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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2016 Vol. 24, No. 7
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2016, 24(7): 845-852.
Abstract:
Wheat/maize relay-intercropping system is an important rainfed planting pattern in Sichuan Province, China. It is therefore important to investigate rational nitrogen management strategies to improve not only productivity and nutrient use efficiency, but also to explore the yield advantage mechanism of the interaction between intercropped wheat and maize. In this direction, a field experiment was conducted in 2014 involving four nitrogen application rates (0 kg.hm-2, 60 kg.hm-2, 120 kg.hm-2 and 180 kg.hm-2, denoted by N1, N2, N3 and N4, respectively) under three planting patterns. The planting patterns included wheat monoculture (W), wheat/maize strip relay-intercropping (W/M) and wheat/empty strip (W/E) at an experimental research base in Chongzhou, Sichuan. Grain yield, biomass, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP-N) of wheat were calculated. The results showed that 1) intercropped wheat had yield advantage over monoculture wheat under all the nitrogen application rates. The aboveground biomass and grain yield of intercropped wheat in W/M and W/E treatments were on average 15.7% and 17.8% higher than that of monoculture wheat. 2) Border row wheat had advantage in terms of productivity, nitrogen uptake and nutrient use efficiency. Aboveground biomass, yield, nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of the border row wheat were 23.8%, 27.3%, 48.9% and 19.1% higher than those of monoculture wheat, respectively. It suggested that intercropped wheat had higher nitrogen use efficiency with higher grain yield compared to monoculture wheat. 3) Compared to W/E pattern, aboveground biomass and grain yield of wheat under W/M pattern dropped by 6.5% and 5.7% under the zero and 60 kg.hm-2 nitrogen application treatments, respectively. However, under the medium nitrogen application rate (N3, 120 kg.hm-2) grain yield, aboveground biomass, shoot nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of wheat under W/M were 14.1%, 5.0%, 6.8% and 4.5% higher than those under W/E, respectively. These results indicated that intercropped wheat may be inhibited by intercropping maize under low nitrogen application rate (such as low than 60 kg.hm-2), in contrast wheat development in intercropping could be promoted by sufficient nitrogen application. Furthermore, intercropped wheat had advantages in grain yield and nutrient use efficiency, especially for border row plants. Although maize and wheat interaction enhanced this process, sufficient nitrogen fertilizer application in maize and wheat was critical for promoting growth of relay-intercropped wheat.
Wheat/maize relay-intercropping system is an important rainfed planting pattern in Sichuan Province, China. It is therefore important to investigate rational nitrogen management strategies to improve not only productivity and nutrient use efficiency, but also to explore the yield advantage mechanism of the interaction between intercropped wheat and maize. In this direction, a field experiment was conducted in 2014 involving four nitrogen application rates (0 kg.hm-2, 60 kg.hm-2, 120 kg.hm-2 and 180 kg.hm-2, denoted by N1, N2, N3 and N4, respectively) under three planting patterns. The planting patterns included wheat monoculture (W), wheat/maize strip relay-intercropping (W/M) and wheat/empty strip (W/E) at an experimental research base in Chongzhou, Sichuan. Grain yield, biomass, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFP-N) of wheat were calculated. The results showed that 1) intercropped wheat had yield advantage over monoculture wheat under all the nitrogen application rates. The aboveground biomass and grain yield of intercropped wheat in W/M and W/E treatments were on average 15.7% and 17.8% higher than that of monoculture wheat. 2) Border row wheat had advantage in terms of productivity, nitrogen uptake and nutrient use efficiency. Aboveground biomass, yield, nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of the border row wheat were 23.8%, 27.3%, 48.9% and 19.1% higher than those of monoculture wheat, respectively. It suggested that intercropped wheat had higher nitrogen use efficiency with higher grain yield compared to monoculture wheat. 3) Compared to W/E pattern, aboveground biomass and grain yield of wheat under W/M pattern dropped by 6.5% and 5.7% under the zero and 60 kg.hm-2 nitrogen application treatments, respectively. However, under the medium nitrogen application rate (N3, 120 kg.hm-2) grain yield, aboveground biomass, shoot nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of wheat under W/M were 14.1%, 5.0%, 6.8% and 4.5% higher than those under W/E, respectively. These results indicated that intercropped wheat may be inhibited by intercropping maize under low nitrogen application rate (such as low than 60 kg.hm-2), in contrast wheat development in intercropping could be promoted by sufficient nitrogen application. Furthermore, intercropped wheat had advantages in grain yield and nutrient use efficiency, especially for border row plants. Although maize and wheat interaction enhanced this process, sufficient nitrogen fertilizer application in maize and wheat was critical for promoting growth of relay-intercropped wheat.
2016, 24(7): 853-863.
Abstract:
To identify the row spacing suitable for mechanization of maize production in the south of Huanghuai maize region, field experiments were conducted at two experimental sites (Fangcheng and Huixian) in Henan Province in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Three varieties of hybrid maize with different plant heights (high — ‘Xianyu 335’, medium — ‘Zhengdan 958’ and dwarf — ‘512-4’) were planted under two planting densities (low density — 60 000 plants·hm-2 and high density — 75 000 plants·hm-2) and five row spacings (50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm, and 80 cm + 40 cm) conditions. The study determined the effects of row spacing and planting density on nitrogen uptake, nitrogen utilization and yield of maize. The results showed that grain yield of both ‘Xianyu 335’ and ‘512-4’ with 60 cm row spacing was obviously higher than those of other row spacings. Also yield of medium height variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ with 60 cm and 70 cm row spacings was higher than that of others row spacings under low density treatments. The study also showed that under high plant density, grain yield of high-height variety ‘Xianyu 335’ and medium-height variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ with 60 cm row spacing was obviously the highest, followed by dwarf-height variety ‘512-4’ with 50 cm row spacing and treatments with other row spacings. Initially, plant nitrogen accumulation increased with increasing row spacing, reached peak level at 60 cm row spacing, and then decreased. Nitrogen accumulation in plant under 60 cm row spacing was significantly higher than that under 80 cm and 80 cm + 40 cm row spacings in low planting density treatment, while no significant difference among different row spacings under high planting density. Nitrogen accumulation in different maize varieties varied with different row spacings. As for high-height maize variety, nitrogen accumulation was not difference among different row spacings. For medium-height maize variety, nitrogen accumulation in plant of 80 cm row spacing was significantly decreased compared with that of other row spacings. However, nitrogen accumulation in plants of 50 cm and 60 cm row spacing were obviously higher than that of other row spacings. Seed nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen harvest index initially increased with increasing row spacing, reached the highest in 60 cm row spacing, and then decreased. Similarity, nitrogen partial factor productivity was increased firstly, and then decreased with increasing of row spacing, and it was significantly higher in 60 cm row spacing treatment than that in 80 cm row spacing under high density condition, but no obvious difference was found among different row spacings under low density conditions. Compared with other row spacings, nitrogen utilization efficiency and grain yield were relatively higher under 60 cm row spacing condition. In conclusion, 60 cm row spacing was the optimal planting pattern for summer maize in the south of Huanghuai maize region.
To identify the row spacing suitable for mechanization of maize production in the south of Huanghuai maize region, field experiments were conducted at two experimental sites (Fangcheng and Huixian) in Henan Province in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Three varieties of hybrid maize with different plant heights (high — ‘Xianyu 335’, medium — ‘Zhengdan 958’ and dwarf — ‘512-4’) were planted under two planting densities (low density — 60 000 plants·hm-2 and high density — 75 000 plants·hm-2) and five row spacings (50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm, 80 cm, and 80 cm + 40 cm) conditions. The study determined the effects of row spacing and planting density on nitrogen uptake, nitrogen utilization and yield of maize. The results showed that grain yield of both ‘Xianyu 335’ and ‘512-4’ with 60 cm row spacing was obviously higher than those of other row spacings. Also yield of medium height variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ with 60 cm and 70 cm row spacings was higher than that of others row spacings under low density treatments. The study also showed that under high plant density, grain yield of high-height variety ‘Xianyu 335’ and medium-height variety ‘Zhengdan 958’ with 60 cm row spacing was obviously the highest, followed by dwarf-height variety ‘512-4’ with 50 cm row spacing and treatments with other row spacings. Initially, plant nitrogen accumulation increased with increasing row spacing, reached peak level at 60 cm row spacing, and then decreased. Nitrogen accumulation in plant under 60 cm row spacing was significantly higher than that under 80 cm and 80 cm + 40 cm row spacings in low planting density treatment, while no significant difference among different row spacings under high planting density. Nitrogen accumulation in different maize varieties varied with different row spacings. As for high-height maize variety, nitrogen accumulation was not difference among different row spacings. For medium-height maize variety, nitrogen accumulation in plant of 80 cm row spacing was significantly decreased compared with that of other row spacings. However, nitrogen accumulation in plants of 50 cm and 60 cm row spacing were obviously higher than that of other row spacings. Seed nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen harvest index initially increased with increasing row spacing, reached the highest in 60 cm row spacing, and then decreased. Similarity, nitrogen partial factor productivity was increased firstly, and then decreased with increasing of row spacing, and it was significantly higher in 60 cm row spacing treatment than that in 80 cm row spacing under high density condition, but no obvious difference was found among different row spacings under low density conditions. Compared with other row spacings, nitrogen utilization efficiency and grain yield were relatively higher under 60 cm row spacing condition. In conclusion, 60 cm row spacing was the optimal planting pattern for summer maize in the south of Huanghuai maize region.
