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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2015 Vol. 23, No. 6
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2015, 23(6): 659-667.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141444
Abstract:
To deal with the contradiction between population growth and land shortage, maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system has become increasingly popular and widely adopted in Southeast China. The conventional maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system used by farmers have not been good for high maize-soybean yields and nutrient uptake. To therefore explore the characteristics of competition for resources between crops and the mechanism of yield increase under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted where the effects of planting patterns on crop yield, nutrient uptake and interspecies competition for resources were investigated. The tested planting patterns included maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with wide-narrow rows (A1), maize-soybean relay intercropping in rotation strips with wide-narrow rows (A2), maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with equal rows (A3), maize monoculture (A4) and soybean monoculture (A5). The density of maize and soybean under relay intercropping was equal to that under monoculture. The results showed that compared with monoculture and equal width spacing, relay strip intercropping decreased maize grain yield while increased soybean bean yield significantly. Maize grain yield under A2 treatment was 4.9% and 5.7% lower than those under A4 and A3 treatments, respectively. However, soybean bean yield under A2 treatment was 25.5% and 89.2% higher than those under A5 and A3 treatments, respectively. Compared with A1 treatment, maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake increased under A2 treatment. The maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake under A2 treatment were 7.5%, 18.5%, 9.1% and 14.1% higher than those under A1 treatment. However, yield and N, P, K uptake of soybean were not significantly different between A2 and A1 treatments. Compared with the monoculture treatments, the economic coefficient and nutrient harvest index of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems significantly increased. The economic coefficient and N, P, K harvest indexes of soybean under A2 treatment increased by 40.9%, 11.9%, 20.6% and 39.9%, respectively. In maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, maize competition was weaker than that of soybean for N, P, K (Ams<0,CRms<1). However, rotation helped improve interspecific competition and nutrient competition ratio of maize. In 2013, interspecific competition was close to 0 while nutrient competition ratio was close to 1 under A2 treatment. Comparison of A2 with A1 and A3 treatments showed that rotation benefited harmonious symbiosis between maize and soybean. This symbiosis enhanced nutrient uptake of both maize and soybean, subsequently increasing yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of the cropping system.
To deal with the contradiction between population growth and land shortage, maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system has become increasingly popular and widely adopted in Southeast China. The conventional maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system used by farmers have not been good for high maize-soybean yields and nutrient uptake. To therefore explore the characteristics of competition for resources between crops and the mechanism of yield increase under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, a two-year field experiment was conducted where the effects of planting patterns on crop yield, nutrient uptake and interspecies competition for resources were investigated. The tested planting patterns included maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with wide-narrow rows (A1), maize-soybean relay intercropping in rotation strips with wide-narrow rows (A2), maize-soybean relay intercropping in continuous strips with equal rows (A3), maize monoculture (A4) and soybean monoculture (A5). The density of maize and soybean under relay intercropping was equal to that under monoculture. The results showed that compared with monoculture and equal width spacing, relay strip intercropping decreased maize grain yield while increased soybean bean yield significantly. Maize grain yield under A2 treatment was 4.9% and 5.7% lower than those under A4 and A3 treatments, respectively. However, soybean bean yield under A2 treatment was 25.5% and 89.2% higher than those under A5 and A3 treatments, respectively. Compared with A1 treatment, maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake increased under A2 treatment. The maize grain yield and N, P, K uptake under A2 treatment were 7.5%, 18.5%, 9.1% and 14.1% higher than those under A1 treatment. However, yield and N, P, K uptake of soybean were not significantly different between A2 and A1 treatments. Compared with the monoculture treatments, the economic coefficient and nutrient harvest index of soybean in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems significantly increased. The economic coefficient and N, P, K harvest indexes of soybean under A2 treatment increased by 40.9%, 11.9%, 20.6% and 39.9%, respectively. In maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, maize competition was weaker than that of soybean for N, P, K (Ams<0,CRms<1). However, rotation helped improve interspecific competition and nutrient competition ratio of maize. In 2013, interspecific competition was close to 0 while nutrient competition ratio was close to 1 under A2 treatment. Comparison of A2 with A1 and A3 treatments showed that rotation benefited harmonious symbiosis between maize and soybean. This symbiosis enhanced nutrient uptake of both maize and soybean, subsequently increasing yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of the cropping system.
GUO Mingming,
ZHAO Guangcai,
GUO Wenshan,
CHANG Xuhong,
WANG Demei,
YANG Yushuang,
WANG Mei,
FAN Zhongqing,
QI Zhen,
WANG Yu,
LIU Xiaocheng
2015, 23(6): 668-675.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150014
Abstract:
Wheat grain quality had attracted a significant concern with increasing grain yield in recent years and different cultivation measures had drastically influenced wheat grain quality. To explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer dose and row spacing on grain quality of strong and medium gluten wheat varieties and differences between two wheat types, an experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the Institute of Crop Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2013–2014. Strong gluten wheat variety ‘Jimai 20’ and medium gluten wheat variety ‘Zhongmai 8’ were used in a three-factor complete split-plot design. The main plot consisted of three levels of nitrogen fertilization rates — 150 kg(N)·hm-2, 210 kg(N)·hm-2 and 270 kg(N)·hm-2. Then the first sub-plot consisted of two levels of row spacing in 12 cm and 20 cm, and the second sub-plot of two levels of wheat varieties (‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’). The results showed that protein accumula tion after anthesis and protein content at maturity of ‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’ wheat varieties improved significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilizer dose and row spacing. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on protein accumulation after anthesis was most notable in low N level treatment. A significant difference existed between the two different gluten wheat varieties with increasing row spacing in terms of grain protein accumulation during late grain-filling stage. Under 20 cm row spacing, 210 kg·hm-2 N was more favorable in terms of improved kernel hardness, flour yield, wet gluten content, sedimentation volume and farinograph parameter of ‘Jimai 20’ wheat variety. Then with nitrogen fertilizer dose of 270 kg·hm-2, there was high processing quality of ‘Zhongmai 8’ wheat variety. With increasing nitrogen fertilizer beyond this dose, bread volume and bread score significantly increased in‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’ wheat varieties, with decreasing volume weight of the two wheat varieties. In addition, increasing row spacing notably improved the processing quality of ‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’ under nitrogen fertilizer dose greater than 150 kg·hm-2. It then implied that the processing quality of different gluten wheat varieties was better at row spacing of 20 cm than at row spacing of 12 cm. Grain quality of winter wheat could be improved under better nitrogen application and row spacing. The most appropriate treatments for strong gluten wheat (‘Jimai 20’) and medium gluten wheat (‘Zhongmai 8’) were respectively 20 cm row spacing with 210 kg·hm-2 nitrogen dose and 20 cm row spacing with 270 kg·hm-2 nitrogen dose. The experimental analysis showed that increasing nitrogen fertilizer application and row spacing was beneficially improved grain quality of strong gluten and medium gluten winter wheat varieties.
Wheat grain quality had attracted a significant concern with increasing grain yield in recent years and different cultivation measures had drastically influenced wheat grain quality. To explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer dose and row spacing on grain quality of strong and medium gluten wheat varieties and differences between two wheat types, an experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the Institute of Crop Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2013–2014. Strong gluten wheat variety ‘Jimai 20’ and medium gluten wheat variety ‘Zhongmai 8’ were used in a three-factor complete split-plot design. The main plot consisted of three levels of nitrogen fertilization rates — 150 kg(N)·hm-2, 210 kg(N)·hm-2 and 270 kg(N)·hm-2. Then the first sub-plot consisted of two levels of row spacing in 12 cm and 20 cm, and the second sub-plot of two levels of wheat varieties (‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’). The results showed that protein accumula tion after anthesis and protein content at maturity of ‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’ wheat varieties improved significantly with increasing nitrogen fertilizer dose and row spacing. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on protein accumulation after anthesis was most notable in low N level treatment. A significant difference existed between the two different gluten wheat varieties with increasing row spacing in terms of grain protein accumulation during late grain-filling stage. Under 20 cm row spacing, 210 kg·hm-2 N was more favorable in terms of improved kernel hardness, flour yield, wet gluten content, sedimentation volume and farinograph parameter of ‘Jimai 20’ wheat variety. Then with nitrogen fertilizer dose of 270 kg·hm-2, there was high processing quality of ‘Zhongmai 8’ wheat variety. With increasing nitrogen fertilizer beyond this dose, bread volume and bread score significantly increased in‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’ wheat varieties, with decreasing volume weight of the two wheat varieties. In addition, increasing row spacing notably improved the processing quality of ‘Jimai 20’ and ‘Zhongmai 8’ under nitrogen fertilizer dose greater than 150 kg·hm-2. It then implied that the processing quality of different gluten wheat varieties was better at row spacing of 20 cm than at row spacing of 12 cm. Grain quality of winter wheat could be improved under better nitrogen application and row spacing. The most appropriate treatments for strong gluten wheat (‘Jimai 20’) and medium gluten wheat (‘Zhongmai 8’) were respectively 20 cm row spacing with 210 kg·hm-2 nitrogen dose and 20 cm row spacing with 270 kg·hm-2 nitrogen dose. The experimental analysis showed that increasing nitrogen fertilizer application and row spacing was beneficially improved grain quality of strong gluten and medium gluten winter wheat varieties.
