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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2016 Vol. 24, No. 5
Display Method:
2016, 24(5): 553-562.
Abstract:
A quantitative understanding of phosphorus (P) flow, loss and use efficiency is critical for improving the productivity and sustainability of agriculture while minimizing environment impact. However, most studies have focused primarily on either crop systems or livestock systems. Hence the analysis of P flow in integrated crop-livestock production systems has been largely lacking and the spatial characteristics of P flow has not been entirely known. Here, we quantified P flow, loss and use efficiency (PUE) in crop-livestock production systems in Shanxi Province, China, using the NUFER (nutrient flows in food chain, environment and resources use) simulation model and ArcGIS. We collected the data from a statistical database in 2011, consisting of 11 municipalities in Shanxi Province, to explore the spatial characteristics of P flow in the crop-livestock systems and propose scientific regional nutrient management. Our results showed large variations in P input and loss under crop/livestock systems in different cities of Shanxi Province. P input under crop production system was within 22.5–83.0 kg.hm-2 and P loss under crop-livestock system was within 2.7–8.8 kg.hm-2. Both P input and loss were significantly higher in the southeast than in the northwest regions. For crop systems, surplus P was within 9.4–48.4 kg.hm-2, which largely varied with region. PUE under crop systems (PUEc) in Shanxi was 45.6%, significantly higher than the national average (37.0%). Then PUE under livestock system (PUEa) was low (7.6%), mainly because of the large amount of draught cattle in livestock systems (581×103 heads). As a result, PUE under crop-livestock systems (PUEc+a) was relatively low (30.3%). This was mainly due to the separation between crop and livestock systems and the resulting low recycling rate of P (< 60%) from animal excreta and crop residues to croplands. Spatially, the southeast region had the largest potential risks of environmental pollution. Hence there was an urgent need to improve P management in crop-livestock production systems in the province. Large amounts of animal manure were not recycled and reused in Jincheng and Jinzhong, which could be used as nutrient input in croplands. In conclusion, PUE in crop-livestock systems in Shanxi Province was relatively low. This was in part due to the separation and de-coupling of crop and livestock systems within regions. It also related to the specialization of crop and livestock production in various regions, which resulted in large spatial variations. P loss under crop production systems was large in the south than in the north. There was also a large room for animal manure recycling. Hence significant improvements in P management were realizable via optimizing P flow between crop and livestock systems, and also via improving P flow among regions. P management needed optimization in crop-livestock production systems and among regions to significantly improve PUE at large scale and production system scale. This significantly reduced the risk of environmental pollution and ensured sustainable development.
A quantitative understanding of phosphorus (P) flow, loss and use efficiency is critical for improving the productivity and sustainability of agriculture while minimizing environment impact. However, most studies have focused primarily on either crop systems or livestock systems. Hence the analysis of P flow in integrated crop-livestock production systems has been largely lacking and the spatial characteristics of P flow has not been entirely known. Here, we quantified P flow, loss and use efficiency (PUE) in crop-livestock production systems in Shanxi Province, China, using the NUFER (nutrient flows in food chain, environment and resources use) simulation model and ArcGIS. We collected the data from a statistical database in 2011, consisting of 11 municipalities in Shanxi Province, to explore the spatial characteristics of P flow in the crop-livestock systems and propose scientific regional nutrient management. Our results showed large variations in P input and loss under crop/livestock systems in different cities of Shanxi Province. P input under crop production system was within 22.5–83.0 kg.hm-2 and P loss under crop-livestock system was within 2.7–8.8 kg.hm-2. Both P input and loss were significantly higher in the southeast than in the northwest regions. For crop systems, surplus P was within 9.4–48.4 kg.hm-2, which largely varied with region. PUE under crop systems (PUEc) in Shanxi was 45.6%, significantly higher than the national average (37.0%). Then PUE under livestock system (PUEa) was low (7.6%), mainly because of the large amount of draught cattle in livestock systems (581×103 heads). As a result, PUE under crop-livestock systems (PUEc+a) was relatively low (30.3%). This was mainly due to the separation between crop and livestock systems and the resulting low recycling rate of P (< 60%) from animal excreta and crop residues to croplands. Spatially, the southeast region had the largest potential risks of environmental pollution. Hence there was an urgent need to improve P management in crop-livestock production systems in the province. Large amounts of animal manure were not recycled and reused in Jincheng and Jinzhong, which could be used as nutrient input in croplands. In conclusion, PUE in crop-livestock systems in Shanxi Province was relatively low. This was in part due to the separation and de-coupling of crop and livestock systems within regions. It also related to the specialization of crop and livestock production in various regions, which resulted in large spatial variations. P loss under crop production systems was large in the south than in the north. There was also a large room for animal manure recycling. Hence significant improvements in P management were realizable via optimizing P flow between crop and livestock systems, and also via improving P flow among regions. P management needed optimization in crop-livestock production systems and among regions to significantly improve PUE at large scale and production system scale. This significantly reduced the risk of environmental pollution and ensured sustainable development.
2016, 24(5): 563-571.
Abstract:
Lime concretion black soil is a typical low-yield field soil in China. It has heavy clay structure and poor permeability, which cause imbalances in effective nutrient supply, low capacity soil nutrient supply and poor production performance. In order to improve crop yields, chemical fertilizer (especially nitrogen fertilizer) has been excessively applied during production seasons. This has led to wastage of agricultural resources and environmental pollution. Soil microbes have always played a predominant role in the processes of soil nitrogen transformation. To provide scientific basis for directional adjustments to control the processes of soil nitrogen transformation, improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce related negative effects, the processes and mechanisms of nitrogen transformation driven by soil microorganisms were studied. A filed experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2015 in Xiangcheng, Henan Province, China. The experimental setup was a single factorial design with four nitrogen rates (0 kg·hm-2, 120 kg·hm-2, 225 kg·hm-2 and 330 kg·hm-2). The biochemical action intensity of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms (ammonification, nitrification and denitrification), urease activity, protease activity, net nitrogen mineralization rate, and content of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen of rhizosphere soil were determined at different wheat growth stages to explore the biological factors influencing nitrogen transformation and their response to different nitrogen application in wheat fields of lime concretion black soils. The results showed that the active period of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms and enzymes was from jointing stage to grain-filling stage. After that, the ammonification intensity, nitrification intensity, urease activity and protease activity decreased. Similarly, the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate reached the highest level at flowering stage. Except for urease activity which increased with increasing nitrogen application, the intensity of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms and the enzymes activities reached the highest point under the 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen treatment, and then, decreased with further increasing nitrogen application (330 kg·hm-2). Consistent with dynamic changes in soil nitrogen transformation microbes and enzymes activities, the contents of soil ammonium and nitrate reached the highest point at heading stage and flowering stage, respectively. Under moderate nitrogen application conditions, soil ammonium content had an increasing trend. But under excess nitrogen application, there was no significant enhancement in soil nitrate content. It was clear that the active period of soil nitrogen transformation was consistent with the critical period of nitrogen demand for wheat, which was beneficial for winter wheat growth. However, due to low nitrifying bacteria activity, nitrification capacity was limited. This, in turn, reduced nitrogen availability and increased potential risk of ammonia volatilization from soil. Increased nitrogen application was beneficial for soil nitrogen transformation, but only within a certain range. Excess nitrogen application (330 kg·hm-2) was not conducive in terms of improving the capacity of supply or release soil nitrogen in lime concretion black soil.
Lime concretion black soil is a typical low-yield field soil in China. It has heavy clay structure and poor permeability, which cause imbalances in effective nutrient supply, low capacity soil nutrient supply and poor production performance. In order to improve crop yields, chemical fertilizer (especially nitrogen fertilizer) has been excessively applied during production seasons. This has led to wastage of agricultural resources and environmental pollution. Soil microbes have always played a predominant role in the processes of soil nitrogen transformation. To provide scientific basis for directional adjustments to control the processes of soil nitrogen transformation, improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce related negative effects, the processes and mechanisms of nitrogen transformation driven by soil microorganisms were studied. A filed experiment was carried out from 2012 to 2015 in Xiangcheng, Henan Province, China. The experimental setup was a single factorial design with four nitrogen rates (0 kg·hm-2, 120 kg·hm-2, 225 kg·hm-2 and 330 kg·hm-2). The biochemical action intensity of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms (ammonification, nitrification and denitrification), urease activity, protease activity, net nitrogen mineralization rate, and content of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen of rhizosphere soil were determined at different wheat growth stages to explore the biological factors influencing nitrogen transformation and their response to different nitrogen application in wheat fields of lime concretion black soils. The results showed that the active period of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms and enzymes was from jointing stage to grain-filling stage. After that, the ammonification intensity, nitrification intensity, urease activity and protease activity decreased. Similarly, the soil net nitrogen mineralization rate reached the highest level at flowering stage. Except for urease activity which increased with increasing nitrogen application, the intensity of soil nitrogen transformation microorganisms and the enzymes activities reached the highest point under the 225 kg·hm-2 nitrogen treatment, and then, decreased with further increasing nitrogen application (330 kg·hm-2). Consistent with dynamic changes in soil nitrogen transformation microbes and enzymes activities, the contents of soil ammonium and nitrate reached the highest point at heading stage and flowering stage, respectively. Under moderate nitrogen application conditions, soil ammonium content had an increasing trend. But under excess nitrogen application, there was no significant enhancement in soil nitrate content. It was clear that the active period of soil nitrogen transformation was consistent with the critical period of nitrogen demand for wheat, which was beneficial for winter wheat growth. However, due to low nitrifying bacteria activity, nitrification capacity was limited. This, in turn, reduced nitrogen availability and increased potential risk of ammonia volatilization from soil. Increased nitrogen application was beneficial for soil nitrogen transformation, but only within a certain range. Excess nitrogen application (330 kg·hm-2) was not conducive in terms of improving the capacity of supply or release soil nitrogen in lime concretion black soil.