WANG Mei,
ZHAO Guangcai,
SHI Shubing,
CHANG Xuhong,
WANG Demei,
YANG Yushuang,
GUO Mingming,
QI Zhen,
WANG Yu,
LIU Xiaocheng
2016, 24(7): 864-873.
Abstract:
Black wheat variety ‘Luozhen 1’, a colored wheat variety, was higher in nutritional value and exploring potential. However, its low yield was the main limiting factor of plantation due to weak photosynthetic capacity and matter translocation ability at key stages of yield forming. In order to provide the theory basis for high yield cultivation of black wheat, a pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen rate and soil relative water content after anthesis on nitrogen absorption and translocation of black wheat ‘Luozhen 1’ at the station of the Institute of Crop Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2014–2015. Two factors were set in the experiment, nitrogen fertilization rate [150 kg(N)?hm-2 (low N level, N1), 240 kg(N)?hm-2 (middle N level, N2), 330 kg(N)?hm-2 (high N level, N3)] and soil relative water content after anthesis [75%85% (adequate water supply treatment, W1), 55%65% (middle water stress, W2) and 35%45% (serious water stress, W3) of field capacity]. The results showed that grain nitrogen content and protein accumulation amount declined with decreasing soil relative water content under the same nitrogen fertilization rate. Protein components contents varied with different nitrogen fertilization rates and soil relative water content. The contents of albumin, globulin and prolamin increased with declining soil water content in low N level (N1). In high N level (N3) treatment, albumin and globulin contents also increased with declining soil water content, while prolamin content decreased. Under soil water stress conditions (W2, W3), nitrogen content, protein accumulation amount in seeds increased and the percentage of grain nitrogen content at maturity declined with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate. However, under adequate water supply (W1), protein accumulation amount, nitrogen translocation efficiency from nutritive organs to grain and nitrogen translocation amount were highest under middle N level (N2). Albumin, globulin and prolamin contents also increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate under W1 condition, while glutenin reached the highest level in N2 treatment. Under water stressed conditions (W2 or W3), all protein components were highest in N2 treatment. It was concluded that there were significant impact of nitrogen rate and soil water content after anthesis on nitrogen metabolism of black wheat ‘Luozhen 1’. Nitrogen application rate of 240 kg?hm-2 and adequate water supply were recommended in the experimental condition due to effective nitrogen metabolism process.
Black wheat variety ‘Luozhen 1’, a colored wheat variety, was higher in nutritional value and exploring potential. However, its low yield was the main limiting factor of plantation due to weak photosynthetic capacity and matter translocation ability at key stages of yield forming. In order to provide the theory basis for high yield cultivation of black wheat, a pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen rate and soil relative water content after anthesis on nitrogen absorption and translocation of black wheat ‘Luozhen 1’ at the station of the Institute of Crop Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2014–2015. Two factors were set in the experiment, nitrogen fertilization rate [150 kg(N)?hm-2 (low N level, N1), 240 kg(N)?hm-2 (middle N level, N2), 330 kg(N)?hm-2 (high N level, N3)] and soil relative water content after anthesis [75%85% (adequate water supply treatment, W1), 55%65% (middle water stress, W2) and 35%45% (serious water stress, W3) of field capacity]. The results showed that grain nitrogen content and protein accumulation amount declined with decreasing soil relative water content under the same nitrogen fertilization rate. Protein components contents varied with different nitrogen fertilization rates and soil relative water content. The contents of albumin, globulin and prolamin increased with declining soil water content in low N level (N1). In high N level (N3) treatment, albumin and globulin contents also increased with declining soil water content, while prolamin content decreased. Under soil water stress conditions (W2, W3), nitrogen content, protein accumulation amount in seeds increased and the percentage of grain nitrogen content at maturity declined with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate. However, under adequate water supply (W1), protein accumulation amount, nitrogen translocation efficiency from nutritive organs to grain and nitrogen translocation amount were highest under middle N level (N2). Albumin, globulin and prolamin contents also increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate under W1 condition, while glutenin reached the highest level in N2 treatment. Under water stressed conditions (W2 or W3), all protein components were highest in N2 treatment. It was concluded that there were significant impact of nitrogen rate and soil water content after anthesis on nitrogen metabolism of black wheat ‘Luozhen 1’. Nitrogen application rate of 240 kg?hm-2 and adequate water supply were recommended in the experimental condition due to effective nitrogen metabolism process.
HAN Fanxiang,
CHANG Lei,
CHAI Shouxi,
YANG Changgang,
CHENG Hongbo,
YANG Delong,
LI Hui,
LI Bowen,
LI Shoulei,
SONG Yali,
LAN Xuemei
2016, 24(7): 874-882.
Abstract:
Water deficiency is the main factor limiting crop growth in semiarid regions under rain-fed agriculture. Mulching can improve soil micro-environment and thus significantly increase crop yield and water use efficiency. In order to evaluate the effects of different strategies of soil-moisture conservation on soil water content and potato yield in semiarid regions under rain-fed agriculture in Northwest China, four mulching modes — maize-straw strip covering on no-planted ridge (T1), plastic film mulching on planted ridge only (T2), plastic film mulching on both planted ridge and no-planted furrow (T3) and flat field planting without mulching (CK) — were set in potato cultivation in 2014–2015. Potato yield and water use efficiency (WUE), and soil water content were investigated. The results showed that mulching greatly improved soil water storage at the 0200 cm soil layer during potato growth stage. Plastic film mulching had positive effects on soil water storage at the early stage of potato growth, while straw mulching significantly improved soil water storage at the later growth stage. The optimal water storage increasing effect was under T1, which increased soil water content by 2.8%–7.8%. Especially during the tuber formation in summer drought period, soil water content in the 0200 cm soil layer under T1 was significantly higher than under both T2 and T3. In contrast to CK, T1 increased potato yield by 10.5%–34.2% and WUE by 8.9%–29.8% (with WUE of 108.9– 134.0 kg·hm-2·mm-1), and increased commodity potato rate by 14.7%–38.8% which reached to 82.3%–92.2%. There was significant positive correlation (r = 0.836) between potato productivity and soil water consumption during the potato growth period. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the yield and commodity rate of potato under T1 condition, which were significantly different from those under T2 and T3. This indicated that maize-straw strip covering maintained higher soil moisture and improved plant growth and yield formation. Its application improved the efficiently of rainfall utilization to realize stable and high yields of potato. Maize-straw strip covering was a new cultivation pattern which increased crop productivity and economic benefit of potato in semiarid rain-fed regions of Northwest China.
Water deficiency is the main factor limiting crop growth in semiarid regions under rain-fed agriculture. Mulching can improve soil micro-environment and thus significantly increase crop yield and water use efficiency. In order to evaluate the effects of different strategies of soil-moisture conservation on soil water content and potato yield in semiarid regions under rain-fed agriculture in Northwest China, four mulching modes — maize-straw strip covering on no-planted ridge (T1), plastic film mulching on planted ridge only (T2), plastic film mulching on both planted ridge and no-planted furrow (T3) and flat field planting without mulching (CK) — were set in potato cultivation in 2014–2015. Potato yield and water use efficiency (WUE), and soil water content were investigated. The results showed that mulching greatly improved soil water storage at the 0200 cm soil layer during potato growth stage. Plastic film mulching had positive effects on soil water storage at the early stage of potato growth, while straw mulching significantly improved soil water storage at the later growth stage. The optimal water storage increasing effect was under T1, which increased soil water content by 2.8%–7.8%. Especially during the tuber formation in summer drought period, soil water content in the 0200 cm soil layer under T1 was significantly higher than under both T2 and T3. In contrast to CK, T1 increased potato yield by 10.5%–34.2% and WUE by 8.9%–29.8% (with WUE of 108.9– 134.0 kg·hm-2·mm-1), and increased commodity potato rate by 14.7%–38.8% which reached to 82.3%–92.2%. There was significant positive correlation (r = 0.836) between potato productivity and soil water consumption during the potato growth period. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the yield and commodity rate of potato under T1 condition, which were significantly different from those under T2 and T3. This indicated that maize-straw strip covering maintained higher soil moisture and improved plant growth and yield formation. Its application improved the efficiently of rainfall utilization to realize stable and high yields of potato. Maize-straw strip covering was a new cultivation pattern which increased crop productivity and economic benefit of potato in semiarid rain-fed regions of Northwest China.
2016, 24(7): 883-892.