2015, 23(6): 676-685.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141369
Abstract:
This study analyzed spatial variation features and compared assessment methods of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in the 015 cm layer in high bulk-ratio slope of Karst Regions. Three SOC storage assessment methods (soil patch sum method, classical geo-statistical method and discontinuous soil interpolation method based on bulk-rock ratio and soil layer depth) were analyzed in the study. Using grid sampling method, about 107 soil patch samples were set up in a 100 m × 100 m plot. The SOC content and soil bulk density averages were respectively 75.5 g·kg-1 and 0.8 g·cm-3 with relatively moderate coefficients of variation of 30.6%, and 47.3%, respectively. The structural characteristics of SOC semivariogram followed an exponential model with nugget, sill and range values of 260.8, 521.7 and 52.5 m, respectively. Semivariograms of SOC content and soil bulk density showed strong anisotropy when the lag distance ranges were 015.2 m and 34.754.2 m, respectively, implying that micro-topography and topography significantly influenced structural variations in SOC. Based on soil patch sum assessment method, SOC storage of the plot and SOC density were respectively 983.8 kg and 0.1 kg·m-2. Also for discontinuous soil interpolation method, the estimated SOC storage of the plot and SOC density were respectively 2 712.8 kg and 0.3 kg·m-2. The estimated carbon stock of the plot and SOC density by the classical geo-statistical method were 86 264.0 kg and 8.6 kg·m-2, the carbon stock was 87.7 times of the actual value, with estimation error rate of 8 668.4%. The results suggested that the classical geo-statistical method was not suitable for estimating carbon stock and density in high bulk-ratio slope of Karst Regions. Compared with the classical geo-statistical method, revision of the bulk-stock ratio and soil depth significantly reduced estimation error of carbon stock and density by the discontinuous soil interpolation method. Therefore discontinuous soil interpolation method was more suitable for the estimation of soil carbon stock and density in such areas than the classical geo-statistical method. It was concluded that although the geo-statistical was an effective approach for analyzing spatial heterogeneity of SOC, it failed to precisely assess spatial distributions of soil patches, habitat types, bulk-rock ratios and soil thicknesses. Thus there was the need to revise the estimation methods in order to get the actual value of SOC. This study provided the scientific basis for future studies on the assessment of carbon storage in Karst Regions.
This study analyzed spatial variation features and compared assessment methods of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in the 015 cm layer in high bulk-ratio slope of Karst Regions. Three SOC storage assessment methods (soil patch sum method, classical geo-statistical method and discontinuous soil interpolation method based on bulk-rock ratio and soil layer depth) were analyzed in the study. Using grid sampling method, about 107 soil patch samples were set up in a 100 m × 100 m plot. The SOC content and soil bulk density averages were respectively 75.5 g·kg-1 and 0.8 g·cm-3 with relatively moderate coefficients of variation of 30.6%, and 47.3%, respectively. The structural characteristics of SOC semivariogram followed an exponential model with nugget, sill and range values of 260.8, 521.7 and 52.5 m, respectively. Semivariograms of SOC content and soil bulk density showed strong anisotropy when the lag distance ranges were 015.2 m and 34.754.2 m, respectively, implying that micro-topography and topography significantly influenced structural variations in SOC. Based on soil patch sum assessment method, SOC storage of the plot and SOC density were respectively 983.8 kg and 0.1 kg·m-2. Also for discontinuous soil interpolation method, the estimated SOC storage of the plot and SOC density were respectively 2 712.8 kg and 0.3 kg·m-2. The estimated carbon stock of the plot and SOC density by the classical geo-statistical method were 86 264.0 kg and 8.6 kg·m-2, the carbon stock was 87.7 times of the actual value, with estimation error rate of 8 668.4%. The results suggested that the classical geo-statistical method was not suitable for estimating carbon stock and density in high bulk-ratio slope of Karst Regions. Compared with the classical geo-statistical method, revision of the bulk-stock ratio and soil depth significantly reduced estimation error of carbon stock and density by the discontinuous soil interpolation method. Therefore discontinuous soil interpolation method was more suitable for the estimation of soil carbon stock and density in such areas than the classical geo-statistical method. It was concluded that although the geo-statistical was an effective approach for analyzing spatial heterogeneity of SOC, it failed to precisely assess spatial distributions of soil patches, habitat types, bulk-rock ratios and soil thicknesses. Thus there was the need to revise the estimation methods in order to get the actual value of SOC. This study provided the scientific basis for future studies on the assessment of carbon storage in Karst Regions.
2015, 23(6): 686-693.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141289
Abstract:
Ecological stoichiometry studies energy balance of multiple chemical elements in the process of ecological interaction, and C, N, P stoichiometry is the core element of various ecological processes. Ecological stoichiometry has two important theories — the theories of homeostasis and growth-rate hypothesis (GRH). Ecological stoichiometry has been incorporated successfully into many levels of biology, ranging from molecular, cellular, organismal and population levels to ecosystem and global levels. At present, the principles of ecological stoichiometry are broadly applied in population dynamics, trophie dynamics, microbial nutrition, host-pathogen interactions, symbiosis, comparative ecosystem analysis and consumer-driven nutrient cycle. The research on plant C, N, P stoichiometry traits has immensely contributed to the understanding of the allocation of C, N and P contents in different plant organs and the determination of correlations between the theories of GRH and homeostasis. Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the most important economic crops in China. The main planting areas of flue-cured tobacco cover seven provinces, including Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province. The study of stoichiometric characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco organs (leaf, stem and root) is highly significance in understanding the mechanisms of growth and nutrient utilization of flue-cured tobacco. In a field experiment in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province, three tobacco varieties (‘Yunyan 87’, ‘Chuanyan 1’ and ‘KRK26’) were used to determine C, N and P contents and stoichiometry traits of different organs of tobacco varieties at different growth stages. It was found that: 1) above-ground biomass increased gradually and reached maximum at maturity stage. The specific growth rate of tobacco decreased initially and then increased and again decreased gradually, reaching maximum value at vigorous growth stage. Also the C︰N, C︰P and N︰P ratios increased significantly at vigorous growth stage. These results were not consistent with the theory of GRH, according to which the higher growth rates of plant corresponded to lower C︰N, C︰P and N︰P ratios. 2) C content of tobacco increased initially and then decreased, reaching highest values at vigorous growth stage. Also N and P contents continuously decreased from root elongation stage to maturity stage. The ratios of C︰N and C︰P of root and leaf increased gradually during the entire growth period while C︰N ratio of stem decreased gradually throughout the growth period. The overall trend in stem increased initially before eventually decreasing. Finally, small variations were noted in C content and N︰P ratio (lower than 20%) during the growth period. This suggested strong homeostasis during the growth stages in the above parameters. However, huge variations were noted in N and P contents and in C︰N and C︰P ratios. 3) N content of leaves was positively correlated with leaf P content, suggesting relative consistency in leaf N-P content. The positive correlation between leaf N content and stem N content was driven by the structure of plant canopy.
