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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2015 Vol. 23, No. 11
Display Method:
2015, 23(11): 1349-1358.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150373
Abstract:
Cultivated land soil is regarded as an important source of N2O emission that is affected by farming practices. To determine effects of tillage and crop residues management on soil N2O emission and it’s agronomic efficiency on the North China Plain, a field experiment was carried out, which contained 4 treatments with 3 replications. The 4 treatments were conventional tillage with crop residues incorporation to soil (CT+) and without crop residues incorporation to soil (CT), no-tillage with crop residues mulching (NT+) and without crop residues mulching (NT). During the field experimentation soil N2O emissions at soil/atmosphere interface were sampled and analyzed by using static chamber-Gas Chromatography (GC) method in continuous 3 wheat growth seasons; meanwhile, the primary related factors with N2O emission were also investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the dynamic changes of soil N2O emission during wheat growth were similar but the cumulative N2O emissions were significantly different under 4 treatments and, the interactive effect between tillage and crop residues management was significant. The cumulative N2O emission per unit area under CT+ and NT+ were higher than those under CT and NT by 26.2% and 74.6%, respectively, and CT treatment emitted 42.4% more N2O than NT treatment. The soil N2O emission was greatly influenced by soil temperature and soil moisture. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between soil N2O emission and both soil temperature at 5 cm depth soil and water filled pore space (WFPS), while there was a significantly negative relation between soil N2O emission and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). When assessing soil N2O emission in relation to crop productivity expressed as above-ground N uptake (i.e. yield-scaled and nitrogen input-scaled N2O emission), the soil N2O emissions per kilogram grain yield were 0.180.73 g N2O-N and per kilogram nitrogen input were 5.118.0 g N2O-N. Although grain yield and nitrogen productivity were not significantly different among treatments, the N2O emissions in relation to crop productivity were still significantly different among treatments, similar to the N2O emission per unit area that were also greater under CT+ and NT+ than under CT and NT. In conclusion, no-till practice is help to reduce N2O emissions from arable land soil in the North China Plain.
Cultivated land soil is regarded as an important source of N2O emission that is affected by farming practices. To determine effects of tillage and crop residues management on soil N2O emission and it’s agronomic efficiency on the North China Plain, a field experiment was carried out, which contained 4 treatments with 3 replications. The 4 treatments were conventional tillage with crop residues incorporation to soil (CT+) and without crop residues incorporation to soil (CT), no-tillage with crop residues mulching (NT+) and without crop residues mulching (NT). During the field experimentation soil N2O emissions at soil/atmosphere interface were sampled and analyzed by using static chamber-Gas Chromatography (GC) method in continuous 3 wheat growth seasons; meanwhile, the primary related factors with N2O emission were also investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the dynamic changes of soil N2O emission during wheat growth were similar but the cumulative N2O emissions were significantly different under 4 treatments and, the interactive effect between tillage and crop residues management was significant. The cumulative N2O emission per unit area under CT+ and NT+ were higher than those under CT and NT by 26.2% and 74.6%, respectively, and CT treatment emitted 42.4% more N2O than NT treatment. The soil N2O emission was greatly influenced by soil temperature and soil moisture. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between soil N2O emission and both soil temperature at 5 cm depth soil and water filled pore space (WFPS), while there was a significantly negative relation between soil N2O emission and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). When assessing soil N2O emission in relation to crop productivity expressed as above-ground N uptake (i.e. yield-scaled and nitrogen input-scaled N2O emission), the soil N2O emissions per kilogram grain yield were 0.180.73 g N2O-N and per kilogram nitrogen input were 5.118.0 g N2O-N. Although grain yield and nitrogen productivity were not significantly different among treatments, the N2O emissions in relation to crop productivity were still significantly different among treatments, similar to the N2O emission per unit area that were also greater under CT+ and NT+ than under CT and NT. In conclusion, no-till practice is help to reduce N2O emissions from arable land soil in the North China Plain.
2015, 23(11): 1359-1366.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150683
Abstract:
Excess ammonia in the atmosphere causes a cascade of environmental and human health issues. In China, ammonia volatilization (AV) from applied nitrogen fertilizers is a major source of ammonia emission. Purple soils properties and the climatic conditions of the regions significantly increase the potential for nitrogen loss via AV. However, as compared with other intensive agricultural regions in China, few researches have focused on nitrogen loss in purple soils via AV. This paper discussed AV in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin, in order to provide basic data on atmospheric carbon and nitrogen gas exchange in terrestrial ecosystems. It also contributed to ammonia emission inventory and emission reduction measures in croplands. The study was conducted in typical sloping croplands in the Central Sichuan Basin. AV processes in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system were monitored by a wind tunnel system. During every experimental period, there was only 1 treatment with 3 replicates. Wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, relative humidity, and others meteorological data were obtained from micro-weather stations in the field. Soil samples (from the 020 cm depth) were collected every 23 days and then mixed evenly before analysis for NH4+-N. The results showed that due to deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer and lower temperature, the rate of loss of N via AV in winter wheat growing season was obviously less than that in maize growing season. AV loss in winter wheat growing season was 9.7 kg(N)hm-2 in 2013 and 11.4 kg(N)hm-2 in 2014, respectively, accounting for 7.4% and 8.8% of applied N. In maize growing season, banding fertilization followed by covering of soils was an effective way to reduce AV loss. The rate of loss N via AV during 3-leaf stage of summer maize in 2013 (broadcasting) and 2014 (banding) were 34.1% and 21.4%, respectively. It was extremely dry weathers before fertilization at 10-leaf stage period of maize in the summer of 2014. About 30 mm of irrigation water was immediately applied after urea spread application, and the highest AV loss occurred during this period. This was mainly due to the suitable soil water condition provided by irrigation water in extremely dry weathers. Therefore, it was necessary to avoid the application of nitrogen under dry soil conditions. The results suggested that in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the purple soil of hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin, AV loss in winter wheat growing season and summer maize growing season, respectively, accounted for (8.1±1.0)% and (32.8±1.8)% of the N application.
Excess ammonia in the atmosphere causes a cascade of environmental and human health issues. In China, ammonia volatilization (AV) from applied nitrogen fertilizers is a major source of ammonia emission. Purple soils properties and the climatic conditions of the regions significantly increase the potential for nitrogen loss via AV. However, as compared with other intensive agricultural regions in China, few researches have focused on nitrogen loss in purple soils via AV. This paper discussed AV in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin, in order to provide basic data on atmospheric carbon and nitrogen gas exchange in terrestrial ecosystems. It also contributed to ammonia emission inventory and emission reduction measures in croplands. The study was conducted in typical sloping croplands in the Central Sichuan Basin. AV processes in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system were monitored by a wind tunnel system. During every experimental period, there was only 1 treatment with 3 replicates. Wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, relative humidity, and others meteorological data were obtained from micro-weather stations in the field. Soil samples (from the 020 cm depth) were collected every 23 days and then mixed evenly before analysis for NH4+-N. The results showed that due to deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer and lower temperature, the rate of loss of N via AV in winter wheat growing season was obviously less than that in maize growing season. AV loss in winter wheat growing season was 9.7 kg(N)hm-2 in 2013 and 11.4 kg(N)hm-2 in 2014, respectively, accounting for 7.4% and 8.8% of applied N. In maize growing season, banding fertilization followed by covering of soils was an effective way to reduce AV loss. The rate of loss N via AV during 3-leaf stage of summer maize in 2013 (broadcasting) and 2014 (banding) were 34.1% and 21.4%, respectively. It was extremely dry weathers before fertilization at 10-leaf stage period of maize in the summer of 2014. About 30 mm of irrigation water was immediately applied after urea spread application, and the highest AV loss occurred during this period. This was mainly due to the suitable soil water condition provided by irrigation water in extremely dry weathers. Therefore, it was necessary to avoid the application of nitrogen under dry soil conditions. The results suggested that in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the purple soil of hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin, AV loss in winter wheat growing season and summer maize growing season, respectively, accounted for (8.1±1.0)% and (32.8±1.8)% of the N application.