Abstract:
Wheat/faba-bean strip intercropping is a common intercropping system in Northwest China, which has significantly contributed to food security and poverty alleviation. However, traditional net irrigation quota for wheat/faba-bean intercropping is relative higher, deepening the conflict between water resources supply and demand in agriculture. The alternating irrigation is a biological water-saving technique that is extensively used in agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas, which is assumed to increase WUE and maintain high yield in wheat/faba-bean intercropping system. In order to determine the effects of alternating irrigation on physiology response and yield of wheat/faba-bean intercropping, a root box experiment was conducted in glass greenhouse condition in Gansu Agricultural University in 2008. The experiment had two irrigation methods [alternating irrigation (A) and conventional irrigation (T)] and three planting patterns [sole wheat (SW), sole faba-bean (SF) and intercropped wheat/faba-bean (IWF)]. The results showed that leaf chlorophyll content of intercropped wheat and faba-bean increased under alternating irrigation condition. On the contrary, leaf relative water content and leaf water potential decreased compared with conventional irrigation treatment. However, there were no significant differences between the two irrigation methods for wheat intercropped with faba-bean. Leaf chlorophyll content and leaf water potential of intercropped wheat were higher than those of sole cropping. Also leaf chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content and leaf water potential of intercropped faba-bean were significantly higher than those of sole faba-bean. Compared with conventional irrigation treatment, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance reduced by 10.99% and 6.66%, respectively, in intercropped wheat leaves, and by 6.78% and 5.32%, respectively, in intercropped faba-bean leaves under alternating irrigation conditions. Thus leaf water use efficiency of wheat/faba-bean intercropping under alternating irrigation improved. Compared with conventional irrigation, shoot dry weight of sole wheat, sole faba-bean, intercropped wheat and intercropped faba-bean decreased, while root/shoot ratio significantly increased under alternating irrigation. The root/shoot ratio of sole wheat, sole faba-bean, intercropped wheat and intercropped faba-bean in alternating irrigation treatments were 14.47%, 7.56%, 36.36% and 19.63% higher than those of conventional irrigation, respectively. Compared with sole cropping, yield of intercropping treatments generally increased. The harvest indexes of intercropped wheat under alternating and conventional irrigation increased by 8.68% and 2.72% over those of corresponding sole wheat treatment, respectively. Also harvest index of intercropped faba-bean under alternating and conventional irrigation increased by 4.78% and 5.23% over those of the corresponding sole faba-bean treatment, respectively. In conclusion, wheat/faba-bean intercropping under alternating irrigation maintained high leaf water use efficiency of wheat and faba-bean by increasing root growth and root/shoot ratio. It significantly reduced excessive transpiration without much reduction in photosynthetic rate. The research suggested that wheat/faba-bean intercropping under alternating irrigation had the potential for the realization of high-quality and efficient irrigation.
Wheat/faba-bean strip intercropping is a common intercropping system in Northwest China, which has significantly contributed to food security and poverty alleviation. However, traditional net irrigation quota for wheat/faba-bean intercropping is relative higher, deepening the conflict between water resources supply and demand in agriculture. The alternating irrigation is a biological water-saving technique that is extensively used in agricultural production in arid and semi-arid areas, which is assumed to increase WUE and maintain high yield in wheat/faba-bean intercropping system. In order to determine the effects of alternating irrigation on physiology response and yield of wheat/faba-bean intercropping, a root box experiment was conducted in glass greenhouse condition in Gansu Agricultural University in 2008. The experiment had two irrigation methods [alternating irrigation (A) and conventional irrigation (T)] and three planting patterns [sole wheat (SW), sole faba-bean (SF) and intercropped wheat/faba-bean (IWF)]. The results showed that leaf chlorophyll content of intercropped wheat and faba-bean increased under alternating irrigation condition. On the contrary, leaf relative water content and leaf water potential decreased compared with conventional irrigation treatment. However, there were no significant differences between the two irrigation methods for wheat intercropped with faba-bean. Leaf chlorophyll content and leaf water potential of intercropped wheat were higher than those of sole cropping. Also leaf chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content and leaf water potential of intercropped faba-bean were significantly higher than those of sole faba-bean. Compared with conventional irrigation treatment, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance reduced by 10.99% and 6.66%, respectively, in intercropped wheat leaves, and by 6.78% and 5.32%, respectively, in intercropped faba-bean leaves under alternating irrigation conditions. Thus leaf water use efficiency of wheat/faba-bean intercropping under alternating irrigation improved. Compared with conventional irrigation, shoot dry weight of sole wheat, sole faba-bean, intercropped wheat and intercropped faba-bean decreased, while root/shoot ratio significantly increased under alternating irrigation. The root/shoot ratio of sole wheat, sole faba-bean, intercropped wheat and intercropped faba-bean in alternating irrigation treatments were 14.47%, 7.56%, 36.36% and 19.63% higher than those of conventional irrigation, respectively. Compared with sole cropping, yield of intercropping treatments generally increased. The harvest indexes of intercropped wheat under alternating and conventional irrigation increased by 8.68% and 2.72% over those of corresponding sole wheat treatment, respectively. Also harvest index of intercropped faba-bean under alternating and conventional irrigation increased by 4.78% and 5.23% over those of the corresponding sole faba-bean treatment, respectively. In conclusion, wheat/faba-bean intercropping under alternating irrigation maintained high leaf water use efficiency of wheat and faba-bean by increasing root growth and root/shoot ratio. It significantly reduced excessive transpiration without much reduction in photosynthetic rate. The research suggested that wheat/faba-bean intercropping under alternating irrigation had the potential for the realization of high-quality and efficient irrigation.
2016, 24(7): 893-901.
Abstract:
Peanut is an important economic oil crop in China. Traditional double-seed sowing pattern has been the main sowing mode in China because double-seed sowing can avoid low germination rate due to poor quality of peanut seed. However, this sowing mode results in competition between plants in the same hole which intensifies with time and eventually limits plant development. On the other hand, single-seed sowing is a seed-saving and high-yield cultivation pattern, which adjusts population structure and improve single plant productivity by altering sowing pattern and density, can produce high yield. In order to study the process of high yield in single-seed sowing, ‘Huayu 22’ large-seed cultivar of peanut was used to study the difference in absorption regularity and distribution characteristics of N, P2O5 and K2O under high (S1: 270 000 holes·hm-2), medium (S2: 225 000 holes·hm-2) and low (S3: 180 000 holes·hm-2) density conditions, respectively with single-seed sowing and traditional double-seed sowing (CK: 135 000 holes·hm-2) of groundnut in a field experiment. The results showed that both S1 and S2 increased N, P2O5 and K2O accumulation in both individual plant and population, but the increase in single plant of S1 was smaller than that of S2 treatment. Compared with control at pod-filling stage, the nutrients absorption rate in individual plant (S1) decreased remarkably, and no significant difference in population accumulation was observed in S1. However, nutrient accumulation in both individual plant and population of S2 remained higher level throughout the growing period compared with control, especially, at later growth stage. As for S3, the N, P2O5 and K2O accumulation in individual plant were higher, while they were lower in population than those of the corresponding control. From the perspective of nutrient distribution characteristics, there was similar nutrient absorption trend in different treatments. N, P2O5 and K2O distribution coefficients in pod of both S2 and S3 were significantly higher than those of the control, however, there was no remarkable difference between S1 and the control. Furthermore, peanut pod yield of S2 was highest among the three densities of single-seed sowing treatments, and increased by 8.1% compared with that of the control, followed by that of S1 (2.5%), and that of S3 slightly decreased compared with that of the control. Based on the analysis of yield and yield components, the reason of S2 with highest yield was the rational planting pattern and density, which improved agronomic traits, increased single plant productivity and economic coefficient of peanut. As for S1 treatment, lower economic index due to large plant density induced relative lower yield of individual plant and population, which was no remarkably improved compared with that of control. Although S3 had higher single plant productivity and lower plant density, the yield increase was not noticeable. Thus, in high yield fields, single-seed sowing at density of 225 000 holes per hectare for large-seed peanut variety ‘Huayu 22’ was recommend for balancing the relationship between single plant and population nutrient uptake, improving nutrient absorption and promoting the distribution of nutrients in peanut pods.
Peanut is an important economic oil crop in China. Traditional double-seed sowing pattern has been the main sowing mode in China because double-seed sowing can avoid low germination rate due to poor quality of peanut seed. However, this sowing mode results in competition between plants in the same hole which intensifies with time and eventually limits plant development. On the other hand, single-seed sowing is a seed-saving and high-yield cultivation pattern, which adjusts population structure and improve single plant productivity by altering sowing pattern and density, can produce high yield. In order to study the process of high yield in single-seed sowing, ‘Huayu 22’ large-seed cultivar of peanut was used to study the difference in absorption regularity and distribution characteristics of N, P2O5 and K2O under high (S1: 270 000 holes·hm-2), medium (S2: 225 000 holes·hm-2) and low (S3: 180 000 holes·hm-2) density conditions, respectively with single-seed sowing and traditional double-seed sowing (CK: 135 000 holes·hm-2) of groundnut in a field experiment. The results showed that both S1 and S2 increased N, P2O5 and K2O accumulation in both individual plant and population, but the increase in single plant of S1 was smaller than that of S2 treatment. Compared with control at pod-filling stage, the nutrients absorption rate in individual plant (S1) decreased remarkably, and no significant difference in population accumulation was observed in S1. However, nutrient accumulation in both individual plant and population of S2 remained higher level throughout the growing period compared with control, especially, at later growth stage. As for S3, the N, P2O5 and K2O accumulation in individual plant were higher, while they were lower in population than those of the corresponding control. From the perspective of nutrient distribution characteristics, there was similar nutrient absorption trend in different treatments. N, P2O5 and K2O distribution coefficients in pod of both S2 and S3 were significantly higher than those of the control, however, there was no remarkable difference between S1 and the control. Furthermore, peanut pod yield of S2 was highest among the three densities of single-seed sowing treatments, and increased by 8.1% compared with that of the control, followed by that of S1 (2.5%), and that of S3 slightly decreased compared with that of the control. Based on the analysis of yield and yield components, the reason of S2 with highest yield was the rational planting pattern and density, which improved agronomic traits, increased single plant productivity and economic coefficient of peanut. As for S1 treatment, lower economic index due to large plant density induced relative lower yield of individual plant and population, which was no remarkably improved compared with that of control. Although S3 had higher single plant productivity and lower plant density, the yield increase was not noticeable. Thus, in high yield fields, single-seed sowing at density of 225 000 holes per hectare for large-seed peanut variety ‘Huayu 22’ was recommend for balancing the relationship between single plant and population nutrient uptake, improving nutrient absorption and promoting the distribution of nutrients in peanut pods.