Ecological stoichiometry studies energy balance of multiple chemical elements in the process of ecological interaction, and C, N, P stoichiometry is the core element of various ecological processes. Ecological stoichiometry has two important theories — the theories of homeostasis and growth-rate hypothesis (GRH). Ecological stoichiometry has been incorporated successfully into many levels of biology, ranging from molecular, cellular, organismal and population levels to ecosystem and global levels. At present, the principles of ecological stoichiometry are broadly applied in population dynamics, trophie dynamics, microbial nutrition, host-pathogen interactions, symbiosis, comparative ecosystem analysis and consumer-driven nutrient cycle. The research on plant C, N, P stoichiometry traits has immensely contributed to the understanding of the allocation of C, N and P contents in different plant organs and the determination of correlations between the theories of GRH and homeostasis. Flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the most important economic crops in China. The main planting areas of flue-cured tobacco cover seven provinces, including Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province. The study of stoichiometric characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco organs (leaf, stem and root) is highly significance in understanding the mechanisms of growth and nutrient utilization of flue-cured tobacco. In a field experiment in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province, three tobacco varieties (‘Yunyan 87’, ‘Chuanyan 1’ and ‘KRK26’) were used to determine C, N and P contents and stoichiometry traits of different organs of tobacco varieties at different growth stages. It was found that: 1) above-ground biomass increased gradually and reached maximum at maturity stage. The specific growth rate of tobacco decreased initially and then increased and again decreased gradually, reaching maximum value at vigorous growth stage. Also the C︰N, C︰P and N︰P ratios increased significantly at vigorous growth stage. These results were not consistent with the theory of GRH, according to which the higher growth rates of plant corresponded to lower C︰N, C︰P and N︰P ratios. 2) C content of tobacco increased initially and then decreased, reaching highest values at vigorous growth stage. Also N and P contents continuously decreased from root elongation stage to maturity stage. The ratios of C︰N and C︰P of root and leaf increased gradually during the entire growth period while C︰N ratio of stem decreased gradually throughout the growth period. The overall trend in stem increased initially before eventually decreasing. Finally, small variations were noted in C content and N︰P ratio (lower than 20%) during the growth period. This suggested strong homeostasis during the growth stages in the above parameters. However, huge variations were noted in N and P contents and in C︰N and C︰P ratios. 3) N content of leaves was positively correlated with leaf P content, suggesting relative consistency in leaf N-P content. The positive correlation between leaf N content and stem N content was driven by the structure of plant canopy.
LIU Haiqing,
SUN Wancang,
LIU Zigang,
WANG Zhijiang,
YUAN Jinhai,
FANG Yuan,
GUO Rendi,
MI Chao,
CHEN Qi
2015, 23(6): 694-704.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141426
Abstract:
This study researched the growth and development characteristics of winter rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) in different ecological areas in North China to clarify the suitable areas for northward movement of the planting area of winter rapeseed. An experiment involving 18 winter rapeseed varieties was conducted in 2008–2013 at 17 ecological sites and the results statistically analyzed for variations in agronomic traits. Then parametric method and variation coefficient method were used to analyze the stability of the traits of 18 varieties of winter rapeseed. Finally, agronomic traits of the rapeseeds were analyzed using synthetic subordinate function. The analyses showed that winter rapeseed grew normally with excellent agronomic traits in safe wintering areas in North China (dry and cold regions). Also the 18 winter rapeseed varieties performed better than other oil corps, such as spring rapeseed and flax. The agronomic traits of winter rapeseed were not significantly different among varieties and years, showing high stability. Temperature was the main factor influencing the agronomic traits of rapeseed. Also altitude, latitude and wintering rate significantly influenced the agronomic traits of rapeseed. Because average annual temperature and extreme minimum temperature were low, low temperatures occurred early and lasted for a long time, daytime and nighttime temperature difference was largely in the study area of North China, the agronomic traits of 18 rapeseed varieties in different ecological sites were significantly different. The plant height and branch length were shorter, while the number of branches was less in high latitude areas (latitude greater than 36°) than those in the north boundary of the original north planting region of winter rapeseed (Tianshui City, 36 °N). In high latitude areas, segmented siliques happened due to freeze injure during flowering stage. The length of main florescence was longer and the siliques of main florescence were shorter and mal-distributed. However, the 1000-grain weight and seeds per silique increased due to relatively longer postulation period and low temperature during pustulation period, while the large daytime and nighttime temperature difference also reduced respiration consumption. Urumqi, Tacheng and Baicheng Cities were the potential areas of cultivation of winter rapeseed as the extremely cold temperature in these areas provided enough snow both in winter and spring to protect the winter rapeseed from freeze injure in winter and drought stress in spring. Therefore it was not only possible to grow winter rapeseed in dry and cold regions of North China, but it was possible to have excellent agronomic traits of the crop. There was a huge potential for the development of winter rapeseed in North China, an area with huge advantages in terms of 1000-grain weight and seed per silique of winter rapeseed.
This study researched the growth and development characteristics of winter rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) in different ecological areas in North China to clarify the suitable areas for northward movement of the planting area of winter rapeseed. An experiment involving 18 winter rapeseed varieties was conducted in 2008–2013 at 17 ecological sites and the results statistically analyzed for variations in agronomic traits. Then parametric method and variation coefficient method were used to analyze the stability of the traits of 18 varieties of winter rapeseed. Finally, agronomic traits of the rapeseeds were analyzed using synthetic subordinate function. The analyses showed that winter rapeseed grew normally with excellent agronomic traits in safe wintering areas in North China (dry and cold regions). Also the 18 winter rapeseed varieties performed better than other oil corps, such as spring rapeseed and flax. The agronomic traits of winter rapeseed were not significantly different among varieties and years, showing high stability. Temperature was the main factor influencing the agronomic traits of rapeseed. Also altitude, latitude and wintering rate significantly influenced the agronomic traits of rapeseed. Because average annual temperature and extreme minimum temperature were low, low temperatures occurred early and lasted for a long time, daytime and nighttime temperature difference was largely in the study area of North China, the agronomic traits of 18 rapeseed varieties in different ecological sites were significantly different. The plant height and branch length were shorter, while the number of branches was less in high latitude areas (latitude greater than 36°) than those in the north boundary of the original north planting region of winter rapeseed (Tianshui City, 36 °N). In high latitude areas, segmented siliques happened due to freeze injure during flowering stage. The length of main florescence was longer and the siliques of main florescence were shorter and mal-distributed. However, the 1000-grain weight and seeds per silique increased due to relatively longer postulation period and low temperature during pustulation period, while the large daytime and nighttime temperature difference also reduced respiration consumption. Urumqi, Tacheng and Baicheng Cities were the potential areas of cultivation of winter rapeseed as the extremely cold temperature in these areas provided enough snow both in winter and spring to protect the winter rapeseed from freeze injure in winter and drought stress in spring. Therefore it was not only possible to grow winter rapeseed in dry and cold regions of North China, but it was possible to have excellent agronomic traits of the crop. There was a huge potential for the development of winter rapeseed in North China, an area with huge advantages in terms of 1000-grain weight and seed per silique of winter rapeseed.
2015, 23(6): 705-712.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141278
Abstract:
Gansu Province is a major oat production area in northwestern China. Both oat hay and grain are very good feeds for livestock animals. Due to high variations in topography and physiognomy from east to west of Gansu Province, oat production in the province varies significantly. In order to determine the productivity and adaptability of different oat varieties in different eco-regions of Gansu Province, a 3-year experiment consisting 7 oat varieties (‘Longyan No.1’, ‘Longyan No. 2’, ‘Longyan No. 3’, ‘Qingyin No. 1’, ‘Qingyin No. 2’, ‘Denmark 444’ and ‘Baiyan No. 7’) was conducted in 7 different eco-regions (Tianzhu County, Tongwei County, Xiahe County, Minxian County, Anding District, Hezuo City and Yuzhong County) of the province. The variations in hay and grain yields, growth period, plant height, effective tiller number, panicle length, grain number and grain weight per panicle were recorded and the recorded data was analyzed using GGE-Biplot analysis. GGE-Biplot analysis is a simple and intuitive method for analyzing productivity and adaptability of crop varieties under different utilization purposes in different ecological regions. It can also be used to test the representativeness of trail sites, to enhance the efficiency of experiment studies and to increase the accuracy of experimental results. The results suggested that eco-environment played a vital role in oat productivity. Among the 7 experimental sites in the seven regions, the highest average grain yield (5 671.3 kg·hm-2) was in Tongwei County while both the lowest grain (1 709.7 kg·hm-2) and hay (3 301.2 kg·hm-2) yields were in Anding District. Significant varietal differences were observed in terms of adaptability, productivity and stability in different eco-regions. Different varieties had different performances in different eco-regions under different utilization purposes. ‘Longyan No. 2’ and ‘Longyan No. 3’ performed best in Tianzhu County, Minxian County, Tongwei County and Yuzhong County in terms of hay yield. Then ‘Longyan No. 1’, ‘Longyan No. 3’ and ‘Qingyin No. 2’ performed best in Hezuo City, Minxian County and Tongwei County in terms of grain production. ‘Baiyan No. 7’ was most suitable for Tongwei County in terms of grain production. Among the 7 regions, Tongwei County was most representative of the counties in terms of hay production. Minxian County was the most suitable county in terms of grain production.
