soil depth were in sequence of maturity stage > budding stage > rosette stage. Then the soil fixing abilities of roots for different soil depths during the budding stage and maturity stage were 0 10 cm > 0 20 cm. The soil fixing abilities of roots during rosette stage of sampled squares was 0 10 cm > 0 20 cm as roots hardly reached 0 20 cm of soil depth. For the same growth stage and soil depth, the load and displacement of sampled soil squares were in significant liner correlation (P < 0.01). With increasing load, three critical load points appeared: tensile proportional limit (F1), tensile yield strength (F2) and tensile strength limit (F3). For the same soil depth, no significant correlation was noted between F1 and the density of flue-cured tobacco roots. However, the correlations between F2 and root density and between F3 and root density were that of power regression. For the of 0 10 cm soil depth, the correlations between F2 and root density and between F3 and root density were as follows: y=1.313x0.042 and y=1.379x0.084, respectively. For the 0 20 cm soil depth, the correlation equations for F2 and root density and for F3 and root density were y=1.389x0.048 and y=1.638x0.077, respectively. It was proposed that anchor-shank tensiometer and self-designed shearing box were effective in analyzing the characteristics of soil fixing ability of flue-cured tobacco roots at different growth stages.
Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is the main crop in Yunnan Province. The characteristics of soil fixing ability of flue-cured tobacco roots at different growth stages (rosette stage, budding stage and maturity stage) were measured in situ with the anchor-shank tensiometer and self-designed shearing box at soil depths of 0 10 cm and 0 20 cm. The results showed that the order of the root density of flue-cured tobacco for different depths during the same stage were 0 10 cm > 0 20 cm. The order of the root densities of different growth stages for the same depth were maturity stage > budding stage > rosette stage. The soil fixing abilities of flue-cured tobacco roots for the same soil depth were in sequence of maturity stage > budding stage > rosette stage. Then the soil fixing abilities of roots for different soil depths during the budding stage and maturity stage were 0 10 cm > 0 20 cm. The soil fixing abilities of roots during rosette stage of sampled squares was 0 10 cm > 0 20 cm as roots hardly reached 0 20 cm of soil depth. For the same growth stage and soil depth, the load and displacement of sampled soil squares were in significant liner correlation (P < 0.01). With increasing load, three critical load points appeared: tensile proportional limit (F1), tensile yield strength (F2) and tensile strength limit (F3). For the same soil depth, no significant correlation was noted between F1 and the density of flue-cured tobacco roots. However, the correlations between F2 and root density and between F3 and root density were that of power regression. For the of 0 10 cm soil depth, the correlations between F2 and root density and between F3 and root density were as follows: y=1.313x0.042 and y=1.379x0.084, respectively. For the 0 20 cm soil depth, the correlation equations for F2 and root density and for F3 and root density were y=1.389x0.048 and y=1.638x0.077, respectively. It was proposed that anchor-shank tensiometer and self-designed shearing box were effective in analyzing the characteristics of soil fixing ability of flue-cured tobacco roots at different growth stages.
2014, 22(5): 566-570.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31102
Abstract:
Chilling stress, one of the most important limiting environmental factors, delays plants growth and development and reduces crops yield. The mechanisms of chilling stress is cell membrane damaged by chilling injury, which causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction such as superoxide (O2- ), hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ROS is a cytotoxic compound and a mediator for the induction of stress tolerance. To protect cellular and organelle membranes from ROS damage, plants have evolved various enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms for detoxifying free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. The antioxidive enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD), etc. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include glutathione, ascorbate, etc. In agriculture, scientists have attempted to seek some effective external physical ways to help plants eliminate the overproduction of ROS and enhance plant tolerance to environmental stress. Our previous studies also showed that CO2 laser irradiation could enhance chilling tolerance by increasing the activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), CAT, POD, SOD and the concentrations of NO and glutathione. However, little is known about effects of laser and exogenous nitric oxide on chilling tolerance of wheat seedling. To determine the effect of CO2 laser and exogenous nitric oxide on chilling tolerance of wheat seedling, seeds were exposed to different treatments and some physiological and biochemical parameters measured in 7-day-old seedlings. The results showed that compared with chilling stress (CS), wheat seedling subjected to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and then followed by chilling stress (SNP+CS), decreased the concentrations of H2O2 and O2- and at the same time increased the activities of SOD, APX, GR, CAT, POD and NOS, and also increased the concentrations of NO and protein and the lengths of roots and shoots. Moreover, CO2 laser treatment followed by chilling stress (LR+CS) resulted in significant decrease in the concentrations of H2O2 and O2- , and increased activities of SOD, CAT, POD, APX GR, NOS and the concentrations of NO and protein and the lengths of roots and shoots. When wheat seedling was subjected to SNP and CO2 laser followed by chilling stress (SNP+LR+CS), the concentrations of H2O2 and O2- was higher and the above mentioned enzymes and seedling growth lower than that of SNP+CS. The results showed that SNP+LR had identical positive effects on enhancing chilling tolerance in wheat seedling. However, the effect of SNP+LR was less than that of SNP treatment. The results suggested that SNP and laser enhanced wheat seedling tolerance and recommended for application alone in agriculture.
