2020 Vol. 28, No. 5

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Agroecosystem and Its Management
Integrated meteorological disaster risk regionalization of rice in Sichuan Province
DENG Guowei, QING Qingtao, XU Jinxia, SUN Jun
2020, 28(5): 621-630. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190577
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The trend and meteorological yields were decomposed using the High-Pass (HP) filtering method based on the data of rice yield per unit area from 1981 to 2012 in 82 counties of Sichuan Province, China. The spatial distribution characteristics of average yield loss rate, variation coefficient of yield loss rate, and risk probability of different yield loss rate in different grades were analyzed in the lean years and disaster years with the relative meteorological yield, which was calculated with the trend and meteorological yields. Integrated meteorological disaster risk zoning was carried out on the basis of the risk zoning indexes of the disaster years. The HP filter method could be applied to the separation of the meteorological yield in Sichuan Province. The meteorological yield of rice in Sichuan Province had significant quasi-4 a and 7 a periodic oscillation characteristics. The average yield loss rate showed a high-low-high distribution from southwest to northeast in the study area. More than 80% of counties displayed an average yield loss rate of 2%-7% in the lean years and 6%-15% in the disaster years. For all counties, the variation coefficient of yield loss rate was 0.6-2.2 in the lean years and 0-1.2 in the disaster years. The areas with relatively high variation coefficient of yield loss rate were located in the west of southwestern mountainous region, the southern parts of the basin and the mountainous region in the northern part of the basin. The large-value probability areas of different yield loss rates were mainly concentrated in Guangyuan City and Bazhong City, as well as in Yanting, Gulin, Yanyuan, Yuexi. The high-risk areas of rice integrated meteorological disaster were mainly distributed in the mountainous regions of the southern, northern and southwestern parts of the basin. The medium-risk areas were mainly located in the hilly region of the basin and the surrounding low mountainous region. The low-risk areas were mainly distributed in the plain and shallow hilly regions of the basin and the east-central Liangshan Prefecture. The results of risk zoning were consistent with the distribution data of the meteorological disasters and the rice agro-meteorological disasters in Sichuan Province. The data provide a scientific basis and important reference for rice disaster prevention and mitigation in Sichuan Province.
Tempo-spatial dynamics of AMF under maize soybean intercropping
ZHAO Deqiang, YUAN Jinchuan, HOU Yuting, LI Tong, LIAO Yuncheng
2020, 28(5): 631-642. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190720
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A field experiment was conducted to investigate whether AMF growth and yield of spores and glomalin were influenced by planting patterns. Four systems consisting of 6 rows of maize intercropped with 6 rows of soybean (6M6S), 3 rows of maize intercropped with 3 rows of soybean (3M3S), sole maize crop (CKM), and sole soybean crop (CKS) were used to examine spatial and temporal dynamics of AMF. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization, colonization density, and hypha density increased gradually with the symbiotic period between AMF and crops; and mycorrhizal arbuscular richness at first showed an increase, then decreased. In the milking stage of maize (the filling stage of soybean), two-year results showed that mycorrhizal colonization, colonization density, arbuscular richness of mycorrhiza, soil spore density, and glomalin content of 3M3S were significantly higher than those of monoculture. With the growth of crops, the spore density of AMF increased from 269.40 spores·(100g)-1 to 1 484.20 spores·(100g)-1, the content of easily extractable glomalin increased from 430.88 μg·g-1 to 600.78 μg·g-1, and the content of total glomalin increased from 942.59 μg·g-1 to 1 304.03 μg·g-1. In the milking stage of maize, the border row of intercropped maize had the highest hypha density, spore density, easily extractable glomalin, and total glomalin. In the filling stage of soybean, the border row of intercropped soybean had the highest hypha density and easily extractable glomalin, and the lowest spore density. Correlation analysis indicated that contents of easily extractable glomalin and total glomalin were significantly positively correlated with hypha density, with coefficients up to 0.71 and 0.73, respectively. The spore density and hypha density were significantly positively correlated with colonization, with coefficients up to 0.72 and 0.75, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that AMF could establish a good symbiotic relationship with crops on agricultural land and showed periodical variation with both the change of seasons and the growth of crops. Intercropping promoted the colonization of AMF and increased the production of glomalin and spores, and the symbiosis between AMF and crops showed marginal effect. The 3M3S treatment was the most lucrative planting system for AMF.