2016, 24(7): 902-909.
Abstract:
With important economical and nutritional values, kidney bean (Phaseolus vuglaris) is one of the main grain crops in China. Recently, the planting area of red kidney bean has been gradually increasing in Shanxi Province, China. However, the nutrient absorption characteristics and limiting factors of kidney bean was still not very clear. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for plant growth, and knowledge on periodic uptake, accumulation and allocation of N, P and K in different organs of kidney bean is important to implement nutrient management practices to ensure its’ sustainable production. There were several studies on effect of the fertilization and nitrogen application on yield of kidney bean. However, few studies have investigated the nutrient accumulation and distribution characteristics of kidney bean. In this study, field experiment was conducted with different nutrient application (N absence, P absence, K absence, NPK application and no fertilizer) using the red kidney bean variety ‘British Red’ as the materials in 2014. The nutrient restrictive factors, dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake and accumulation of red kidney bean were investigated. The samples of NPK application treatment at different growth stages were collected for determining dry matter and nutrient contents in different organs, to illustrate the law of nutrient absorption. This is beneficial to provide theoretical basis for rational fertilization and high yield cultivation of red kidney bean. The results showed that NPK application treatment significantly increased yield of red kidney bean compared to absence of N, P, or K and no fertilizer treatments. Compared to NPK application treatment, yields of N-, P- or K-absence decreased by 14.2%, 8.0% and 11.3%, respectively, which indicated that the order of nutrient restrictive factors of red kidney bean yield was N > K > P. The dry matter accumulation rate of red kidney bean increased firstly and then reduced in the whole growth period. Dry matter accumulation of root, stem, pod shell and pea increased gradually throughout the whole growing period, while dry matter accumulation of leaf decreased at harvest stage. The order of dry matter weight in different organs at harvest was pea > stem ≈ pod shell > leaf > root. The contents of N, P and K of all investigated organs varied at different stages. N contents in steam, leaf and pod shell decreased gradually, and increased in pea throughout the whole period. The contents of P and K in different organs showed a decreasing trend in whole growth period. The highest nutrients level was observed from full-blooming to pod bearing stage, in which, the absorption contents of N, P and K accounted for 28.14%, 49.22% and 56.20% of the total content of whole growth period, respectively. The accumulation amount of N, P and K in different organs was various. The order of N, P, K accumulation was N > K > P in pods, leaves, stalks and stems, while it was order of K > N > P in pod skins. In conclusion, to produce 100 kilogram kidney bean pea, 4.37 kg N, 2.38 kg P2O5 and 3.53 kg K2O application with ratio of 1∶0.54∶0.81 were needed.
With important economical and nutritional values, kidney bean (Phaseolus vuglaris) is one of the main grain crops in China. Recently, the planting area of red kidney bean has been gradually increasing in Shanxi Province, China. However, the nutrient absorption characteristics and limiting factors of kidney bean was still not very clear. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are essential nutrients for plant growth, and knowledge on periodic uptake, accumulation and allocation of N, P and K in different organs of kidney bean is important to implement nutrient management practices to ensure its’ sustainable production. There were several studies on effect of the fertilization and nitrogen application on yield of kidney bean. However, few studies have investigated the nutrient accumulation and distribution characteristics of kidney bean. In this study, field experiment was conducted with different nutrient application (N absence, P absence, K absence, NPK application and no fertilizer) using the red kidney bean variety ‘British Red’ as the materials in 2014. The nutrient restrictive factors, dry matter accumulation and nutrient uptake and accumulation of red kidney bean were investigated. The samples of NPK application treatment at different growth stages were collected for determining dry matter and nutrient contents in different organs, to illustrate the law of nutrient absorption. This is beneficial to provide theoretical basis for rational fertilization and high yield cultivation of red kidney bean. The results showed that NPK application treatment significantly increased yield of red kidney bean compared to absence of N, P, or K and no fertilizer treatments. Compared to NPK application treatment, yields of N-, P- or K-absence decreased by 14.2%, 8.0% and 11.3%, respectively, which indicated that the order of nutrient restrictive factors of red kidney bean yield was N > K > P. The dry matter accumulation rate of red kidney bean increased firstly and then reduced in the whole growth period. Dry matter accumulation of root, stem, pod shell and pea increased gradually throughout the whole growing period, while dry matter accumulation of leaf decreased at harvest stage. The order of dry matter weight in different organs at harvest was pea > stem ≈ pod shell > leaf > root. The contents of N, P and K of all investigated organs varied at different stages. N contents in steam, leaf and pod shell decreased gradually, and increased in pea throughout the whole period. The contents of P and K in different organs showed a decreasing trend in whole growth period. The highest nutrients level was observed from full-blooming to pod bearing stage, in which, the absorption contents of N, P and K accounted for 28.14%, 49.22% and 56.20% of the total content of whole growth period, respectively. The accumulation amount of N, P and K in different organs was various. The order of N, P, K accumulation was N > K > P in pods, leaves, stalks and stems, while it was order of K > N > P in pod skins. In conclusion, to produce 100 kilogram kidney bean pea, 4.37 kg N, 2.38 kg P2O5 and 3.53 kg K2O application with ratio of 1∶0.54∶0.81 were needed.
2016, 24(7): 910-917.
Abstract:
In order to improve the fertility of purple soil and make reasonable use of faba bean, this study collected faba bean root exudates by solution cultivation and obtained the concentrated solution by vacuum rotary evaporator. Then a soil cultivation experiment was carried out with 2 levels (low level of 6 mL and high level of 12 mL) of concentrated solutions of faba bean root exudates added separately to three types of 60 g purple soils (acid purple soil, alkaline purple soil and neutral purple soil) in constant temperature box. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of faba bean root exudates on soil available nutrients and microbial population in different purple soils. The results showed that compared with the control, both alkali-hydrolysable N and pH decreased significantly while available P, K, Zn and Fe along with microbial population increased significantly in the three types of purple soil after adding concentrated solutions of faba bean root exudates to the soil. Moreover, the above trends increased with increasing level of the root extrudates. The decreasing effects of high amount of faba bean root exudates on soil alkali-hydrolysable N and pH were most obvious in acid purple soil compared with in alkali and neutral purple soils. However, the most significant increasing effect on soil bacteria and fungi amounts was also observed in acid purple soils. The above four indicators in acid purple soils with high level faba bean root exudates addition were respectively 68.00%, 95.49%, 4.51 times and 10.00 times those of the control. In alkali purple soils, the addition of high amount of concentrated faba bean root exudates showed most significantly increasing effects on soil available P, K, Zn and Fe contents, which were 4.48 times, 2.04 times, 147.00% and 128.00% of those of the control, respectively. In conclusion, there were different effects on soil available nutrients and soil microbial activity after faba bean root exudates addition to different types of purple soils. This had a profound effect on the fertility of cultivated purple soils in the study area.
In order to improve the fertility of purple soil and make reasonable use of faba bean, this study collected faba bean root exudates by solution cultivation and obtained the concentrated solution by vacuum rotary evaporator. Then a soil cultivation experiment was carried out with 2 levels (low level of 6 mL and high level of 12 mL) of concentrated solutions of faba bean root exudates added separately to three types of 60 g purple soils (acid purple soil, alkaline purple soil and neutral purple soil) in constant temperature box. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of faba bean root exudates on soil available nutrients and microbial population in different purple soils. The results showed that compared with the control, both alkali-hydrolysable N and pH decreased significantly while available P, K, Zn and Fe along with microbial population increased significantly in the three types of purple soil after adding concentrated solutions of faba bean root exudates to the soil. Moreover, the above trends increased with increasing level of the root extrudates. The decreasing effects of high amount of faba bean root exudates on soil alkali-hydrolysable N and pH were most obvious in acid purple soil compared with in alkali and neutral purple soils. However, the most significant increasing effect on soil bacteria and fungi amounts was also observed in acid purple soils. The above four indicators in acid purple soils with high level faba bean root exudates addition were respectively 68.00%, 95.49%, 4.51 times and 10.00 times those of the control. In alkali purple soils, the addition of high amount of concentrated faba bean root exudates showed most significantly increasing effects on soil available P, K, Zn and Fe contents, which were 4.48 times, 2.04 times, 147.00% and 128.00% of those of the control, respectively. In conclusion, there were different effects on soil available nutrients and soil microbial activity after faba bean root exudates addition to different types of purple soils. This had a profound effect on the fertility of cultivated purple soils in the study area.