Gansu Province is a major oat production area in northwestern China. Both oat hay and grain are very good feeds for livestock animals. Due to high variations in topography and physiognomy from east to west of Gansu Province, oat production in the province varies significantly. In order to determine the productivity and adaptability of different oat varieties in different eco-regions of Gansu Province, a 3-year experiment consisting 7 oat varieties (‘Longyan No.1’, ‘Longyan No. 2’, ‘Longyan No. 3’, ‘Qingyin No. 1’, ‘Qingyin No. 2’, ‘Denmark 444’ and ‘Baiyan No. 7’) was conducted in 7 different eco-regions (Tianzhu County, Tongwei County, Xiahe County, Minxian County, Anding District, Hezuo City and Yuzhong County) of the province. The variations in hay and grain yields, growth period, plant height, effective tiller number, panicle length, grain number and grain weight per panicle were recorded and the recorded data was analyzed using GGE-Biplot analysis. GGE-Biplot analysis is a simple and intuitive method for analyzing productivity and adaptability of crop varieties under different utilization purposes in different ecological regions. It can also be used to test the representativeness of trail sites, to enhance the efficiency of experiment studies and to increase the accuracy of experimental results. The results suggested that eco-environment played a vital role in oat productivity. Among the 7 experimental sites in the seven regions, the highest average grain yield (5 671.3 kg·hm-2) was in Tongwei County while both the lowest grain (1 709.7 kg·hm-2) and hay (3 301.2 kg·hm-2) yields were in Anding District. Significant varietal differences were observed in terms of adaptability, productivity and stability in different eco-regions. Different varieties had different performances in different eco-regions under different utilization purposes. ‘Longyan No. 2’ and ‘Longyan No. 3’ performed best in Tianzhu County, Minxian County, Tongwei County and Yuzhong County in terms of hay yield. Then ‘Longyan No. 1’, ‘Longyan No. 3’ and ‘Qingyin No. 2’ performed best in Hezuo City, Minxian County and Tongwei County in terms of grain production. ‘Baiyan No. 7’ was most suitable for Tongwei County in terms of grain production. Among the 7 regions, Tongwei County was most representative of the counties in terms of hay production. Minxian County was the most suitable county in terms of grain production.
2015, 23(6): 713-724.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141340
Abstract:
Panax notoginseng, a species of Araliaceae family and panax genus, is a perennial crop cultivated under no-tillage and shaded conditions in warm and damp environments. Because of years of large-scale monoculture of this crop, the ecological environment of P. notoginseng rhizosphere soil has deteriorated due to severe continuous cropping obstacles. Previous studies noted that autotoxins adsorption, soil sterilization, balanced fertilization, soil amendments and other technical measures or the combination of these measures had the potential to improve soil micro-ecological environment to varying degrees which promoted growth or yield of P. notoginseng. However, relevant studies on how to scientifically evaluate the effects of these measures, comprehensively compare the differences among different measures and screen out the most effective mitigation measures were still highly limited. The improved TOPSIS method combined with RSR method was used in this study to screen out the most effective mitigation measures. An experiment was conducted to screen effective technical measures for reducing the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng. The eight indicators — including emergence rates (reflecting emergence conditions), survival rates (reflecting survival conditions), and above-ground and belowground fresh weight, dry weight and total dry weight (reflecting growth conditions) of P. notoginseng in 67 treatments — were used in TOPSIS and RSR analyses to comprehensively evaluate the reducing effects of soil amendments, organic compounds, beneficial microorganisms and other technical measures and combinations of these on the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng. The evaluation results showed that treatments such as soil disinfectant + beneficial microorganisms + organic fertilizer (WY) and soil disinfectant + soil amendments + beneficial microorganisms (WX) and other measures increased emergence and survival rates of continuously cropped P. notoginseng, and promoted growth of P. notoginseng, increased dry matter accumulation and effectively reduced the effects of the continuous cropping obstacles of P. notoginseng. TOPSIS and RSR analyse results were strongly consistent and therefore suitable for evaluating the reducing effects of on the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng. The effective measures reducing the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng included WY7 (4 500 kg·hm-2 lime + 22 500 kg·hm-2 pig manure), WX9 (4 500 kg·hm-2 lime + 675 kg·hm-2 bio-fertilizer + 4 500 kg·hm-2 carbon powder), etc. The orders of effects of other treatments were also consistent with the pot experiment, suggesting that TOPSIS analysis combined with RSR analysis increased the accuracy of evaluation and was therefore suitable for screening effective measures reducing the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng.
Panax notoginseng, a species of Araliaceae family and panax genus, is a perennial crop cultivated under no-tillage and shaded conditions in warm and damp environments. Because of years of large-scale monoculture of this crop, the ecological environment of P. notoginseng rhizosphere soil has deteriorated due to severe continuous cropping obstacles. Previous studies noted that autotoxins adsorption, soil sterilization, balanced fertilization, soil amendments and other technical measures or the combination of these measures had the potential to improve soil micro-ecological environment to varying degrees which promoted growth or yield of P. notoginseng. However, relevant studies on how to scientifically evaluate the effects of these measures, comprehensively compare the differences among different measures and screen out the most effective mitigation measures were still highly limited. The improved TOPSIS method combined with RSR method was used in this study to screen out the most effective mitigation measures. An experiment was conducted to screen effective technical measures for reducing the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng. The eight indicators — including emergence rates (reflecting emergence conditions), survival rates (reflecting survival conditions), and above-ground and belowground fresh weight, dry weight and total dry weight (reflecting growth conditions) of P. notoginseng in 67 treatments — were used in TOPSIS and RSR analyses to comprehensively evaluate the reducing effects of soil amendments, organic compounds, beneficial microorganisms and other technical measures and combinations of these on the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng. The evaluation results showed that treatments such as soil disinfectant + beneficial microorganisms + organic fertilizer (WY) and soil disinfectant + soil amendments + beneficial microorganisms (WX) and other measures increased emergence and survival rates of continuously cropped P. notoginseng, and promoted growth of P. notoginseng, increased dry matter accumulation and effectively reduced the effects of the continuous cropping obstacles of P. notoginseng. TOPSIS and RSR analyse results were strongly consistent and therefore suitable for evaluating the reducing effects of on the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng. The effective measures reducing the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng included WY7 (4 500 kg·hm-2 lime + 22 500 kg·hm-2 pig manure), WX9 (4 500 kg·hm-2 lime + 675 kg·hm-2 bio-fertilizer + 4 500 kg·hm-2 carbon powder), etc. The orders of effects of other treatments were also consistent with the pot experiment, suggesting that TOPSIS analysis combined with RSR analysis increased the accuracy of evaluation and was therefore suitable for screening effective measures reducing the obstacles of continuous cropping of P. notoginseng.
2015, 23(6): 725-732.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141475
Abstract:
Long-term incorporation of crop straw into soil affects soil heavy metal speciation and bioavailability. In order to develop feasible control measures of cadmium pollution of the soil and food production, the effects of long-term incorporation of crop straw into soil on the enhancement or inhibition of cadmium contamination of paddy soils was investigated. The cadmium contaminated paddy soil was from Jinyang District, Deyang City, Sichuan Province. Field-investigated and field-sampled data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of cadmium fractions in straw-incorporated (returned rice straw into soil in autumn and returned wheat straw into soil in summer) paddy soils for 0, 1, 4 and 8 years. The results showed that the average content of total soil cadmium in the ploughing layer (020 cm soil layer) was 0.478 mg·kg-1. The average content of total soil cadmium in plough pan (2040 cm soil layer) was 0.419 mg·kg-1. The average contents of cadmium in both soil layers exceeded environmental quality standard for agricultural soils (farmland soil cadmium < 0.30 mg·kg-1 of GB15618—1995). The distribution of cadmium speciation in the paddy soil was as follows: residual Cd > Fe-Mn oxide bonded Cd > organically bonded Cd > carbonate bonded Cd > exchangeable Cd. The incorporation of crop straw for over 4 years in paddy soils significantly improved soil organic matter content. It also obviously increased soil organically bonded Cd ions. The content of organically bonded Cd in soil with crop straw incorporation for 4 years was increased by 45%. The incorporation of crop straw in paddy soils slightly increased soil exchangeable Cd in the ploughing layer (020 cm soil layer). With increasing years of the incorporation of crop straw into soil, soil pH initially increased significantly (crop straw incorporation for 14 years) before decreasing slowly (crop straw incorporation for 48 years). This mainly affected the speciation of soil carbonate bonded Cd. The bioavailability of soil cadmium speciation under different years of crop straw incorporation was evaluate too. For short term crop straw incorporation (14 years), the bioavailability of cadmium in ploughing soil layer (020 cm) significantly decreased with increasing number of years. However, the bioavailability of soil cadmium fractions in the plough pan (2040 cm soil layer) did not significantly change with increasing number of years of crop straw incorporation. In conclusion therefore, short-term (14 years) incorporation of crop straw into paddy soils increased soil organic matter content. It also significantly enhanced soil organically bonded Cd and reduced soil availability of cadmium in the ploughing soil. This somehow reduced soil cadmium hazards and the risk of crop absorption and accumulation from soil cadmium. The findings of the study were beneficial for controlling heavy metal pollution in paddy soils induced by crop straw incorporation. It was also beneficial for designing more efficient and environmentally-friendly crop straw incorporation methods to prevent future soil cadmium pollution.
