Users Login
Excellent Articles
More>
-
Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
-
Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
-
Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
-
Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
-
Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
QR Code
Official WeChat Account
Online Shopping Journals
2015 Vol. 23, No. 3
Display Method:
2015, 23(3): 257-267.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140918
Abstract:
The research progresses on studies phases, concept, characteristics, driving factors of ecological security of cultivated land were summarized in the paper. The paper also systematically discussed the evaluation scale, method and technology, index system, as well as simulation and forecast, protection measures of ecological security of cultivated land through literatures review. The main previous research results were also compared and analyzed. The ecological security of cultivated land had experienced the primary stage of construction, the development stage of evaluation, the new stage of evaluation, and it had been becoming an important and hot topic in the corresponding research fields. The concept of ecological security of cultivated land had been set up, and cultivated land ecological security evaluation just started. The existing researches were mainly focused on analysis of current situation of cultivated land ecological security, the comprehensive researches on mesoscale, scientific and rational evaluation index system, dynamic change and simulation studies were still relatively lack. Consequently, it is difficult to comprehensively understand the spatio-temporal evolution and mechanism of cultivated land ecological security. As a conclusion, the future researches should focus on the integrated evaluation and simulation of cultivated land ecological security with spatial-temporal changing characteristic from multi-scales. The results would play a great significance role on the theory of cultivated land ecological security research. They also would benefit cultivated land protection and area reduction control, and design of land utilization plan.
The research progresses on studies phases, concept, characteristics, driving factors of ecological security of cultivated land were summarized in the paper. The paper also systematically discussed the evaluation scale, method and technology, index system, as well as simulation and forecast, protection measures of ecological security of cultivated land through literatures review. The main previous research results were also compared and analyzed. The ecological security of cultivated land had experienced the primary stage of construction, the development stage of evaluation, the new stage of evaluation, and it had been becoming an important and hot topic in the corresponding research fields. The concept of ecological security of cultivated land had been set up, and cultivated land ecological security evaluation just started. The existing researches were mainly focused on analysis of current situation of cultivated land ecological security, the comprehensive researches on mesoscale, scientific and rational evaluation index system, dynamic change and simulation studies were still relatively lack. Consequently, it is difficult to comprehensively understand the spatio-temporal evolution and mechanism of cultivated land ecological security. As a conclusion, the future researches should focus on the integrated evaluation and simulation of cultivated land ecological security with spatial-temporal changing characteristic from multi-scales. The results would play a great significance role on the theory of cultivated land ecological security research. They also would benefit cultivated land protection and area reduction control, and design of land utilization plan.
HU Liangliang,
TANG Jianjun,
ZHANG Jian,
REN Weizheng,
GUO Liang,
Matthias HALWART,
LI Kexin,
ZHU Zewen,
QIAN Yinlong,
WU Minfang,
CHEN Xin
2015, 23(3): 268-275.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150025
Abstract:
Land and freshwater resources are essential for ensuring global sustainable food supplies. The world agriculture currently faces great challenge on how to secure food supply with scarce land and freshwater resources without negatively impacting the environment. Rice-fish system (where 'fish' denotes a wide range of aquatic animals including fish, prawn, shrimp, crabs, soft shell turtles, etc.) is one of the successful models for producing both rice and fish by efficient use of land and freshwater resources. Rice-fish system has contributed to local food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. In the last decades, rice-fish system experienced a fast development in the world. Recently, rice-fish system is practiced in 28 countries (including Japan, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaysia). Rice-fish system has a long history in China and has played an important role in providing rice and fish for local consumption. Over the last 60 years, Chinese rice-fish system has steadily developed and changed from small-scale traditional farming to large-scale modern farming with specialization and commercialization to ensure sustainability. Studies have shown that rice-fish system can have high yields of rice and fish and thereby optimizes the benefits of scarce land and water resources as a result of complementary and synergistic interactions between fish and rice. Rice-fish system also decreases pesticide use due to lowering the incidence of diseases, insect pests and weeds in rice fields. Meanwhile, rice-fish system reduces nitrogen fertilizer application through complementary use of nitrogen by rice and fish, and enhances soil nutrient availability for rice crop. Rice-fish system also resolves certain problems induced by freshwater aquaculture because nutrients in effluents resulting from fish production are absorbed by rice crops and are therefore not wasted or would not become a pollution source. Although most areas of global rice fields are suitable for developing rice-fish system, the adoption rate and scale of rice-fish system in the world remain low. In China, there is only 4.48% of the total well-irrigated rice paddies co-cultured with fish. Therefore, to ensure sustainable development of rice-fish system, more efforts are needed. These efforts include: 1) potential assessment of rice paddy for rice-fish system (e.g. water supply and water quality in rice fields), evaluation of new fish species for rice field culture and selection of rice varieties for rice-fish co-culture; 2) development of technology packages for culturing rice and fish, optimization of fertilization rates and fertilization methods for rice and optimum feeding rates and methods for fish; 3) developing field configurations for rice culture and aquaculture; 4) optimization of rice planting patterns for rice-fish farming, determination of the carrying capacity and optimization of stocking densities; 5) development of suitable machines for rice-fish system; and 6) assisting farmers to create identity product brands acceptable to consumers and society.
Land and freshwater resources are essential for ensuring global sustainable food supplies. The world agriculture currently faces great challenge on how to secure food supply with scarce land and freshwater resources without negatively impacting the environment. Rice-fish system (where 'fish' denotes a wide range of aquatic animals including fish, prawn, shrimp, crabs, soft shell turtles, etc.) is one of the successful models for producing both rice and fish by efficient use of land and freshwater resources. Rice-fish system has contributed to local food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. In the last decades, rice-fish system experienced a fast development in the world. Recently, rice-fish system is practiced in 28 countries (including Japan, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaysia). Rice-fish system has a long history in China and has played an important role in providing rice and fish for local consumption. Over the last 60 years, Chinese rice-fish system has steadily developed and changed from small-scale traditional farming to large-scale modern farming with specialization and commercialization to ensure sustainability. Studies have shown that rice-fish system can have high yields of rice and fish and thereby optimizes the benefits of scarce land and water resources as a result of complementary and synergistic interactions between fish and rice. Rice-fish system also decreases pesticide use due to lowering the incidence of diseases, insect pests and weeds in rice fields. Meanwhile, rice-fish system reduces nitrogen fertilizer application through complementary use of nitrogen by rice and fish, and enhances soil nutrient availability for rice crop. Rice-fish system also resolves certain problems induced by freshwater aquaculture because nutrients in effluents resulting from fish production are absorbed by rice crops and are therefore not wasted or would not become a pollution source. Although most areas of global rice fields are suitable for developing rice-fish system, the adoption rate and scale of rice-fish system in the world remain low. In China, there is only 4.48% of the total well-irrigated rice paddies co-cultured with fish. Therefore, to ensure sustainable development of rice-fish system, more efforts are needed. These efforts include: 1) potential assessment of rice paddy for rice-fish system (e.g. water supply and water quality in rice fields), evaluation of new fish species for rice field culture and selection of rice varieties for rice-fish co-culture; 2) development of technology packages for culturing rice and fish, optimization of fertilization rates and fertilization methods for rice and optimum feeding rates and methods for fish; 3) developing field configurations for rice culture and aquaculture; 4) optimization of rice planting patterns for rice-fish farming, determination of the carrying capacity and optimization of stocking densities; 5) development of suitable machines for rice-fish system; and 6) assisting farmers to create identity product brands acceptable to consumers and society.