2015, 23(11): 1367-1376.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150409
Abstract:
This study was based on a long-term fertilization experiment on rice-rice rotation started in 1982 at the HengYang Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Six fertilization treatments of the experiment were chosen — chemical nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer (NPK), cattle manure (M), NPK plus M (NPKM), NP plus M (NPM), NK plus M (NKM) and PK plus M (PKM) in this study. The effects of fertilization, environment and their interaction on rice yield stability were determined according to inter-annual variability and coefficient of variation (CV) of rice yield, sustainable yield index (SYI), contribution of fertilizer to rice productivity, as well as the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Results showed that among the various treatments, NPKM treatment had the highest grain yield. Rice yield increased with increasing N fertilizer. The yield-increasing effect of combined application of chemical P and K fertilizers was better than that of sole application of P or K fertilizer at the same N application rate. Chemical K fertilizer presented better yield-increasing effect than chemical P fertilizer. Under long-term application, organic fertilizer was more favored rice yield increase than chemical fertilizer. There was no significant difference in early rice yield between M and NPK treatments under the same nutrient input. However, yield of late rice under M treatment was significantly higher than that under NPK treatment. For all the treatments, the CV of rice yield decreased with time. However, the application of M plus chemical fertilizers had smaller yield CV than the application of chemical fertilizers alone. For all the treatments, the CV of late rice yield was higher than that of early rice yield. However, the SYI of late rice yield was lower than that of early rice. Also for all the treatments, SYI (0.51) was highest for NPKM treatment (0.51). SYI for M and NPK treatments were 0.44 and 0.42, respectively. The order of contribution rate of fertilizers to rice yield was: organic fertilizer > chemical N > chemical P > chemical K. The results of AMMI model showed that different fertilizer treatments had different response to the environment for different experimental years. Thus based on the results, the use of chemical fertilizers in combination with organic fertilizers (NPKM) was the optimal fertilization regimemode of maintaining high crop productivity and yield stability under of double cropping rice in the study area.
This study was based on a long-term fertilization experiment on rice-rice rotation started in 1982 at the HengYang Red Soil Experiment Station of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Six fertilization treatments of the experiment were chosen — chemical nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer (NPK), cattle manure (M), NPK plus M (NPKM), NP plus M (NPM), NK plus M (NKM) and PK plus M (PKM) in this study. The effects of fertilization, environment and their interaction on rice yield stability were determined according to inter-annual variability and coefficient of variation (CV) of rice yield, sustainable yield index (SYI), contribution of fertilizer to rice productivity, as well as the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Results showed that among the various treatments, NPKM treatment had the highest grain yield. Rice yield increased with increasing N fertilizer. The yield-increasing effect of combined application of chemical P and K fertilizers was better than that of sole application of P or K fertilizer at the same N application rate. Chemical K fertilizer presented better yield-increasing effect than chemical P fertilizer. Under long-term application, organic fertilizer was more favored rice yield increase than chemical fertilizer. There was no significant difference in early rice yield between M and NPK treatments under the same nutrient input. However, yield of late rice under M treatment was significantly higher than that under NPK treatment. For all the treatments, the CV of rice yield decreased with time. However, the application of M plus chemical fertilizers had smaller yield CV than the application of chemical fertilizers alone. For all the treatments, the CV of late rice yield was higher than that of early rice yield. However, the SYI of late rice yield was lower than that of early rice. Also for all the treatments, SYI (0.51) was highest for NPKM treatment (0.51). SYI for M and NPK treatments were 0.44 and 0.42, respectively. The order of contribution rate of fertilizers to rice yield was: organic fertilizer > chemical N > chemical P > chemical K. The results of AMMI model showed that different fertilizer treatments had different response to the environment for different experimental years. Thus based on the results, the use of chemical fertilizers in combination with organic fertilizers (NPKM) was the optimal fertilization regimemode of maintaining high crop productivity and yield stability under of double cropping rice in the study area.
2015, 23(11): 1377-1383.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150449
Abstract:
Coupling water and fertilizer supply is an efficient strategy for improving phosphate fertilizer using efficiency (PUE). However, little study has been done on interaction of phosphate fertilizer and water supply. To this end, an experiment was carried out to analyze the response of soil P mobility, dynamic changes of various inorganic P contents, corn P nutrient and PUE for two P sources [acidic fluid drip irrigation fertilizer (DIF) and granular triple superphosphate (TSP)] and different modes of P supply (including single application as base fertilizer and multiple application with irrigation) under simulated drip irrigation conditions in calcareous soils. The aim of the experiment was to propose the optimal strategy for efficient use of P fertilizer under drip irrigation. The results showed that 1) compared with multiple application of triple superphosphate with irrigation (TSP+split), multiple application of acidic fluid drip irrigation fertilizer (Fliud+split) significantly increased soil available P content (P < 0.05). For instance, soil average Ca2-P and resin-P contents of different soil layers increased by 12.4% and 21.6%, respectively. Moreover, soil resin-P content decreasing percentage was lower by 56.5% in Fluid+split treatment than in TSP+split treatment in vertical soil layers. Fluid+split treatment also significantly increased P mobility (P < 0.05). 2) Compared with TSP+split treatment, the ratio of labile forms of inorganic P (including Ca2-P, resin-P and NaHCO3-P) to total inorganic P increased by 21.0%, while the ratio of unavailable forms of inorganic P (Ca10-P and residue-P) to soil total inorganic P decreased by 10.1% in Fluid+split treatment. This indicated that soil P fixation was significantly alleviated by coupling of fluid P fertilizer and water application. 3) The biomass, absorbed P content and PUE of corn increased by 27.1%, 34.6% and 61.4%, respectively, under Fluid+split treatment compared with TSP+split treatment. In summary, coupling P fertilizer with irrigation was not only alleviating the reaction processes of soil P fixation, promoting P mobility and availability, but also improving plant P nutrient and PUE.
Coupling water and fertilizer supply is an efficient strategy for improving phosphate fertilizer using efficiency (PUE). However, little study has been done on interaction of phosphate fertilizer and water supply. To this end, an experiment was carried out to analyze the response of soil P mobility, dynamic changes of various inorganic P contents, corn P nutrient and PUE for two P sources [acidic fluid drip irrigation fertilizer (DIF) and granular triple superphosphate (TSP)] and different modes of P supply (including single application as base fertilizer and multiple application with irrigation) under simulated drip irrigation conditions in calcareous soils. The aim of the experiment was to propose the optimal strategy for efficient use of P fertilizer under drip irrigation. The results showed that 1) compared with multiple application of triple superphosphate with irrigation (TSP+split), multiple application of acidic fluid drip irrigation fertilizer (Fliud+split) significantly increased soil available P content (P < 0.05). For instance, soil average Ca2-P and resin-P contents of different soil layers increased by 12.4% and 21.6%, respectively. Moreover, soil resin-P content decreasing percentage was lower by 56.5% in Fluid+split treatment than in TSP+split treatment in vertical soil layers. Fluid+split treatment also significantly increased P mobility (P < 0.05). 2) Compared with TSP+split treatment, the ratio of labile forms of inorganic P (including Ca2-P, resin-P and NaHCO3-P) to total inorganic P increased by 21.0%, while the ratio of unavailable forms of inorganic P (Ca10-P and residue-P) to soil total inorganic P decreased by 10.1% in Fluid+split treatment. This indicated that soil P fixation was significantly alleviated by coupling of fluid P fertilizer and water application. 3) The biomass, absorbed P content and PUE of corn increased by 27.1%, 34.6% and 61.4%, respectively, under Fluid+split treatment compared with TSP+split treatment. In summary, coupling P fertilizer with irrigation was not only alleviating the reaction processes of soil P fixation, promoting P mobility and availability, but also improving plant P nutrient and PUE.