Long-term incorporation of crop straw into soil affects soil heavy metal speciation and bioavailability. In order to develop feasible control measures of cadmium pollution of the soil and food production, the effects of long-term incorporation of crop straw into soil on the enhancement or inhibition of cadmium contamination of paddy soils was investigated. The cadmium contaminated paddy soil was from Jinyang District, Deyang City, Sichuan Province. Field-investigated and field-sampled data were analyzed to determine the characteristics of cadmium fractions in straw-incorporated (returned rice straw into soil in autumn and returned wheat straw into soil in summer) paddy soils for 0, 1, 4 and 8 years. The results showed that the average content of total soil cadmium in the ploughing layer (020 cm soil layer) was 0.478 mg·kg-1. The average content of total soil cadmium in plough pan (2040 cm soil layer) was 0.419 mg·kg-1. The average contents of cadmium in both soil layers exceeded environmental quality standard for agricultural soils (farmland soil cadmium < 0.30 mg·kg-1 of GB15618—1995). The distribution of cadmium speciation in the paddy soil was as follows: residual Cd > Fe-Mn oxide bonded Cd > organically bonded Cd > carbonate bonded Cd > exchangeable Cd. The incorporation of crop straw for over 4 years in paddy soils significantly improved soil organic matter content. It also obviously increased soil organically bonded Cd ions. The content of organically bonded Cd in soil with crop straw incorporation for 4 years was increased by 45%. The incorporation of crop straw in paddy soils slightly increased soil exchangeable Cd in the ploughing layer (020 cm soil layer). With increasing years of the incorporation of crop straw into soil, soil pH initially increased significantly (crop straw incorporation for 14 years) before decreasing slowly (crop straw incorporation for 48 years). This mainly affected the speciation of soil carbonate bonded Cd. The bioavailability of soil cadmium speciation under different years of crop straw incorporation was evaluate too. For short term crop straw incorporation (14 years), the bioavailability of cadmium in ploughing soil layer (020 cm) significantly decreased with increasing number of years. However, the bioavailability of soil cadmium fractions in the plough pan (2040 cm soil layer) did not significantly change with increasing number of years of crop straw incorporation. In conclusion therefore, short-term (14 years) incorporation of crop straw into paddy soils increased soil organic matter content. It also significantly enhanced soil organically bonded Cd and reduced soil availability of cadmium in the ploughing soil. This somehow reduced soil cadmium hazards and the risk of crop absorption and accumulation from soil cadmium. The findings of the study were beneficial for controlling heavy metal pollution in paddy soils induced by crop straw incorporation. It was also beneficial for designing more efficient and environmentally-friendly crop straw incorporation methods to prevent future soil cadmium pollution.
2015, 23(6): 733-740.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141309
Abstract:
Agricultural landscape is one of the most important landscape types on the Earth. It is a composite mosaic made up of natural and human-managed patches, providing basic production and living conditions for humans. In agricultural landscape, non-cropped green-land patches or habitats are vital for maintaining biodiversity, functionalities and services of agro- ecosystems. However, these contributions of non-cropped green-land patches are not been fully recognized and understood even up to now. Plenty of evidence show that accelerated development of modern agriculture in the world has led to the disappearance of a large number of non-agricultural green-land patches. Moreover, the structure of agricultural landscape has become increasingly simple, severely damaging the functions and services of agro-ecosystems. Thus the sustainable development of agriculture and even the whole world require an increasing emphasis on the study and examination of the relationships between agricultural productivity and biodiversity, landscape heterogeneity and ecosystem functions and services. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River plain is an important grain-producing area in China. The plain has typical agricultural landscape features and provides the conditions for ideal case studies. Fengqiu County is located in the lower reaches of Yellow River in Henan Province, which was selected as case-study area for this research. To analyze the landscape structure, we firstly extracted and classified green-land patches by ArcGIS10.0 based on 2013 remote sensing images. Secondly, we derived vector diagrams of green-land patches to get basic and useful information on non-cropped green-lands in the study area. Then by referencing to the national green space classification standard, non-cropped green-land patches were divided into 3 types — residential green-land, hedge/ditch green-land and artificial forest. In this study, we specifically analyzed the structural attributes of non-cropped green-land patches using Fragstats package. The study results showed that both of the total rates and areas of non-cropped green-lands had low values in the Fengqiu County. The dominant type of non-cropped green-land patches was artificial forests with single structure and sparse vegetation, which was well distributed around residential areas. Residential green space was relatively scattered and broken whereas the connection degree of hedge/ditch green-land was low. The diversity index of non-cropped green-land patches was lower. All these suggested the fragmentation distribution characteristics in the study area. In order to increase the quantity and quality of non-cropped green-land patches in agricultural landscape, it was suggested to build new types and increase the ratio of non-cropped green-lands by adjusting the spatial structure and strengthening the configuration of different landscape elements. The detailed optimization methods of this strategy were given as follows: 1) enhancing landscape heterogeneity by increasing non-cropped green-land patch types; 2) increasing complexity of green-land patch structure by adjusting the proportion of non-cropped green-land patches; and 3) accomplishing rational distribution of landscape structure by optimizing the configuration of non-cropped green-land patches. The results of the study provided scientific bases for further exploration of landscape pattern arrangements and final construction of multifunctional landscapes in the future.
Agricultural landscape is one of the most important landscape types on the Earth. It is a composite mosaic made up of natural and human-managed patches, providing basic production and living conditions for humans. In agricultural landscape, non-cropped green-land patches or habitats are vital for maintaining biodiversity, functionalities and services of agro- ecosystems. However, these contributions of non-cropped green-land patches are not been fully recognized and understood even up to now. Plenty of evidence show that accelerated development of modern agriculture in the world has led to the disappearance of a large number of non-agricultural green-land patches. Moreover, the structure of agricultural landscape has become increasingly simple, severely damaging the functions and services of agro-ecosystems. Thus the sustainable development of agriculture and even the whole world require an increasing emphasis on the study and examination of the relationships between agricultural productivity and biodiversity, landscape heterogeneity and ecosystem functions and services. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River plain is an important grain-producing area in China. The plain has typical agricultural landscape features and provides the conditions for ideal case studies. Fengqiu County is located in the lower reaches of Yellow River in Henan Province, which was selected as case-study area for this research. To analyze the landscape structure, we firstly extracted and classified green-land patches by ArcGIS10.0 based on 2013 remote sensing images. Secondly, we derived vector diagrams of green-land patches to get basic and useful information on non-cropped green-lands in the study area. Then by referencing to the national green space classification standard, non-cropped green-land patches were divided into 3 types — residential green-land, hedge/ditch green-land and artificial forest. In this study, we specifically analyzed the structural attributes of non-cropped green-land patches using Fragstats package. The study results showed that both of the total rates and areas of non-cropped green-lands had low values in the Fengqiu County. The dominant type of non-cropped green-land patches was artificial forests with single structure and sparse vegetation, which was well distributed around residential areas. Residential green space was relatively scattered and broken whereas the connection degree of hedge/ditch green-land was low. The diversity index of non-cropped green-land patches was lower. All these suggested the fragmentation distribution characteristics in the study area. In order to increase the quantity and quality of non-cropped green-land patches in agricultural landscape, it was suggested to build new types and increase the ratio of non-cropped green-lands by adjusting the spatial structure and strengthening the configuration of different landscape elements. The detailed optimization methods of this strategy were given as follows: 1) enhancing landscape heterogeneity by increasing non-cropped green-land patch types; 2) increasing complexity of green-land patch structure by adjusting the proportion of non-cropped green-land patches; and 3) accomplishing rational distribution of landscape structure by optimizing the configuration of non-cropped green-land patches. The results of the study provided scientific bases for further exploration of landscape pattern arrangements and final construction of multifunctional landscapes in the future.