2016, 24(5): 572-581.
Abstract:
Oilseed rape is one of the most important oil crops cultivated on over 6.5 million hectares of land in China. Although mainly cultivated in the Yangtze River Basin, rising winter temperatures in northern China in recent years have made possible to expand the cultivation area of oilseed rape northward and westward. The planting area of winter oilseed rape in Northwest China has increased year by year. Irrigation and nitrogen supply at re-greening stage is important for flower bud differentiation and branch number increase of oilseed rape. However, drought stress is usually frequent at re-greening stage in most regions of Northwest China. Local farmers apply irrigation and nitrogen to oilseed rape fields for high seed yields, but such effect has not been obvious, resulting in various environmental problems. Therefore determining an appropriate nitrogen dose under drought at re-greening stage is important for the production of oilseed rape in Northwest China. Barrel experiments, including 5 nitrogen application rates [0 g (N0), 0.2 g (N1), 0.4 g (N2), 0.6 g (N3) and 0.8 g (N4)] and two water treatments [full water (W, 70%–80% of field water capacity) and deficit water (D, 50%–55% of field water capacity)] at re-greening stage were conducted to measure growth and physiological index, yield components, water use efficiency (WUE) and quality traits of oilseed rape. The study used principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze and evaluate the parameters under different treatments. Results showed that aboveground dry matter, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, seed yield and WUE first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Then aboveground dry matter, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, seed yield and WUE all reached the maximal level under N3 treatment with the same water conditions. After drought stress and re-watering, shoot dry matter weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, yield and yield components of all nitrogen treatments showed certain degree of compensative effect. The compensative effect intensified first and weakened then with N application rate, which was best under N3 treatment. No significant differences were noted in growth indexes, chlorophyll content and seed yield between W and D treatments. Photosynthetic rate under D treatment was significantly higher than that under W treatment with N0. Seed yield reduced by 2.2% and WUE increased by 3.8% in D treatment compared to that of W treatment with N3 nitrogen application. Nitrogen partial factor productivity and seed oil content decreased with increasing nitrogen amount, while seed protein content showed the reverse trend. Compared with N0, average partial factor productivity and seed oil content in N3 treatment decreased by 6.2% and 13.0%, but yield and WUE increased by 87.6% and 32.9%, respectively. Based on PCA for each indicators, we found that the highest PCA score occurred in N3D treatment. Therefore, the N3D treatment was optimized measure for increasing WUE, yield and quality of oilseed rape in northwest China.
Oilseed rape is one of the most important oil crops cultivated on over 6.5 million hectares of land in China. Although mainly cultivated in the Yangtze River Basin, rising winter temperatures in northern China in recent years have made possible to expand the cultivation area of oilseed rape northward and westward. The planting area of winter oilseed rape in Northwest China has increased year by year. Irrigation and nitrogen supply at re-greening stage is important for flower bud differentiation and branch number increase of oilseed rape. However, drought stress is usually frequent at re-greening stage in most regions of Northwest China. Local farmers apply irrigation and nitrogen to oilseed rape fields for high seed yields, but such effect has not been obvious, resulting in various environmental problems. Therefore determining an appropriate nitrogen dose under drought at re-greening stage is important for the production of oilseed rape in Northwest China. Barrel experiments, including 5 nitrogen application rates [0 g (N0), 0.2 g (N1), 0.4 g (N2), 0.6 g (N3) and 0.8 g (N4)] and two water treatments [full water (W, 70%–80% of field water capacity) and deficit water (D, 50%–55% of field water capacity)] at re-greening stage were conducted to measure growth and physiological index, yield components, water use efficiency (WUE) and quality traits of oilseed rape. The study used principal component analysis (PCA) to analyze and evaluate the parameters under different treatments. Results showed that aboveground dry matter, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, seed yield and WUE first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate. Then aboveground dry matter, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, seed yield and WUE all reached the maximal level under N3 treatment with the same water conditions. After drought stress and re-watering, shoot dry matter weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, yield and yield components of all nitrogen treatments showed certain degree of compensative effect. The compensative effect intensified first and weakened then with N application rate, which was best under N3 treatment. No significant differences were noted in growth indexes, chlorophyll content and seed yield between W and D treatments. Photosynthetic rate under D treatment was significantly higher than that under W treatment with N0. Seed yield reduced by 2.2% and WUE increased by 3.8% in D treatment compared to that of W treatment with N3 nitrogen application. Nitrogen partial factor productivity and seed oil content decreased with increasing nitrogen amount, while seed protein content showed the reverse trend. Compared with N0, average partial factor productivity and seed oil content in N3 treatment decreased by 6.2% and 13.0%, but yield and WUE increased by 87.6% and 32.9%, respectively. Based on PCA for each indicators, we found that the highest PCA score occurred in N3D treatment. Therefore, the N3D treatment was optimized measure for increasing WUE, yield and quality of oilseed rape in northwest China.
2016, 24(5): 582-589.
Abstract:
Although water deficit and soil phosphorus (P) deficiency are key limiting factors of maize production, it still remains unclear how water and P regulate maize root morphology and P uptake. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to explore the coupled effects of water and P on maize root growth and P uptake under four water gradients [35% (W1), 55% (W2), 75% (W3), 100% (W4) of field capacity] and two P treatments [high P of 205 mg(P).kg-1(soil) and low P of 11 mg(P).kg-1(soil)]. The results showed that irrespective of P supply, shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total root length (TRL) and root surface area (RSA) initially increased and then decreased with increasing water supply. This trend was similar to trend in soil available P content. Root mass ratio (RMR) and average root diameter (ARD) declined, while shoot P content and accumulation steadily increased with increasing water supply. There were both adverse effects of water deficit and excess water supply on root growth and dry matter accumulation of maize. While soil P acquisition was inhibited by water deficit (W1), it was greatly improved by excess water supply (W4). Slight water stress (W2) increased maize root growth and dry matter accumulation, but decrease excess soil P uptake. Adequate water supply (W3) simultaneously improved maize root growth, dry matter accumulation and soil P uptake. P application obviously increased SDW, RDW (except for in W4 treatment), TRL, RSA, P content (except for in W4) and total P accumulation in plant, but decreased RMR. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the relative contribution of water to SDW, RDW, RMR, TRL, RSA, ARD, shoot P content, shoot P accumulation and soil available P content were 45.94%, 36.71%, 67.95%, 59.63%, 58.34%, 81.86%, 24.75%, 35.66% and 3.00%, respectively. The relative contributions of P to the above parameters were 34.78%, 21.19%, 14.84%, 9.22%, 9.21%, 1.56%, 35.54%, 49.75% and 94.40%, respectively. It was clear that water was more important for the regulation of maize root morphology and dry matter accumulation, and P was more important for the regulation of P absorption in maize aerial parts and soil available P content. In all, the acquisition of soil P by maize root was connected with root morphology-oriented adaptations under low P, but was connected with root physiology-oriented adaptations under high P. An appropriate coupling of water and P improved root growth and dry matter accumulation, and decreased excess soil P uptake by maize root.
Although water deficit and soil phosphorus (P) deficiency are key limiting factors of maize production, it still remains unclear how water and P regulate maize root morphology and P uptake. In this study, a pot experiment was carried out to explore the coupled effects of water and P on maize root growth and P uptake under four water gradients [35% (W1), 55% (W2), 75% (W3), 100% (W4) of field capacity] and two P treatments [high P of 205 mg(P).kg-1(soil) and low P of 11 mg(P).kg-1(soil)]. The results showed that irrespective of P supply, shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total root length (TRL) and root surface area (RSA) initially increased and then decreased with increasing water supply. This trend was similar to trend in soil available P content. Root mass ratio (RMR) and average root diameter (ARD) declined, while shoot P content and accumulation steadily increased with increasing water supply. There were both adverse effects of water deficit and excess water supply on root growth and dry matter accumulation of maize. While soil P acquisition was inhibited by water deficit (W1), it was greatly improved by excess water supply (W4). Slight water stress (W2) increased maize root growth and dry matter accumulation, but decrease excess soil P uptake. Adequate water supply (W3) simultaneously improved maize root growth, dry matter accumulation and soil P uptake. P application obviously increased SDW, RDW (except for in W4 treatment), TRL, RSA, P content (except for in W4) and total P accumulation in plant, but decreased RMR. Two-way analysis of variance showed that the relative contribution of water to SDW, RDW, RMR, TRL, RSA, ARD, shoot P content, shoot P accumulation and soil available P content were 45.94%, 36.71%, 67.95%, 59.63%, 58.34%, 81.86%, 24.75%, 35.66% and 3.00%, respectively. The relative contributions of P to the above parameters were 34.78%, 21.19%, 14.84%, 9.22%, 9.21%, 1.56%, 35.54%, 49.75% and 94.40%, respectively. It was clear that water was more important for the regulation of maize root morphology and dry matter accumulation, and P was more important for the regulation of P absorption in maize aerial parts and soil available P content. In all, the acquisition of soil P by maize root was connected with root morphology-oriented adaptations under low P, but was connected with root physiology-oriented adaptations under high P. An appropriate coupling of water and P improved root growth and dry matter accumulation, and decreased excess soil P uptake by maize root.