2015, 23(11): 1384-1393.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150021
Abstract:
Complete film mulch of alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting (CMRF) significantly increases maize yield and water use efficiency (WUE). It has been the dominant mode of maize production in the semiarid Loess Plateau region. However, due to single tillage methods (e.g., conventional tillage and rotary tillage) continuous applied in the CMRF system, it was apparent that soil water infiltration was affected by the soil plow pan. This has caused the top soil layer shallow, which adversely impacted maize growth, grain yield and soil health. In order to eliminate the plow pan, improve soil structure, increase utilization of the limited rainfall, and enhance crop productivity, a field experiment was conducted at Dingxi in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of northwest China in 2012 and 2013. The study determined the effects of different tillage methods on soil water content, soil water storage, soil bulk density, soil temperature, and water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of CMRF system in the rain-fed semiarid environment of the Loess Plateau. Maize was grown under four tillage modes — conventional tillage (T1), no-tillage (T2), rotary tillage (T3) and sub-soiling (T4). The results showed that soil water storage in the 030 cm soil depth increased significantly under sub-soiling and no-tillage. Compared with conventional tillage, and rotary tillage, sub-soiling and not-tillage increased 030 cm depth soil water content by 50.0% and 43.7%, and 14.8% and 10.3%, respectively. Soil bulk density in the 510 cm and 1030 cm soil depths were 10.9% and 12.9% lower under sub-soiling than conventional tillage, respectively. Under sub-soiling and no-tillage conditions, soil bulk density increased with increasing soil depth. On the contrary, soil bulk density decreased with increasing soil depth under rotary tillage and conventional tillage. Soil temperature was higher at seedling stage and lower at jointing-to-tasselling stage under sub-soiling than under conventional tillage. This was critical for improving grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency of maize. In 2012 and 2013, two normal-precipitation years, sub-soiling increased by 5.6%6.1% in maize biomass, by 18.6%28.8% in grain yield and by 28.1%32.9% in water use efficiency, compared with conventional tillage. The study showed that under the same rainfall conditions, sub-soiling in combination with CMRF was the most promising agronomic practice in terms of improving soil water storage and structure. It also coordinated relationship between soil water and temperature, and increased maize yield and water use efficiency in the Loess Plateau of China.
Complete film mulch of alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting (CMRF) significantly increases maize yield and water use efficiency (WUE). It has been the dominant mode of maize production in the semiarid Loess Plateau region. However, due to single tillage methods (e.g., conventional tillage and rotary tillage) continuous applied in the CMRF system, it was apparent that soil water infiltration was affected by the soil plow pan. This has caused the top soil layer shallow, which adversely impacted maize growth, grain yield and soil health. In order to eliminate the plow pan, improve soil structure, increase utilization of the limited rainfall, and enhance crop productivity, a field experiment was conducted at Dingxi in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of northwest China in 2012 and 2013. The study determined the effects of different tillage methods on soil water content, soil water storage, soil bulk density, soil temperature, and water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of CMRF system in the rain-fed semiarid environment of the Loess Plateau. Maize was grown under four tillage modes — conventional tillage (T1), no-tillage (T2), rotary tillage (T3) and sub-soiling (T4). The results showed that soil water storage in the 030 cm soil depth increased significantly under sub-soiling and no-tillage. Compared with conventional tillage, and rotary tillage, sub-soiling and not-tillage increased 030 cm depth soil water content by 50.0% and 43.7%, and 14.8% and 10.3%, respectively. Soil bulk density in the 510 cm and 1030 cm soil depths were 10.9% and 12.9% lower under sub-soiling than conventional tillage, respectively. Under sub-soiling and no-tillage conditions, soil bulk density increased with increasing soil depth. On the contrary, soil bulk density decreased with increasing soil depth under rotary tillage and conventional tillage. Soil temperature was higher at seedling stage and lower at jointing-to-tasselling stage under sub-soiling than under conventional tillage. This was critical for improving grain yield, biomass and water use efficiency of maize. In 2012 and 2013, two normal-precipitation years, sub-soiling increased by 5.6%6.1% in maize biomass, by 18.6%28.8% in grain yield and by 28.1%32.9% in water use efficiency, compared with conventional tillage. The study showed that under the same rainfall conditions, sub-soiling in combination with CMRF was the most promising agronomic practice in terms of improving soil water storage and structure. It also coordinated relationship between soil water and temperature, and increased maize yield and water use efficiency in the Loess Plateau of China.
2015, 23(11): 1394-1403.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150383
Abstract:
In order to choose optimum thinning method of closed and matured ‘Red Fuji’ orchards in the Loess Plateau, 18-year old ‘Red Fuji’ apple trees in Qingyang County, Gansu Province, were used to study the effects of three thinning methods — interlaced thinning (T1), septum strain thinning (T2) and cutting one for every 3-tree (T3) — on orchard light distribution, leaf quality, leaf structure, fruit distribution and quality, and yield and economics of apple trees. The results showed that thinning methods significantly decreased orchard coverage rate, with 22.01%, 18.01% and 10.14% decrease under T1, T2 and T3, compared with the control (CK). The transmittance between plants in a line under T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased by 108.59%, 191.98% and 57.45%, respectively, compared with the control (CK). The transmittance between lines increased 259.20%, 220.11% and 64.86%, respectively. Transmittance under crown increased respectively by 102.80%, 155.32% and 37.43%. Canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased respectively by 38.02%, 45.18% and 18.43%. PAR three dimension distributions of apple trees under T1 and T2 was better than under CK and T3 treatment, PAR of T2 treatment was improved more obvious. Also thinning methods effectively improved the structure of apple leaf. T1 and T2 significantly increased upper epidermis thickness of leaves inside canopy and palisade tissue thickness of all leaves, while T3 significantly increased lower epidermis thickness of leaves inside and outside canopy. Under T2 treatment, leaf palisade tissues were more tidily and closely arranged than under other treatments. Leaves quality was significantly changed under different thinning methods. Leaf chlorophyll, N and K contents were increased in 3 thinning methods treatments. T2 was the best in terms of increase in the contents of cChlorophyll a, cChlorophyll b and carotenoids. Single fruit weight increased by 25.03%, 34.83% and 9.81%, fruit color index increased by 6.00%, 6.26% and 3.30%, soluble sugar content increased by 35.98%, 39.14% and 22.98%, and peel anthocyanin content increased by 104.41%, 101.47% and 30.88%, while titratable acid content decreased by 15.38%, 23.08% and 17.95%, respectively, under T1, T2 and T3 conditions, compared with CK.. Under CK treatment, there was not fruit in positon 0.5 m away from stem, most fruits were 2 m away from stem and 3 m high, showing outside moving of fruit-setting position. Under thinning conditions, fruits in inside canopy and in lower canopy increased. Despite yield per hectare under T1, T2 and T3 treatments decreased by 7 601.89 kg, 5 219.45 kg and 6 056.80 kg, respectively, orchard productivity value per hectare increased by 14 959.54 Yuan, 34 363.70 Yuan and 9 081.13 Yuan.
In order to choose optimum thinning method of closed and matured ‘Red Fuji’ orchards in the Loess Plateau, 18-year old ‘Red Fuji’ apple trees in Qingyang County, Gansu Province, were used to study the effects of three thinning methods — interlaced thinning (T1), septum strain thinning (T2) and cutting one for every 3-tree (T3) — on orchard light distribution, leaf quality, leaf structure, fruit distribution and quality, and yield and economics of apple trees. The results showed that thinning methods significantly decreased orchard coverage rate, with 22.01%, 18.01% and 10.14% decrease under T1, T2 and T3, compared with the control (CK). The transmittance between plants in a line under T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased by 108.59%, 191.98% and 57.45%, respectively, compared with the control (CK). The transmittance between lines increased 259.20%, 220.11% and 64.86%, respectively. Transmittance under crown increased respectively by 102.80%, 155.32% and 37.43%. Canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased respectively by 38.02%, 45.18% and 18.43%. PAR three dimension distributions of apple trees under T1 and T2 was better than under CK and T3 treatment, PAR of T2 treatment was improved more obvious. Also thinning methods effectively improved the structure of apple leaf. T1 and T2 significantly increased upper epidermis thickness of leaves inside canopy and palisade tissue thickness of all leaves, while T3 significantly increased lower epidermis thickness of leaves inside and outside canopy. Under T2 treatment, leaf palisade tissues were more tidily and closely arranged than under other treatments. Leaves quality was significantly changed under different thinning methods. Leaf chlorophyll, N and K contents were increased in 3 thinning methods treatments. T2 was the best in terms of increase in the contents of cChlorophyll a, cChlorophyll b and carotenoids. Single fruit weight increased by 25.03%, 34.83% and 9.81%, fruit color index increased by 6.00%, 6.26% and 3.30%, soluble sugar content increased by 35.98%, 39.14% and 22.98%, and peel anthocyanin content increased by 104.41%, 101.47% and 30.88%, while titratable acid content decreased by 15.38%, 23.08% and 17.95%, respectively, under T1, T2 and T3 conditions, compared with CK.. Under CK treatment, there was not fruit in positon 0.5 m away from stem, most fruits were 2 m away from stem and 3 m high, showing outside moving of fruit-setting position. Under thinning conditions, fruits in inside canopy and in lower canopy increased. Despite yield per hectare under T1, T2 and T3 treatments decreased by 7 601.89 kg, 5 219.45 kg and 6 056.80 kg, respectively, orchard productivity value per hectare increased by 14 959.54 Yuan, 34 363.70 Yuan and 9 081.13 Yuan.