2015, 23(6): 741-747.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150022
Abstract:
Bradysia difformis Frey is an important pest of economic crops, which causes leeks production heavily reduction. It is important for prediction, prevention of B. difformis, and selection of leek cultivars resistant to B. difformis to research the growth, development and reproductive rhythm of B. difformis on different leek cultivars. An experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber with temperature of (25±1) ℃, dim light of 125 lux and relative humidity of 80%. Twenty selected leek cultivars from different areas of China were used as the tested plants. The developmental duration, whole generation duration, adult longevity, fecundity and survival rate of B. difformis on different leek cultivars were investigated. Life table of B. difformis on 20 leek cultivars was established, and the population parameters, such as intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), population doubling time (t) and finite rate of increase (λ) were calculated. The results indicated that B. difformis could complete its growth and development on twenty leek cultivars. The duration of whole generation of B. difformis was longest on ‘Wanyuan Purple Root with wide leaves’, followed by ‘Snow 791 with wide leaves’ and ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’. The shortest duration of whole generation of B. difformis was on ‘Pingjiu 2’, followed by ‘Jiuxing 2’ and ‘Hanzhong Purple Root Leek’. Females’ longevity was higher than males’ longevity on different leek cultivars, and the average eggs per female spawning was positively correlated with the female longevity. Especially for leek cultivars of ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’ and ‘Pingjiu 2’, their females’ longevities were respectively 2.18 d and 2.44 d, and average eggs per female spawning were 56.00 and 101.25, respectively. The survival rates of B. difformis decreased with development. The survival rate of each instar was highest on ‘Jiyanxiaojiuyuan’, and lowest on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’, and was relative higher on ‘Pingjiu 2’ too. The survival rates of eggs, larval, pupa and adult were 100%, 90%, 85% and 85% on ‘Jiyanxiaojiuyuan’; 62%, 32%, 25% and 25% on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’; and 100%, 85%, 82% and 80% on ‘Pingjiu 2’; respectively. The analysis of life tables of B. difformis on different leek cultivars showed that the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase were highest on ‘Pingjiu 2’, which were 0.22 and 1.25, respectively. They were smallest on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’, 0.07 and 1.07. The population doubling time showed opposite trend, it was shortest on ‘Pingjiu 2’ (3.15 days) and longest on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’ (10.20 days). The other cultivars were fall in between for the three parameters. Based on the above results, B. difformis had the best adaptability and palatability on ‘Pingjiu 2’, and could heavy damage the cultivars; while it developed worst on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’ with lighter damage for the cultivars.
Bradysia difformis Frey is an important pest of economic crops, which causes leeks production heavily reduction. It is important for prediction, prevention of B. difformis, and selection of leek cultivars resistant to B. difformis to research the growth, development and reproductive rhythm of B. difformis on different leek cultivars. An experiment was conducted in an artificial climate chamber with temperature of (25±1) ℃, dim light of 125 lux and relative humidity of 80%. Twenty selected leek cultivars from different areas of China were used as the tested plants. The developmental duration, whole generation duration, adult longevity, fecundity and survival rate of B. difformis on different leek cultivars were investigated. Life table of B. difformis on 20 leek cultivars was established, and the population parameters, such as intrinsic rate of increase (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), population doubling time (t) and finite rate of increase (λ) were calculated. The results indicated that B. difformis could complete its growth and development on twenty leek cultivars. The duration of whole generation of B. difformis was longest on ‘Wanyuan Purple Root with wide leaves’, followed by ‘Snow 791 with wide leaves’ and ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’. The shortest duration of whole generation of B. difformis was on ‘Pingjiu 2’, followed by ‘Jiuxing 2’ and ‘Hanzhong Purple Root Leek’. Females’ longevity was higher than males’ longevity on different leek cultivars, and the average eggs per female spawning was positively correlated with the female longevity. Especially for leek cultivars of ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’ and ‘Pingjiu 2’, their females’ longevities were respectively 2.18 d and 2.44 d, and average eggs per female spawning were 56.00 and 101.25, respectively. The survival rates of B. difformis decreased with development. The survival rate of each instar was highest on ‘Jiyanxiaojiuyuan’, and lowest on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’, and was relative higher on ‘Pingjiu 2’ too. The survival rates of eggs, larval, pupa and adult were 100%, 90%, 85% and 85% on ‘Jiyanxiaojiuyuan’; 62%, 32%, 25% and 25% on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’; and 100%, 85%, 82% and 80% on ‘Pingjiu 2’; respectively. The analysis of life tables of B. difformis on different leek cultivars showed that the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase were highest on ‘Pingjiu 2’, which were 0.22 and 1.25, respectively. They were smallest on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’, 0.07 and 1.07. The population doubling time showed opposite trend, it was shortest on ‘Pingjiu 2’ (3.15 days) and longest on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’ (10.20 days). The other cultivars were fall in between for the three parameters. Based on the above results, B. difformis had the best adaptability and palatability on ‘Pingjiu 2’, and could heavy damage the cultivars; while it developed worst on ‘Wanyuanhanzhong winter leek 1’ with lighter damage for the cultivars.
2015, 23(6): 748-757.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150005
Abstract:
Yunnan Province is located in low latitude region with a physiognomy composed mainly of plateaus and mountains. Influenced by the geographical environment and monsoon climate, Yunnan has abundant sunlight and heat resource with characteristic vertical climate variation, alternating wet and dry seasons and synchronous rainfall and temperature, providing quality climate habitats for the growth of edible wild fungi. These factors along with the air temperature, land surface temperature, precipitation, sunshine and humidity (for May to October) and altitude in 125 counties in Yunnan and in other edible wild fungi producing areas of China were investigated for characteristic climate habitats of edible wild fungi. The study also analyzed the differences between edible wild fungi habitats in Yunnan and that in other areas of China using the principal component analysis. Aridity calculation, single meteorological factor analysis and IDW interpolation analysis were further done in ArcGIS environment. The results showed that the characteristics of climate habitats of edible wild fungi in Yunnan were unique to China. These characteristics included sufficient light and heat and obvious dry and wet interchange in the early period of mycelium extending to fruiting stage. There were also long harvests, moderate heat and precipitation, large day and night temperature difference and staggering sunny or rainy days at harvest period of edible wild fungi in Yunnan Province. Climate habitats of edible wild fungi in Yunnan were divided into three zones — high altitude cold zone in north Yunnan, warm zone in central Yunnan and hot zone in south Yunnan. Among these zones, Chuxiong Prefecture and others areas with similar latitude and altitude was most suitable climate habitats of edible wild fungi breed. In these areas, the average temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and sunshine hours in May (mycelium extending stage), June (fruiting body harvest stage) and July to September (fruiting body harvest peak stage) were 20 ℃, 80 mm, 67% and 220 h; 21 ℃, 150 mm, 77% and 160 h; and 20 ℃, 480 mm, 83%, 380 h; which were in the most suitable ranges of these factors for the growth of edible wild fungi.
Yunnan Province is located in low latitude region with a physiognomy composed mainly of plateaus and mountains. Influenced by the geographical environment and monsoon climate, Yunnan has abundant sunlight and heat resource with characteristic vertical climate variation, alternating wet and dry seasons and synchronous rainfall and temperature, providing quality climate habitats for the growth of edible wild fungi. These factors along with the air temperature, land surface temperature, precipitation, sunshine and humidity (for May to October) and altitude in 125 counties in Yunnan and in other edible wild fungi producing areas of China were investigated for characteristic climate habitats of edible wild fungi. The study also analyzed the differences between edible wild fungi habitats in Yunnan and that in other areas of China using the principal component analysis. Aridity calculation, single meteorological factor analysis and IDW interpolation analysis were further done in ArcGIS environment. The results showed that the characteristics of climate habitats of edible wild fungi in Yunnan were unique to China. These characteristics included sufficient light and heat and obvious dry and wet interchange in the early period of mycelium extending to fruiting stage. There were also long harvests, moderate heat and precipitation, large day and night temperature difference and staggering sunny or rainy days at harvest period of edible wild fungi in Yunnan Province. Climate habitats of edible wild fungi in Yunnan were divided into three zones — high altitude cold zone in north Yunnan, warm zone in central Yunnan and hot zone in south Yunnan. Among these zones, Chuxiong Prefecture and others areas with similar latitude and altitude was most suitable climate habitats of edible wild fungi breed. In these areas, the average temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and sunshine hours in May (mycelium extending stage), June (fruiting body harvest stage) and July to September (fruiting body harvest peak stage) were 20 ℃, 80 mm, 67% and 220 h; 21 ℃, 150 mm, 77% and 160 h; and 20 ℃, 480 mm, 83%, 380 h; which were in the most suitable ranges of these factors for the growth of edible wild fungi.