2015, 23(3): 276-284.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140863
Abstract:
A 12-year local experiment of spring wheat-pea rotation system was conducted in dry farmlands of the Loess Plateau in central Gansu. The aim of the study was to determine the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates. The treatments consisted of four tillage practices ― conventional tillage without straw mulch (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (TS), no-tillage without straw mulching (NT) and no-tillage with straw mulching (NTS). The experimental set-up was a Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. The soil samples were taken at three different soil depths (0 5 cm, 5 10 cm and 10 30 cm) per plot. The results showed that the ≥0.25 mm aggregates of soil were the dominant aggregates, whose content increased with increasing soil depth. While increase in the content of ≥0.25 mm aggregates was regular, changes in the ≥5 mm, 2 5 mm, 0.25 2 mm aggregates were irregular. Compared to T treatment, NT, TS and NTS treatments increased the ≥0.25 mm aggregates content and mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, and NTS had the highest effects. With increasing soil depth, MWD of all four treatments improved under pea→wheat→pea rotation sequence. However, the results under wheat→pea→wheat rotation sequence was different. MWD of T and NT treatments in three soil depths did not increase with increasing soil depth. However, MWD of TS and NTS treatments increased with increasing soil depth. Compared with T treatment, NT, TS and NTS treatments increased the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. NTS had the highest soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents. NTS and TS were significantly higher (P < 5%) than T. The results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased with increasing soil depth. Compared with T treatment, NT, TS, NTS treatments improved soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates. NTS had the best for all the investigated soil depths. The results showed that with increasing soil depth, the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased in soil aggregates. Also the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased in soil aggregates with increasing aggregate size. The correlation between the 2 5 mm and 0.25 2 mm soil aggregates contents and their soil organic carbon content was significantly positive ― respectively with correlation coefficients of 0.493 and 0.559. The correlation between the ≥5 mm soil aggregate content and its soil organic carbon content was significantly negative ( 0.481). The correlation between the 0.25 2 mm and ≥5 mm soil aggregates contents and their total nitrogen contents was respectively significantly positive (0.590) and significantly negative ( 0.418). Therefore the size of the 0.25 2 mm soil aggregate was the major driver of soil organic and total nitrogen. The contributing rates of organic carbon and total nitrogen in different sized soil aggregates to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in T treatment were in the order of (<0.25 mm) > (≥5 mm) > (0.25 2 mm) > (2 5 mm) in all the soil depths. The trends for the other treatments varied with different soil depths. Long-term conservation tillage increased soil stability, the ≥0.25 mm soil aggregate amount, soil aggregates mean weight diameter, soil organic carbon content and total nitrogen contents. NTS treatment enhanced amount of ≥0.25 mm soil aggregates improving soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil stability.
A 12-year local experiment of spring wheat-pea rotation system was conducted in dry farmlands of the Loess Plateau in central Gansu. The aim of the study was to determine the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates. The treatments consisted of four tillage practices ― conventional tillage without straw mulch (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (TS), no-tillage without straw mulching (NT) and no-tillage with straw mulching (NTS). The experimental set-up was a Randomized Complete Block design with three replications. The soil samples were taken at three different soil depths (0 5 cm, 5 10 cm and 10 30 cm) per plot. The results showed that the ≥0.25 mm aggregates of soil were the dominant aggregates, whose content increased with increasing soil depth. While increase in the content of ≥0.25 mm aggregates was regular, changes in the ≥5 mm, 2 5 mm, 0.25 2 mm aggregates were irregular. Compared to T treatment, NT, TS and NTS treatments increased the ≥0.25 mm aggregates content and mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, and NTS had the highest effects. With increasing soil depth, MWD of all four treatments improved under pea→wheat→pea rotation sequence. However, the results under wheat→pea→wheat rotation sequence was different. MWD of T and NT treatments in three soil depths did not increase with increasing soil depth. However, MWD of TS and NTS treatments increased with increasing soil depth. Compared with T treatment, NT, TS and NTS treatments increased the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. NTS had the highest soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents. NTS and TS were significantly higher (P < 5%) than T. The results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased with increasing soil depth. Compared with T treatment, NT, TS, NTS treatments improved soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates. NTS had the best for all the investigated soil depths. The results showed that with increasing soil depth, the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased in soil aggregates. Also the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased in soil aggregates with increasing aggregate size. The correlation between the 2 5 mm and 0.25 2 mm soil aggregates contents and their soil organic carbon content was significantly positive ― respectively with correlation coefficients of 0.493 and 0.559. The correlation between the ≥5 mm soil aggregate content and its soil organic carbon content was significantly negative ( 0.481). The correlation between the 0.25 2 mm and ≥5 mm soil aggregates contents and their total nitrogen contents was respectively significantly positive (0.590) and significantly negative ( 0.418). Therefore the size of the 0.25 2 mm soil aggregate was the major driver of soil organic and total nitrogen. The contributing rates of organic carbon and total nitrogen in different sized soil aggregates to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in T treatment were in the order of (<0.25 mm) > (≥5 mm) > (0.25 2 mm) > (2 5 mm) in all the soil depths. The trends for the other treatments varied with different soil depths. Long-term conservation tillage increased soil stability, the ≥0.25 mm soil aggregate amount, soil aggregates mean weight diameter, soil organic carbon content and total nitrogen contents. NTS treatment enhanced amount of ≥0.25 mm soil aggregates improving soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and soil stability.