HU Guangrong,
WANG Qi,
SONG Xingyang,
LI Fuchun,
ZHANG Dengkui,
ZHANG Enhe,
LIU Qinglin,
WANG Heling
2016, 24(5): 590-599.
Abstract:
To find suitable environmental protection mulching materials of crop cultivation, improve soil temperature and soil moisture, and to increase rainwater resource utilization in semiarid regions in Northwest China, a randomized complete design field experiment was conducted. The experiment determined the effects of different furrow mulching methods (no-mulching, liquid film mulching, straw mulching, biodegradable film mulching, and no mulching as the control) on soil temperature, soil moisture, crop yield (maize and sorghum) and water use efficiency (WUE) in western hilly region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that compared with no mulching, top soil (025 cm) temperature at furrow bottom profile increased by 0.2 ℃ and 1.0 ℃, respectively, for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching during maize growing season, and by 0.2 ℃ and 1.1 ℃ during sorghum growing season. It also decreased by 1.1 ℃ and 1.3 ℃ for straw mulching during maize and sorghum growing seasons, respectively. Soil water storage increased by 0.4 mm, 21.5 mm and 8.6 mm for liquid film mulching, straw mulching and biodegradable film mulching during maize growing seasons, respectively. It also increased by 2.3 mm, 21.0 mm and 10.9 mm for the three mulching modes during sorghum growing season, respectively. Maize silage yield increased by 0.4% and 10.4% for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching, respectively. Then maize grain yield increased by 1.6% and 11.3% and aboveground dry matter increased by 0.7% and 7.3% under the two mulching modes, respectively. Sorghum silage yield increased by 0.2% and 10.9% for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching, respectively. Then sorghum grain yield increased by 1.1% and 11.8% and aboveground dry matter increased by 1.6% and 9.4% under the two mulching modes, respectively. Whereas, under straw mulching condition, the silage yield, grain yield and aboveground dry matter decreased, respectively, by 2.9%, 2.2% and 1.9% for maize planting, and decreased by 0.7%, 1.1% and 1.0% for sorghum planting, respectively, compared with those under no-mulching treatment. The WUE of maize increased by 0.9 kg.hm-2.mm-1, 0.5kg.hm-2.mm-1 and 4.9 kg.hm-2.mm-1, respectively, and sorghum WUE increased by 0.3 kg.hm-2.mm-1, 0.4kg.hm-2.mm-1 and 2.7 kg.hm-2.mm-1, respectively, under liquid film mulching, straw mulching and biodegradable film mulching modes, compared with those under the control. Based on the results of crop yield, WUE and environmental protection benefits, the biodegradable film was a suitable furrow mulching material in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems in the semiarid Loess Plateau regions.
To find suitable environmental protection mulching materials of crop cultivation, improve soil temperature and soil moisture, and to increase rainwater resource utilization in semiarid regions in Northwest China, a randomized complete design field experiment was conducted. The experiment determined the effects of different furrow mulching methods (no-mulching, liquid film mulching, straw mulching, biodegradable film mulching, and no mulching as the control) on soil temperature, soil moisture, crop yield (maize and sorghum) and water use efficiency (WUE) in western hilly region of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that compared with no mulching, top soil (025 cm) temperature at furrow bottom profile increased by 0.2 ℃ and 1.0 ℃, respectively, for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching during maize growing season, and by 0.2 ℃ and 1.1 ℃ during sorghum growing season. It also decreased by 1.1 ℃ and 1.3 ℃ for straw mulching during maize and sorghum growing seasons, respectively. Soil water storage increased by 0.4 mm, 21.5 mm and 8.6 mm for liquid film mulching, straw mulching and biodegradable film mulching during maize growing seasons, respectively. It also increased by 2.3 mm, 21.0 mm and 10.9 mm for the three mulching modes during sorghum growing season, respectively. Maize silage yield increased by 0.4% and 10.4% for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching, respectively. Then maize grain yield increased by 1.6% and 11.3% and aboveground dry matter increased by 0.7% and 7.3% under the two mulching modes, respectively. Sorghum silage yield increased by 0.2% and 10.9% for liquid film mulching and biodegradable film mulching, respectively. Then sorghum grain yield increased by 1.1% and 11.8% and aboveground dry matter increased by 1.6% and 9.4% under the two mulching modes, respectively. Whereas, under straw mulching condition, the silage yield, grain yield and aboveground dry matter decreased, respectively, by 2.9%, 2.2% and 1.9% for maize planting, and decreased by 0.7%, 1.1% and 1.0% for sorghum planting, respectively, compared with those under no-mulching treatment. The WUE of maize increased by 0.9 kg.hm-2.mm-1, 0.5kg.hm-2.mm-1 and 4.9 kg.hm-2.mm-1, respectively, and sorghum WUE increased by 0.3 kg.hm-2.mm-1, 0.4kg.hm-2.mm-1 and 2.7 kg.hm-2.mm-1, respectively, under liquid film mulching, straw mulching and biodegradable film mulching modes, compared with those under the control. Based on the results of crop yield, WUE and environmental protection benefits, the biodegradable film was a suitable furrow mulching material in ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting systems in the semiarid Loess Plateau regions.
2016, 24(5): 600-607.
Abstract:
The elemental composition of a subcellular compartment, cell, tissue or organism is termed as ionome, which involves of all mineral elements of life, regardless of chemical forms these occur. Ionome is the inorganic chemical element fingerprint of plant that quantitatively and accurately reflects inorganic response of plants to environment stimuli. A field experiment was conducted to explore the differences and correlations of mineral elements in rice seeds cultivated in conventional cultivation ecosystem, green rice-frog ecosystem and organic rice-frog ecosystem under long-term management. The study also determined the transportability of available elements from soil to rice seeds to explore the correlation of elements between soil and rice seed effects of rice cultivation pattern on seed ionome. The concentrations of 21 mineral elements in the rice samples and soil were determined using high-throughput elemental analysis technology such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical method used to profile multi-elemental composition, and principle component analysis (PCA) to discriminate differences among treatments was principle component analysis (PCA). Then ANOVA analysis was used to compare the differences among treatments for each element. The results showed the ranked order of the concentrations of 21 elements in rice seeds was: potassium (K) > phosphorus (P) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > ion (Fe) > copper (Cu) > rubidium (Rb) > sodium (Na) > barium (Ba) > molybdenum (Mo) > boron (B) > nickel (Ni) > strontium (Sr) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr) > cadmium (Cd) > selenium (Se) > cobalt (Co) > cesium (Cs). PCA analysis showed that ionome of rice seeds was significantly affected by different cultivation patterns. The fist component accounted for 32.7% of the total variation, which separated organic rice-frog ecosystem from organic rice-frog ecosystem. The second component accounted for 27.1% of the total variation, which discriminated conventional cultivation system from the other two ecosystems. Compared with conventional cultivation, the concentrations of K, Na, Rb and Cs (which belonged to the first group of the periodic table), Mn and Cd in rice seeds significantly increased by 21%, 31%, 59%, 72%, 23% and 441%, respectively, in green rice-frog ecosystem. On the contrary, B and Cr decreased by 63% and 51% under green rice-frog ecosystem. The concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd in rice seeds increased by 60%, 286% and 488%, but Ca, B, Mo, Sr and Cr decreased by 38%, 60%, 20%, 27% and 96% under organic rice-frog ecosystem. However, no competition was observed among element pairs in this study. Moreover, essential elements such as Zn, Cu and P had higher transportability from soil to rice seeds, while non-essential elements such as Na, Ba and Cs had lower transportability from soil to plant. Based on nutrient element accumulation in rice, the study showed that green rice-frog ecosystem was better than both organic rice-frog ecosystem and the conventional cultivation system. However, the uptake and accumulation of some non-essential elements in rice seeds under green rice-frog ecosystem and organic rice-frog ecosystem also put at risk rice crops and food security at risk. Therefore, it was important to improve existing knowledge on scientific management of nutrients as well as reasonable adjustment of planting structures to ensure food security.
The elemental composition of a subcellular compartment, cell, tissue or organism is termed as ionome, which involves of all mineral elements of life, regardless of chemical forms these occur. Ionome is the inorganic chemical element fingerprint of plant that quantitatively and accurately reflects inorganic response of plants to environment stimuli. A field experiment was conducted to explore the differences and correlations of mineral elements in rice seeds cultivated in conventional cultivation ecosystem, green rice-frog ecosystem and organic rice-frog ecosystem under long-term management. The study also determined the transportability of available elements from soil to rice seeds to explore the correlation of elements between soil and rice seed effects of rice cultivation pattern on seed ionome. The concentrations of 21 mineral elements in the rice samples and soil were determined using high-throughput elemental analysis technology such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical method used to profile multi-elemental composition, and principle component analysis (PCA) to discriminate differences among treatments was principle component analysis (PCA). Then ANOVA analysis was used to compare the differences among treatments for each element. The results showed the ranked order of the concentrations of 21 elements in rice seeds was: potassium (K) > phosphorus (P) > magnesium (Mg) > calcium (Ca) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > ion (Fe) > copper (Cu) > rubidium (Rb) > sodium (Na) > barium (Ba) > molybdenum (Mo) > boron (B) > nickel (Ni) > strontium (Sr) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr) > cadmium (Cd) > selenium (Se) > cobalt (Co) > cesium (Cs). PCA analysis showed that ionome of rice seeds was significantly affected by different cultivation patterns. The fist component accounted for 32.7% of the total variation, which separated organic rice-frog ecosystem from organic rice-frog ecosystem. The second component accounted for 27.1% of the total variation, which discriminated conventional cultivation system from the other two ecosystems. Compared with conventional cultivation, the concentrations of K, Na, Rb and Cs (which belonged to the first group of the periodic table), Mn and Cd in rice seeds significantly increased by 21%, 31%, 59%, 72%, 23% and 441%, respectively, in green rice-frog ecosystem. On the contrary, B and Cr decreased by 63% and 51% under green rice-frog ecosystem. The concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd in rice seeds increased by 60%, 286% and 488%, but Ca, B, Mo, Sr and Cr decreased by 38%, 60%, 20%, 27% and 96% under organic rice-frog ecosystem. However, no competition was observed among element pairs in this study. Moreover, essential elements such as Zn, Cu and P had higher transportability from soil to rice seeds, while non-essential elements such as Na, Ba and Cs had lower transportability from soil to plant. Based on nutrient element accumulation in rice, the study showed that green rice-frog ecosystem was better than both organic rice-frog ecosystem and the conventional cultivation system. However, the uptake and accumulation of some non-essential elements in rice seeds under green rice-frog ecosystem and organic rice-frog ecosystem also put at risk rice crops and food security at risk. Therefore, it was important to improve existing knowledge on scientific management of nutrients as well as reasonable adjustment of planting structures to ensure food security.