2015, 23(11): 1404-1412.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150513
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted in Jiyuan Tobacco Area of Henan Province, to study the effects of brassinosteroid (BR) and auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) on growth, carbon and nitrogen metabolism and leaves quality of flue-cured tobacco. The aim of the experiment was to explore the rational managements of flue-cured tobacco after topping in the study area. The experiment included 6 treatments, which were spraying water (T1), spraying 10 mgkg-1 BR (T2), spraying 10 mgkg-1 IAA (T3), spraying 20 mgkg1 IAA (T4), spraying 10 mgkg-1 IAA and 10 mgkg-1 BR (T5) and spraying 20 mgkg-1 IAA and 10 mgkg-1 BR (T6), after topping of tobacco. The area of the top 5 leaves, dry matter of different organs of flue-tobacco were investigated at the day of topping, 15 days and 30 days after topping, the activities of enzymes relative to carbon and nitrogen metabolism of flue-cured tobacco were investigated at the day of topping and 10 days, 20 days, and 30 days after topping. The results showed that: 1) spaying BR and IAA after topping promoted leaves expansion, root growth, upper leaves production. Combined spring of BR and IAA showed better effect. 2) Under BA and IAA treatments, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities first raised then dropped, while invertase and amylase activities first decreased then slightly increased. This suggested that spaying BR and IAA after topping enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, delayed tobacco maturity and fall time of yellow to a certain extent. Correspondingly, the growth period of tobacco with BR and IAA spraying was extended. 3) Spaying BR and IAA after topping effectively increased potassium content, potassium- chlorine ratio and organic potassium index of tobacco leaves. The nicotine and chlorine contents of middle and upper leaves were reduced by spraying BR and IAA, especially for the upper leaves. Applying both BR and IAA at the same time showed best effects on leaves quality. 4) Among five BR and IAA treatments, T6 (IAA 20 mgkg-1 + BR 10 mgkg-1) was best for tobacco growth and leave quality improvement. Compared with treatment T1, treatment T6 increased potassium content, potassium-chloride ratio and organic potassium index by 40.9%, 68.5% and 0.524; decreased contents of chlorine and nicotine by 16.2% and 16.3% of the upper leaves, respectively. From these results, it was conclude that spaying BR and IAA after topping promoted growth, enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, improved production and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Spraying IAA 20 mgkg1 + BR 10 mgkg1 was the optimum for tobacco cultivation of the study area.
A field experiment was conducted in Jiyuan Tobacco Area of Henan Province, to study the effects of brassinosteroid (BR) and auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) on growth, carbon and nitrogen metabolism and leaves quality of flue-cured tobacco. The aim of the experiment was to explore the rational managements of flue-cured tobacco after topping in the study area. The experiment included 6 treatments, which were spraying water (T1), spraying 10 mgkg-1 BR (T2), spraying 10 mgkg-1 IAA (T3), spraying 20 mgkg1 IAA (T4), spraying 10 mgkg-1 IAA and 10 mgkg-1 BR (T5) and spraying 20 mgkg-1 IAA and 10 mgkg-1 BR (T6), after topping of tobacco. The area of the top 5 leaves, dry matter of different organs of flue-tobacco were investigated at the day of topping, 15 days and 30 days after topping, the activities of enzymes relative to carbon and nitrogen metabolism of flue-cured tobacco were investigated at the day of topping and 10 days, 20 days, and 30 days after topping. The results showed that: 1) spaying BR and IAA after topping promoted leaves expansion, root growth, upper leaves production. Combined spring of BR and IAA showed better effect. 2) Under BA and IAA treatments, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities first raised then dropped, while invertase and amylase activities first decreased then slightly increased. This suggested that spaying BR and IAA after topping enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, delayed tobacco maturity and fall time of yellow to a certain extent. Correspondingly, the growth period of tobacco with BR and IAA spraying was extended. 3) Spaying BR and IAA after topping effectively increased potassium content, potassium- chlorine ratio and organic potassium index of tobacco leaves. The nicotine and chlorine contents of middle and upper leaves were reduced by spraying BR and IAA, especially for the upper leaves. Applying both BR and IAA at the same time showed best effects on leaves quality. 4) Among five BR and IAA treatments, T6 (IAA 20 mgkg-1 + BR 10 mgkg-1) was best for tobacco growth and leave quality improvement. Compared with treatment T1, treatment T6 increased potassium content, potassium-chloride ratio and organic potassium index by 40.9%, 68.5% and 0.524; decreased contents of chlorine and nicotine by 16.2% and 16.3% of the upper leaves, respectively. From these results, it was conclude that spaying BR and IAA after topping promoted growth, enhanced carbon and nitrogen metabolism, improved production and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Spraying IAA 20 mgkg1 + BR 10 mgkg1 was the optimum for tobacco cultivation of the study area.
2015, 23(11): 1413-1422.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150760
Abstract:
Application of nitrogen fertilizer is the most important agricultural measures in increasing paddy rice production. Recently, the postponed nitrogen application has developed as a modern cultivation measure, which not only is beneficial to the high yield formation, but also increases utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer. However, the molecular basis of such adaptation remains unclear. In present study, the molecular mechanisms of rice ‘jinhui No.809’ (large-panicle type) root in response to the postponed nitrogen application were investigated. By keeping the total nitrogen supply constant and varying the early and late growth stage fertilizer application ratios, changes in the protein expressions of the rice root in late growth stage were determined. The two nitrogen fertilization treatments were traditional (NT) and postponed nitrogen application (NP). Using 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/MS, 57 proteins with 40 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated in response to NP treatment were successfully identified. According to the protein function, the identified proteins were classified into 12 categories, mainly including signal transduction, ammonia assimilation, stress and defense, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein synthesis and folding, and amino acid metabolism. The results indicated that the signal proteins of GDP dissociation inhibitor protein and GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran-2 in rice root were responsive to the NP treatment, then transfer signal to the membrane protein, including voltage dependent anion selective channel protein, annexin p35 and vacuolar ATP synthase subunit C, leading to the changes of intercellular material transport and message transference. The protein abundance of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle related protein, including phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphofructokinase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and aconitate hydratase were increased by the NP treatment, in turn, induced more ATP were generated for the root growth. The up-regulated antioxidative enzymes and defence related protein delayed the root senescence in the late growth stage. Moreover, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamines synthetase root isozyme and aspartate minotransferase, three of which were involved in the plant nitrogen metabolism, increased in abundance in the NP treatment, which were favorable for the nitrogen uptake and translocation. This study added new significant insights to our current understanding of the molecular ecology characteristic of rice root in response to nitrogen management.
Application of nitrogen fertilizer is the most important agricultural measures in increasing paddy rice production. Recently, the postponed nitrogen application has developed as a modern cultivation measure, which not only is beneficial to the high yield formation, but also increases utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer. However, the molecular basis of such adaptation remains unclear. In present study, the molecular mechanisms of rice ‘jinhui No.809’ (large-panicle type) root in response to the postponed nitrogen application were investigated. By keeping the total nitrogen supply constant and varying the early and late growth stage fertilizer application ratios, changes in the protein expressions of the rice root in late growth stage were determined. The two nitrogen fertilization treatments were traditional (NT) and postponed nitrogen application (NP). Using 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/MS, 57 proteins with 40 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated in response to NP treatment were successfully identified. According to the protein function, the identified proteins were classified into 12 categories, mainly including signal transduction, ammonia assimilation, stress and defense, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein synthesis and folding, and amino acid metabolism. The results indicated that the signal proteins of GDP dissociation inhibitor protein and GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran-2 in rice root were responsive to the NP treatment, then transfer signal to the membrane protein, including voltage dependent anion selective channel protein, annexin p35 and vacuolar ATP synthase subunit C, leading to the changes of intercellular material transport and message transference. The protein abundance of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle related protein, including phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphofructokinase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and aconitate hydratase were increased by the NP treatment, in turn, induced more ATP were generated for the root growth. The up-regulated antioxidative enzymes and defence related protein delayed the root senescence in the late growth stage. Moreover, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamines synthetase root isozyme and aspartate minotransferase, three of which were involved in the plant nitrogen metabolism, increased in abundance in the NP treatment, which were favorable for the nitrogen uptake and translocation. This study added new significant insights to our current understanding of the molecular ecology characteristic of rice root in response to nitrogen management.