2015, 23(6): 758-767.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141350
Abstract:
Global warming has caused strong increase in temperature in China and this especially evident in Northeast China. As a consequence, drought stress has been more frequent, severe and over larger areas in this region. The severe drought stress has increased the risk of spring maize production in this major maize cultivation area of China. Thus understanding the spatial distribution of drought in relation to spring maize growth and yield formation was critical for in depth understanding of policy and decision making to deter yield reduction in Northeast China. Daily meteorological data for the period 19612012 were collected at 69 meteorological stations to analyze the effects of global warming on drought stress and yield of maize in Northeast China. Also spring maize growth and yield data were collected for the same period in the study area. The Penman-Monteit method was used to calculate potential evapotranspiration (PET). Based on the PET, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was calculated (SPEIPM), which was used to classify drought grade of the study area. The drought hazard index in each meteorological station was calculated then with weight and occurrence rating score of every drought grade. The trend in SPEI was calculated for five growth stages using the Mann-Kendall test and the relationship between SPEIPM and climate-driven maize yield determined using regression analysis. The results showed West Jilin Province and West Liaoning Province were high drought risk areas during maize growing season, while East Jilin Province and East Liaoning Province were low drought risk areas. Drought risk also increased with maize growth in East Heilongjiang Province. Moreover, drought intensity and drought-affected area decreased at maize seedling stage but increased at later growth stages of maize for the 52-year study period. High correlations were observed between SPEIPM3-7 (SPEIPM from May to July) and climate-driven maize yield in West Liaoning Province for 1991–2012 and also between SPEIPM3-8 (SPEIPM from June to August) for West Jilin Province, East Jilin Province as well as Songnen Plain (P < 0.01). In addition, climate-driven yield in Central Jilin Province and SPEIPM3-8 were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). Generally, drought intensity and drought- affected area in spring drought areas such as Songnen Plain, West Jilin Province, West Liaoning Province and South Liaoning Province decreased gradually. However, drought intensity in study area increased in frequency and severity at late growth stages in Northeast China, especially in the east. In areas with abundant rainfall (e.g., East Jilin Province), the axis of symmetry of the regression equation between climate-driven yield and drought index was closed to 0, suggesting that normal rainfall was sufficient to ensure high yield in the area. In areas with scarce rainfall (e.g., West Liaoning Province and West Jilin Province), the axis of symmetry of the regression equation between climate-driven yield and drought index was closed to 1, suggesting that irrigation was necessary to improve both yield and water use efficiency.
Global warming has caused strong increase in temperature in China and this especially evident in Northeast China. As a consequence, drought stress has been more frequent, severe and over larger areas in this region. The severe drought stress has increased the risk of spring maize production in this major maize cultivation area of China. Thus understanding the spatial distribution of drought in relation to spring maize growth and yield formation was critical for in depth understanding of policy and decision making to deter yield reduction in Northeast China. Daily meteorological data for the period 19612012 were collected at 69 meteorological stations to analyze the effects of global warming on drought stress and yield of maize in Northeast China. Also spring maize growth and yield data were collected for the same period in the study area. The Penman-Monteit method was used to calculate potential evapotranspiration (PET). Based on the PET, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was calculated (SPEIPM), which was used to classify drought grade of the study area. The drought hazard index in each meteorological station was calculated then with weight and occurrence rating score of every drought grade. The trend in SPEI was calculated for five growth stages using the Mann-Kendall test and the relationship between SPEIPM and climate-driven maize yield determined using regression analysis. The results showed West Jilin Province and West Liaoning Province were high drought risk areas during maize growing season, while East Jilin Province and East Liaoning Province were low drought risk areas. Drought risk also increased with maize growth in East Heilongjiang Province. Moreover, drought intensity and drought-affected area decreased at maize seedling stage but increased at later growth stages of maize for the 52-year study period. High correlations were observed between SPEIPM3-7 (SPEIPM from May to July) and climate-driven maize yield in West Liaoning Province for 1991–2012 and also between SPEIPM3-8 (SPEIPM from June to August) for West Jilin Province, East Jilin Province as well as Songnen Plain (P < 0.01). In addition, climate-driven yield in Central Jilin Province and SPEIPM3-8 were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). Generally, drought intensity and drought- affected area in spring drought areas such as Songnen Plain, West Jilin Province, West Liaoning Province and South Liaoning Province decreased gradually. However, drought intensity in study area increased in frequency and severity at late growth stages in Northeast China, especially in the east. In areas with abundant rainfall (e.g., East Jilin Province), the axis of symmetry of the regression equation between climate-driven yield and drought index was closed to 0, suggesting that normal rainfall was sufficient to ensure high yield in the area. In areas with scarce rainfall (e.g., West Liaoning Province and West Jilin Province), the axis of symmetry of the regression equation between climate-driven yield and drought index was closed to 1, suggesting that irrigation was necessary to improve both yield and water use efficiency.
2015, 23(6): 768-774.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141438
Abstract:
Global warming can change the ecological environment. The optimum sowing date of winter wheat has changed with increasing accumulated temperature before winter. Thus there was the necessity to analyze the changes in optimum sowing date of winter wheat under warming climate conditions. To this end, the spatial and temporal variations in optimum sowing date of winter wheat were analyzed using daily meteorological data (accumulative temperature before winter was in range of, 495570 ℃·d) for 1963–2012 from 9 meteorological observatory stations in Shijiazhuang. Statistical methods including Trend Analysis, Mann-Kendall Mutation Test, Morlet Wavelet Analysis were used in the study. The results showed that the change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the mountain area of Shijiazhuang was not obvious, with a change trend of 0.149–0.296 d·10a-1. Then the change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the piedmont plain was statistically significant, with a change trend of 0.822–1.211 d·10a-1. The optimum date of sowing of winter wheat delayed 5–7 days in the investigated 50-year period. The Mann-Kendall Mutation Test result showed a temporal process of change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat around 1995, with an obvious delaying trend after 2006. The results of the Morlet Wavelet Test showed the existence of about 5-year periodic change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat during the investigated 50-year period. The cycles of change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat were the same for both the mountain and plain regions. From the cycles, it was deduced that the trend in optimum sowing date of winter wheat relatively accelerated after 2010. There was 3–4 days difference of optimum sowing date of winter wheat from the north to south of Shijiazhuang. The change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the mountain area of Shijiazhuang due to climate warming was moderate, which was 0.1–0.4 d·10a-1 in the investigated 50-year period. However, the change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the piedmont plain area was obvious, with a trend of 0.4–1.3 d·10a-1. The trend of change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the plain area was far faster than that in the mountain area. The research result was critical for optimizing local winter wheat production in the Shijiazhuang study area.
Global warming can change the ecological environment. The optimum sowing date of winter wheat has changed with increasing accumulated temperature before winter. Thus there was the necessity to analyze the changes in optimum sowing date of winter wheat under warming climate conditions. To this end, the spatial and temporal variations in optimum sowing date of winter wheat were analyzed using daily meteorological data (accumulative temperature before winter was in range of, 495570 ℃·d) for 1963–2012 from 9 meteorological observatory stations in Shijiazhuang. Statistical methods including Trend Analysis, Mann-Kendall Mutation Test, Morlet Wavelet Analysis were used in the study. The results showed that the change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the mountain area of Shijiazhuang was not obvious, with a change trend of 0.149–0.296 d·10a-1. Then the change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the piedmont plain was statistically significant, with a change trend of 0.822–1.211 d·10a-1. The optimum date of sowing of winter wheat delayed 5–7 days in the investigated 50-year period. The Mann-Kendall Mutation Test result showed a temporal process of change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat around 1995, with an obvious delaying trend after 2006. The results of the Morlet Wavelet Test showed the existence of about 5-year periodic change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat during the investigated 50-year period. The cycles of change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat were the same for both the mountain and plain regions. From the cycles, it was deduced that the trend in optimum sowing date of winter wheat relatively accelerated after 2010. There was 3–4 days difference of optimum sowing date of winter wheat from the north to south of Shijiazhuang. The change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the mountain area of Shijiazhuang due to climate warming was moderate, which was 0.1–0.4 d·10a-1 in the investigated 50-year period. However, the change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the piedmont plain area was obvious, with a trend of 0.4–1.3 d·10a-1. The trend of change in optimum sowing date of winter wheat in the plain area was far faster than that in the mountain area. The research result was critical for optimizing local winter wheat production in the Shijiazhuang study area.