2015, 23(3): 285-293.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140971
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to clarify soil water, temperature and microbial characteristics of summer maize field in Haihe lowland plains under subsoiling-seeding mode. The study was carried out in 2012-2013 at Shenzhou Experimental Station for Dry-land Farming of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. Two seeding modes of 'Zhengdan 958' summer maize variety in the study included subsoiling-seeding integrated treatment (SRT) and no-tillage seeding treatment (NT). Measurements of soil water, soil temperature and microbial characteristics started at maize seedling emergency stage till maturity stage. The results showed that SRT treatment improved soil temperature with average soil temperature increment under SRT treatment of 1.5% for the entire growth season. Also SRT treatment increased diurnal range of soil temperature. While NT treatment improved surface soil moisture storage, SRT treatment enhanced deep soil water storage. In the 0 20 cm soil layer, the water content under NT treatment was higher than that under SRT treatment by 17.5%. Then in the 40 100 cm soil layer, the water content under SRT treatment was higher than that under NT treatment by 9.2%. Also in the 0 40 cm soil layer, fungi and bacteria counts, and SMBC and SOC contents under SRT treatment increased respectively by 26.8%, 17.5%, 23.5% and 57.8%; all of which exceeded those under NT treatment. Actinomycete population decreased by 18.62%, which was lower that under NT treatment. On the whole, SRT treatment increased fungi, bacteria counts, and SMBC and SOC contents, widened soil daily temperature gap and improved soil water storage capacity. Subsoiling-seeding mode was favorable for increasing crop yield, enhancing sustainable utilization of farmlands and increasing maize productivity in Haihe lowland plains.
The objective of this study was to clarify soil water, temperature and microbial characteristics of summer maize field in Haihe lowland plains under subsoiling-seeding mode. The study was carried out in 2012-2013 at Shenzhou Experimental Station for Dry-land Farming of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. Two seeding modes of 'Zhengdan 958' summer maize variety in the study included subsoiling-seeding integrated treatment (SRT) and no-tillage seeding treatment (NT). Measurements of soil water, soil temperature and microbial characteristics started at maize seedling emergency stage till maturity stage. The results showed that SRT treatment improved soil temperature with average soil temperature increment under SRT treatment of 1.5% for the entire growth season. Also SRT treatment increased diurnal range of soil temperature. While NT treatment improved surface soil moisture storage, SRT treatment enhanced deep soil water storage. In the 0 20 cm soil layer, the water content under NT treatment was higher than that under SRT treatment by 17.5%. Then in the 40 100 cm soil layer, the water content under SRT treatment was higher than that under NT treatment by 9.2%. Also in the 0 40 cm soil layer, fungi and bacteria counts, and SMBC and SOC contents under SRT treatment increased respectively by 26.8%, 17.5%, 23.5% and 57.8%; all of which exceeded those under NT treatment. Actinomycete population decreased by 18.62%, which was lower that under NT treatment. On the whole, SRT treatment increased fungi, bacteria counts, and SMBC and SOC contents, widened soil daily temperature gap and improved soil water storage capacity. Subsoiling-seeding mode was favorable for increasing crop yield, enhancing sustainable utilization of farmlands and increasing maize productivity in Haihe lowland plains.
ZHANG Hanlin,
LYU Weiguang,
ZHENG Xianqing,
LI Shuangxi,
WANG Jinqing,
ZHANG Juanqin,
HE Qiyong,
YUAN Dawei,
GU Xiaojun
2015, 23(3): 302-308.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141079
Abstract:
Crop straw is the largest renewable resource on earth but it is often burned after crop harvest, resulting in loss of nutrients and environmental pollution. With current advocate for ecological agriculture, straw return to soil is the most important mode of reutilization of agricultural by-products. This mode is vigorously applied and promoted in rice/wheat rotation system. Research has shown that straw return to soil as a key mode of ecological agriculture affects many aspects of agricultural systems, including soil physical and chemical properties, carbon sequestration in soils, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Despite this, less research has focused on the effects of different years of straw return to soil on the contributions of agricultural systems to global warming. In this study, field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different years of straw return to soil (with CK as no straw return without fertilizer; and NT, SR1 and SR5 as 0, 1 and 5 years of straw return with normal fertilization) on greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emissions and soil carbon sequestration in rice/wheat rotation system. Combined with the effects of straw burning on greenhouse gas emissions, the contributions of the four treatments to global warming were comprehensively estimated. Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emission fluxes from the rice/wheat rotation systems were analyzed using the static chamber gas chromatography method. Greenhouse gases emission fluxes from straw burning were estimated based on published lists of greenhouse gases by IPCC 2006. The results of the study showed that straw return to soil (SR1 and SR5) significantly increased CH4 and CO2 emission fluxes, which were higher than those of NT by 73.52% and 13.29%, than those of CK by 309.49% and 13.06%, respectively. Straw return to soil also decreased N2O emission flux, which was lower than those of NT (29.68%) and CK (42.55%). However, no significant difference was noted between greenhouse gases emissions under SR1 and SR5. Compared with NT, SR1 and SR5 increased one year soil carbon sequestrations respectively by 517.90% and 709.03%. Also soil carbon sequestration under SR5 was higher than that under SR1 by 30.93%. The contribution of straw burning to soil carbon sequestration under NT was 9 698.49 kg(CO2-eqv)·hm-2, which was higher than that of CK by 126.98%. The combined effects of the three factors (greenhouse gas emission, carbon sequestration and straw burning), the contribution to global warming of SR1 was lowest, significantly lower than that of NT by 4.72%. While full short-term straw return to soil was useful in reducing overall greenhouse gas emission, the range of reduction would decrease with time of full application of long-term straw return to soil.