Chilling stress, one of the most important limiting environmental factors, delays plants growth and development and reduces crops yield. The mechanisms of chilling stress is cell membrane damaged by chilling injury, which causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction such as superoxide (O2- ), hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ROS is a cytotoxic compound and a mediator for the induction of stress tolerance. To protect cellular and organelle membranes from ROS damage, plants have evolved various enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms for detoxifying free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. The antioxidive enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD), etc. Non-enzymatic antioxidants include glutathione, ascorbate, etc. In agriculture, scientists have attempted to seek some effective external physical ways to help plants eliminate the overproduction of ROS and enhance plant tolerance to environmental stress. Our previous studies also showed that CO2 laser irradiation could enhance chilling tolerance by increasing the activities of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), CAT, POD, SOD and the concentrations of NO and glutathione. However, little is known about effects of laser and exogenous nitric oxide on chilling tolerance of wheat seedling. To determine the effect of CO2 laser and exogenous nitric oxide on chilling tolerance of wheat seedling, seeds were exposed to different treatments and some physiological and biochemical parameters measured in 7-day-old seedlings. The results showed that compared with chilling stress (CS), wheat seedling subjected to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and then followed by chilling stress (SNP+CS), decreased the concentrations of H2O2 and O2- and at the same time increased the activities of SOD, APX, GR, CAT, POD and NOS, and also increased the concentrations of NO and protein and the lengths of roots and shoots. Moreover, CO2 laser treatment followed by chilling stress (LR+CS) resulted in significant decrease in the concentrations of H2O2 and O2- , and increased activities of SOD, CAT, POD, APX GR, NOS and the concentrations of NO and protein and the lengths of roots and shoots. When wheat seedling was subjected to SNP and CO2 laser followed by chilling stress (SNP+LR+CS), the concentrations of H2O2 and O2- was higher and the above mentioned enzymes and seedling growth lower than that of SNP+CS. The results showed that SNP+LR had identical positive effects on enhancing chilling tolerance in wheat seedling. However, the effect of SNP+LR was less than that of SNP treatment. The results suggested that SNP and laser enhanced wheat seedling tolerance and recommended for application alone in agriculture.
2014, 22(5): 571-577.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31223
Abstract:
The stresses of salinity and some trace elements along with the mutual relations on plant growth and yield have been well investigated and well documented in the literature. The combined effects of the two factors can be additive, antagonistic or synergistic. A soilless culture experiment was conducted to better understand the combined effects of manganese (Mn) and salinity (NaCl) on cotton growth and yield in a greenhouse at Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. There were 30 orthogonal tests with six NaCl-levels and five Mn-levels in three random replicates. NaCl was added to solutions to create six NaCl-levels of concentration (0, 5 mmol·L-1, 15 mmol·L-1, 25 mmol·L-1, 35 mmol·L-1, 45 mmol·L-1) to form six electrical conductivities (EC) (2.36 dS·m-1, 2.90 dS·m-1, 3.95 dS·m-1, 5.04 dS·m-1, 6.11 dS·m-1, 7.17 dS·m-1, respectively). The Mn factor was at five levels where MnCl2 was added to solutions to create five Mn-levels of concentration (4.5 μmol·L-1, 9 μmol·L-1, 18 μmol·L-1, 36 μmol·L-1, 72 μmol·L-1). Cotton growth, yield, dry weight and element content were measured. The results showed that salinity inhibited cotton growth but promoted cotton yield when NaCl concentration increased from 15 mmol·L-1 to 45 mmol·L-1. Cotton vegetative growth was at the best when NaCl concentration of irrigation water was 15 25 mmol·L -1. Dry weight of cotton roots and shoots decreased with increasing salinity as NaCl concentration of irrigation water increased from 25 mmol·L-1 to 45 mmol·L-1. The maximum growth and yield occurred when Mn concentration was 36 μmol·L-1. Mn and salinity had a significant impact on Na and Mn accumulation in cotton leaf. Salinity promoted Na accumulation but inhibited Mn accumulation in cotton leaves. The contents of Na decreased and Mn increased in cotton leaves when Mn concentration levels in irrigation water increased from 18 μmol·L-1to 72 μmol·L-1. In order to independently compare the effects of salinity and Mn on cotton, growth and yield of cotton were analyzed in a two-way ANOVA analysis using the MATLAB7.6.0.324 (R2008a) software. The results showed that there were no significant influences of the interactions between salinity and Mn on cotton growth and yield. Thus the effects of the main treatments on cotton growth and yield could be presented and discussed independently. The Abbott equation was used to analyze the combined effects of Mn and salinity on cotton growth and yield and the results showed a negative relationship between Mn and salinity. In other words, the toxic effects on the growth and yield of cotton were less severe for combined Mn and salinity than the expected effects of the individual factors added together.