2016, 24(7): 918-925.
Abstract:
The trap-barrier system (TBS) method has been used extensively in agricultural systems for trapping rodents in China because it is highly effective in preventing and controlling rodents with high capture rate, long and consistent control period and poses no harm to people and livestock as well as predators. Many researchers also have recommended the use of TBS in monitoring rodents due to its ability to capture rodents. In order to test the effects of TBS rodent monitoring, we set line trap-barrier system (L-TBS) and night snap-trap (NST, national industry standard of NY/T 1481—2007 ) systems from May to October 2015 to trap rodents in the corn fields of Boertala Mongolia Autonomous County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the scientific evidence of the application of L-TBS in field rodent surveillance and to explore the corresponding relations between rodent community collected by L-TBS and by NST. Three replications were carried out at different sites in the same region using the same operation mode. The rodent community structure and population structure of dominant rodent species, including population dynamics and reproduction characteristics of captured rodent species were analyzed. The results certified the relevance of rodent species, and population structure and reproduction characters of rodent community between two methods. Firstly, Chi-Square test on rodent species composition captured by the L-TBS and NTS showed no statistically significant differences (χ2 = 3.31, P = 0.35). The percentage of dominant species of rodent composition was also not statistically significantly different (Mus musculus: χ2 = 1.50, P = 0.44; Cricetulus migratorius: χ2 = 0.54, P = 0.63). Secondly, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the abundance of the dominant species house mouse (Mus musculus) captured by L-TBS and NST (y = 0.143 1 + 0.146 5x, r = 0.707 7, P = 0.000 0). Meanwhile, the reproduction parameters of dominant species (Mus musculus) trapped by the two methods also had statistically significant positive correlation (sex ratio, r = 0.71; pregnancy rate, r = 0.926 8; percent male with prominent testicle, r = 0.869 2; reproduction index, r = 0.94). What is more, analysis of the age structure of the capture rodent species showed that L-TBS trapped more juvenile rodents than NST. L-TBS captured five groups of rodents with different age classes (juvenile, sub-adult, adult I, adult II and old-age classes), which fully reflected the age structure of rodent population in the region. Thus L-TBS more accurately reflected the population dynamics of field rodents in the study area. L-TBS captured some species of Soricidae (e.g., Sorex minutus) which were demanded to be monitored by the Epidemic Prevention Department of the government, but were hardly captured by NST method. Therefore, it was concluded that L-TBS method was applicable in preventing, controlling and monitoring over-ground rodent communities. It was necessary to set up 60 m long L-TBS system in the farm field of 6.67 hm-2. Compared with NST method, L-TBS method saved time and labor cost. It was also safer and easier to operate, particularly applicable in remote areas that lacked monitoring personnel and traffic. In addition, it was possible to arrange L-TBS alongside fields, which was suitable for mechanized farming operations. Therefore, L-TBS had a promising prospect for wilder applications in monitoring field rodents. However, L-TBS method captured less proportion of Rattus norvegicus than NST method (χ2 = 9.54 > χ20.01 = 9.21, P = 0.004 5). This was because Rattus norvegicus shied away from new objects and jumped over traps due to their larger size. There was therefore need for improvement of the traps of L-TBS.
The trap-barrier system (TBS) method has been used extensively in agricultural systems for trapping rodents in China because it is highly effective in preventing and controlling rodents with high capture rate, long and consistent control period and poses no harm to people and livestock as well as predators. Many researchers also have recommended the use of TBS in monitoring rodents due to its ability to capture rodents. In order to test the effects of TBS rodent monitoring, we set line trap-barrier system (L-TBS) and night snap-trap (NST, national industry standard of NY/T 1481—2007 ) systems from May to October 2015 to trap rodents in the corn fields of Boertala Mongolia Autonomous County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The purpose of this study was to investigate the scientific evidence of the application of L-TBS in field rodent surveillance and to explore the corresponding relations between rodent community collected by L-TBS and by NST. Three replications were carried out at different sites in the same region using the same operation mode. The rodent community structure and population structure of dominant rodent species, including population dynamics and reproduction characteristics of captured rodent species were analyzed. The results certified the relevance of rodent species, and population structure and reproduction characters of rodent community between two methods. Firstly, Chi-Square test on rodent species composition captured by the L-TBS and NTS showed no statistically significant differences (χ2 = 3.31, P = 0.35). The percentage of dominant species of rodent composition was also not statistically significantly different (Mus musculus: χ2 = 1.50, P = 0.44; Cricetulus migratorius: χ2 = 0.54, P = 0.63). Secondly, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the abundance of the dominant species house mouse (Mus musculus) captured by L-TBS and NST (y = 0.143 1 + 0.146 5x, r = 0.707 7, P = 0.000 0). Meanwhile, the reproduction parameters of dominant species (Mus musculus) trapped by the two methods also had statistically significant positive correlation (sex ratio, r = 0.71; pregnancy rate, r = 0.926 8; percent male with prominent testicle, r = 0.869 2; reproduction index, r = 0.94). What is more, analysis of the age structure of the capture rodent species showed that L-TBS trapped more juvenile rodents than NST. L-TBS captured five groups of rodents with different age classes (juvenile, sub-adult, adult I, adult II and old-age classes), which fully reflected the age structure of rodent population in the region. Thus L-TBS more accurately reflected the population dynamics of field rodents in the study area. L-TBS captured some species of Soricidae (e.g., Sorex minutus) which were demanded to be monitored by the Epidemic Prevention Department of the government, but were hardly captured by NST method. Therefore, it was concluded that L-TBS method was applicable in preventing, controlling and monitoring over-ground rodent communities. It was necessary to set up 60 m long L-TBS system in the farm field of 6.67 hm-2. Compared with NST method, L-TBS method saved time and labor cost. It was also safer and easier to operate, particularly applicable in remote areas that lacked monitoring personnel and traffic. In addition, it was possible to arrange L-TBS alongside fields, which was suitable for mechanized farming operations. Therefore, L-TBS had a promising prospect for wilder applications in monitoring field rodents. However, L-TBS method captured less proportion of Rattus norvegicus than NST method (χ2 = 9.54 > χ20.01 = 9.21, P = 0.004 5). This was because Rattus norvegicus shied away from new objects and jumped over traps due to their larger size. There was therefore need for improvement of the traps of L-TBS.
CAO Yujun,
LYU Yanjie,
WANG Xiaohui,
WEI Wenwen,
YAO Fanyun,
LIU Chunguang,
WANG Lichun,
WANG Yongjun
2016, 24(7): 926-934.
Abstract:
Jilin Province is an major maize production area in China and it significantly contributes to national food security. Because of limited cultivatable land and adjustment of planting structure, the potential to increase maize planting area in Jilin Province is limited. Future increase in maize yield will mainly rely on yield improvement per cultivated unit area. Thus fully promoting the potential of maize production and per unit area yield constitutes an effective way of comprehensively improving maize productivity in Jilin Province. In this study, the Hybrid-maize model validated in Northeast China and long-term meteorological data combined with results of experiments of different maize varieties, sowing dates and planting densities were used to simulate maize potential yield in different ecological regions [humid region (Huadian), semi-humid region (Gongzhuling) and semi-arid ecological region (Qian’an)] in Jilin Province. At the same time, the driving factors of high and stable maize yield were analyzed based on potential yield variations and production characteristics of maize varieties. Finally, a high-yield system of maize was established. The main results of the study showed that: 1) Changing sowing date was a critical measure for yield increase. However, there were differences in performance among different ecological regions. Early sowing was required in humid region (Huadian), and the appropriate sowing date was about April 20. In contrast, late sowing was required in the other two ecological regions, with proper sowing times in mid-May. 2) The order of maize tolerance to high planting density for the different ecological regions in Jilin Province was: humid region (Huadian) > semi-humid region (Gongzhuling) > semi-arid region (Qian’an). The suitable densities in the three regions were 90 000, 80 000 and 75 000 plants·hm2, respectively. 3) Variety with longer growth period had higher yield potential. In practice, late-maturing variety selection depended on different regional ecological conditions. In semi-humid and semi-arid regions, it was necessary to increase GDD varieties to over 1 600 ℃ under current sowing date conditions. 4) According to the above results, the comprehensively optimized management measure for high-yield system was established, and the simulated long-term average yield potential of high-yield system increased by 14.39%–29.23% compared with the current production system. The study provided theoretical basis for proper cultivation measures of high-yield crop varieties. It also provided technical reference for large-scale production of maize in Jilin Province.