FAN Yuanfang,
YANG Feng,
HE Zhizhou,
WANG Rui,
LIU Qinlin,
YUAN Xiaoqin,
YONG Taiwen,
WU Xiaoling,
YANG Wenyu
2016, 24(5): 608-617.
Abstract:
Light environment directly affects crop growth, resulting in yield change. Three soybean varieties were used to investigate the characteristics of morphology and photosynthetic physiology under shading and light recovery conditions to explore response of soybean to light environment change. Relay strip intercropping with maize and monoculture planting patterns of soybean were investigated in term of light environment. Morphological characteristics, net photosynthetic rate, leaf anatomical structure and chlorophyll content of soybean were analyzed in the study. The results indicated that stem diameter, biomass, leaf thickness (including palisade and spongy tissues), chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll a/b and net photosynthetic rate of soybean decreased significantly at V5 stage (symbiotic period of maize and soybean) in relay intercropping compared with monoculture systems. The results of plant height, chlorophyll b content and thickness ratio between palisade and spongy tissue were the reverse for intercropping. In addition, the fractions of stem, leaf and stripe biomass accounted for 58%, 37% and 6%, respectively, of total above-ground biomass under relay intercropping, and 36%, 50% and 14% under mono-cropping. The results revealed that dry matter production center was transformed from leaves to stems under shading condition. When shading was removed after maize harvest, the differences among plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and biomass accumulation of above-ground biomass of soybean decreased at seed-filling stage of soybean (R6) between relay intercropping and monoculture treatments. The fractions of stem, leaf and stipe of total biomass were 41%, 49% and 10%, respectively. The thickness of leaf, palisade tissue and spongy tissue increased by 117%, 99% and 81%, respectively, compared with those at V5 stage (symbiotic period of maize and soybean). There was no significant difference in photosynthetic pigments between relay intercropping and monoculture after light recovery in relay intercropping. Photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean significantly decreased, compared with that of mono-cropping. The yields of the three soybean varieties had significant difference in relay strip intercropping. Relay strip intercropping decreased per-plant yields of soybean varieties of ‘Jianyangjiuyuehuang’, ‘Jiangpuheidou’ and ‘Yongshengheidou’ by 33%, 64% and 40%, respectively, compared with soybean monoculture. It was therefore concluded that soybean was adaptable to changes in light environment due to plasticity in morphology and photosynthetic physiology. There were, however, differences in plasticity between different varieties.
Light environment directly affects crop growth, resulting in yield change. Three soybean varieties were used to investigate the characteristics of morphology and photosynthetic physiology under shading and light recovery conditions to explore response of soybean to light environment change. Relay strip intercropping with maize and monoculture planting patterns of soybean were investigated in term of light environment. Morphological characteristics, net photosynthetic rate, leaf anatomical structure and chlorophyll content of soybean were analyzed in the study. The results indicated that stem diameter, biomass, leaf thickness (including palisade and spongy tissues), chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll a/b and net photosynthetic rate of soybean decreased significantly at V5 stage (symbiotic period of maize and soybean) in relay intercropping compared with monoculture systems. The results of plant height, chlorophyll b content and thickness ratio between palisade and spongy tissue were the reverse for intercropping. In addition, the fractions of stem, leaf and stripe biomass accounted for 58%, 37% and 6%, respectively, of total above-ground biomass under relay intercropping, and 36%, 50% and 14% under mono-cropping. The results revealed that dry matter production center was transformed from leaves to stems under shading condition. When shading was removed after maize harvest, the differences among plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and biomass accumulation of above-ground biomass of soybean decreased at seed-filling stage of soybean (R6) between relay intercropping and monoculture treatments. The fractions of stem, leaf and stipe of total biomass were 41%, 49% and 10%, respectively. The thickness of leaf, palisade tissue and spongy tissue increased by 117%, 99% and 81%, respectively, compared with those at V5 stage (symbiotic period of maize and soybean). There was no significant difference in photosynthetic pigments between relay intercropping and monoculture after light recovery in relay intercropping. Photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean significantly decreased, compared with that of mono-cropping. The yields of the three soybean varieties had significant difference in relay strip intercropping. Relay strip intercropping decreased per-plant yields of soybean varieties of ‘Jianyangjiuyuehuang’, ‘Jiangpuheidou’ and ‘Yongshengheidou’ by 33%, 64% and 40%, respectively, compared with soybean monoculture. It was therefore concluded that soybean was adaptable to changes in light environment due to plasticity in morphology and photosynthetic physiology. There were, however, differences in plasticity between different varieties.
ZHENG Yaqiang,
ZHANG Limin,
YANG Jincheng,
YANG Jian,
GAO Rui,
CHEN Liangxin,
DONG Xuemei,
SUN Jihong,
XIAO Guanli,
LI Zhengyue,
CHEN Bin
2016, 24(5): 618-627.
Abstract:
Sugarcane-maize intercropping is an important planting pattern in sugarcane production area, which is in favor of sugarcane production benefit and land use efficiency increases, and pesticide control of sugarcane. However, the effects of sugarcane and maize intercropping on sugarcane rhizosphere microbe community have less been reported. In this study, a plot experiment was carried out in sugarcane fields in Yuanjiang and Longchuan Counties of Yunnan Province to investigate the microbe activities, metabolic function diversity and carbon sources utilization by using Biolog techniques. The results showed that compared with monocultured sugarcane at Longchuan County experimental site, Shannon index, Simpson index, McIntosh index and evenness index of Shannon and McIntosh of microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of intercropped sugarcane increased by 7.08%, 11.25%, 63.16%, 1.31% and 2.26%, respectively. Then, compared with sugarcane monoculture in Yuanjiang County, the above diversity indices increased by 10.58%, 48.40%, 43.42%, 0.20%, and 1.65%, respectively, in intercropped sugarcane treatment. This suggested that intercropping increased the metabolic function diversity of rhizosphere soil microbes. Although the utilization of carbon resources increased in intercropping systems, it was lower at Yuanjiang experimental site than that at Longchuan experimental site. Compared with monoculture, the utilization of carbohydrate, amino acids, polymeric substances, amines, carboxylic acids and phenolic acids increased by 141.71%, 50.53%, 62.38%, 92.82%, 43.21% and 6.30%, respectively, at Yuanjiang experimental site. Correspondingly, the variables increased, respectively by 42.90%, 51.50%, 33.30%, 42.64%, 16.72% and 24.47% at Longchuan experimental site. Moreover, the utilization of D-cellobiose, D,L-α-glycerol phosphate, D-galactonic acid-γ-lactone, L-serine, Glycyl-L-Glutamine and 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid increased by over 100% at both of Yuanjiang and Longchuan experimental sites. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that intercropping changed rhizosphere soil microbial community composition and metabolic function. Three carbon resources (including carbohydrate, carboxylic acids and amino acids) were the most sensitive carbon resources utilized by soil microorganisms in sugarcane rhizosphere soils. The carbon resources with high effect on microbial community composition and metabolic function at Longchuan experimental site were 2 kinds of polymeric substances, 6 kinds of carbohydrates, 2 kinds of carboxylic acids, 4 kinds of amino acids and 1 kind of phenolic acid. There were 15 kinds of carbon resources (including 1 kind of polymeric substances, 5 kinds of carbohydrates, 3 kinds of carboxylic acids, 4 kinds of amino acids and 2 kinds of amines) at Yuanjiang experimental site. These carbon resources had significant effect on microbial community composition and metabolic function. In conclusion, intercropping of maize and sugarcane increased microbial community diversity, activation and metabolic function of rhizosphere soil.