Crop straw is the largest renewable resource on earth but it is often burned after crop harvest, resulting in loss of nutrients and environmental pollution. With current advocate for ecological agriculture, straw return to soil is the most important mode of reutilization of agricultural by-products. This mode is vigorously applied and promoted in rice/wheat rotation system. Research has shown that straw return to soil as a key mode of ecological agriculture affects many aspects of agricultural systems, including soil physical and chemical properties, carbon sequestration in soils, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Despite this, less research has focused on the effects of different years of straw return to soil on the contributions of agricultural systems to global warming. In this study, field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different years of straw return to soil (with CK as no straw return without fertilizer; and NT, SR1 and SR5 as 0, 1 and 5 years of straw return with normal fertilization) on greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emissions and soil carbon sequestration in rice/wheat rotation system. Combined with the effects of straw burning on greenhouse gas emissions, the contributions of the four treatments to global warming were comprehensively estimated. Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emission fluxes from the rice/wheat rotation systems were analyzed using the static chamber gas chromatography method. Greenhouse gases emission fluxes from straw burning were estimated based on published lists of greenhouse gases by IPCC 2006. The results of the study showed that straw return to soil (SR1 and SR5) significantly increased CH4 and CO2 emission fluxes, which were higher than those of NT by 73.52% and 13.29%, than those of CK by 309.49% and 13.06%, respectively. Straw return to soil also decreased N2O emission flux, which was lower than those of NT (29.68%) and CK (42.55%). However, no significant difference was noted between greenhouse gases emissions under SR1 and SR5. Compared with NT, SR1 and SR5 increased one year soil carbon sequestrations respectively by 517.90% and 709.03%. Also soil carbon sequestration under SR5 was higher than that under SR1 by 30.93%. The contribution of straw burning to soil carbon sequestration under NT was 9 698.49 kg(CO2-eqv)·hm-2, which was higher than that of CK by 126.98%. The combined effects of the three factors (greenhouse gas emission, carbon sequestration and straw burning), the contribution to global warming of SR1 was lowest, significantly lower than that of NT by 4.72%. While full short-term straw return to soil was useful in reducing overall greenhouse gas emission, the range of reduction would decrease with time of full application of long-term straw return to soil.
2015, 23(3): 309-318.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140975
Abstract:
Waterlogging is one of the most common factors limiting crop production of wheat-rice system in southern China. Wheat varieties 'Chuanmai104' and 'Neimai836' were used in 2011 2013 growing season to study chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaf and grain-filling properties of wheat under waterlogging at different growth stages (tillering, jointing, booting and grain-filling stages, with waterlogging duration of 35 days). The study explored the photosynthetic capacity and grain-filling traits under waterlogging in the region. Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD reading) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured using SPAD-502 and photon systems instruments, grain-filling process under waterlogging at different growth stages were fitted with Richard's equation. The results showed little change over time in SPAD value and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ, qP and NPQ) at 15 and 25 days after anthesis. However, sharp decreases in Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and ΦPSⅡ and obvious increase in NPQ were noted at 35 days after anthesis. There was no significant difference between waterlogging treatments and CK in terms of SPAD reading and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ and qP) 15 and 25 days after anthesis. Also 35 days after anthesis, waterlogging at tillering stage and grain-filling stage increased SPAD, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ and qP, and decreased NPQ, compared with CK. Waterlogging at tillering and grain-filling stages had less effect on grain-filling, while waterlogging at jointing and booting stages improved grain-filling rate while shorten grain-filling duration resulting in lower grain weight. Grain weight had significant positive correlation with SPAD, but not significantly correlated with grain-filling rate. Grain weight was also significantly correlated with effective grain-filling duration and active grain-filling duration. This was especially obvious for fast-increasing and slowly-increasing grain-filling periods. 'Chuanmai104' had higher SPAD and Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ and qP. In the study area, it was necessary to pay more attention to waterlog draining at jointing and booting stages to ensure higher photosynthetic capacity, longer grain-filling duration and higher grain weight.
Waterlogging is one of the most common factors limiting crop production of wheat-rice system in southern China. Wheat varieties 'Chuanmai104' and 'Neimai836' were used in 2011 2013 growing season to study chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaf and grain-filling properties of wheat under waterlogging at different growth stages (tillering, jointing, booting and grain-filling stages, with waterlogging duration of 35 days). The study explored the photosynthetic capacity and grain-filling traits under waterlogging in the region. Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD reading) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured using SPAD-502 and photon systems instruments, grain-filling process under waterlogging at different growth stages were fitted with Richard's equation. The results showed little change over time in SPAD value and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ, qP and NPQ) at 15 and 25 days after anthesis. However, sharp decreases in Fv/Fm, Fv/F0 and ΦPSⅡ and obvious increase in NPQ were noted at 35 days after anthesis. There was no significant difference between waterlogging treatments and CK in terms of SPAD reading and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ and qP) 15 and 25 days after anthesis. Also 35 days after anthesis, waterlogging at tillering stage and grain-filling stage increased SPAD, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ and qP, and decreased NPQ, compared with CK. Waterlogging at tillering and grain-filling stages had less effect on grain-filling, while waterlogging at jointing and booting stages improved grain-filling rate while shorten grain-filling duration resulting in lower grain weight. Grain weight had significant positive correlation with SPAD, but not significantly correlated with grain-filling rate. Grain weight was also significantly correlated with effective grain-filling duration and active grain-filling duration. This was especially obvious for fast-increasing and slowly-increasing grain-filling periods. 'Chuanmai104' had higher SPAD and Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, ΦPSⅡ and qP. In the study area, it was necessary to pay more attention to waterlog draining at jointing and booting stages to ensure higher photosynthetic capacity, longer grain-filling duration and higher grain weight.
2015, 23(3): 319-328.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141078
Abstract:
Processing tomato production is the main business of the "red industry" in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. But with regional distribution and industrial development and the resulting in continuous cropping obstacle, the sustainable development of local processing tomato production has been severely restricted. A field experiment was conducted in 2013 in the Experimental Station of Shihezi Agricultural University to study the effects of continuous cropping on physiological activity and material production of processing tomato plant using the 'Ligeer 87-5' tomato variety. In the experiment, three treatments of continuous cropping (3 years, 5 years and 7 years) of processing tomato were set up. In addition, the first-planting of processing tomato was used as the control. The results showed that continuous cropping obstacles appeared in the whole growth period of tomato after 3 years of continuous cropping. The problems significantly increased with increased years of continuous cropping. Peroxidase activity initially increased and later decreased with increasing years of continuous cropping. While catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and root activity steadily decreased, malondialdehyde content increased significantly with increasing years of continuous cropping. The effects of continuous cropping on both antioxidant enzymes activities and malonidaldehyde content were greater on tomato roots than on leaves. Tomato dry matter production decreased with increasing years of continuous cropping. Dry weight was significantly lower in the 7-year continuous cropping treatment than in the control treatment. Continuous cropping reduced translocation of storage materials, rate of transfer and rate of contribution respectively by 57.3%, 21% and 35.6%. At flowering and fruit development stages, dry matter production decreased with increasing years of continuous cropping, eventually reducing tomato yield. 3, 5 and 7 years of continuous cropping reduced tomato yield respectively by 9.4%, 15.6% and 33.9%. Root-to-shoot ratio of tomato had a direct impact on yield and had significant quadratic correlation (R2 = 0.973 5) with tomato yield. The results showed that continuous cropping damaged protective enzyme system and pre-burned tissues and organs of processing tomato. This eventually led to imbalances in plant sink-source relation as one of the main factors for the decline in tomato yield. Thus high yield could be realized by using crop rotation, which could improve the quality of the soil environment, control LAI of population at maturity stage, improve reasonable tomato root-to-shoot ratio.