Jilin Province is an major maize production area in China and it significantly contributes to national food security. Because of limited cultivatable land and adjustment of planting structure, the potential to increase maize planting area in Jilin Province is limited. Future increase in maize yield will mainly rely on yield improvement per cultivated unit area. Thus fully promoting the potential of maize production and per unit area yield constitutes an effective way of comprehensively improving maize productivity in Jilin Province. In this study, the Hybrid-maize model validated in Northeast China and long-term meteorological data combined with results of experiments of different maize varieties, sowing dates and planting densities were used to simulate maize potential yield in different ecological regions [humid region (Huadian), semi-humid region (Gongzhuling) and semi-arid ecological region (Qian’an)] in Jilin Province. At the same time, the driving factors of high and stable maize yield were analyzed based on potential yield variations and production characteristics of maize varieties. Finally, a high-yield system of maize was established. The main results of the study showed that: 1) Changing sowing date was a critical measure for yield increase. However, there were differences in performance among different ecological regions. Early sowing was required in humid region (Huadian), and the appropriate sowing date was about April 20. In contrast, late sowing was required in the other two ecological regions, with proper sowing times in mid-May. 2) The order of maize tolerance to high planting density for the different ecological regions in Jilin Province was: humid region (Huadian) > semi-humid region (Gongzhuling) > semi-arid region (Qian’an). The suitable densities in the three regions were 90 000, 80 000 and 75 000 plants·hm2, respectively. 3) Variety with longer growth period had higher yield potential. In practice, late-maturing variety selection depended on different regional ecological conditions. In semi-humid and semi-arid regions, it was necessary to increase GDD varieties to over 1 600 ℃ under current sowing date conditions. 4) According to the above results, the comprehensively optimized management measure for high-yield system was established, and the simulated long-term average yield potential of high-yield system increased by 14.39%–29.23% compared with the current production system. The study provided theoretical basis for proper cultivation measures of high-yield crop varieties. It also provided technical reference for large-scale production of maize in Jilin Province.
LI Yajian,
WANG Zhigang,
GAO Julin,
SUN Jiying,
YU Xiaofang,
HU Shuping,
YU Shaobo,
LIANG Hongwei,
PEI Kuan
2016, 24(7): 935-943.
Abstract:
Exploitation of yield gaps in current maize production was needed for increasing grain yields to meet future food requirements. The quantification of yield gap and production potential by scientific method was critical for rational planning of production and development of maize industry in Inner Mongolia. This study combined cultivar and density network test data with Hybrid-Maize model simulation, and used data of recorded the highest yield since 2006, the average yield of the farmers in different ecological regions in Inner Mongolia to analyze the yield gap and production potential of Inner Mongolia and its six ecological regions. Based on the modeled yield potential, the highest recorded yield, experimental yield and farmers’ yield generally increased from the east to the west of Inner Mongolia. Maize yield potential in Inner Mongolia was 14.9 thm-2, with the highest recorded yield of 14.4 thm-2 and experimental yield of 11.1 thm-2. Farmers’ yield reached 49% of the modeled yield potential, 51% of the highest recorded yield and 66% of the experimental yield. Yield gap based on the modeled yield potential (YGM), the highest recorded yield (YGR) and experimental yield (YGE) was 7.5 thm-2, 7.0 thm-2 and 3.8 thm-2, respectively. Based on YGE, the short-term production potential in Inner Mongolia was 3 525.2×104 tons (which was 1.6 times of the current maize production) and the short-term production gap was 1 191.9×104 tons. In the short-term, the four eastern regions (including Hulunber, Xing’an, Tongliao and Chifeng) contributed 61% to the production potential of the whole Inner Mongolia, while the western regions (including Hohhot and Bayannur) contributed only 16%. The main factor of high YGE was inefficient cultivation management practice. To address this challenge, the countermeasures were recommended, such as comprehensive improvement of cultivation management practices, simplification of agronomic techniques easily adopted by farmers, for to gradually narrow YGE.
Exploitation of yield gaps in current maize production was needed for increasing grain yields to meet future food requirements. The quantification of yield gap and production potential by scientific method was critical for rational planning of production and development of maize industry in Inner Mongolia. This study combined cultivar and density network test data with Hybrid-Maize model simulation, and used data of recorded the highest yield since 2006, the average yield of the farmers in different ecological regions in Inner Mongolia to analyze the yield gap and production potential of Inner Mongolia and its six ecological regions. Based on the modeled yield potential, the highest recorded yield, experimental yield and farmers’ yield generally increased from the east to the west of Inner Mongolia. Maize yield potential in Inner Mongolia was 14.9 thm-2, with the highest recorded yield of 14.4 thm-2 and experimental yield of 11.1 thm-2. Farmers’ yield reached 49% of the modeled yield potential, 51% of the highest recorded yield and 66% of the experimental yield. Yield gap based on the modeled yield potential (YGM), the highest recorded yield (YGR) and experimental yield (YGE) was 7.5 thm-2, 7.0 thm-2 and 3.8 thm-2, respectively. Based on YGE, the short-term production potential in Inner Mongolia was 3 525.2×104 tons (which was 1.6 times of the current maize production) and the short-term production gap was 1 191.9×104 tons. In the short-term, the four eastern regions (including Hulunber, Xing’an, Tongliao and Chifeng) contributed 61% to the production potential of the whole Inner Mongolia, while the western regions (including Hohhot and Bayannur) contributed only 16%. The main factor of high YGE was inefficient cultivation management practice. To address this challenge, the countermeasures were recommended, such as comprehensive improvement of cultivation management practices, simplification of agronomic techniques easily adopted by farmers, for to gradually narrow YGE.
2016, 24(7): 944-956.
Abstract:
Based on three limiting indexes (light, temperature and water), an evaluation system was set up along with its parameters for normal cloud models and the “3En” rule to evaluate the suitability of winter wheat to climatic factors. The weighted comprehensive assessment and geometric mean method were used to determine the climate suitability of winter wheat for the whole growth period, while the integral regression method was used to determine the weight coefficients for each growth stage. The calculated values were analyzed in relation to winter wheat yield in every district of Suzhou City of Anhui Province from 1954 to 2013 and the actual observed yield and its’ components from 1995 to 2013. The results showed that the trapezium cloud model was suitable for air temperature and precipitation suitability evaluation, while the left-half cloud model was suitable for sunshine suitability analysis. There was significantly positive correlation between the climate suitability of winter wheat for the whole growth period and climate-driven yield, 1000-grain weight, kernel number per ear, and plant height at milk stage in the study area. The corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.588 0 (P < 0.01), 0.756 1 (P < 0.01), 0.670 7 (P < 0.01) and 0.464 3 (P < 0.05), respectively. The correlation coefficients between the climate suitability and panicle per unit area of winter wheat were 0.558 9 (P < 0.05), 0.649 8 (P < 0.01) and 0.736 1 (P < 0.01) at returning greenjointing stage, jointingheading stage and headingmilk ripe stage, respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between climate suitability and kernel number per ear — 0.710 7 (P < 0.01) and 0.744 2 (P < 0.01) at returning greenjointing stage and headingmilk ripe stage, respectively. The suitability of sunshine and precipitation decreased at the rates of 0.005 and 0.008 per decade. However, the suitability of temperature in the study area increased at the rate of 0.028 per decade in 1954–2013. The study laid the scientific reference for evaluating adaptability and developing response strategies of winter wheat to climatic conditions.
Based on three limiting indexes (light, temperature and water), an evaluation system was set up along with its parameters for normal cloud models and the “3En” rule to evaluate the suitability of winter wheat to climatic factors. The weighted comprehensive assessment and geometric mean method were used to determine the climate suitability of winter wheat for the whole growth period, while the integral regression method was used to determine the weight coefficients for each growth stage. The calculated values were analyzed in relation to winter wheat yield in every district of Suzhou City of Anhui Province from 1954 to 2013 and the actual observed yield and its’ components from 1995 to 2013. The results showed that the trapezium cloud model was suitable for air temperature and precipitation suitability evaluation, while the left-half cloud model was suitable for sunshine suitability analysis. There was significantly positive correlation between the climate suitability of winter wheat for the whole growth period and climate-driven yield, 1000-grain weight, kernel number per ear, and plant height at milk stage in the study area. The corresponding correlation coefficients were 0.588 0 (P < 0.01), 0.756 1 (P < 0.01), 0.670 7 (P < 0.01) and 0.464 3 (P < 0.05), respectively. The correlation coefficients between the climate suitability and panicle per unit area of winter wheat were 0.558 9 (P < 0.05), 0.649 8 (P < 0.01) and 0.736 1 (P < 0.01) at returning greenjointing stage, jointingheading stage and headingmilk ripe stage, respectively. There was a significantly positive correlation between climate suitability and kernel number per ear — 0.710 7 (P < 0.01) and 0.744 2 (P < 0.01) at returning greenjointing stage and headingmilk ripe stage, respectively. The suitability of sunshine and precipitation decreased at the rates of 0.005 and 0.008 per decade. However, the suitability of temperature in the study area increased at the rate of 0.028 per decade in 1954–2013. The study laid the scientific reference for evaluating adaptability and developing response strategies of winter wheat to climatic conditions.
2016, 24(7): 957-968.