Sugarcane-maize intercropping is an important planting pattern in sugarcane production area, which is in favor of sugarcane production benefit and land use efficiency increases, and pesticide control of sugarcane. However, the effects of sugarcane and maize intercropping on sugarcane rhizosphere microbe community have less been reported. In this study, a plot experiment was carried out in sugarcane fields in Yuanjiang and Longchuan Counties of Yunnan Province to investigate the microbe activities, metabolic function diversity and carbon sources utilization by using Biolog techniques. The results showed that compared with monocultured sugarcane at Longchuan County experimental site, Shannon index, Simpson index, McIntosh index and evenness index of Shannon and McIntosh of microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of intercropped sugarcane increased by 7.08%, 11.25%, 63.16%, 1.31% and 2.26%, respectively. Then, compared with sugarcane monoculture in Yuanjiang County, the above diversity indices increased by 10.58%, 48.40%, 43.42%, 0.20%, and 1.65%, respectively, in intercropped sugarcane treatment. This suggested that intercropping increased the metabolic function diversity of rhizosphere soil microbes. Although the utilization of carbon resources increased in intercropping systems, it was lower at Yuanjiang experimental site than that at Longchuan experimental site. Compared with monoculture, the utilization of carbohydrate, amino acids, polymeric substances, amines, carboxylic acids and phenolic acids increased by 141.71%, 50.53%, 62.38%, 92.82%, 43.21% and 6.30%, respectively, at Yuanjiang experimental site. Correspondingly, the variables increased, respectively by 42.90%, 51.50%, 33.30%, 42.64%, 16.72% and 24.47% at Longchuan experimental site. Moreover, the utilization of D-cellobiose, D,L-α-glycerol phosphate, D-galactonic acid-γ-lactone, L-serine, Glycyl-L-Glutamine and 2-Hydroxy benzoic acid increased by over 100% at both of Yuanjiang and Longchuan experimental sites. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that intercropping changed rhizosphere soil microbial community composition and metabolic function. Three carbon resources (including carbohydrate, carboxylic acids and amino acids) were the most sensitive carbon resources utilized by soil microorganisms in sugarcane rhizosphere soils. The carbon resources with high effect on microbial community composition and metabolic function at Longchuan experimental site were 2 kinds of polymeric substances, 6 kinds of carbohydrates, 2 kinds of carboxylic acids, 4 kinds of amino acids and 1 kind of phenolic acid. There were 15 kinds of carbon resources (including 1 kind of polymeric substances, 5 kinds of carbohydrates, 3 kinds of carboxylic acids, 4 kinds of amino acids and 2 kinds of amines) at Yuanjiang experimental site. These carbon resources had significant effect on microbial community composition and metabolic function. In conclusion, intercropping of maize and sugarcane increased microbial community diversity, activation and metabolic function of rhizosphere soil.
2016, 24(5): 628-636.
Abstract:
Flue-cured tobacco is an important economic crop in China, with the highest planting area and yield in the world. With a huge capacity to improve financial revenue, flue-cured tobacco production in China’s southwest provinces (e.g., Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan) is critical for the national economy. But periodic droughts in tobacco planting zones affect the production of flue-cured tobacco and the normal maturity process. Enhancing studies on drought resistance, water-saving techniques and reasonable regulation of field water supply in flue-cured tobacco production is necessary to guarantee high quality and yield production in arid regions. In this study, MP3005KM water-retention agent, straw, EM activated calcium and EM rejuvenation were used to determine the effect of EM water-retention agent on tobacco growth, yield and quality. The study also used entropy weight coefficient evaluation model and system evaluation indexes to select the optimal application schemes with the most comprehensive benefits. The results showed that different treatments all increased tobacco leaf area of a single plant, especially, straw treatments (T1 and T2) more significantly increased leaf area of a single plant at later growth stage of flue-cured tobacco. The crop growth model simulating the dynamics of LAI showed that T2 (40 gplant-1 EM activated calcium + 300 gplant-1 straw) and T6 (40 gplant-1 EM activated calcium + 6 gplant-1 MP3005KM) obtained more larger increasing range. EM water-retention agent treatments increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and decreased transpiration rate (Tr), which regulated photosynthetic effects of tobacco leaves at vigorous stages (including maturity stage). Principle component analysis showed that EM water-retention application significantly increased the overall quality of tobacco leaves compared with no EM water-retention agent. Straw treatments had better quality improvement effects, with comprehensive quality indexes 3.25 and 2.76, respectively, for T1 and T2. In terms of high yield, good quality, water-saving potential and fertilizer use efficiency, the 40 gplant1 of EM-calcium combined with 4 500 kg.hm-2 of straw system was recommended as the application scheme of EM water-retention agent for flue-cured tobacco. Under this scheme, flue-cured tobacco yield, irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were 2 433.5 kg.hm-2, 0.608 kgm-3 and 27.04 kgkg-1, respectively.
Flue-cured tobacco is an important economic crop in China, with the highest planting area and yield in the world. With a huge capacity to improve financial revenue, flue-cured tobacco production in China’s southwest provinces (e.g., Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan) is critical for the national economy. But periodic droughts in tobacco planting zones affect the production of flue-cured tobacco and the normal maturity process. Enhancing studies on drought resistance, water-saving techniques and reasonable regulation of field water supply in flue-cured tobacco production is necessary to guarantee high quality and yield production in arid regions. In this study, MP3005KM water-retention agent, straw, EM activated calcium and EM rejuvenation were used to determine the effect of EM water-retention agent on tobacco growth, yield and quality. The study also used entropy weight coefficient evaluation model and system evaluation indexes to select the optimal application schemes with the most comprehensive benefits. The results showed that different treatments all increased tobacco leaf area of a single plant, especially, straw treatments (T1 and T2) more significantly increased leaf area of a single plant at later growth stage of flue-cured tobacco. The crop growth model simulating the dynamics of LAI showed that T2 (40 gplant-1 EM activated calcium + 300 gplant-1 straw) and T6 (40 gplant-1 EM activated calcium + 6 gplant-1 MP3005KM) obtained more larger increasing range. EM water-retention agent treatments increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and decreased transpiration rate (Tr), which regulated photosynthetic effects of tobacco leaves at vigorous stages (including maturity stage). Principle component analysis showed that EM water-retention application significantly increased the overall quality of tobacco leaves compared with no EM water-retention agent. Straw treatments had better quality improvement effects, with comprehensive quality indexes 3.25 and 2.76, respectively, for T1 and T2. In terms of high yield, good quality, water-saving potential and fertilizer use efficiency, the 40 gplant1 of EM-calcium combined with 4 500 kg.hm-2 of straw system was recommended as the application scheme of EM water-retention agent for flue-cured tobacco. Under this scheme, flue-cured tobacco yield, irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were 2 433.5 kg.hm-2, 0.608 kgm-3 and 27.04 kgkg-1, respectively.
2016, 24(5): 637-642.
Abstract:
Adversity compensation effect is ubiquity in crops, which impacts on crop growth, development and yield. To elucidate the compensation growth of sweet sorghum following soil salt stress reduction, a pot experiment was conducted, in which 5 gkg-1 (high salt), 2 gkg-1 down from 5 gkg-1 (salt stress reduction) and 2 gkg-1 (low-salt control) of soil salt treatments were applied at the elongation stage of sweet sorghum. Then growth rate of dry matter on aboveground parts (leaf, leaf sheath and stem) and aboveground dry matter at maturity of two cultivated sweet sorghum varieties were determined. The experiment also measured salt ions (K+, Na+ and Cl-) distribution in aboveground organs of sweet sorghum. The results showed that the growth rate of aboveground dry matter in high salt treatment was always significantly lower than that of control. There was clear acceleration of growth after soil salt reduction, and gradually exceeded the growth of control due to overcompensation effect. At maturity stage, both plant height and aboveground dry matter of two sorghum varieties decreased sharply in high salt treatment. They decreased by 7.69% and 33.21%, respectively, in ‘Liaotian 1’ in salt stress reduction treatment compared with the low-salt control, moreover, no obviously difference was found in both plant height and aboveground dry matter of ‘Zhongketian 3’ between salt stress reduction treatment and low-salt control. The contents of Na+ and Cl- in aboveground organs significantly increased, and K+ content slightly increased under high salt stressed condition. At 35 days after soil salt reduction, the contents of Na+ and Cl- still higher than that of low-salt control, but decreased significantly compared to that of high salt treatment. Although K+ content in both leaf sheath and stem in soil salt reduction treatment were higher than that of low-salt control, no difference was observed in leaf. The results suggested that ion toxicity in salt-stressed sweet sorghum alleviated after soil salt reduction, and the growth rate eventually exceed that of low-salt control due to overcompensation effect, especially, for salt-tolerance cultivar ‘Zhongketian 3’. This provided the theoretical basis for sweet sorghum cultivation in saline-alkali soils.
Adversity compensation effect is ubiquity in crops, which impacts on crop growth, development and yield. To elucidate the compensation growth of sweet sorghum following soil salt stress reduction, a pot experiment was conducted, in which 5 gkg-1 (high salt), 2 gkg-1 down from 5 gkg-1 (salt stress reduction) and 2 gkg-1 (low-salt control) of soil salt treatments were applied at the elongation stage of sweet sorghum. Then growth rate of dry matter on aboveground parts (leaf, leaf sheath and stem) and aboveground dry matter at maturity of two cultivated sweet sorghum varieties were determined. The experiment also measured salt ions (K+, Na+ and Cl-) distribution in aboveground organs of sweet sorghum. The results showed that the growth rate of aboveground dry matter in high salt treatment was always significantly lower than that of control. There was clear acceleration of growth after soil salt reduction, and gradually exceeded the growth of control due to overcompensation effect. At maturity stage, both plant height and aboveground dry matter of two sorghum varieties decreased sharply in high salt treatment. They decreased by 7.69% and 33.21%, respectively, in ‘Liaotian 1’ in salt stress reduction treatment compared with the low-salt control, moreover, no obviously difference was found in both plant height and aboveground dry matter of ‘Zhongketian 3’ between salt stress reduction treatment and low-salt control. The contents of Na+ and Cl- in aboveground organs significantly increased, and K+ content slightly increased under high salt stressed condition. At 35 days after soil salt reduction, the contents of Na+ and Cl- still higher than that of low-salt control, but decreased significantly compared to that of high salt treatment. Although K+ content in both leaf sheath and stem in soil salt reduction treatment were higher than that of low-salt control, no difference was observed in leaf. The results suggested that ion toxicity in salt-stressed sweet sorghum alleviated after soil salt reduction, and the growth rate eventually exceed that of low-salt control due to overcompensation effect, especially, for salt-tolerance cultivar ‘Zhongketian 3’. This provided the theoretical basis for sweet sorghum cultivation in saline-alkali soils.