2015, 23(11): 1423-1428.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141346
Abstract:
To learn nitrogen absorption characteristics of plant under salt stress, the NO3--N absorption ability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar ‘Jian 4’ pretreated with NaCl and NO3--N were investigated using culture solution. The pretreatment concentrations of NaCl were 1 mmolL-1 (CK) and 120 mmolL-1, those of NO3--N were 1 mmol (NO3--N)L-1 and 10 mmol (NO3--N)L-1. Barley growth and NO3--N absorption were measured and the kinetics of NO3--N absorption of high- affinity transport system and low-affinity transport system of barley were investigated. The results showed that the uptake of NO3--N of barley pretreated with different concentrations of NaCl and NO3--N was in accordance with Michelis-Menten equation. Also the uptake kinetics parameters Vmax and Km were enhanced with increasing pretreatment concentration of NO3--N. For high-affinity system, the uptake of NO3--N of barley was in accordance with Michaelis-Menten equation for all the pretreatments. Under 1 mmol(NO3--N)L-1 pretreatment, compared with 1 mmolL-1 NaCl treatment, 120 mmolL1 NaCl pretreatment significantly increased barley uptake rate of NO3--N; while under 10 mmol(NO3--N)L-1, no significant difference in the rate of uptake of NO3--N was observed between 1 mmolL1 NaCl and 120 mmolL-1 NaCl treatments. This indicated that in low nitrogen environment, NaCl restrained uptake of NO3--N of high-affinity system. For low-affinity systems, the uptake rate of NO3--N of barley was in accordance with Michaelis-Menten equation for all pretreatments. Under 1 mmol(NO3--N)L-1 pretreatment, compared with 1 mmolL-1 NaCl treatment, 120 mmolL-1 NaCl treatment significantly increased the rate of uptake of NO3--N. With 10 mmolL-1 NO3--N pretreatment, the uptake rate of NO3--N under 120 mmolL-1 NaCl was lower than that of under 1 mmolL-1 NaCl pretreatment. This showed that under low nitrogen environment, salt stress improved root uptake of NO3--N in low-affinity system. However, under high nitrogen environment, NaCl stress did not alter obviously root uptake of NO3--N in low-affinity systems.
To learn nitrogen absorption characteristics of plant under salt stress, the NO3--N absorption ability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar ‘Jian 4’ pretreated with NaCl and NO3--N were investigated using culture solution. The pretreatment concentrations of NaCl were 1 mmolL-1 (CK) and 120 mmolL-1, those of NO3--N were 1 mmol (NO3--N)L-1 and 10 mmol (NO3--N)L-1. Barley growth and NO3--N absorption were measured and the kinetics of NO3--N absorption of high- affinity transport system and low-affinity transport system of barley were investigated. The results showed that the uptake of NO3--N of barley pretreated with different concentrations of NaCl and NO3--N was in accordance with Michelis-Menten equation. Also the uptake kinetics parameters Vmax and Km were enhanced with increasing pretreatment concentration of NO3--N. For high-affinity system, the uptake of NO3--N of barley was in accordance with Michaelis-Menten equation for all the pretreatments. Under 1 mmol(NO3--N)L-1 pretreatment, compared with 1 mmolL-1 NaCl treatment, 120 mmolL1 NaCl pretreatment significantly increased barley uptake rate of NO3--N; while under 10 mmol(NO3--N)L-1, no significant difference in the rate of uptake of NO3--N was observed between 1 mmolL1 NaCl and 120 mmolL-1 NaCl treatments. This indicated that in low nitrogen environment, NaCl restrained uptake of NO3--N of high-affinity system. For low-affinity systems, the uptake rate of NO3--N of barley was in accordance with Michaelis-Menten equation for all pretreatments. Under 1 mmol(NO3--N)L-1 pretreatment, compared with 1 mmolL-1 NaCl treatment, 120 mmolL-1 NaCl treatment significantly increased the rate of uptake of NO3--N. With 10 mmolL-1 NO3--N pretreatment, the uptake rate of NO3--N under 120 mmolL-1 NaCl was lower than that of under 1 mmolL-1 NaCl pretreatment. This showed that under low nitrogen environment, salt stress improved root uptake of NO3--N in low-affinity system. However, under high nitrogen environment, NaCl stress did not alter obviously root uptake of NO3--N in low-affinity systems.
2015, 23(11): 1429-1436.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150245
Abstract:
Solanum nigrum is a typical heavy metal-hyper-accumulator. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the tolerance and accumulation of heavy metal have remained largely unclear. To through light on the mechanism of Cd accumulation in Cd hyper-accumulator S. nigrum, we investigated the response of S. nigrum to Cd toxicity at root and leaf proteomic levels using 2-DGE technique. The root and leaf 2-DGE maps, respectively, consisted of at least 927 and 1 025 reproducible protein spots, of which 45 and 57 were classified as differentially expressed proteins. Through MALDI-TOF MS analysis, 9 and 12 of the spots identified, representing 9 and 6 proteins in root and leaf, respectively. The proteins were involved in phytohormone synthesis, defense responses, and energy metabolism and construction. This showed that proteomic analysis explained Cd response mechanisms in hyper-accumulator S. nigrum. It also provided theoretical basis for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils through modern biotechnology.
Solanum nigrum is a typical heavy metal-hyper-accumulator. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the tolerance and accumulation of heavy metal have remained largely unclear. To through light on the mechanism of Cd accumulation in Cd hyper-accumulator S. nigrum, we investigated the response of S. nigrum to Cd toxicity at root and leaf proteomic levels using 2-DGE technique. The root and leaf 2-DGE maps, respectively, consisted of at least 927 and 1 025 reproducible protein spots, of which 45 and 57 were classified as differentially expressed proteins. Through MALDI-TOF MS analysis, 9 and 12 of the spots identified, representing 9 and 6 proteins in root and leaf, respectively. The proteins were involved in phytohormone synthesis, defense responses, and energy metabolism and construction. This showed that proteomic analysis explained Cd response mechanisms in hyper-accumulator S. nigrum. It also provided theoretical basis for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils through modern biotechnology.
2015, 23(11): 1437-1444.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150516
Abstract:
Mining activities and climate change severely impact eco-environment of the mining areas. However, land reclamation effectively reclaimed the mining area and restored the environment. It is important for ecological benefit evaluation in restoration of mining area to analyze the effect of climate change and human factors on ecological environment of mining areas. The researches concerning carbon storage of soil and vegetation in the mining area have gained a lot of results and provide us an effective tool for further evaluating the effect of climate and human activity on environment in the areas. In this study, we estimated vegetation carbon storage using a modified CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach, CASA) model in Ji’ning where the environment had been highly disturbed by mining and reclamation activities. Then Chikug’ model was used to evaluate the effects of both climate change on carbon storage of the mining area. The results suggested that: 1) with year 2003 as a key point, the carbon storage in the research area increased from 1987 to 2003, and then decreased till 2010, and increased again during 20102014. The carbon storage of the study area in 2003 was the highest point (4 645.738 t) during the study period, and in 2010 was the lowest point (3 687.741 t). 2) The net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the mining area was changed by comprehensive effect of both climate and human activity. The range of disturbance of climate change on carbon density was 2.8329.465 gm-2, the range of disturbance of mining activities on carbon density was 9.89713.435 gm-2, and the range of disturbance of combined mining activities and land reclamation on carbon density was 11.13212.839 gm-2. The amplitude of carbon density was 2.8329.465 gm2 influenced by climate change, 9.897 13.435 gm-2 influenced by mining activities, and 11.13212.839 gm-2 influenced by combined effect of coal mining and mining land restoration. Although the change of carbon density in the mining area was influenced by both climate change and anthropic factors, the influence of anthropic activity was stronger than climate change on the change of carbon density. 3) Coal mining destroyed cultivated lands and ecological environment, which led to a severe loss of carbon store. The carbon storage loss was 30.503 t in 19871995, 38.963 t in 19952003, and 189.709 t in 20032014. 4) Coal mining activity obviously increased the loss of vegetation carbon storage in this area, but land reclamation recovered the loss, and the maximum recovery was 4.731%. This, to a certain extent, alleviated the destruction of ecological environment due to coal mining activities. Therefore, land reclamation was a powerful strategy for alleviating ecological damage due to mining activities, and improving soil productivity.