The stresses of salinity and some trace elements along with the mutual relations on plant growth and yield have been well investigated and well documented in the literature. The combined effects of the two factors can be additive, antagonistic or synergistic. A soilless culture experiment was conducted to better understand the combined effects of manganese (Mn) and salinity (NaCl) on cotton growth and yield in a greenhouse at Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. There were 30 orthogonal tests with six NaCl-levels and five Mn-levels in three random replicates. NaCl was added to solutions to create six NaCl-levels of concentration (0, 5 mmol·L-1, 15 mmol·L-1, 25 mmol·L-1, 35 mmol·L-1, 45 mmol·L-1) to form six electrical conductivities (EC) (2.36 dS·m-1, 2.90 dS·m-1, 3.95 dS·m-1, 5.04 dS·m-1, 6.11 dS·m-1, 7.17 dS·m-1, respectively). The Mn factor was at five levels where MnCl2 was added to solutions to create five Mn-levels of concentration (4.5 μmol·L-1, 9 μmol·L-1, 18 μmol·L-1, 36 μmol·L-1, 72 μmol·L-1). Cotton growth, yield, dry weight and element content were measured. The results showed that salinity inhibited cotton growth but promoted cotton yield when NaCl concentration increased from 15 mmol·L-1 to 45 mmol·L-1. Cotton vegetative growth was at the best when NaCl concentration of irrigation water was 15 25 mmol·L -1. Dry weight of cotton roots and shoots decreased with increasing salinity as NaCl concentration of irrigation water increased from 25 mmol·L-1 to 45 mmol·L-1. The maximum growth and yield occurred when Mn concentration was 36 μmol·L-1. Mn and salinity had a significant impact on Na and Mn accumulation in cotton leaf. Salinity promoted Na accumulation but inhibited Mn accumulation in cotton leaves. The contents of Na decreased and Mn increased in cotton leaves when Mn concentration levels in irrigation water increased from 18 μmol·L-1to 72 μmol·L-1. In order to independently compare the effects of salinity and Mn on cotton, growth and yield of cotton were analyzed in a two-way ANOVA analysis using the MATLAB7.6.0.324 (R2008a) software. The results showed that there were no significant influences of the interactions between salinity and Mn on cotton growth and yield. Thus the effects of the main treatments on cotton growth and yield could be presented and discussed independently. The Abbott equation was used to analyze the combined effects of Mn and salinity on cotton growth and yield and the results showed a negative relationship between Mn and salinity. In other words, the toxic effects on the growth and yield of cotton were less severe for combined Mn and salinity than the expected effects of the individual factors added together.
2014, 22(5): 578-584.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31245
Abstract:
As an essential element and a heavy metal, copper (Cu) occurs in various vital movements and metabolic processes of plant. In previous industrial and agricultural production, excess Cu2+ or Cu compounds were frequently intentionally or unintentionally discharged into the environment. In some polluted soils, Cu content exceeded ten times the original content of the soil. This led to fatal damages to plant growth and food security, and thus developing new phytoremediation pathways were imperative. Our early studies showed that exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) alleviated Cu stress and increased Cu accumulation in tomato seedlings. 'Gailiang Maofen 802F1' was used as the plant material to explore the alleviation mechanism of EBR on tomato seedlings under Cu stress. Through nutrient solution cultivation in greenhouse conditions, we investigated the effects of EBR on tomato growth and mineral elements contents under Cu stress. The results showed that exogenous EBR effectively alleviated growth strains induced by Cu stress. 50 umol·L-1 of CuCl2 obviously restrained tomato growth and increased Cu content in tomato seedlings. Compared with seedlings exposed to Cu stress, 0.1 mg·L-1 of exogenous EBR effectively increased leaf chlorophyll content and plant biomass respectively by 39.6% and 20.0%. Under Cu stress, exogenous EBR observably reduced Cu absorption and transport, simultaneously increasing contents of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in roots. EBR efficiently regulated different chemical forms and Cu, Fe, Zn distributions among subcellular organelles and reduced Cu biotoxicity in cells. This was helpful to the normal growth of tomato and ensured regular physiological and biochemical metabolism of roots and leaves. Cu stress increased contents of different chemical species of Cu in tomato leaves and root. Addition of EBR under Cu stress increased contents of all forms of Cu except NaCl extracted Cu in leaf, compared with Cu stress. Proportion of movable Cu increased in leaves, and decreased in roots under Cu stress. Under Cu stress, EBR application made the proportions of movable and un-moveable Cu similar to those of CK, which indicated exogenous EBR obviously regulated the Cu chemical form and subcellular distribution in plant.