2016, 24(5): 643-651.
Abstract:
Compared with soil salts content measurement, irrigation water salts are much easier to be monitored and regulated under saline water irrigation of crop cultivation. However, the salinity threshold of irrigation water (STIW) is a rather complex and difficult parameter to set. In this study, the STIW value for winter wheat was estimated based on a long-term experiment (2007–2015) at the Dry-land Farming Station in Hengshui, Hebei Lowland Plain. In the study, different salinities of irrigation water [1 g.L-1 (control), 2 g.L-1, 4 g.L-1, 6 g.L-1 and 8 g.L-1] were used to determine STIW under long-term saline water irrigation of ‘Shijiazhuang 8’ wheat variety. The relative germination and yield of wheat, soil salinity content and characteristics of wheat growth were measured under different conditions. Yearly STIW was calculated by using the FAO piecewise linear model and the final result decided through comprehensive considerations of the risks of both yield loss and soil salt accumulation. The factors influencing annual fluctuations of STIW were also determined. The results showed that the relative emergence rates of winter wheat under 4 g.L-1 and 6 g.L-1 treatment were 93.8% (P > 0.05) and 70.4% (P < 0.05), the relative yield were 86.0% (P < 0.05) and 65.3% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared with the control. Thus the grain yield loss (no more than 15%) and emergence of winter wheat were not limiting factors of STIW of wheat. For the 9-year data, the calculated STIW was within 2.14–3.95 g.L-1, with an average of 3.19 g.L-1 and a variation coefficient was 21.1%. The final value of STIW that took into accounts of soil salt accumulation risk and wheat yield was 2.47 g.L-1. STIW was negatively correlated with soil salt in the 0–100 cm soil profile at pre-sowing stage (coefficient r = 0.587), but positively correlated with fresh water irrigated yield ( r = 0.516). The result of estimated risk of soil salt accumulation indicated that exponential model had the best simulation effect for the relationship between irrigation water salinity and soil salt. After 9 years of consecutive saline water irrigation at STIW, average soil salt was 0.98 g.kg-1 in the 0–20 cm soil layer and was 1.17 g.kg-1 in the 0–100 cm soil profile. There was a slight accumulation of soil salt, but no significant effect on winter wheat yield. The risk of soil salinization due to long-term 2.47 g.L-1 saline water irrigation was weak in Hebei Lowland Plain.
Compared with soil salts content measurement, irrigation water salts are much easier to be monitored and regulated under saline water irrigation of crop cultivation. However, the salinity threshold of irrigation water (STIW) is a rather complex and difficult parameter to set. In this study, the STIW value for winter wheat was estimated based on a long-term experiment (2007–2015) at the Dry-land Farming Station in Hengshui, Hebei Lowland Plain. In the study, different salinities of irrigation water [1 g.L-1 (control), 2 g.L-1, 4 g.L-1, 6 g.L-1 and 8 g.L-1] were used to determine STIW under long-term saline water irrigation of ‘Shijiazhuang 8’ wheat variety. The relative germination and yield of wheat, soil salinity content and characteristics of wheat growth were measured under different conditions. Yearly STIW was calculated by using the FAO piecewise linear model and the final result decided through comprehensive considerations of the risks of both yield loss and soil salt accumulation. The factors influencing annual fluctuations of STIW were also determined. The results showed that the relative emergence rates of winter wheat under 4 g.L-1 and 6 g.L-1 treatment were 93.8% (P > 0.05) and 70.4% (P < 0.05), the relative yield were 86.0% (P < 0.05) and 65.3% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared with the control. Thus the grain yield loss (no more than 15%) and emergence of winter wheat were not limiting factors of STIW of wheat. For the 9-year data, the calculated STIW was within 2.14–3.95 g.L-1, with an average of 3.19 g.L-1 and a variation coefficient was 21.1%. The final value of STIW that took into accounts of soil salt accumulation risk and wheat yield was 2.47 g.L-1. STIW was negatively correlated with soil salt in the 0–100 cm soil profile at pre-sowing stage (coefficient r = 0.587), but positively correlated with fresh water irrigated yield ( r = 0.516). The result of estimated risk of soil salt accumulation indicated that exponential model had the best simulation effect for the relationship between irrigation water salinity and soil salt. After 9 years of consecutive saline water irrigation at STIW, average soil salt was 0.98 g.kg-1 in the 0–20 cm soil layer and was 1.17 g.kg-1 in the 0–100 cm soil profile. There was a slight accumulation of soil salt, but no significant effect on winter wheat yield. The risk of soil salinization due to long-term 2.47 g.L-1 saline water irrigation was weak in Hebei Lowland Plain.
2016, 24(5): 652-659.
Abstract:
Indoor pot experiment simulating the natural environment conditions along with high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) techniques was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorpyrifos on bacterial community diversity and structure of cotton rhizosphere soil. Chlorpyrifos doses in the experiment were 5 mg·kg-1 (recommended dose), 10 mg·kg-1, 15 mg·kg-1 and 20 mg·kg-1, with no chlorpyrifos addition as the control treatment. Diversity indices (including Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index) were used to evaluate bacterial community diversity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to determine changes in bacterial community structure. Then the MiCA web tool was used for taxonomic interpretation of TRFs. The results suggested that the degradation half-life of chlorpyrifos doses of 5 mg·kg-1, 10 mg·kg-1, 15 mg·kg-1 and 20 mg·kg-1 were 10.04 d, 11.36 d, 11.55 d and 12.16 d, respectively. After 60 days of treatment, chlorpyrifos was almost completely degraded. At the end of the experiment (60 days after treatment), cotton biomass significantly decreased with increase of chlorpyrifos dose. Plant root growth was also significantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos. The soil rhizosphere bacterial community diversity under chlorpyrifos treatments decreased significantly after 10 d and 30 d of treatment compared with that of control. There was no significant difference between the 10 d and 30 d treatments in terms of diversity indexes under all chlorpyrifos treatments. Soil rhizosphere bacterial community diversity of chlorpyrifos application treatments almost recovered to the normal level after 60 days. With the concentration of chlorpyrifos increasing, bacterial community diversity decreased and recovery time became longer. The bacterial community structure was significantly different between chlorpyrifos treatments and the control, respectively, at 10 d, 30 d and 60 d after treatment, even though chlorpyrifos was almost completely degraded at 60 days. The difference between chlorpyrifos treatments and the control was increased at 60 d after treatment, and 20 mg·kg-1 chlorpyrifos treatment had the most significant difference. Also 60 d after treatment, Nitrospina sp. and Cellulophaga sp. were inhibited whereas Bacillus sp. and Streptomyces sp. enhanced by the presence of chlorpyrifos. This showed that rhizosphere soil bacterial community was restructured after treatment with chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, the study presented a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of chlorpyrifos on cotton rhizosphere soils bacterial community diversity and structure. It suggested that recommended or higher doses of chlorpyrifos resulted in cotton rhizosphere soil bacterial community restructuring with a significantly adverse effect on cotton growth and soil bacterial communities, which was need to pay close attention to ecological security of chlorpyrifos using.
Indoor pot experiment simulating the natural environment conditions along with high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) techniques was conducted to investigate the effect of chlorpyrifos on bacterial community diversity and structure of cotton rhizosphere soil. Chlorpyrifos doses in the experiment were 5 mg·kg-1 (recommended dose), 10 mg·kg-1, 15 mg·kg-1 and 20 mg·kg-1, with no chlorpyrifos addition as the control treatment. Diversity indices (including Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index) were used to evaluate bacterial community diversity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to determine changes in bacterial community structure. Then the MiCA web tool was used for taxonomic interpretation of TRFs. The results suggested that the degradation half-life of chlorpyrifos doses of 5 mg·kg-1, 10 mg·kg-1, 15 mg·kg-1 and 20 mg·kg-1 were 10.04 d, 11.36 d, 11.55 d and 12.16 d, respectively. After 60 days of treatment, chlorpyrifos was almost completely degraded. At the end of the experiment (60 days after treatment), cotton biomass significantly decreased with increase of chlorpyrifos dose. Plant root growth was also significantly inhibited by chlorpyrifos. The soil rhizosphere bacterial community diversity under chlorpyrifos treatments decreased significantly after 10 d and 30 d of treatment compared with that of control. There was no significant difference between the 10 d and 30 d treatments in terms of diversity indexes under all chlorpyrifos treatments. Soil rhizosphere bacterial community diversity of chlorpyrifos application treatments almost recovered to the normal level after 60 days. With the concentration of chlorpyrifos increasing, bacterial community diversity decreased and recovery time became longer. The bacterial community structure was significantly different between chlorpyrifos treatments and the control, respectively, at 10 d, 30 d and 60 d after treatment, even though chlorpyrifos was almost completely degraded at 60 days. The difference between chlorpyrifos treatments and the control was increased at 60 d after treatment, and 20 mg·kg-1 chlorpyrifos treatment had the most significant difference. Also 60 d after treatment, Nitrospina sp. and Cellulophaga sp. were inhibited whereas Bacillus sp. and Streptomyces sp. enhanced by the presence of chlorpyrifos. This showed that rhizosphere soil bacterial community was restructured after treatment with chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, the study presented a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of chlorpyrifos on cotton rhizosphere soils bacterial community diversity and structure. It suggested that recommended or higher doses of chlorpyrifos resulted in cotton rhizosphere soil bacterial community restructuring with a significantly adverse effect on cotton growth and soil bacterial communities, which was need to pay close attention to ecological security of chlorpyrifos using.