Abstract:
Huailai County of Hebei Province is an important ecological barrier protecting Beijing (the capital city) and the northern region. The land use pattern in Huailai not only directly affects the use of land resources but also critically influences sustainable development of the surrounding ecosystems. The goal of this research was to correctly understand the relationship between the landscape pattern and the driving factors of land use in the region for determination of the driving mechanism of land use change. Using remote sensing technology, the land use data of Huailai County in 1994, 2004 and 2014 was interpreted to find landscape pattern of land use. Then, eight driving factors were selected among a range of socioeconomic and natural factors, which were average height, relief, annual rainfall, temperature seasonality, distance from road, distance from downtown, GDP density and population density. Gradient analysis of landscape pattern and CCA were used to analyze the relation between landscape patterns of land use and the selected socioeconomic and natural factors, and to distinguish the main driving factors. The landscape indexes, such as spread degree, interspersion-juxtapostion index, Shannon’s diversity index and Shannon’s evenness index, in 2014 of the study area showed obvious gradient difference along east-west and north-south directions. Spread degree was higher in the middle and lower in the two ends, while other three indexes showed contrary tendencies. The average height and population density were the leading factors driving the distribution of landscape patterns of land use in the research area, while the GDP density was the minimal factor. The cumulative explanation values of impact factors of land use type for 1994, 2004 and 2014 were 99.1%, 99.3% and 99.3% and with the corresponding total characteristics of 0.780, 0.720 and 0.853, respectively. Based on the explanation values, the value for 2014 was obviously higher than those for preceding two years. This suggested that 2014 was had advantages in terms of explaining the relation between landscape patterns and the driving factors of land use in the study area. The driving factors, including relief, temperature seasonality, annual rainfall, distance from road and distance from downtown, were significantly related with the distribution of landscape patterns of land use in the research area. As time passed by, the correlation between landscape patterns and relief decreased, while those between landscape patterns and the other 4 driving factors increased. The above analysis revealed the reasons behind land use change in Huailai County, providing evidence of land resources sustainable development in the study area.
Huailai County of Hebei Province is an important ecological barrier protecting Beijing (the capital city) and the northern region. The land use pattern in Huailai not only directly affects the use of land resources but also critically influences sustainable development of the surrounding ecosystems. The goal of this research was to correctly understand the relationship between the landscape pattern and the driving factors of land use in the region for determination of the driving mechanism of land use change. Using remote sensing technology, the land use data of Huailai County in 1994, 2004 and 2014 was interpreted to find landscape pattern of land use. Then, eight driving factors were selected among a range of socioeconomic and natural factors, which were average height, relief, annual rainfall, temperature seasonality, distance from road, distance from downtown, GDP density and population density. Gradient analysis of landscape pattern and CCA were used to analyze the relation between landscape patterns of land use and the selected socioeconomic and natural factors, and to distinguish the main driving factors. The landscape indexes, such as spread degree, interspersion-juxtapostion index, Shannon’s diversity index and Shannon’s evenness index, in 2014 of the study area showed obvious gradient difference along east-west and north-south directions. Spread degree was higher in the middle and lower in the two ends, while other three indexes showed contrary tendencies. The average height and population density were the leading factors driving the distribution of landscape patterns of land use in the research area, while the GDP density was the minimal factor. The cumulative explanation values of impact factors of land use type for 1994, 2004 and 2014 were 99.1%, 99.3% and 99.3% and with the corresponding total characteristics of 0.780, 0.720 and 0.853, respectively. Based on the explanation values, the value for 2014 was obviously higher than those for preceding two years. This suggested that 2014 was had advantages in terms of explaining the relation between landscape patterns and the driving factors of land use in the study area. The driving factors, including relief, temperature seasonality, annual rainfall, distance from road and distance from downtown, were significantly related with the distribution of landscape patterns of land use in the research area. As time passed by, the correlation between landscape patterns and relief decreased, while those between landscape patterns and the other 4 driving factors increased. The above analysis revealed the reasons behind land use change in Huailai County, providing evidence of land resources sustainable development in the study area.
2016, 24(7): 969-977.
Abstract:
It is important to exploit unused land as construction lands under the shortage of construction land space. At the same time, unused land is critical for protecting the ecological environment landscape and easing land supply. To realize rational exploitation of unused land resources, the relationship between exploitation and protection must be properly handled and reduce adverse impacts on landscape ecology during the exploitation and construction of unused lands. Taking Huailai County, a basin in the northwest of Hebei Province as a case study, this research introduced the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, selected 4 groups of indexes (engineering geology, topography, location factors and natural ecosystem) to build resistance surface to evaluate the suitability of unused lands for exploitation and construction. The evaluation result was optimized by established potential rainwater ecological corridors and ecological nodes. The results showed that: 1) the evaluation of suitability for construction of unused lands based on the MCR model emphasized functions of the existing town construction land. The evaluation results showed centralized distribution characters which was beneficial for later exploitation and utilization. 2) According to the evaluation results, the research area was divided into suitable expansion zone, hypo-suitable expansion zone, restrictive expansion zone and prohibitive expansion zone. The respective areas of the zones were 17 064.67 hm2, 20 468.30 hm2, 9 723.66 hm2 and 7 993.82 hm2, showing that unused lands in Huailai County had the larger potential for development into construction land. The suitable expansion zone and hypo-suitable expansion zone were distributed mainly in the surroundings of county town and the peripheral of Guanting Reservoir. The regions above had more stable ecological conditions, lower development costs and more convenient traffic conditions, therefore had high potential for future exploitation. The restrictive expansion zone was mainly distributed in the peripheral of the hypo-suitable expansion zone and its engineering geological environment was relatively poor with slopes and the undulating terrain. The ecological environment was also more fragile and rarely influenced by human interference. The prohibitive expansion zone was mainly distributed in the northern and southern mountain regions with poor engineering geological conditions. Its ecological environment was so fragile that it was difficult to recover after destruction, thus the region was not suitable for development into construction lands. 3) In the study, the rainwater ecological corridors and ecological nodes were set as prohibitive expansion zone, and combined with the evaluation results to optimize the regionalization of unused land exploitation suitability. This was beneficial for alleviation of environment stress due to exploitation of unused land. This study further enriched the connotation of suitability evaluation of unused land construction in hilly and mountainous areas, and provided technical support for scientific and reasonable use of regional unused land resources.
It is important to exploit unused land as construction lands under the shortage of construction land space. At the same time, unused land is critical for protecting the ecological environment landscape and easing land supply. To realize rational exploitation of unused land resources, the relationship between exploitation and protection must be properly handled and reduce adverse impacts on landscape ecology during the exploitation and construction of unused lands. Taking Huailai County, a basin in the northwest of Hebei Province as a case study, this research introduced the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model, selected 4 groups of indexes (engineering geology, topography, location factors and natural ecosystem) to build resistance surface to evaluate the suitability of unused lands for exploitation and construction. The evaluation result was optimized by established potential rainwater ecological corridors and ecological nodes. The results showed that: 1) the evaluation of suitability for construction of unused lands based on the MCR model emphasized functions of the existing town construction land. The evaluation results showed centralized distribution characters which was beneficial for later exploitation and utilization. 2) According to the evaluation results, the research area was divided into suitable expansion zone, hypo-suitable expansion zone, restrictive expansion zone and prohibitive expansion zone. The respective areas of the zones were 17 064.67 hm2, 20 468.30 hm2, 9 723.66 hm2 and 7 993.82 hm2, showing that unused lands in Huailai County had the larger potential for development into construction land. The suitable expansion zone and hypo-suitable expansion zone were distributed mainly in the surroundings of county town and the peripheral of Guanting Reservoir. The regions above had more stable ecological conditions, lower development costs and more convenient traffic conditions, therefore had high potential for future exploitation. The restrictive expansion zone was mainly distributed in the peripheral of the hypo-suitable expansion zone and its engineering geological environment was relatively poor with slopes and the undulating terrain. The ecological environment was also more fragile and rarely influenced by human interference. The prohibitive expansion zone was mainly distributed in the northern and southern mountain regions with poor engineering geological conditions. Its ecological environment was so fragile that it was difficult to recover after destruction, thus the region was not suitable for development into construction lands. 3) In the study, the rainwater ecological corridors and ecological nodes were set as prohibitive expansion zone, and combined with the evaluation results to optimize the regionalization of unused land exploitation suitability. This was beneficial for alleviation of environment stress due to exploitation of unused land. This study further enriched the connotation of suitability evaluation of unused land construction in hilly and mountainous areas, and provided technical support for scientific and reasonable use of regional unused land resources.
2016, 24(7): 978-986.