As an essential element and a heavy metal, copper (Cu) occurs in various vital movements and metabolic processes of plant. In previous industrial and agricultural production, excess Cu2+ or Cu compounds were frequently intentionally or unintentionally discharged into the environment. In some polluted soils, Cu content exceeded ten times the original content of the soil. This led to fatal damages to plant growth and food security, and thus developing new phytoremediation pathways were imperative. Our early studies showed that exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) alleviated Cu stress and increased Cu accumulation in tomato seedlings. 'Gailiang Maofen 802F1' was used as the plant material to explore the alleviation mechanism of EBR on tomato seedlings under Cu stress. Through nutrient solution cultivation in greenhouse conditions, we investigated the effects of EBR on tomato growth and mineral elements contents under Cu stress. The results showed that exogenous EBR effectively alleviated growth strains induced by Cu stress. 50 umol·L-1 of CuCl2 obviously restrained tomato growth and increased Cu content in tomato seedlings. Compared with seedlings exposed to Cu stress, 0.1 mg·L-1 of exogenous EBR effectively increased leaf chlorophyll content and plant biomass respectively by 39.6% and 20.0%. Under Cu stress, exogenous EBR observably reduced Cu absorption and transport, simultaneously increasing contents of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in roots. EBR efficiently regulated different chemical forms and Cu, Fe, Zn distributions among subcellular organelles and reduced Cu biotoxicity in cells. This was helpful to the normal growth of tomato and ensured regular physiological and biochemical metabolism of roots and leaves. Cu stress increased contents of different chemical species of Cu in tomato leaves and root. Addition of EBR under Cu stress increased contents of all forms of Cu except NaCl extracted Cu in leaf, compared with Cu stress. Proportion of movable Cu increased in leaves, and decreased in roots under Cu stress. Under Cu stress, EBR application made the proportions of movable and un-moveable Cu similar to those of CK, which indicated exogenous EBR obviously regulated the Cu chemical form and subcellular distribution in plant.
2014, 22(5): 585-593.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31052
Abstract:
In order to select tea pest predatory ants in Chongqing tea gardens, a sample-plot survey method was used to study the biodiversity and spatial distribution patterns of ant species in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing (altitude from 371 to 1 068 m). A total of 3 vertical bands were investigated. Three horizontal bands were designed along the above 3 vertical bands at three altitude ranks of 300 500 m, 500 700 m and 700 1 100 m. A total of 39 species, belonging to 4 subfamilies of Formicidae were identified in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing. In different altitude tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing, the amounts of dominant ant species, common species, rare species and species richness of ant communities were 1 3, 1 6, 5 17 and 7 13, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity, Pielou evenness and Simpson dominance indexes were in the ranges of 0.55 1.25, 0.08 0.16 and 0.26 0.65, respectively. In the same horizontal band, the Simpson dominance of Yongchuan-Rongchang vertical band was the minimum. The Banan-Nanchuan vertical band had the highest Simpson dominance index. The indexes of biodiversity were not significantly different among the different horizontal bands, which suggested that ant community biodiversities were on the same level. In contrast to a similar research in forest environment, ant species biodiversity was least in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing. The range of the Jaccard indexes of community similarity was 0.22 0.48 and most communities had medium Jaccard index, moderately dissimilar in the tea gardens. In main tea-growing areas of Chongqing, 7 dominant species [e.g. Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus)] were found. Seventeen ant species had widened vertical distribution range, with activity range including canopy, ground and underground. They were potential resources of natural enemy insects of tea plant pests existed. With respect to ant species distribution, only 9 ant species were noted in the range of low to high altitude tea gardens. About 17 ant species were distributed in a vertical band. On the basis of the above analysis, the results showed that inter-community communication of ants was hindered by fragmented tea garden habitats both in the vertical and horizontal directions. The fragmented tea garden habitats were not good for ant biodiversity growth and stability in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing.