Processing tomato production is the main business of the "red industry" in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. But with regional distribution and industrial development and the resulting in continuous cropping obstacle, the sustainable development of local processing tomato production has been severely restricted. A field experiment was conducted in 2013 in the Experimental Station of Shihezi Agricultural University to study the effects of continuous cropping on physiological activity and material production of processing tomato plant using the 'Ligeer 87-5' tomato variety. In the experiment, three treatments of continuous cropping (3 years, 5 years and 7 years) of processing tomato were set up. In addition, the first-planting of processing tomato was used as the control. The results showed that continuous cropping obstacles appeared in the whole growth period of tomato after 3 years of continuous cropping. The problems significantly increased with increased years of continuous cropping. Peroxidase activity initially increased and later decreased with increasing years of continuous cropping. While catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and root activity steadily decreased, malondialdehyde content increased significantly with increasing years of continuous cropping. The effects of continuous cropping on both antioxidant enzymes activities and malonidaldehyde content were greater on tomato roots than on leaves. Tomato dry matter production decreased with increasing years of continuous cropping. Dry weight was significantly lower in the 7-year continuous cropping treatment than in the control treatment. Continuous cropping reduced translocation of storage materials, rate of transfer and rate of contribution respectively by 57.3%, 21% and 35.6%. At flowering and fruit development stages, dry matter production decreased with increasing years of continuous cropping, eventually reducing tomato yield. 3, 5 and 7 years of continuous cropping reduced tomato yield respectively by 9.4%, 15.6% and 33.9%. Root-to-shoot ratio of tomato had a direct impact on yield and had significant quadratic correlation (R2 = 0.973 5) with tomato yield. The results showed that continuous cropping damaged protective enzyme system and pre-burned tissues and organs of processing tomato. This eventually led to imbalances in plant sink-source relation as one of the main factors for the decline in tomato yield. Thus high yield could be realized by using crop rotation, which could improve the quality of the soil environment, control LAI of population at maturity stage, improve reasonable tomato root-to-shoot ratio.
2015, 23(3): 329-336.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141032
Abstract:
Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) is a devastating pest insect of wheat around the globe. Chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb have been widely used to control R. padi in the field. Sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb could affect the physiology and behavior of R. padi. To evaluate the effects of sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb on experimental population of R. padi, the leaf dipping method was used to test acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb to adult R. padi. In a laboratory experiment, the life-table was used to analyze the effects of two sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos sublethal (C-LC20, C-LC30) and also two sub-lethal concentrates of isoprocarb sublethal (I-LC20 and I-LC30) on the development and reproduction of R. padi F0 and F1 generations. The results showed that compared with the control, average longevity and average fecundity of R. padi F0 generation significantly decreased after treated with the four sub-lethal concentrates. Average longevity of R. padi F0 generation decreased respectively by 14.03%, 36.04%, 12.01% and 26.86%, while average fecundity of R. padi F0 generation decreased respectively by 20.55%, 42.27%, 17.13% and 26.00% after treated with C-LC20, C-LC30, I-LC20 and I-LC30. Also compared with the control, C-LC20, C-LC30, I-LC20 and I-LC30 treatments significantly increased average development period of the larval stage of R. padi F1 generation by 1.51 d, 1.92 d, 0.9 d and 1.19 d, respectively. However, average longevity of R. padi F1 generation under the four treatments decreased respectively by 21.62%, 33.68%, 15.51% and 23.14%. Also average fecundity decreased respectively by 21.81%, 37.4%, 14.51% and 29.29%. Compared with the control, sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb decreased survival rate, intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ) and gross reproduction rate (GRR) of R. padi F1 generation. It also increased the development duration, the mean generation time (T) and the population doubling time (Dt) of R. padi F1 generation. The current results suggested that the sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb decreased population development rate and fecundity rate of R. padi.
Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) is a devastating pest insect of wheat around the globe. Chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb have been widely used to control R. padi in the field. Sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb could affect the physiology and behavior of R. padi. To evaluate the effects of sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb on experimental population of R. padi, the leaf dipping method was used to test acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb to adult R. padi. In a laboratory experiment, the life-table was used to analyze the effects of two sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos sublethal (C-LC20, C-LC30) and also two sub-lethal concentrates of isoprocarb sublethal (I-LC20 and I-LC30) on the development and reproduction of R. padi F0 and F1 generations. The results showed that compared with the control, average longevity and average fecundity of R. padi F0 generation significantly decreased after treated with the four sub-lethal concentrates. Average longevity of R. padi F0 generation decreased respectively by 14.03%, 36.04%, 12.01% and 26.86%, while average fecundity of R. padi F0 generation decreased respectively by 20.55%, 42.27%, 17.13% and 26.00% after treated with C-LC20, C-LC30, I-LC20 and I-LC30. Also compared with the control, C-LC20, C-LC30, I-LC20 and I-LC30 treatments significantly increased average development period of the larval stage of R. padi F1 generation by 1.51 d, 1.92 d, 0.9 d and 1.19 d, respectively. However, average longevity of R. padi F1 generation under the four treatments decreased respectively by 21.62%, 33.68%, 15.51% and 23.14%. Also average fecundity decreased respectively by 21.81%, 37.4%, 14.51% and 29.29%. Compared with the control, sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb decreased survival rate, intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), finite rate of increase (λ) and gross reproduction rate (GRR) of R. padi F1 generation. It also increased the development duration, the mean generation time (T) and the population doubling time (Dt) of R. padi F1 generation. The current results suggested that the sub-lethal concentrates of chlorpyrifos and isoprocarb decreased population development rate and fecundity rate of R. padi.