Mining activities and climate change severely impact eco-environment of the mining areas. However, land reclamation effectively reclaimed the mining area and restored the environment. It is important for ecological benefit evaluation in restoration of mining area to analyze the effect of climate change and human factors on ecological environment of mining areas. The researches concerning carbon storage of soil and vegetation in the mining area have gained a lot of results and provide us an effective tool for further evaluating the effect of climate and human activity on environment in the areas. In this study, we estimated vegetation carbon storage using a modified CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach, CASA) model in Ji’ning where the environment had been highly disturbed by mining and reclamation activities. Then Chikug’ model was used to evaluate the effects of both climate change on carbon storage of the mining area. The results suggested that: 1) with year 2003 as a key point, the carbon storage in the research area increased from 1987 to 2003, and then decreased till 2010, and increased again during 20102014. The carbon storage of the study area in 2003 was the highest point (4 645.738 t) during the study period, and in 2010 was the lowest point (3 687.741 t). 2) The net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the mining area was changed by comprehensive effect of both climate and human activity. The range of disturbance of climate change on carbon density was 2.8329.465 gm-2, the range of disturbance of mining activities on carbon density was 9.89713.435 gm-2, and the range of disturbance of combined mining activities and land reclamation on carbon density was 11.13212.839 gm-2. The amplitude of carbon density was 2.8329.465 gm2 influenced by climate change, 9.897 13.435 gm-2 influenced by mining activities, and 11.13212.839 gm-2 influenced by combined effect of coal mining and mining land restoration. Although the change of carbon density in the mining area was influenced by both climate change and anthropic factors, the influence of anthropic activity was stronger than climate change on the change of carbon density. 3) Coal mining destroyed cultivated lands and ecological environment, which led to a severe loss of carbon store. The carbon storage loss was 30.503 t in 19871995, 38.963 t in 19952003, and 189.709 t in 20032014. 4) Coal mining activity obviously increased the loss of vegetation carbon storage in this area, but land reclamation recovered the loss, and the maximum recovery was 4.731%. This, to a certain extent, alleviated the destruction of ecological environment due to coal mining activities. Therefore, land reclamation was a powerful strategy for alleviating ecological damage due to mining activities, and improving soil productivity.
2015, 23(11): 1445-1454.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150500
Abstract:
Low carbon development pattern is an effective way to achieve sustainable development of agricultural modernization. Revealing driving forces, driving directions and contributions of the factors which affect agricultural CO2 emission could help us to develop low-cost and high-efficiency modern agricultural development strategies, and to generate accurate measurements. By using the expanded Kaya identity mathematical properties, we decomposed the driving factors of agricultural CO2 emission in China into general technological factor, agricultural low-carbon technology factor, rural affluence factor, indirect urbanization factor and total population factor. Based on the factorization, we then used the LMDI exponential decomposition method to analyze the driving strength and contribution rate of the five factors of China agriculture CO2 emission. The data used in the study was from Yearbook of China and Agricultural Yearbook of China from 1990 to 2013, and Compilation Statistics of 60 Years of New China. The rise of living standards in rural areas was the main factor driving CO2 emission due to energy consumption of agriculture. General technology and low-carbon agricultural technology were two important factors negatively driving CO2 emission of agriculture. The driving force of change of low-carbon agricultural technology for CO2 emission of agriculture was more powerful than that of development of general agricultural technology. Also change in total population appeared to positively influence CO2 emission in the agriculture, though the driving force of the total population change was weak irrespective of the calculated method used — data for whole observation period or data for specific segments of the observation period. According to the extended Kaya identity, indirect urbanization ratio and normal urbanization rate were symmetric at 50% in terms of coordinate system. Through conversion and revising, change in urbanization ratio was a moderately positive driving factor of CO2 emission in the agriculture. From 1990 to 2013, general technology contributed –25.85%, agricultural low-carbon technology contributed –166.55%, rising living standard contributed 220.65%, urbanization ratio contributed 57.63% and total population contributed 14.12% to total agricultural CO2 emission. It was suggested that more attention should be paid to relevant factors such as general technology and low-carbon agricultural technology development, promotion of reasonable and orderly urbanization, and to the development of low-carbon social atmosphere in order to achieve low-carbon and sustainable development in agriculture.
Low carbon development pattern is an effective way to achieve sustainable development of agricultural modernization. Revealing driving forces, driving directions and contributions of the factors which affect agricultural CO2 emission could help us to develop low-cost and high-efficiency modern agricultural development strategies, and to generate accurate measurements. By using the expanded Kaya identity mathematical properties, we decomposed the driving factors of agricultural CO2 emission in China into general technological factor, agricultural low-carbon technology factor, rural affluence factor, indirect urbanization factor and total population factor. Based on the factorization, we then used the LMDI exponential decomposition method to analyze the driving strength and contribution rate of the five factors of China agriculture CO2 emission. The data used in the study was from Yearbook of China and Agricultural Yearbook of China from 1990 to 2013, and Compilation Statistics of 60 Years of New China. The rise of living standards in rural areas was the main factor driving CO2 emission due to energy consumption of agriculture. General technology and low-carbon agricultural technology were two important factors negatively driving CO2 emission of agriculture. The driving force of change of low-carbon agricultural technology for CO2 emission of agriculture was more powerful than that of development of general agricultural technology. Also change in total population appeared to positively influence CO2 emission in the agriculture, though the driving force of the total population change was weak irrespective of the calculated method used — data for whole observation period or data for specific segments of the observation period. According to the extended Kaya identity, indirect urbanization ratio and normal urbanization rate were symmetric at 50% in terms of coordinate system. Through conversion and revising, change in urbanization ratio was a moderately positive driving factor of CO2 emission in the agriculture. From 1990 to 2013, general technology contributed –25.85%, agricultural low-carbon technology contributed –166.55%, rising living standard contributed 220.65%, urbanization ratio contributed 57.63% and total population contributed 14.12% to total agricultural CO2 emission. It was suggested that more attention should be paid to relevant factors such as general technology and low-carbon agricultural technology development, promotion of reasonable and orderly urbanization, and to the development of low-carbon social atmosphere in order to achieve low-carbon and sustainable development in agriculture.
2015, 23(11): 1455-1462.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150365
Abstract:
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is a presumption that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory in relation to economic growth. The thorny question of whether economic growth has a cure of environmental degradation has sparked large-scale empirical studies in the last decade, whose conclusions has been mixed at present. In this paper, the EKC model was used to verify whether relationship between agricultural non-point source pollution and economic development in Taiwan Region has an inverted U-shaped curve. Input density of chemical pesticide, input density of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, chemical oxygen demand (COD) output of livestock and poultry’s manure and urine were selected as indicators of agricultural non-point source pollution (the dependent variables). Then per-capita real GDP was used as the indicator of economic growth (the independent variable). The results showed that the relationship between input density of chemical pesticides and per-capita real GDP was not fitted the typical EKC characteristics and also without any turning point. The relationship between COD output of livestock and poultry’s manure and urine and per-capita real GDP was typically fitted an inverted U-shaped curve with a turning point falling in the mid-1990s. The relationship between input density of nitrogen fertilizer and per-capita real GDP had typical EKC characteristics with the turning point falling in early 1990s, while the relationship between input density of phosphorus fertilizer and per-capita real GDP had typical EKC characteristics with the turning falling in early 1980s. The results suggested that with the development of economy, pollution due to breeding of livestock and poultry and chemical fertilizers application initially increased and then dropped. Economic development had a positive effect on pollution due to breeding of livestock and poultry and chemical fertilizers application, but now, the pollution had been under control. While the consumption of chemical pesticides in Taiwan Region had always been very high, economic development had no significant effect on input density of chemical pesticides. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people’s requirement for environmental protection had been becoming stronger with economic development. During the 1980s to 1990s, breeding quantity of livestock in Taiwan Region was limited. However, the breeding mode and treatment of livestock and poultry manure and urine had improved considerably over time. Thus COD output of livestock and poultry’s manure and urine had dropped. Meanwhile, soil pollution by chemical fertilizers had long been known and therefore mostly replaced by organic manure and green manure without a significant effect on crop yield. This had steadily reduced the input density of chemical fertilizers in Taiwan Region. As the climate and geography of Taiwan favor biological diversification, there is always severe pest and disease damage in the region. Although pollution from chemical pesticides is well known, the consumption of chemical pesticides in Taiwan Region has still not changed. Thus high efficiency and low residue is the main direction of study on the use of chemical and biological pesticides.