In order to select tea pest predatory ants in Chongqing tea gardens, a sample-plot survey method was used to study the biodiversity and spatial distribution patterns of ant species in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing (altitude from 371 to 1 068 m). A total of 3 vertical bands were investigated. Three horizontal bands were designed along the above 3 vertical bands at three altitude ranks of 300 500 m, 500 700 m and 700 1 100 m. A total of 39 species, belonging to 4 subfamilies of Formicidae were identified in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing. In different altitude tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing, the amounts of dominant ant species, common species, rare species and species richness of ant communities were 1 3, 1 6, 5 17 and 7 13, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity, Pielou evenness and Simpson dominance indexes were in the ranges of 0.55 1.25, 0.08 0.16 and 0.26 0.65, respectively. In the same horizontal band, the Simpson dominance of Yongchuan-Rongchang vertical band was the minimum. The Banan-Nanchuan vertical band had the highest Simpson dominance index. The indexes of biodiversity were not significantly different among the different horizontal bands, which suggested that ant community biodiversities were on the same level. In contrast to a similar research in forest environment, ant species biodiversity was least in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing. The range of the Jaccard indexes of community similarity was 0.22 0.48 and most communities had medium Jaccard index, moderately dissimilar in the tea gardens. In main tea-growing areas of Chongqing, 7 dominant species [e.g. Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus)] were found. Seventeen ant species had widened vertical distribution range, with activity range including canopy, ground and underground. They were potential resources of natural enemy insects of tea plant pests existed. With respect to ant species distribution, only 9 ant species were noted in the range of low to high altitude tea gardens. About 17 ant species were distributed in a vertical band. On the basis of the above analysis, the results showed that inter-community communication of ants was hindered by fragmented tea garden habitats both in the vertical and horizontal directions. The fragmented tea garden habitats were not good for ant biodiversity growth and stability in tea gardens in the main tea-growing areas of Chongqing.
2014, 22(5): 594-601.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.40113
Abstract:
Rice production in Northeast China is critical especially for ensuring long-term food safety in our country. Thus strengthening research on agricultural meteorological disasters under climate change background is needed to avert the disadvantage of future climate change. This study analyzed the trend of change in heat resources based on three meteorological indicators during the May-September rice growth season under climate change. The indicators used included monthly mean temperature, total monthly mean temperature of May to September during 1961?2010 and anomaly of total mean temperature of May to September during 1981 2010 in Northeast China. By using 0.50E × 0.50N lattice data for ground temperature during 1961-2010, 359 grid points of temperature were extracted in the three provinces of Northeastern China. Based on meteorology industry standards of delayed chilling injury of rice in Northeast China (QX/T182-2013), ArcGIS platform and statistical methods were used to regionalize temporal and spatial distributions of rice chilling injury and probability of occurrence of rice chilling injury during 1981?2010 in Northeast China. Comparative analysis was also conducted on the results of chilling injury of rice with records from China Meteorological Disaster Authority (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Volume) during 1981-2000 and on news report from the internet period after 2000. The results showed monthly mena temperature (T5-9) and total monthly mean temperature (∑T5-9) of May to September from 1960s to 2000s increased markedly, and the areas with T5-9≥15 ℃ and≥20 ℃, ∑T5-9≥83 ℃ enlarged too. The anomaly of total mean temperature of May to September (ΔT5-9) changed to positive gradually from negative. Climate change had significantly improved the quality of heat needed for crop growth, creating favorable conditions for rice production in Northeast China. The analyses showed that under the influence of climate warming, the regional distribution and occurrence frequency of mild, moderate and severe rice chilling injury exhibited significant decreasing trend during 1981-2000. In the 2000s, the mainly areas of rice chilling injury were concentrated in north and southeast Heilongjiang Province and southeast Jilin Province, with occurrence frequency range of 0.1-0.2. The occurrence years and regions of rice chilling injury in Northeast China during 1981-2010 were broadly in line with historical records. Significantly reduction in rice chilling injury induced very favorable conditions for abundant rice harvest in Northeast China in the recent decade. Irrespectively, there was need to pay further attention to rice chilling injury occurrence in localized areas of Northeast China in order to improve local defense measures.