2015, 23(3): 337-344.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140798
Abstract:
Currently, there is little research on the assessment of dissipation and dietary intake of cyproconazole in wheat and soil under field conditions. This paper developed a sensitive and simple method of analysis of cyproconazole based on gas chromato- graphy with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Calibration curves were derived for cyproconazole by plotting peak area against concentration range of 0.05 2.0 mg·L-1 in a linear equation (y=266 482x + 2 296.7) with a correlation coefficient of r2=0.999 7. The limit of quantification (LOQ), defined as minimum spike level, was 0.05 mg·kg-1. The average recoveries of five replicates fortified at 0.05 0.2 mg·kg-1 were in the range of 79.2% 95.6% for soil, wheat crop and wheat grain and with relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 1.9% 10.0%. Based on the developed method, the dissipation and terminal residues of cyproconazole in wheat and soil in three experiment fields respectively in Henan, Jiangsu, and Heilongjiang Provinces were investigated under field conditions. The effects of application frequency, dosage and pre-harvest interval on terminal residues were also discussed. Based on first-order kinetic equations, half-life of dissipation of cyproconazole in wheat (3.0 5.5 days) was much shorter than in soil (18.1 34.5 days) in three experimental fields. The sequence of residue level was wheat grain < soil < wheat plant; which were respectively 0.415 mg·kg-1, 0.696 mg·kg-1 and 5.670 mg·kg-1. Final residues of cyproconazole in wheat grains was less than 0.415 mg·kg-1 under different application times, doses and pre-harvest intervals. When pre-harvest interval was 14 and 21 days, cyproconazole residues in wheat plants, grains and soil were not significant different among different application times, doses. However, when harvested at 7 days after application, residues in wheat plants, grains and soil were significantly different between 108 g hm-2 cyproconazole spraying 2 times and 162 g hm-2 cyproconazole spraying 3 times. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) of cyproconazole was 0.02 mg for per kilogram body weight. The supervised trial median residue (STMR) in wheat grain was 0.05 mg·kg-1 and the estimated ADI of cyproconazole was 0.000 109 9 mg kg-1 (body weight). Risk assessment analysis for supervised residue trial suggested that potential health risk posed by cyproconazole was insignificant. Comparison using the one-way Duncan analysis showed that when pre-harvest interval was 14 21 days, dosage and frequency of cyproconazole application had no effect on terminal residues. When pre-harvest interval was 7 days, dosage and frequency had a critical effect on terminal residues. The results showed that cyproconazole use was comparably safe under recommended application methods. This provided a guideline for safe and reasonable use of cyproconazole.
Currently, there is little research on the assessment of dissipation and dietary intake of cyproconazole in wheat and soil under field conditions. This paper developed a sensitive and simple method of analysis of cyproconazole based on gas chromato- graphy with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Calibration curves were derived for cyproconazole by plotting peak area against concentration range of 0.05 2.0 mg·L-1 in a linear equation (y=266 482x + 2 296.7) with a correlation coefficient of r2=0.999 7. The limit of quantification (LOQ), defined as minimum spike level, was 0.05 mg·kg-1. The average recoveries of five replicates fortified at 0.05 0.2 mg·kg-1 were in the range of 79.2% 95.6% for soil, wheat crop and wheat grain and with relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 1.9% 10.0%. Based on the developed method, the dissipation and terminal residues of cyproconazole in wheat and soil in three experiment fields respectively in Henan, Jiangsu, and Heilongjiang Provinces were investigated under field conditions. The effects of application frequency, dosage and pre-harvest interval on terminal residues were also discussed. Based on first-order kinetic equations, half-life of dissipation of cyproconazole in wheat (3.0 5.5 days) was much shorter than in soil (18.1 34.5 days) in three experimental fields. The sequence of residue level was wheat grain < soil < wheat plant; which were respectively 0.415 mg·kg-1, 0.696 mg·kg-1 and 5.670 mg·kg-1. Final residues of cyproconazole in wheat grains was less than 0.415 mg·kg-1 under different application times, doses and pre-harvest intervals. When pre-harvest interval was 14 and 21 days, cyproconazole residues in wheat plants, grains and soil were not significant different among different application times, doses. However, when harvested at 7 days after application, residues in wheat plants, grains and soil were significantly different between 108 g hm-2 cyproconazole spraying 2 times and 162 g hm-2 cyproconazole spraying 3 times. Acceptable daily intake (ADI) of cyproconazole was 0.02 mg for per kilogram body weight. The supervised trial median residue (STMR) in wheat grain was 0.05 mg·kg-1 and the estimated ADI of cyproconazole was 0.000 109 9 mg kg-1 (body weight). Risk assessment analysis for supervised residue trial suggested that potential health risk posed by cyproconazole was insignificant. Comparison using the one-way Duncan analysis showed that when pre-harvest interval was 14 21 days, dosage and frequency of cyproconazole application had no effect on terminal residues. When pre-harvest interval was 7 days, dosage and frequency had a critical effect on terminal residues. The results showed that cyproconazole use was comparably safe under recommended application methods. This provided a guideline for safe and reasonable use of cyproconazole.
2015, 23(3): 345-353.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140925
Abstract:
Evaluation of cultivated land productivity is the basis of fertilization. Traditional evaluation of cultivated land productivity is based on the Delphi method and fuzzy mathematics theory to establish analytic hierarchy process (AHP) framework using integrated index and split it into given grades at county level. Traditional methods need to consider factors selection depending on regional variation and requires spatially explicit information on cultivated land distribution and soil property, which is not all available. The traditional methods also cannot figure out the scales of cultivated land productivity and the inner relations between the factors. In order to overcome these deficiencies, this paper used GPS sampling points data of soil survey and statistical yearbook data to build a multi-scale EGLSN system, which was in turn used to simulate cultivated land productivity in Shanxi Province on the basis of 'process-scale-hierarchy' theory of landscape ecology. The multi-scale EGLSN system included five scales, from macro to micro which were eco-climate, geomorphological landscape, land use and measurement, soil condition and nutrient management scales. The eco-climate scale was set up as the first scale due to high correlation between crop yield and climate factors. The other scales were selected by analyzing soil survey data with principal component analysis (PCA) method. The control area of each scale was calculated in ArcGIS. The crop yield of eco-climate scale was used as the basic standard of cultivated land productivity, which was from yearbook. The models of productivity on other four scales were integrated based on the top scale. The paper run the models in different scales in three different parts of Shanxi Province ― Xinfu District (XD), Yuci District (YC) and Xiangfen County (XF), from north to south, to evaluate the cultivated land productivity. Standard root mean square error (NRMSE) of multi-scale ENLSN evaluation results was calculated with simulated data and GPS sampling points data. NRMSEs of different scales for XD were 31% (geomorphological landscape scale), 26% (land use and measure scale), 14% (soil condition scale) and 3% (nutrient management scale). NRMSEs for YC were 32% (geomorphological landscape scale), 27% (land use and measure scale), 15% (soil condition scale) and 4% (nutrient management scale). Then NRMSEs for XF were 35% (geomorphological landscape scale), 28% (land use and measure scale), 13% (soil condition scale) and 7% (nutrient management scale). Concurrently, on geomorphological landscape scale, the precisions of total productivity in each region relative to eco-climate total productivity were 83% (XD), 80% (YC) and 82% (XF); the ones on land use and measurement scale were 93% (XD), 90% (YC) and 91% (XF); the ones on soil condition scale were 95% (XD), 95% (YC) and 91% (XF); while the ones on nutrient management scale were 96% (XD), 95% (YC) and 93% (XF). The results therefore showed that it was feasible to apply the EGLSN method in simulating cultivated land productivity. The EGLSN models described in this paper extended present understanding of spatial distribution of cultivated land productivity in Shanxi Province with increased accuracy. The multi-scale EGLSN method was preferable over the traditional method because it not only simulated cultivated land productivity at multiple scales, but also provided reference for simulations of cultivated land productivity on larger scales and regional formula fertilization.