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is a presumption that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped trajectory in relation to economic growth. The thorny question of whether economic growth has a cure of environmental degradation has sparked large-scale empirical studies in the last decade, whose conclusions has been mixed at present. In this paper, the EKC model was used to verify whether relationship between agricultural non-point source pollution and economic development in Taiwan Region has an inverted U-shaped curve. Input density of chemical pesticide, input density of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, chemical oxygen demand (COD) output of livestock and poultry’s manure and urine were selected as indicators of agricultural non-point source pollution (the dependent variables). Then per-capita real GDP was used as the indicator of economic growth (the independent variable). The results showed that the relationship between input density of chemical pesticides and per-capita real GDP was not fitted the typical EKC characteristics and also without any turning point. The relationship between COD output of livestock and poultry’s manure and urine and per-capita real GDP was typically fitted an inverted U-shaped curve with a turning point falling in the mid-1990s. The relationship between input density of nitrogen fertilizer and per-capita real GDP had typical EKC characteristics with the turning point falling in early 1990s, while the relationship between input density of phosphorus fertilizer and per-capita real GDP had typical EKC characteristics with the turning falling in early 1980s. The results suggested that with the development of economy, pollution due to breeding of livestock and poultry and chemical fertilizers application initially increased and then dropped. Economic development had a positive effect on pollution due to breeding of livestock and poultry and chemical fertilizers application, but now, the pollution had been under control. While the consumption of chemical pesticides in Taiwan Region had always been very high, economic development had no significant effect on input density of chemical pesticides. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people’s requirement for environmental protection had been becoming stronger with economic development. During the 1980s to 1990s, breeding quantity of livestock in Taiwan Region was limited. However, the breeding mode and treatment of livestock and poultry manure and urine had improved considerably over time. Thus COD output of livestock and poultry’s manure and urine had dropped. Meanwhile, soil pollution by chemical fertilizers had long been known and therefore mostly replaced by organic manure and green manure without a significant effect on crop yield. This had steadily reduced the input density of chemical fertilizers in Taiwan Region. As the climate and geography of Taiwan favor biological diversification, there is always severe pest and disease damage in the region. Although pollution from chemical pesticides is well known, the consumption of chemical pesticides in Taiwan Region has still not changed. Thus high efficiency and low residue is the main direction of study on the use of chemical and biological pesticides.
2015, 23(11): 1463-1472.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150559
Abstract:
Tree canopy cover is the most efficient and scientific indicator for evaluating ecological construction in the world. Compared with conventional indicators (such as woody plant cover rate and percent green coverage), tree canopy cover have many outstanding advantages in ecosystem services assessment as it does not distinguish land ownership or emphasize green space quality. Under new rural construction conditions, evaluating the state and potential of village forest using tree canopy cover can more efficiently guide environmental protection and reconstruction in the countryside. Instead of urban tree canopy cover (which has been the focus of most domestic and international research), this paper investigated tree canopy cover at town level. Based on true color aerial image of Linghe Town (in a grid cell size of 25 cm × 25 cm) Shadong Province, for July and August 2009, we analyzed ecological lands in Linghe Township using existing and possible tree canopy covers as indicators. The tree canopy cover was quantitatively analyzed at the town and smaller scale such as administrative village, tree species. Statistical analysis in GIS environment showed that the investigated area was 17.12% under tree canopy cover, of which 99% was arbor tree canopy cover. Based on the area proportions of tree canopy cover of different tree species, Populus accounted for 69.92% (the highest) of the total tree canopy cover with 11.97% of canopy cover. The other dominant tree species included protecting trees of Paulownia spp., and Robinia pseudoacacia, economic trees of Malus spp., Diospyros kaki, etc. Based on the distribution of patch size of tree canopy cover, middle and small patches were dominant in terms of quantity, while large patches dominated in terms of area. The evaluation on tree canopy cover of different administrative villages indicated that among 66 villages, 24 villages’ tree canopy cover was higher than the average level of the study area (17.12%), 36.36% villages was in middle level for tree canopy cover. The proportions of villages with very low and low coverages were 21.21% and 18.18%, respectively, and that with high coverage was only 7.58%. From the standpoint of greenable land in the future, theoretically possible tree canopy cover area was 190.51 hm2, accounting for 2.91% of the study area. This included shallow land, bare land, wild grassland and other unused lands. The theoretically maximum tree canopy cover of the study area was 20.12%. However, reserving 10% of the landscape for protected diversity, the actual maximum of possible tree canopy cover was 2.7%, in which shallow land occupied the most area, 59.64 hm2. Given the distribution relationship between hydrographic network and tree canopy cover network, the river network of forest need more attention in future ecological reconstruction of countryside.
Tree canopy cover is the most efficient and scientific indicator for evaluating ecological construction in the world. Compared with conventional indicators (such as woody plant cover rate and percent green coverage), tree canopy cover have many outstanding advantages in ecosystem services assessment as it does not distinguish land ownership or emphasize green space quality. Under new rural construction conditions, evaluating the state and potential of village forest using tree canopy cover can more efficiently guide environmental protection and reconstruction in the countryside. Instead of urban tree canopy cover (which has been the focus of most domestic and international research), this paper investigated tree canopy cover at town level. Based on true color aerial image of Linghe Town (in a grid cell size of 25 cm × 25 cm) Shadong Province, for July and August 2009, we analyzed ecological lands in Linghe Township using existing and possible tree canopy covers as indicators. The tree canopy cover was quantitatively analyzed at the town and smaller scale such as administrative village, tree species. Statistical analysis in GIS environment showed that the investigated area was 17.12% under tree canopy cover, of which 99% was arbor tree canopy cover. Based on the area proportions of tree canopy cover of different tree species, Populus accounted for 69.92% (the highest) of the total tree canopy cover with 11.97% of canopy cover. The other dominant tree species included protecting trees of Paulownia spp., and Robinia pseudoacacia, economic trees of Malus spp., Diospyros kaki, etc. Based on the distribution of patch size of tree canopy cover, middle and small patches were dominant in terms of quantity, while large patches dominated in terms of area. The evaluation on tree canopy cover of different administrative villages indicated that among 66 villages, 24 villages’ tree canopy cover was higher than the average level of the study area (17.12%), 36.36% villages was in middle level for tree canopy cover. The proportions of villages with very low and low coverages were 21.21% and 18.18%, respectively, and that with high coverage was only 7.58%. From the standpoint of greenable land in the future, theoretically possible tree canopy cover area was 190.51 hm2, accounting for 2.91% of the study area. This included shallow land, bare land, wild grassland and other unused lands. The theoretically maximum tree canopy cover of the study area was 20.12%. However, reserving 10% of the landscape for protected diversity, the actual maximum of possible tree canopy cover was 2.7%, in which shallow land occupied the most area, 59.64 hm2. Given the distribution relationship between hydrographic network and tree canopy cover network, the river network of forest need more attention in future ecological reconstruction of countryside.