Rice production in Northeast China is critical especially for ensuring long-term food safety in our country. Thus strengthening research on agricultural meteorological disasters under climate change background is needed to avert the disadvantage of future climate change. This study analyzed the trend of change in heat resources based on three meteorological indicators during the May-September rice growth season under climate change. The indicators used included monthly mean temperature, total monthly mean temperature of May to September during 1961?2010 and anomaly of total mean temperature of May to September during 1981 2010 in Northeast China. By using 0.50E × 0.50N lattice data for ground temperature during 1961-2010, 359 grid points of temperature were extracted in the three provinces of Northeastern China. Based on meteorology industry standards of delayed chilling injury of rice in Northeast China (QX/T182-2013), ArcGIS platform and statistical methods were used to regionalize temporal and spatial distributions of rice chilling injury and probability of occurrence of rice chilling injury during 1981?2010 in Northeast China. Comparative analysis was also conducted on the results of chilling injury of rice with records from China Meteorological Disaster Authority (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Volume) during 1981-2000 and on news report from the internet period after 2000. The results showed monthly mena temperature (T5-9) and total monthly mean temperature (∑T5-9) of May to September from 1960s to 2000s increased markedly, and the areas with T5-9≥15 ℃ and≥20 ℃, ∑T5-9≥83 ℃ enlarged too. The anomaly of total mean temperature of May to September (ΔT5-9) changed to positive gradually from negative. Climate change had significantly improved the quality of heat needed for crop growth, creating favorable conditions for rice production in Northeast China. The analyses showed that under the influence of climate warming, the regional distribution and occurrence frequency of mild, moderate and severe rice chilling injury exhibited significant decreasing trend during 1981-2000. In the 2000s, the mainly areas of rice chilling injury were concentrated in north and southeast Heilongjiang Province and southeast Jilin Province, with occurrence frequency range of 0.1-0.2. The occurrence years and regions of rice chilling injury in Northeast China during 1981-2010 were broadly in line with historical records. Significantly reduction in rice chilling injury induced very favorable conditions for abundant rice harvest in Northeast China in the recent decade. Irrespectively, there was need to pay further attention to rice chilling injury occurrence in localized areas of Northeast China in order to improve local defense measures.
2014, 22(5): 602-609.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31118
Abstract:
Pig industry, the pillar of China's agricultural and rural economic development, immensely contributes to the supply of livestock products, structural adjustment of agricultural industry, agricultural efficiency and income growth of peasants. However, pig industry is the main source of agricultural pollution. Pig industry causes severe "livestock product hazards", directly influencing livestock product quality and human and livestock safety, which has restricted the sustainable development of pig industry. Pig farmers' risk coping behavior is based on their perceived environmental risk, namely farmers' attitude and intuition towards agricultural environment. Livelihood assets are guarantee for pig farmers to resist risk and improve their response capacity. Based on previous studies on controlling pig industry pollution and improving farmers' livelihood assets, this paper focused on massive pig-raising households (raising more than 50 pigs currently) to learn pig industry pollution from the perspective of farmers' perceived environmental risks. The paper also extended research of sustainable livelihood to research of pig farmers' perceived environmental risks and behaviors. A field survey was conducted among pig farmers in Hubei, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Tianjin via Participatory Rural Assessment Act (PRA) and an empirical analysis via use of statistical analysis and ordinal multi-classified Logistic model. The results showed that: 1) Significant differences existed among pig farmers' perceptions towards environmental pollution, environmental policies and environmental governance. 2) Human, natural and social capitals had significant impact on pig farmers' perceived environmental risks while financial and physical capitals had less impact. 3) Specific among human capital, age (correlation index of 1.784) and education (correlation index of 2.686) played significant roles in risk perception. Also among natural capital, terrain (correlation index of 1.813) had the most significant impact on risk perception. Then among social capital, cooperation with other farmers (correlation index of ?0.950) and friendship with surrounding farmers (correlation index of ?0.973) negatively influenced risk perception. Financial and physical capitals little influenced farmers' environmental risk perception (significance test of 10%). In conclusion, pig farmers' perceived environmental risks and coping capacity could be improved by establishing science and technology demonstration and training, popularizing environmental knowledge, perfecting laws and regulations and broadening income channels.
Pig industry, the pillar of China's agricultural and rural economic development, immensely contributes to the supply of livestock products, structural adjustment of agricultural industry, agricultural efficiency and income growth of peasants. However, pig industry is the main source of agricultural pollution. Pig industry causes severe "livestock product hazards", directly influencing livestock product quality and human and livestock safety, which has restricted the sustainable development of pig industry. Pig farmers' risk coping behavior is based on their perceived environmental risk, namely farmers' attitude and intuition towards agricultural environment. Livelihood assets are guarantee for pig farmers to resist risk and improve their response capacity. Based on previous studies on controlling pig industry pollution and improving farmers' livelihood assets, this paper focused on massive pig-raising households (raising more than 50 pigs currently) to learn pig industry pollution from the perspective of farmers' perceived environmental risks. The paper also extended research of sustainable livelihood to research of pig farmers' perceived environmental risks and behaviors. A field survey was conducted among pig farmers in Hubei, Henan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Tianjin via Participatory Rural Assessment Act (PRA) and an empirical analysis via use of statistical analysis and ordinal multi-classified Logistic model. The results showed that: 1) Significant differences existed among pig farmers' perceptions towards environmental pollution, environmental policies and environmental governance. 2) Human, natural and social capitals had significant impact on pig farmers' perceived environmental risks while financial and physical capitals had less impact. 3) Specific among human capital, age (correlation index of 1.784) and education (correlation index of 2.686) played significant roles in risk perception. Also among natural capital, terrain (correlation index of 1.813) had the most significant impact on risk perception. Then among social capital, cooperation with other farmers (correlation index of ?0.950) and friendship with surrounding farmers (correlation index of ?0.973) negatively influenced risk perception. Financial and physical capitals little influenced farmers' environmental risk perception (significance test of 10%). In conclusion, pig farmers' perceived environmental risks and coping capacity could be improved by establishing science and technology demonstration and training, popularizing environmental knowledge, perfecting laws and regulations and broadening income channels.