Evaluation of cultivated land productivity is the basis of fertilization. Traditional evaluation of cultivated land productivity is based on the Delphi method and fuzzy mathematics theory to establish analytic hierarchy process (AHP) framework using integrated index and split it into given grades at county level. Traditional methods need to consider factors selection depending on regional variation and requires spatially explicit information on cultivated land distribution and soil property, which is not all available. The traditional methods also cannot figure out the scales of cultivated land productivity and the inner relations between the factors. In order to overcome these deficiencies, this paper used GPS sampling points data of soil survey and statistical yearbook data to build a multi-scale EGLSN system, which was in turn used to simulate cultivated land productivity in Shanxi Province on the basis of 'process-scale-hierarchy' theory of landscape ecology. The multi-scale EGLSN system included five scales, from macro to micro which were eco-climate, geomorphological landscape, land use and measurement, soil condition and nutrient management scales. The eco-climate scale was set up as the first scale due to high correlation between crop yield and climate factors. The other scales were selected by analyzing soil survey data with principal component analysis (PCA) method. The control area of each scale was calculated in ArcGIS. The crop yield of eco-climate scale was used as the basic standard of cultivated land productivity, which was from yearbook. The models of productivity on other four scales were integrated based on the top scale. The paper run the models in different scales in three different parts of Shanxi Province ― Xinfu District (XD), Yuci District (YC) and Xiangfen County (XF), from north to south, to evaluate the cultivated land productivity. Standard root mean square error (NRMSE) of multi-scale ENLSN evaluation results was calculated with simulated data and GPS sampling points data. NRMSEs of different scales for XD were 31% (geomorphological landscape scale), 26% (land use and measure scale), 14% (soil condition scale) and 3% (nutrient management scale). NRMSEs for YC were 32% (geomorphological landscape scale), 27% (land use and measure scale), 15% (soil condition scale) and 4% (nutrient management scale). Then NRMSEs for XF were 35% (geomorphological landscape scale), 28% (land use and measure scale), 13% (soil condition scale) and 7% (nutrient management scale). Concurrently, on geomorphological landscape scale, the precisions of total productivity in each region relative to eco-climate total productivity were 83% (XD), 80% (YC) and 82% (XF); the ones on land use and measurement scale were 93% (XD), 90% (YC) and 91% (XF); the ones on soil condition scale were 95% (XD), 95% (YC) and 91% (XF); while the ones on nutrient management scale were 96% (XD), 95% (YC) and 93% (XF). The results therefore showed that it was feasible to apply the EGLSN method in simulating cultivated land productivity. The EGLSN models described in this paper extended present understanding of spatial distribution of cultivated land productivity in Shanxi Province with increased accuracy. The multi-scale EGLSN method was preferable over the traditional method because it not only simulated cultivated land productivity at multiple scales, but also provided reference for simulations of cultivated land productivity on larger scales and regional formula fertilization.
2015, 23(3): 354-364.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150078
Abstract:
Greenhouse gases produced by the process of agricultural production plays large proportion of total amount of greenhouse gases emissions of worldwide production activities. Therefore, estimating agricultural greenhouse gases emissions, analyzing the influencing factors and discussing the achievement of agricultural energy conservation have important significance. Using the statistical data related to Chinese agricultural production in 1993 2011, the research estimated emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 generated by agricultural production in China and analyzed the influencing factors based on previous research results on emission factors in agricultural production of greenhouse gases emissions. The results showed that, CH4 emission from agriculture production in China was basically stable with small fluctuations, while N2O emission increased from 93.21 104 tons in 1993 to 120.51 104 tons in 2011, and CO2 emission of agricultural production materials increased from 15 626.98 104 tons to 31 258.10 104 tons. CO2 emis-sions of planting industry were mainly divided into soil emissions and emissions from production materials. Soil CO2 emission was mainly related to atmospheric temperature, soil temperature, surface temperature and soil moisture. CO2 emissions of production materials were mainly caused by fertilizers and pesticides. CH4, N2O emissions of planting industry were more complicated, it remained to be further studied. The influencing factors of CH4, N2O emissions of animal enteric fermentation largely depended on type, characteristics of animal feed, rearing method and manure management methods.
Greenhouse gases produced by the process of agricultural production plays large proportion of total amount of greenhouse gases emissions of worldwide production activities. Therefore, estimating agricultural greenhouse gases emissions, analyzing the influencing factors and discussing the achievement of agricultural energy conservation have important significance. Using the statistical data related to Chinese agricultural production in 1993 2011, the research estimated emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 generated by agricultural production in China and analyzed the influencing factors based on previous research results on emission factors in agricultural production of greenhouse gases emissions. The results showed that, CH4 emission from agriculture production in China was basically stable with small fluctuations, while N2O emission increased from 93.21 104 tons in 1993 to 120.51 104 tons in 2011, and CO2 emission of agricultural production materials increased from 15 626.98 104 tons to 31 258.10 104 tons. CO2 emis-sions of planting industry were mainly divided into soil emissions and emissions from production materials. Soil CO2 emission was mainly related to atmospheric temperature, soil temperature, surface temperature and soil moisture. CO2 emissions of production materials were mainly caused by fertilizers and pesticides. CH4, N2O emissions of planting industry were more complicated, it remained to be further studied. The influencing factors of CH4, N2O emissions of animal enteric fermentation largely depended on type, characteristics of animal feed, rearing method and manure management methods.