2016, 24(5): 660-667.
Abstract:
Ecological problems arising from under-forest economy have gained a wide recognition in recent years. With the development of under-forest economy, understory farming has become more sophisticated, and ecological environments under forests have also become more stable in Rongchang region of Chongqing. The adjacent-sample comparison method was used to study the effects of six different typical under-forest economy modes on importance value (P), species richness index (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′), Pielou’s evenness index (Jw), Alatalo dominance index (Ea), Jaccard similarity index (Cj), Sorenson similarity index (Cs) and plant species diversity threshold (Dv) in China’s Southwest Mountains from August to September in 2012. The investigated six under-forest economy modes were poultry feeding in Eucalyptus robusta forest (T1), fungi cultivation in E. robusta forest (T2), poultry feeding in Dendrocalamus latiflorus forest (T3), fungi cultivation in D. latiflorus forest (T4), livestock feeding in Pinus massoniana forest (T5) and grass cultivation in Ficus lacor forest (T6), and with the corresponding pure forests as the controls. The results showed that among six under-forest economy modes, the highest species richness index (11) was observed in T6 and the lowest species richness index (2) was occurred in both T3 and T4. Herb layer was the most dominant layer for all the six under-forest economy modes, and no shrub layer was found. The highest importance values were of Alternanthera philoxeroides in T1 (67.16%) and T2 (71.00%), Morus alba in T3 (74. 91%) and T4 (72.82%), and Oplismenus compositus in T5 (54.10%), and Hemarthria altissima in T6 (59.51%). For six under-forest economy modes, the species richness index was in the order of T6 > T1 > T5 = T2 > T3 = T4, the Shannon-Wiener diversity was T6 > T1 > T5 > T2 > T4 > T3, the Pielou’s evenness index was T5 > T6 > T2 > T1 > T4 > T3, and Alatalo dominance index was T5 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > T6. Based on the analysis of similarity of species composition, T3 and T4 had the highest similarity indexes with their corresponding pure forests, 1.0 of both Cj and Cs, followed by T6 with 0.44 Cj and 0.62 Cs, respectively. The minimum Cj (0.15) and Cs (0.27) were those of T1 with its pure forest. Based the evaluation of plant diversity threshold under different under-forest economy modes, T6 had the highest threshold with a better diversity. Then the lowest threshold was for T3 and T4. Understory farming altered species composition of plant community, and different farming methods had different results. Grass cultivation under forest had the least effect and also was the most abundant species above all inquisitional modes.
Ecological problems arising from under-forest economy have gained a wide recognition in recent years. With the development of under-forest economy, understory farming has become more sophisticated, and ecological environments under forests have also become more stable in Rongchang region of Chongqing. The adjacent-sample comparison method was used to study the effects of six different typical under-forest economy modes on importance value (P), species richness index (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′), Pielou’s evenness index (Jw), Alatalo dominance index (Ea), Jaccard similarity index (Cj), Sorenson similarity index (Cs) and plant species diversity threshold (Dv) in China’s Southwest Mountains from August to September in 2012. The investigated six under-forest economy modes were poultry feeding in Eucalyptus robusta forest (T1), fungi cultivation in E. robusta forest (T2), poultry feeding in Dendrocalamus latiflorus forest (T3), fungi cultivation in D. latiflorus forest (T4), livestock feeding in Pinus massoniana forest (T5) and grass cultivation in Ficus lacor forest (T6), and with the corresponding pure forests as the controls. The results showed that among six under-forest economy modes, the highest species richness index (11) was observed in T6 and the lowest species richness index (2) was occurred in both T3 and T4. Herb layer was the most dominant layer for all the six under-forest economy modes, and no shrub layer was found. The highest importance values were of Alternanthera philoxeroides in T1 (67.16%) and T2 (71.00%), Morus alba in T3 (74. 91%) and T4 (72.82%), and Oplismenus compositus in T5 (54.10%), and Hemarthria altissima in T6 (59.51%). For six under-forest economy modes, the species richness index was in the order of T6 > T1 > T5 = T2 > T3 = T4, the Shannon-Wiener diversity was T6 > T1 > T5 > T2 > T4 > T3, the Pielou’s evenness index was T5 > T6 > T2 > T1 > T4 > T3, and Alatalo dominance index was T5 > T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > T6. Based on the analysis of similarity of species composition, T3 and T4 had the highest similarity indexes with their corresponding pure forests, 1.0 of both Cj and Cs, followed by T6 with 0.44 Cj and 0.62 Cs, respectively. The minimum Cj (0.15) and Cs (0.27) were those of T1 with its pure forest. Based the evaluation of plant diversity threshold under different under-forest economy modes, T6 had the highest threshold with a better diversity. Then the lowest threshold was for T3 and T4. Understory farming altered species composition of plant community, and different farming methods had different results. Grass cultivation under forest had the least effect and also was the most abundant species above all inquisitional modes.
2016, 24(5): 668-673.
Abstract:
In most pastoral areas of the Tibetan Plateau, yak dung is the only life energy source of herdsmen due to inconvenient traffic, energy shortage and life custom. Long term removal of large amount of yak dung from grassland ecosystem changes the amount and area of dung spots which induces nutrition recycle change of grazing grassland. The plant community and biomass of grassland consequently changes and ecological risk rises. To explore the ecological effects of yak dung collection, this paper focused on the characteristics and productivity of plant functional groups under full, half and none yak dung collection treatments in moderate grazing alpine meadow ecosystem in Henan County, Qinghai Province. Plant composition, important values of plant species, vegetation growth and community characteristics of alpine meadow under different dung collection treatments were investigated after three years experiment. The results showed that under yak dung none-collection treatment, grassland productivity was significantly lower than those under half-collection and full-collection treatments, while biodiversity was significantly lower than that under half-collection treatment. The biomass of high quality gramineae forage grass was significantly higher than those under half-collection and full-collection treatments, the biomass of high quality cyperaceae forage grass was significantly higher than that under full-collection treatment. Under yak dung half-collection treatment, biomass was 42.60 g.m-2 with a significant increase of 9.7% compared with non-collection treatment. Vegetation abundance of yak dung half-collection treatment significantly enhanced 31.9%, while high quality forage grasses biomass unchanged compared with non-collection treatment. Under yak dung full-collection treatment, biomass and vegetation abundance significantly increased by 4.1% and 10.7%, respectively, high quality forage grass biomass decreased, meanwhile poisonous weeds biomass increased compared with non-collection treatment. Grass palatability of full-collection treatment got worse. Half or full collection of yok dung reduced the biomass of high quality forage grasses of gramineae and cyperaceae, especially cyperaceae grass biomass reduced by more than 70% under yak dung full-collected treatment. Leguminous grass biomass significantly increased by more than 5 times, while weeds and poisonous weeds biomass accounted for 74%79% total biomass. It was indicated that moderate collection of yak dung increased vegetation richness and diversity, insured grass palatability, and meantime provided energy resource for herdsman in alpine meadow. The results may provide a principle for yak dung collection and scientific management of moderate grazing alpine meadow ecosystem.
In most pastoral areas of the Tibetan Plateau, yak dung is the only life energy source of herdsmen due to inconvenient traffic, energy shortage and life custom. Long term removal of large amount of yak dung from grassland ecosystem changes the amount and area of dung spots which induces nutrition recycle change of grazing grassland. The plant community and biomass of grassland consequently changes and ecological risk rises. To explore the ecological effects of yak dung collection, this paper focused on the characteristics and productivity of plant functional groups under full, half and none yak dung collection treatments in moderate grazing alpine meadow ecosystem in Henan County, Qinghai Province. Plant composition, important values of plant species, vegetation growth and community characteristics of alpine meadow under different dung collection treatments were investigated after three years experiment. The results showed that under yak dung none-collection treatment, grassland productivity was significantly lower than those under half-collection and full-collection treatments, while biodiversity was significantly lower than that under half-collection treatment. The biomass of high quality gramineae forage grass was significantly higher than those under half-collection and full-collection treatments, the biomass of high quality cyperaceae forage grass was significantly higher than that under full-collection treatment. Under yak dung half-collection treatment, biomass was 42.60 g.m-2 with a significant increase of 9.7% compared with non-collection treatment. Vegetation abundance of yak dung half-collection treatment significantly enhanced 31.9%, while high quality forage grasses biomass unchanged compared with non-collection treatment. Under yak dung full-collection treatment, biomass and vegetation abundance significantly increased by 4.1% and 10.7%, respectively, high quality forage grass biomass decreased, meanwhile poisonous weeds biomass increased compared with non-collection treatment. Grass palatability of full-collection treatment got worse. Half or full collection of yok dung reduced the biomass of high quality forage grasses of gramineae and cyperaceae, especially cyperaceae grass biomass reduced by more than 70% under yak dung full-collected treatment. Leguminous grass biomass significantly increased by more than 5 times, while weeds and poisonous weeds biomass accounted for 74%79% total biomass. It was indicated that moderate collection of yak dung increased vegetation richness and diversity, insured grass palatability, and meantime provided energy resource for herdsman in alpine meadow. The results may provide a principle for yak dung collection and scientific management of moderate grazing alpine meadow ecosystem.
2016, 24(5): 674-683.