2014, 22(5): 610-617.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31260
Abstract:
There is an increasingly significant impact of urbanization on urban agricultural landscape. Knowing what changes are occurring in urban agricultural landscape patterns as a result of urbanization is critical for adjusting and optimizing the interactions between urbanization and urban agriculture. This is also critical for constructing urban landscapes which integrate into urban agriculture and thereby induce sustainable development. By using remote sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and FRAG-STAT techniques, the dynamic changes in urban agricultural landscape (arable lands and garden plots) in the process of urbanization were analyzed in this paper. The paper used Chang'an District of Xi'an City as a case. It discussed the relationship between urbanization and urban agricultural landscape. The results show: ① Compared with 1999, the area of arable lands decreased and aggregation of arable lands declined by 2.45% in 2011 in Chang'an District. The area of garden plots increased while their aggregation increased by 10.44% in 2011 compared with those in 1999. ② The fragmentation of arable lands increased in 15 towns and subdistricts, while area and aggregation of garden plots increased. ③ Correlation analysis showed that improvement of urbanization level decreased area, and increased fragmentation of arable lands. However, the correlations between comprehensive urbanization level and patch number, shape index and aggregation index of arable lands were difficult to determine. Garden plots showed an agglomeration trend in space. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between urbanization level and landscape indexes of garden plots were less than 0.5, which was insignificant. ④ There were different action mechanisms of urbanization levels on arable lands and garden plots. In higher and low levels of urbanization, the relationship between urbanization and arable lands landscape indexes were relatively clear. However, for garden plots, there was more complex relationship between urbanization level and landscape indexes in middle and low levels of urbanization. This relationship also was not clear. The results suggested that garden plots area increased, although with scattered distribution during urbanization. Future urban planning should lay more emphasis on this aspect of urbanization and agricultural landscape.
There is an increasingly significant impact of urbanization on urban agricultural landscape. Knowing what changes are occurring in urban agricultural landscape patterns as a result of urbanization is critical for adjusting and optimizing the interactions between urbanization and urban agriculture. This is also critical for constructing urban landscapes which integrate into urban agriculture and thereby induce sustainable development. By using remote sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and FRAG-STAT techniques, the dynamic changes in urban agricultural landscape (arable lands and garden plots) in the process of urbanization were analyzed in this paper. The paper used Chang'an District of Xi'an City as a case. It discussed the relationship between urbanization and urban agricultural landscape. The results show: ① Compared with 1999, the area of arable lands decreased and aggregation of arable lands declined by 2.45% in 2011 in Chang'an District. The area of garden plots increased while their aggregation increased by 10.44% in 2011 compared with those in 1999. ② The fragmentation of arable lands increased in 15 towns and subdistricts, while area and aggregation of garden plots increased. ③ Correlation analysis showed that improvement of urbanization level decreased area, and increased fragmentation of arable lands. However, the correlations between comprehensive urbanization level and patch number, shape index and aggregation index of arable lands were difficult to determine. Garden plots showed an agglomeration trend in space. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between urbanization level and landscape indexes of garden plots were less than 0.5, which was insignificant. ④ There were different action mechanisms of urbanization levels on arable lands and garden plots. In higher and low levels of urbanization, the relationship between urbanization and arable lands landscape indexes were relatively clear. However, for garden plots, there was more complex relationship between urbanization level and landscape indexes in middle and low levels of urbanization. This relationship also was not clear. The results suggested that garden plots area increased, although with scattered distribution during urbanization. Future urban planning should lay more emphasis on this aspect of urbanization and agricultural landscape.