Abstract:
Based on the evaluation of water resources carrying capacity, especially taking into account the impact of agricultural pollution on sustainable use of water resources, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the strains of water resources due to farming and animal production in different regions of China to provide reference for rational estimation of potential agricultural growth and correct approaches for structural adjustments in agriculture. Excess nitrogen and grey water were calculated as indicators to quantify the impact of agricultural pollution on water resources. Following nutrient balance theory, excess nitrogen was the difference between the sum of nitrogen provided by chemical fertilizer, livestock manure and soil, and total nitrogen needed by farming. Grey water was the amount of water required for diluting excessively high concentration of nitrogen in water to a more environmental-friendly level. Agricultural water footprint was the sum of agricultural water and grey water used. The huge quantity of excess nitrogen produced by farming and livestock consequently led to excessive amount of grey water, which more than doubled the amount of water used in agriculture. There was therefore the need to reserve enough environmental space for diluting pollution when estimating water resources carrying capacity based on water sustainability and healthy development. Water surplus were constructed to reflect the potential of water resources to support agricultural production with detailed environmental consideration. Water surplus was the difference between water resources and agricultural water footprint. Using 20032012 nationwide samples, a panel data model was constructed to analyze the impact of change in sown area and livestock head on water surplus. The results suggested that the nationwide water in China could carry a maximum of 168.89 million hm2 or 3.57 billion pigs. The water resources carrying capacity model results also showed that the negative effect of increasing planted area was larger than that of increasing livestock amount. When the planted area increased by 1.00%, water surplus decreased by 14.86 billion m3. Then when livestock increased equally by 1.00%, water surplus decreased only by 7.84 billion m3. The reason was that besides the amount of water needed for growing crops, the large quantity of grey water used to dilute excessive chemical fertilizer superposed its effect on water surplus. Given limited arable land resources, increasing planted area was only possible by reclamation of marginal lands and cropping index farming. Expanding the amount of livestock mainly relied on increasing breeding scale. The production of grain and meat had already met the goal of modern agricultural development plan in the “12th 5-year Programming”. Thus to better satisfy the needs of residents for food diversification, it was necessary to allocate more cotton, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables to plowed lands. The quantity of cow breeding also needed expansion. It was hard to build an optimistic view over the carrying capacity of the existing water resources. Production scales in Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong and Ningxia provinces exceeded the upper limit of their water resources carrying capacity. Yangtze River Basin and South China had more room for expansion of agricultural production. It was critical that the choice of each province was reasonable and based on a realistic agricultural structure of comparative advantage. The implications for policy development were as follows: 1) guiding agricultural production transfer to areas with larger water resources carrying capacity; 2) when subjected to environmental constraints for agricultural growth, considering trade as an alternative to satisfying consumer demands; and 3) developing new environmental technologies in agricultural production and improving regional water resources carrying capacity. At the same time, there was need to realize inter-regional allocation of water resources through the construction of water conservancy facilities.
Based on the evaluation of water resources carrying capacity, especially taking into account the impact of agricultural pollution on sustainable use of water resources, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the strains of water resources due to farming and animal production in different regions of China to provide reference for rational estimation of potential agricultural growth and correct approaches for structural adjustments in agriculture. Excess nitrogen and grey water were calculated as indicators to quantify the impact of agricultural pollution on water resources. Following nutrient balance theory, excess nitrogen was the difference between the sum of nitrogen provided by chemical fertilizer, livestock manure and soil, and total nitrogen needed by farming. Grey water was the amount of water required for diluting excessively high concentration of nitrogen in water to a more environmental-friendly level. Agricultural water footprint was the sum of agricultural water and grey water used. The huge quantity of excess nitrogen produced by farming and livestock consequently led to excessive amount of grey water, which more than doubled the amount of water used in agriculture. There was therefore the need to reserve enough environmental space for diluting pollution when estimating water resources carrying capacity based on water sustainability and healthy development. Water surplus were constructed to reflect the potential of water resources to support agricultural production with detailed environmental consideration. Water surplus was the difference between water resources and agricultural water footprint. Using 20032012 nationwide samples, a panel data model was constructed to analyze the impact of change in sown area and livestock head on water surplus. The results suggested that the nationwide water in China could carry a maximum of 168.89 million hm2 or 3.57 billion pigs. The water resources carrying capacity model results also showed that the negative effect of increasing planted area was larger than that of increasing livestock amount. When the planted area increased by 1.00%, water surplus decreased by 14.86 billion m3. Then when livestock increased equally by 1.00%, water surplus decreased only by 7.84 billion m3. The reason was that besides the amount of water needed for growing crops, the large quantity of grey water used to dilute excessive chemical fertilizer superposed its effect on water surplus. Given limited arable land resources, increasing planted area was only possible by reclamation of marginal lands and cropping index farming. Expanding the amount of livestock mainly relied on increasing breeding scale. The production of grain and meat had already met the goal of modern agricultural development plan in the “12th 5-year Programming”. Thus to better satisfy the needs of residents for food diversification, it was necessary to allocate more cotton, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables to plowed lands. The quantity of cow breeding also needed expansion. It was hard to build an optimistic view over the carrying capacity of the existing water resources. Production scales in Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong and Ningxia provinces exceeded the upper limit of their water resources carrying capacity. Yangtze River Basin and South China had more room for expansion of agricultural production. It was critical that the choice of each province was reasonable and based on a realistic agricultural structure of comparative advantage. The implications for policy development were as follows: 1) guiding agricultural production transfer to areas with larger water resources carrying capacity; 2) when subjected to environmental constraints for agricultural growth, considering trade as an alternative to satisfying consumer demands; and 3) developing new environmental technologies in agricultural production and improving regional water resources carrying capacity. At the same time, there was need to realize inter-regional allocation of water resources through the construction of water conservancy facilities.
2016, 24(7): 987-994.
Abstract:
Kenya is in East Africa and has a tropical monsoon climate. Prolonged droughts and unexpected shifts in normal weather patterns are the main hurdles preventing Kenya from realizing poverty eradication, food security, and environmental sustainability. Rainwater harvesting, as a highly efficient old economic technique of saving additional water, has a history spanning over thousands of years. Due to lack efficient medium for natural rainwater storage in Kenya, rainwater harvesting has become a critical mode of fighting off drought in the country. A systemic analysis of the state of rainwater harvesting was conducted along with the local climatic, hydrological and geographic conditions for realistically determining highly efficient storage and use of rainwater. In this study, based on virtual field trips and discussions with local farmers and researchers in educational institutions, the state of utilization of various rainwater harvesting systems in Kenya was evaluated. The study analyzed the differences in space and time in rainwater collection methods at courtyard, farmland and basin levels. The study also determined rainfall, infiltration, runoff and evaporation in relation to regional water cycle and water balance. The analysis showed that it was critical to increase the total volume of water resources by using various rainwater harvesting techniques, and to reduce invalid evaporation, especially unproductive water evaporation. The main way of increasing the volume of available water resources was by scientifically using natural and artificial water storage media. Even though rainwater harvesting systems that had relatively mature technologies were very common in daily domestic life, there was still big development space for improvement in less than 500 mm annual rainfall in agricultural production area. The prevailing problems faced in the region were how to improve the low efficiency of rainwater harvesting, and to reasonably store and efficiently use collected rainwater in the arid region. Given the weak regulation and storage capacity of the local soil to redistribute rainwater, it was necessary to balance water supply and demand during crop growth period. One way of doing this was by regulating short-term storage and rainwater by excavating trenches in farmlands. This implies the early harvest of extra rainwater in raining season and then irrigated crops at the later stages of growth when there was no rainfall. The suggestions and recommendations in this research will lay the reference needed to increase the role of rainwater harvesting in agricultural production in Kenya and in other arid and semi-arid regions around the globe.
Kenya is in East Africa and has a tropical monsoon climate. Prolonged droughts and unexpected shifts in normal weather patterns are the main hurdles preventing Kenya from realizing poverty eradication, food security, and environmental sustainability. Rainwater harvesting, as a highly efficient old economic technique of saving additional water, has a history spanning over thousands of years. Due to lack efficient medium for natural rainwater storage in Kenya, rainwater harvesting has become a critical mode of fighting off drought in the country. A systemic analysis of the state of rainwater harvesting was conducted along with the local climatic, hydrological and geographic conditions for realistically determining highly efficient storage and use of rainwater. In this study, based on virtual field trips and discussions with local farmers and researchers in educational institutions, the state of utilization of various rainwater harvesting systems in Kenya was evaluated. The study analyzed the differences in space and time in rainwater collection methods at courtyard, farmland and basin levels. The study also determined rainfall, infiltration, runoff and evaporation in relation to regional water cycle and water balance. The analysis showed that it was critical to increase the total volume of water resources by using various rainwater harvesting techniques, and to reduce invalid evaporation, especially unproductive water evaporation. The main way of increasing the volume of available water resources was by scientifically using natural and artificial water storage media. Even though rainwater harvesting systems that had relatively mature technologies were very common in daily domestic life, there was still big development space for improvement in less than 500 mm annual rainfall in agricultural production area. The prevailing problems faced in the region were how to improve the low efficiency of rainwater harvesting, and to reasonably store and efficiently use collected rainwater in the arid region. Given the weak regulation and storage capacity of the local soil to redistribute rainwater, it was necessary to balance water supply and demand during crop growth period. One way of doing this was by regulating short-term storage and rainwater by excavating trenches in farmlands. This implies the early harvest of extra rainwater in raining season and then irrigated crops at the later stages of growth when there was no rainfall. The suggestions and recommendations in this research will lay the reference needed to increase the role of rainwater harvesting in agricultural production in Kenya and in other arid and semi-arid regions around the globe.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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