Abstract:
Evapotranspiration (ET), which is comprised of evaporation from soil surface (E) and transpiration from vegetation (T), plays an important role in maintaining global energy balance and regulating climate. Quantifying partitioning of ET is particularly important for accurate prediction of climate response to ecosystem carbon, water and energy budgets. Using eddy covariance measurements in maize fields for the growing season at the Experiment Station of Agro-ecosystem in Semiarid Area (ESASA) of Lanzhou University, we ran the revised Shuttleworth-Wallace model (S-W model), partitioned evapotranspiration in maize fields under plastic film mulch conditions into evaporation and transpiration, validated the performance of the model for different time scales and under different weather conditions with measured eddy covariance values, analyzed the driving factors, and determined parameter sensitivity of ET and its components. The results suggested that the simulated ET in the study area was in good agreement with the measurements in both sunny and cloudy days, but the model performed badly in rainy days. In diurnal timescale, the modified model performed well when ET was larger than 2 mm.d-1 in both sunny and mostly cloudy days, and the ratios of simulated values by S-W model to measured values were close to the 1∶1 line. But the model slightly overestimated ET in rainy days. Solar radiation and temperature were key environmental factors influencing ET in maize fields under plastic film mulch that led to seasonal variations. In general, T accounted for a small fraction of ET in maize fields under plastic film mulching. Diurnal variation in E/ET followed a single-peak curve, the low point was observed at night. At seasonal timescale, E/ET decreased from 18% to 8% at jointing stage, and kept at 8% level at tasseling stage and filling stage. We compared our result with others and found that both film mulch and environmental factors affected the value of E/ET. The E/ET was controlled by canopy stomatal conductance at diurnal timescale, while at seasonal timescale, it was mainly controlled by leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture content (θ) which regulated transpired water from leaf stomata and evaporated water from bare soils. The sensitivity analysis showed that ET and its components were most sensitive to aerodynamic resistance from canopy to reference height (raa) and bulk resistance of boundary layer (rac), and moderately sensitive to bulk resistance of canopy stomatal (rsc), and insensitive to aerodynamic resistance from soil to canopy (ras) and soil surface resistance (rss). It was suggested that ET and its components were more sensitive to parameters related to canopy. Therefore, it was much more important to determine resistance parameters of raa, rac and rsc when simulating ET in maize fields under plastic film mulch using S-W model.
Evapotranspiration (ET), which is comprised of evaporation from soil surface (E) and transpiration from vegetation (T), plays an important role in maintaining global energy balance and regulating climate. Quantifying partitioning of ET is particularly important for accurate prediction of climate response to ecosystem carbon, water and energy budgets. Using eddy covariance measurements in maize fields for the growing season at the Experiment Station of Agro-ecosystem in Semiarid Area (ESASA) of Lanzhou University, we ran the revised Shuttleworth-Wallace model (S-W model), partitioned evapotranspiration in maize fields under plastic film mulch conditions into evaporation and transpiration, validated the performance of the model for different time scales and under different weather conditions with measured eddy covariance values, analyzed the driving factors, and determined parameter sensitivity of ET and its components. The results suggested that the simulated ET in the study area was in good agreement with the measurements in both sunny and cloudy days, but the model performed badly in rainy days. In diurnal timescale, the modified model performed well when ET was larger than 2 mm.d-1 in both sunny and mostly cloudy days, and the ratios of simulated values by S-W model to measured values were close to the 1∶1 line. But the model slightly overestimated ET in rainy days. Solar radiation and temperature were key environmental factors influencing ET in maize fields under plastic film mulch that led to seasonal variations. In general, T accounted for a small fraction of ET in maize fields under plastic film mulching. Diurnal variation in E/ET followed a single-peak curve, the low point was observed at night. At seasonal timescale, E/ET decreased from 18% to 8% at jointing stage, and kept at 8% level at tasseling stage and filling stage. We compared our result with others and found that both film mulch and environmental factors affected the value of E/ET. The E/ET was controlled by canopy stomatal conductance at diurnal timescale, while at seasonal timescale, it was mainly controlled by leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture content (θ) which regulated transpired water from leaf stomata and evaporated water from bare soils. The sensitivity analysis showed that ET and its components were most sensitive to aerodynamic resistance from canopy to reference height (raa) and bulk resistance of boundary layer (rac), and moderately sensitive to bulk resistance of canopy stomatal (rsc), and insensitive to aerodynamic resistance from soil to canopy (ras) and soil surface resistance (rss). It was suggested that ET and its components were more sensitive to parameters related to canopy. Therefore, it was much more important to determine resistance parameters of raa, rac and rsc when simulating ET in maize fields under plastic film mulch using S-W model.
2016, 24(5): 684-694.
Abstract:
Ecosystem goods and services refer to the dependence of economic wealth and human well-being on natural systems. It is common sense that the structures and functions of ecosystems are changing due to climate change and human activity. There is a heated research on the variations in Ecosystem Services Values (ESV) under intensified global change both in time and space. It is a priority issue to determine, at various spatiotemporal scales, the sensitivity of ecosystems to climate change and anthropogenic pressure in arid areas. To better understand the effect of climate change and human activity on ecosystem services, we evaluated the changes in ecosystem services values from 1973 to 2014 in Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The evaluation methods used included the Mann-Kendall (MK), Mann-Kendall-Sneyers test, ESV and dynamic land use/cover change (LUCC) degree. The ecosystem services value evaluated included gas regulation, climate regulation, water conservation, soil formation, waste disposal, biodiversity protection, food production, raw materials, recreation and leisure. Landsat images, digital elevation model (DEM) and metrological data were used to evaluate ESV and the related changes. Based on the degree of the effects of climate change and human activity, the research area was divided into two parts — the mountain area (mainly affected by climate change) and the plain oasis area (mainly affected by human activity) at a contour of 1 400 m above sea level. According to the type and effect, land cover was classified as water, wetland, plain desert, cultivated land, glacier, warm shrub grassland, cold meadow steppe and highland vegetation. We analyzed the relationship among the variations in ESV, precipitation and evaporation and then quantitatively differentiated the effect of climate change and human activity on ESV. The results showed that: 1) the MK-Sneyers test detected distinct points of change in precipitation and evaporation in mountain area and plain oasis in Yanqi Basin. Precipitation increased and evaporation decreased in mountain area and plain oasis in the same way. Conversion matrix analysis of LUCC detected expansion of agricultural areas to provide food for the increasing population and socio-economic development in the oasis areas. Thus variations in ESV were caused jointly by climate change and human activity. 2) The declining trend in ESV in mountain area was mainly due to the shrinking of glacier areas. 3) ESV decreased initially and increased afterwards with 2004 as the turning point, following the increasing trend in precipitation and evaporation. The calculated total ESV was 85.86×108 Yuan in 1973, 94.46×108 Yuan in 1977, 84.15×108 Yuan in 1994, 89.40×108 Yuan in 2004 and 96.47×108Yuan in 2014, respectively. The combined effects of climate change and human activity were main causes of ESV variations in the past 40 years in Yanqi Basin. The main reasons for the increasing ESV in the plain oasis included enlargement of artificial oasis due to intensified human activity and supporting favorable climate change such as increasing precipitation and decreasing evaporation.
Ecosystem goods and services refer to the dependence of economic wealth and human well-being on natural systems. It is common sense that the structures and functions of ecosystems are changing due to climate change and human activity. There is a heated research on the variations in Ecosystem Services Values (ESV) under intensified global change both in time and space. It is a priority issue to determine, at various spatiotemporal scales, the sensitivity of ecosystems to climate change and anthropogenic pressure in arid areas. To better understand the effect of climate change and human activity on ecosystem services, we evaluated the changes in ecosystem services values from 1973 to 2014 in Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. The evaluation methods used included the Mann-Kendall (MK), Mann-Kendall-Sneyers test, ESV and dynamic land use/cover change (LUCC) degree. The ecosystem services value evaluated included gas regulation, climate regulation, water conservation, soil formation, waste disposal, biodiversity protection, food production, raw materials, recreation and leisure. Landsat images, digital elevation model (DEM) and metrological data were used to evaluate ESV and the related changes. Based on the degree of the effects of climate change and human activity, the research area was divided into two parts — the mountain area (mainly affected by climate change) and the plain oasis area (mainly affected by human activity) at a contour of 1 400 m above sea level. According to the type and effect, land cover was classified as water, wetland, plain desert, cultivated land, glacier, warm shrub grassland, cold meadow steppe and highland vegetation. We analyzed the relationship among the variations in ESV, precipitation and evaporation and then quantitatively differentiated the effect of climate change and human activity on ESV. The results showed that: 1) the MK-Sneyers test detected distinct points of change in precipitation and evaporation in mountain area and plain oasis in Yanqi Basin. Precipitation increased and evaporation decreased in mountain area and plain oasis in the same way. Conversion matrix analysis of LUCC detected expansion of agricultural areas to provide food for the increasing population and socio-economic development in the oasis areas. Thus variations in ESV were caused jointly by climate change and human activity. 2) The declining trend in ESV in mountain area was mainly due to the shrinking of glacier areas. 3) ESV decreased initially and increased afterwards with 2004 as the turning point, following the increasing trend in precipitation and evaporation. The calculated total ESV was 85.86×108 Yuan in 1973, 94.46×108 Yuan in 1977, 84.15×108 Yuan in 1994, 89.40×108 Yuan in 2004 and 96.47×108Yuan in 2014, respectively. The combined effects of climate change and human activity were main causes of ESV variations in the past 40 years in Yanqi Basin. The main reasons for the increasing ESV in the plain oasis included enlargement of artificial oasis due to intensified human activity and supporting favorable climate change such as increasing precipitation and decreasing evaporation.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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