2014, 22(5): 618-626.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31061
Abstract:
The consolidation of rural construction lands is an important means of coordinating farmland protection and economic development. It is also an innovative platform for promoting urban-rural integration, rural reconstruction and urbanization. However, the traditional consolidation of rural construction land only emphasizes the consolidation of inefficient, unreasonably used and, unused lands and damaged lands, ignoring the influence of "humans" on land use. Humans easily subject land to utilization which do not adjust measures to local conditions as reflected in the spatiotemporal pertinence. The residential field and power theory includes both subjective and objective factors such as natural, productive and manpower resources. The theory analyzes the appropriateness and scientificity of rural construction land consolidation from multiple dimensions and perspectives, which to some degree, solves the problems of regional characteristics and special function orientations easily ignored in traditional research methods on sub-region consolidation. Thus according to residential field and power theory, this research explored a new method of consolidation partition and mode design of rural construction land, integrating the theory correlation, function pointing and utility analysis through comprehensive application of the methods of judgment matrix, living potential measurement and taxonomy in three dimensional space. This provides technical support for new rounds of consolidation and planning of lands and offers methods and references for implementing land consolidation projects. This paper studied the consolidation partition and model of rural construction lands using Baishiyi Town of Jiulongpo Region in Chongqing City as a case. The research results showed that the study areas could be divided into four kinds of terrains. Area Ⅰ mainly included Qinghe, Zhenwu and Sanduo Villages which adopted the consolidation mode of ecological migration self-restraint. Area Ⅱ mainly included Hailong, Moujia, Taici and Jiuli Villages which adopted the consolidation mode of a new type of rural industrialization. Area Ⅲ mainly included Gaofeng Village which adopted the consolidation mode of new rural community. Then Area Ⅳ included the other villages which adopted the consolidation mode of ecological compression development. Based on the calculations, the residential field and power component of villages in Bailongyi Town showed regional characteristics. Among the characteristics, production component was the most obvious and it decreased progressively from suburb villages around town to outer suburb village. The production component of suburb villages was higher than that in the core and outer suburb villages. The distribution characteristics of living component were similar to those of production component. High ecological component was distributed in mountainous areas with intensive forests and good ecological environment in suburban regions. Through verification and comparison of natural with socioeconomic situations of the administrative villages, the results of consolidation partition in Baishiyi Town practically conformed to the regional characteristics. It was therefore suggested that the difference in residential field and power of different regions was the objective driving force influencing the independent migration of farmers. The consolidation partition and mode design guided by the residential field and power theory, embodied regional characteristics and functional guidance of rural construction land consolidation and provided relevant reference for scientific research on land consolidation.
The consolidation of rural construction lands is an important means of coordinating farmland protection and economic development. It is also an innovative platform for promoting urban-rural integration, rural reconstruction and urbanization. However, the traditional consolidation of rural construction land only emphasizes the consolidation of inefficient, unreasonably used and, unused lands and damaged lands, ignoring the influence of "humans" on land use. Humans easily subject land to utilization which do not adjust measures to local conditions as reflected in the spatiotemporal pertinence. The residential field and power theory includes both subjective and objective factors such as natural, productive and manpower resources. The theory analyzes the appropriateness and scientificity of rural construction land consolidation from multiple dimensions and perspectives, which to some degree, solves the problems of regional characteristics and special function orientations easily ignored in traditional research methods on sub-region consolidation. Thus according to residential field and power theory, this research explored a new method of consolidation partition and mode design of rural construction land, integrating the theory correlation, function pointing and utility analysis through comprehensive application of the methods of judgment matrix, living potential measurement and taxonomy in three dimensional space. This provides technical support for new rounds of consolidation and planning of lands and offers methods and references for implementing land consolidation projects. This paper studied the consolidation partition and model of rural construction lands using Baishiyi Town of Jiulongpo Region in Chongqing City as a case. The research results showed that the study areas could be divided into four kinds of terrains. Area Ⅰ mainly included Qinghe, Zhenwu and Sanduo Villages which adopted the consolidation mode of ecological migration self-restraint. Area Ⅱ mainly included Hailong, Moujia, Taici and Jiuli Villages which adopted the consolidation mode of a new type of rural industrialization. Area Ⅲ mainly included Gaofeng Village which adopted the consolidation mode of new rural community. Then Area Ⅳ included the other villages which adopted the consolidation mode of ecological compression development. Based on the calculations, the residential field and power component of villages in Bailongyi Town showed regional characteristics. Among the characteristics, production component was the most obvious and it decreased progressively from suburb villages around town to outer suburb village. The production component of suburb villages was higher than that in the core and outer suburb villages. The distribution characteristics of living component were similar to those of production component. High ecological component was distributed in mountainous areas with intensive forests and good ecological environment in suburban regions. Through verification and comparison of natural with socioeconomic situations of the administrative villages, the results of consolidation partition in Baishiyi Town practically conformed to the regional characteristics. It was therefore suggested that the difference in residential field and power of different regions was the objective driving force influencing the independent migration of farmers. The consolidation partition and mode design guided by the residential field and power theory, embodied regional characteristics and functional guidance of rural construction land consolidation and provided relevant reference for scientific research on land consolidation.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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