2015, 23(3): 365-372.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141122
Abstract:
Supplementation of farmlands after rural homestead reclamation should take into account land quantity and quality. The evaluation of farmland productivity can provide the basis for comprehensively grasping farmland productivity after reclamation and subsequent fertilization, utilization and management. Using Fuling District of Chongqing City in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as a case study, 665 soil samples from reclaimed homestead pieces of land were randomly collected. Then 16 participatory indexes were selected using AHP and fuzzy method combined with GIS geostatistical spatial analysis functions to evaluate farmland productivity grades and spatial distribution. The results showed that the average grade of farmlands was 3.03, at the middle level. Grade 3 sample number was most, accounting for 52.18% of the total number of samples. This was followed by grade 4 and grade 2, and then grade 1 and grade 5 were the least. From the spatial distribution, differences were noted among the regions due to topography, natural conditions and soil type. All the grades were distributed within sampled townships. The average grades of riversides, level ground and mountain regions were respectively 2.82, 3.15 and 3.19. Farmland productivity of riversides, level ground, mountain regions (basically along topography), increase in altitude declined in trend. As riverside areas improved farmland productivity, focus should be put on improving farmland irrigation, drainage ditches and road conditions. Aerodrome areas should focus on adjusting soil pH and increasing soil phosphorus content. Then mountain regions needed to increase topsoil thickness, improve the utilization of homestead demolitions by reducing soil gravel content.
Supplementation of farmlands after rural homestead reclamation should take into account land quantity and quality. The evaluation of farmland productivity can provide the basis for comprehensively grasping farmland productivity after reclamation and subsequent fertilization, utilization and management. Using Fuling District of Chongqing City in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as a case study, 665 soil samples from reclaimed homestead pieces of land were randomly collected. Then 16 participatory indexes were selected using AHP and fuzzy method combined with GIS geostatistical spatial analysis functions to evaluate farmland productivity grades and spatial distribution. The results showed that the average grade of farmlands was 3.03, at the middle level. Grade 3 sample number was most, accounting for 52.18% of the total number of samples. This was followed by grade 4 and grade 2, and then grade 1 and grade 5 were the least. From the spatial distribution, differences were noted among the regions due to topography, natural conditions and soil type. All the grades were distributed within sampled townships. The average grades of riversides, level ground and mountain regions were respectively 2.82, 3.15 and 3.19. Farmland productivity of riversides, level ground, mountain regions (basically along topography), increase in altitude declined in trend. As riverside areas improved farmland productivity, focus should be put on improving farmland irrigation, drainage ditches and road conditions. Aerodrome areas should focus on adjusting soil pH and increasing soil phosphorus content. Then mountain regions needed to increase topsoil thickness, improve the utilization of homestead demolitions by reducing soil gravel content.
2015, 23(3): 373-381.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.140595
Abstract:
Ecosystem services value is changing with the change in natural and economic conditions. This paper adjusted the "unit area of ecosystem services value of China's terrestrial ecosystem" put forward by Xie Gaodi et al from national scale to county scale. Then vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) was used to form functional adjustment factor, and adjustment factor of ability to pay and adjustment factor of willingness to pay used to calculate economic adjustment factor to adjust the above results. The paper then constructed a dynamic evaluation model for ecosystem services value and calculated dynamic changes in each ecosystem service value coefficient (value per unit area) in Qinglong County for 2003-2012. Finally, the paper evaluated ecosystem services value for the recent decade, revealed the principles of dynamic change in terrestrial ecosystem at county scale. The functional adjustment factors of forest land and garden plot were set as 1.032 and 0.903, respectively, due to they were the main land use types of biological productivity. Other land use types were without functional adjustment factors. Calculation results indicated that functional adjustment improved distinction degree of vegetation types of different coverages by amending equivalent factor value with functional factor of ecosystem services. The adjustment factor of ability to pay was ratio of GDP per person of Qinglong County to national mean GDP per person, while adjustment factor of willingness to pay was calculated with Engel Coefficient. The combination of the adjustment factors of ability to pay and willingness to pay (economic adjustment factor) fluctuated in an upward trend in time. The study results showed that each ecosystem service value coefficient fluctuated with an improving trend for different land use types in Qinglong County in 2003 2012. The ecosystem services value improved by 4.443 billion Yuan in the decade, at an average annual rate of 3.78%. Compared with previous static evaluation model, the results were more favorable, especially for small-scale counties that are extremely sensitive to economic policy. The analysis also revealed the mechanism of dynamic changes in ecosystem services value with better effects.
Ecosystem services value is changing with the change in natural and economic conditions. This paper adjusted the "unit area of ecosystem services value of China's terrestrial ecosystem" put forward by Xie Gaodi et al from national scale to county scale. Then vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) was used to form functional adjustment factor, and adjustment factor of ability to pay and adjustment factor of willingness to pay used to calculate economic adjustment factor to adjust the above results. The paper then constructed a dynamic evaluation model for ecosystem services value and calculated dynamic changes in each ecosystem service value coefficient (value per unit area) in Qinglong County for 2003-2012. Finally, the paper evaluated ecosystem services value for the recent decade, revealed the principles of dynamic change in terrestrial ecosystem at county scale. The functional adjustment factors of forest land and garden plot were set as 1.032 and 0.903, respectively, due to they were the main land use types of biological productivity. Other land use types were without functional adjustment factors. Calculation results indicated that functional adjustment improved distinction degree of vegetation types of different coverages by amending equivalent factor value with functional factor of ecosystem services. The adjustment factor of ability to pay was ratio of GDP per person of Qinglong County to national mean GDP per person, while adjustment factor of willingness to pay was calculated with Engel Coefficient. The combination of the adjustment factors of ability to pay and willingness to pay (economic adjustment factor) fluctuated in an upward trend in time. The study results showed that each ecosystem service value coefficient fluctuated with an improving trend for different land use types in Qinglong County in 2003 2012. The ecosystem services value improved by 4.443 billion Yuan in the decade, at an average annual rate of 3.78%. Compared with previous static evaluation model, the results were more favorable, especially for small-scale counties that are extremely sensitive to economic policy. The analysis also revealed the mechanism of dynamic changes in ecosystem services value with better effects.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
Download Center
More>
Links
More>
Video
More>