2015, 23(11): 1473-1480.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150419
Abstract:
The area around Beijing and Tianjin is a strategic region in terms of ecological defense of Beijing and Tianjin municipalities. To promote the integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the construction of ecological environment, it is key point to clarify the compensators and recipients of ecological compensation. This paper introduced spatial scale of sub-ecological region, and divided the area around Beijing and Tianjin of Hebei Province, 73 counties (cities), into 7 sub-ecological regions. Then the paper calculated the per-unit area ecosystem service value and the sequence of priority of ecological compensation (ECPS) of 73 counties (cities) in the region surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. The ECPS can be used to quantify the priority of ecological compensation, and is the basis of regional compensation. The areas with priority for regional ecological compensation in the area surrounding Beijing and Tianjin were analyzed at three spatial scales — the whole region, the sub-ecological region and the county/city scale. The results showed that the ECPS of the area surrounding Beijing and Tianjin was high in totality, and that of the regions around the western mountains and hills was significantly higher than that of the areas in the central and southeast plains. The per-unit area ecosystem service values of different ecological sub-regions were not significantly different. On the contrary, it varied considerably for different counties/cities — 2 440 Yuan·hm-2 for Laishui County (the lowest) in the west mountain area and 10 060 Yuan·hm-2 for Luannan (the highest) County in the east plain. The results also showed that at sub-ecological scale, the grassland and agro-ecological area in Bashang Plateau, the upper reaches of Yongding River and the deciduous broad-leaved forest areas of Jibei and Yanshan mountains needed high priority in terms of ecological compensation. At the county/city scale, Fengning, Weichang and other seven counties/cities in the northern region of the study area had higher priority level in terms of ecological compensation. Then Sanhe, Dachang and other 47 counties/cities in eastern and southern regions of the study area was the first to pay for the ecological compensation. Compared with previous economic compensation intensity models, a relatively simple and reliable evaluation method for priority areas and regional ecological compensation were established in this study. This was not only applicable in the promotion of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration and the construction of ecological environment, but also offered scientific basis for rational land utilization and sustainable development in the study area.
The area around Beijing and Tianjin is a strategic region in terms of ecological defense of Beijing and Tianjin municipalities. To promote the integration of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the construction of ecological environment, it is key point to clarify the compensators and recipients of ecological compensation. This paper introduced spatial scale of sub-ecological region, and divided the area around Beijing and Tianjin of Hebei Province, 73 counties (cities), into 7 sub-ecological regions. Then the paper calculated the per-unit area ecosystem service value and the sequence of priority of ecological compensation (ECPS) of 73 counties (cities) in the region surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. The ECPS can be used to quantify the priority of ecological compensation, and is the basis of regional compensation. The areas with priority for regional ecological compensation in the area surrounding Beijing and Tianjin were analyzed at three spatial scales — the whole region, the sub-ecological region and the county/city scale. The results showed that the ECPS of the area surrounding Beijing and Tianjin was high in totality, and that of the regions around the western mountains and hills was significantly higher than that of the areas in the central and southeast plains. The per-unit area ecosystem service values of different ecological sub-regions were not significantly different. On the contrary, it varied considerably for different counties/cities — 2 440 Yuan·hm-2 for Laishui County (the lowest) in the west mountain area and 10 060 Yuan·hm-2 for Luannan (the highest) County in the east plain. The results also showed that at sub-ecological scale, the grassland and agro-ecological area in Bashang Plateau, the upper reaches of Yongding River and the deciduous broad-leaved forest areas of Jibei and Yanshan mountains needed high priority in terms of ecological compensation. At the county/city scale, Fengning, Weichang and other seven counties/cities in the northern region of the study area had higher priority level in terms of ecological compensation. Then Sanhe, Dachang and other 47 counties/cities in eastern and southern regions of the study area was the first to pay for the ecological compensation. Compared with previous economic compensation intensity models, a relatively simple and reliable evaluation method for priority areas and regional ecological compensation were established in this study. This was not only applicable in the promotion of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration and the construction of ecological environment, but also offered scientific basis for rational land utilization and sustainable development in the study area.
2015, 23(11): 1481-1490.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150298
Abstract:
The ecological environment in the lower reaches of Shiyang River has been deteriorating fast and limiting the sustainable development of the watershed. Thus the watershed was in an urgent need of effective response strategies for environment degradation. The Shiyang River Basin has the most densely populated, the highest level of water resources development and use, and the most prominent water conflicts. It is the inland river basin with the most severe ecological and environmental problems in China. To understand farmers’ perception and adaptation strategies to ecological changes in the basin was essential for the development of countermeasures. It was also necessary to have farmers’ perception on the problems of the ecological environment in order to understand their adaptive behaviors. Using questionnaires and interviews in the lower reaches of Shiyang River, we analyzed perception and coping strategies of farmers in the study area (lake region, Quanshan region and dam region) to water resources shortage, land desertification, land salinization and sandstorms environment in the lower reaches of Shiyang River. The multiple regression model analysis was used to assess the impact of farmers livelihood capital on their adaptation strategies in the inland river basin. The results showed that the strongest perceptibility of farmers was of water shortage, followed by sandstorm frequency, and the last one was of land desertification and salinization. Farmers’ perceptions of water resources shortage, land desertification, land salinization and sandstorm frequency were significantly different in the different regions of the study area, which mainly due to differences in natural environment, resources endowment and geographic conditions. Farmers’ perceptibility of water resource shortage and land salinization successively strengthened while perceptibility of sandstorm frequency successively weakened from dam region to Quanshan region, and to lake region. For the dam region, Quanshan region and lake region, diversity indexes of response strategies to water resources shortage and land salinization successively increased. The diversity indexes of response strategies to land desertification and sandstorm of the lake region were highest, that to desertification in Quanshan region was lowest. To cope with water shortage, farmers mainly adopted water-saving technology in the dam region, developed characteristic horticulture in Quanshan region, and reduced irrigation in the lake region. In dealing with land salinization, farmers mainly enhancing seeding, adopted crop rotation and inter-planting in the dam region, improved cultivation, leveled land in Quanshan region, and grew salt-tolerant plants or abandoned saline lands in the lake region. Desertification and sandstorm pressure was mainly concern of the government, which had adopted countermeasures of sand controlling, irrigation and cultivation land reduction, and afforestation. Family labor, per-capita cultivated land, leadership potential, perceptibility of water resources scarcity had remarkable effects on the diversity index of the strategy of response to water resources shortage. Family labor, per-capita cultivated land, fixed asset, trust to the neighbors, and perception on land desertification had significant effects on the diversity index of the strategy of response to desertification. Then per-capita income, trust to the neighbors, water resources shortage, and perception on soil salinization had significant effects on the diversity index of the strategy of response to soil salinity.
The ecological environment in the lower reaches of Shiyang River has been deteriorating fast and limiting the sustainable development of the watershed. Thus the watershed was in an urgent need of effective response strategies for environment degradation. The Shiyang River Basin has the most densely populated, the highest level of water resources development and use, and the most prominent water conflicts. It is the inland river basin with the most severe ecological and environmental problems in China. To understand farmers’ perception and adaptation strategies to ecological changes in the basin was essential for the development of countermeasures. It was also necessary to have farmers’ perception on the problems of the ecological environment in order to understand their adaptive behaviors. Using questionnaires and interviews in the lower reaches of Shiyang River, we analyzed perception and coping strategies of farmers in the study area (lake region, Quanshan region and dam region) to water resources shortage, land desertification, land salinization and sandstorms environment in the lower reaches of Shiyang River. The multiple regression model analysis was used to assess the impact of farmers livelihood capital on their adaptation strategies in the inland river basin. The results showed that the strongest perceptibility of farmers was of water shortage, followed by sandstorm frequency, and the last one was of land desertification and salinization. Farmers’ perceptions of water resources shortage, land desertification, land salinization and sandstorm frequency were significantly different in the different regions of the study area, which mainly due to differences in natural environment, resources endowment and geographic conditions. Farmers’ perceptibility of water resource shortage and land salinization successively strengthened while perceptibility of sandstorm frequency successively weakened from dam region to Quanshan region, and to lake region. For the dam region, Quanshan region and lake region, diversity indexes of response strategies to water resources shortage and land salinization successively increased. The diversity indexes of response strategies to land desertification and sandstorm of the lake region were highest, that to desertification in Quanshan region was lowest. To cope with water shortage, farmers mainly adopted water-saving technology in the dam region, developed characteristic horticulture in Quanshan region, and reduced irrigation in the lake region. In dealing with land salinization, farmers mainly enhancing seeding, adopted crop rotation and inter-planting in the dam region, improved cultivation, leveled land in Quanshan region, and grew salt-tolerant plants or abandoned saline lands in the lake region. Desertification and sandstorm pressure was mainly concern of the government, which had adopted countermeasures of sand controlling, irrigation and cultivation land reduction, and afforestation. Family labor, per-capita cultivated land, leadership potential, perceptibility of water resources scarcity had remarkable effects on the diversity index of the strategy of response to water resources shortage. Family labor, per-capita cultivated land, fixed asset, trust to the neighbors, and perception on land desertification had significant effects on the diversity index of the strategy of response to desertification. Then per-capita income, trust to the neighbors, water resources shortage, and perception on soil salinization had significant effects on the diversity index of the strategy of response to soil salinity.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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