2015, 23(6): 775-784.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141035
Abstract:
To reveal responses of ecosystem service value to Karst rocky desertification control is important for understanding characteristics and driving factors of ecosystem service value changes in Karst area under environment management. The results are also important for policy making of the subsequent eco-management. In this paper, Huajiang Gorge Demonstration Area of the Rocky Desertification Control Project in Guizhou Province was investigated for the ecosystem service values at the early (from 2000 to 2005) and later (from 2005 to 2010) periods of ecological control project. Values of five ecosystem services, product supply, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water conservation, soil fertility, were calculated with physical amount and value amount calculation methods based on field measurement and survey data. During Rocky Desertification Control Project period from 2000 to 2010, the ecosystem types changed at 14.29 hm2 area, accounting for 27.7% of the total area. Areas of stand, shrub increased, while area of cultivated land and bare rock and waste slope decreased. From 2000 to 2005, ecosystem types converted in 11.83 hm2 area, accounting for 22.9% of the total area, mainly happening in returning farmland to forest area along river valley. From 2005 to 2010, there was 4.8% total areas changed in ecosystem types, and changing area was scattered. Ecosystem service value increased significantly after ecological control of rocky desertification. From 2000 to 2010, ecosystem service value increased 9.61×107 Yuan in total. The increment in the early (from 2000 to 2005) and later (from 2005 to 2010) periods accounted for 18.2% and 81.8% of the total, respectively. The increase in the later period was more obvious than that in the early period. The increase rates for the two periods were respectively 3.49×106 Yuan per year and 1.57×107 Yuan per year. The results also showed carbon fixation and oxygen release, product supply and soil fertility were the main ecosystem services in the study area. Ecosystem service value increase resulted from ecosystem conversions from low service value types to high service value types. For example, from 2000 to 2010 868.60 hm2 cultivated land, bare rock and waste slope transferred into economic ecosystem. On the other hand, it resulted from increase of internal ecosystem service value which was the dominant element of ecosystem service value with more than 80% contribution rate after ecological control. The spatial conversion among ecosystem types in the study area after ecological control was obvious. The converting proportion, place were closely correlated with quantity of ecological projects and implementation areas. Conversion of ecosystem types responded quickly to the ecological projects (early conversion area of ecosystem types accounted for 83.0% of the total conversion area), while service values substantially increased at the later period (when increased service values accounted for 81.8% of total increased values), indicating certain hysteresis of ecosystem service value response to the ecological management practice.
To reveal responses of ecosystem service value to Karst rocky desertification control is important for understanding characteristics and driving factors of ecosystem service value changes in Karst area under environment management. The results are also important for policy making of the subsequent eco-management. In this paper, Huajiang Gorge Demonstration Area of the Rocky Desertification Control Project in Guizhou Province was investigated for the ecosystem service values at the early (from 2000 to 2005) and later (from 2005 to 2010) periods of ecological control project. Values of five ecosystem services, product supply, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, water conservation, soil fertility, were calculated with physical amount and value amount calculation methods based on field measurement and survey data. During Rocky Desertification Control Project period from 2000 to 2010, the ecosystem types changed at 14.29 hm2 area, accounting for 27.7% of the total area. Areas of stand, shrub increased, while area of cultivated land and bare rock and waste slope decreased. From 2000 to 2005, ecosystem types converted in 11.83 hm2 area, accounting for 22.9% of the total area, mainly happening in returning farmland to forest area along river valley. From 2005 to 2010, there was 4.8% total areas changed in ecosystem types, and changing area was scattered. Ecosystem service value increased significantly after ecological control of rocky desertification. From 2000 to 2010, ecosystem service value increased 9.61×107 Yuan in total. The increment in the early (from 2000 to 2005) and later (from 2005 to 2010) periods accounted for 18.2% and 81.8% of the total, respectively. The increase in the later period was more obvious than that in the early period. The increase rates for the two periods were respectively 3.49×106 Yuan per year and 1.57×107 Yuan per year. The results also showed carbon fixation and oxygen release, product supply and soil fertility were the main ecosystem services in the study area. Ecosystem service value increase resulted from ecosystem conversions from low service value types to high service value types. For example, from 2000 to 2010 868.60 hm2 cultivated land, bare rock and waste slope transferred into economic ecosystem. On the other hand, it resulted from increase of internal ecosystem service value which was the dominant element of ecosystem service value with more than 80% contribution rate after ecological control. The spatial conversion among ecosystem types in the study area after ecological control was obvious. The converting proportion, place were closely correlated with quantity of ecological projects and implementation areas. Conversion of ecosystem types responded quickly to the ecological projects (early conversion area of ecosystem types accounted for 83.0% of the total conversion area), while service values substantially increased at the later period (when increased service values accounted for 81.8% of total increased values), indicating certain hysteresis of ecosystem service value response to the ecological management practice.
2015, 23(6): 785-792.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150456
Abstract:
Controlling fluctuation of vegetables prices, which influences many aspects of economy and society, have been one of focuses of social attention. To clarify the effect of weather factors on vegetables price volatility and resilience, with the local cucumber of Shijiazhuang City as an example, the paper used monthly time-series data of precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours of Shijiazhuang from October 2011 to May 2014, and confirmed that cucumber price volatility could be caused by fluctuations of weather factors, such as, precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours by using Granger causality test of vector auto regression (VAR) model. On this basis, the paper constructed vegetable price resilience model, measured the interference pressure of weather factors on cucumber price and the sensitivity of cucumber price to weather factors, and calculated the cucumber price resilience under weather factors disturbance. Granger causality test results showed significant relationship of cucumber price volatility with precipitation and temperature at < 5% probability and with sunshine hours at < 10% probability. The sensitivity coefficient of cucumber price to sunshine hours change was higher than those to precipita tion and temperature changes. Fluctuations of precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours affected cucumber price resilience, of which sunshine hours was most obvious. The price resilience of cucumber price under changed sunshine hours was weaker than those under changed precipitation and temperature. Considering that weather factors affected vegetable prices resilience primarily through affecting vegetables supply, the study proposed that appropriate measures enhancing the vegetable prices resilience under changed whether factors should aim at adjusting vegetable production. Specific measures included reducing impact of sunshine hours decreasing on vegetables production through combating haze, developing agricultural facilities and infrastructure to improve vegetable production resisting ability to weather changes, strengthening agricultural technology innovation to mitigate the negative impact of weather changes on vegetables production.
Controlling fluctuation of vegetables prices, which influences many aspects of economy and society, have been one of focuses of social attention. To clarify the effect of weather factors on vegetables price volatility and resilience, with the local cucumber of Shijiazhuang City as an example, the paper used monthly time-series data of precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours of Shijiazhuang from October 2011 to May 2014, and confirmed that cucumber price volatility could be caused by fluctuations of weather factors, such as, precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours by using Granger causality test of vector auto regression (VAR) model. On this basis, the paper constructed vegetable price resilience model, measured the interference pressure of weather factors on cucumber price and the sensitivity of cucumber price to weather factors, and calculated the cucumber price resilience under weather factors disturbance. Granger causality test results showed significant relationship of cucumber price volatility with precipitation and temperature at < 5% probability and with sunshine hours at < 10% probability. The sensitivity coefficient of cucumber price to sunshine hours change was higher than those to precipita tion and temperature changes. Fluctuations of precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours affected cucumber price resilience, of which sunshine hours was most obvious. The price resilience of cucumber price under changed sunshine hours was weaker than those under changed precipitation and temperature. Considering that weather factors affected vegetable prices resilience primarily through affecting vegetables supply, the study proposed that appropriate measures enhancing the vegetable prices resilience under changed whether factors should aim at adjusting vegetable production. Specific measures included reducing impact of sunshine hours decreasing on vegetables production through combating haze, developing agricultural facilities and infrastructure to improve vegetable production resisting ability to weather changes, strengthening agricultural technology innovation to mitigate the negative impact of weather changes on vegetables production.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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