Crop Cultivation and Physiological Ecology
Effects of drought stress on cotton growth and intraspecific relationship under different nitrogen application rates
XIE Tingting, SHAN Lishan, SU Peixi
2020, 28(5): 643-651. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190791
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Soil, water, and nitrogen fertilizer are the main factors which affect crop growth and intraspecific relationships in the desert oasis region, but little is known about the effects of drought stress on interspecific or intraspecific relationships under different nitrogen application rates. This study aimed to investigate the response of yield to drought stress under different nitrogen application rates and analyze changes in the intraspecific relationship of cotton under different treatments. A field experiment was conducted in Gansu Province of China, the growth parameters and yield of cotton were measured, and the changes in intraspecific relationships were analyzed under three nitrogen applications (300 kg·hm-2, 225 kg·hm-2 and 150 kg·hm-2) and water treatments (normal water, moderate drought stress, and serious drought stress). The results showed that:1) under the same nitrogen application rate, the plant height of cotton significantly decreased under serious drought stress in 2016 and 2017, and the stem diameter significantly reduced as the drought stress intensified, but the leaf area increased slightly with increasing drought stress and was highest in moderate drought stress conditions. 2) The stem biomass significantly decreased in conjunction with decreased water conditions under the same nitrogen application rate, and the leaf biomass and seed cotton yield were highest under moderate drought stress, and decreased under serious drought stress. 3) Under the local nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm-2, the relative neighbor effect (RNE) changed from positive to negative with increasing drought stress. The RNE first increased and then decreased with increasing drought stress under the 225 kg·hm-2 treatment, and the RNE significantly reduced with increasing drought condition and the values were all negative in the 150 kg·hm-2 treatment. In summary, the combination of local nitrogen application rate of 300 kg·hm-2 and moderate drought stress resulted in high cotton yield, and intraspecific facilitation. The cotton yield decreased under the other treatments and the interactions all demonstrated intraspecific competition.
Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and yield formation of dense planting maize in different row spacings
WANG Yu, ZHAO Cai, FAN Zhilong, GOU Zhiwen, HU Falong, YIN Wen, CHAI Qiang
2020, 28(5): 652-661. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190852
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Spatial layout is crucial to determine the dense planting potential of maize. However, the influence of row spacing allocation on maize yield and its components with different planting densities is unclear. This uncertainty leads to a lack of a theoretical basis of the utilization of the dense planting potential of maize by optimizing the allocation of row spacing. From 2017 to 2018, with the same bandwidth, this study investigated how three row spacing allocation treatments-ratios of wide to narrow rows spacing of 7:3 (L1:56 cm:24 cm), 6:4 (L2:48 cm:32 cm), and 5:5 (L3:40 cm:40 cm)-affected maize yield and its components under five planting densities (D1:82 500 plants·hm-2; D2:90 000 plants·hm-2; D3:97 500 plants·hm-2; D4:105 000 plants·hm-2; and D5:112 500 plants·hm-2). Row spacing allocation, density, and their interactions significantly affected grain yield. Compared to L3 row spacing allocation, L1 increased significantly grain yield by 5.2%-10.5%. Compared to D1 density, D2 and D3 increased grain yield by 6.1%-12.0% and 6.5%-15.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with L3D1 treatment, L1D3 and L2D3 increased grain yield by 8.3%-34.2% and 4.8%-27.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared with L2D3, the regulatory effect of L1D3 was more prominent. The findings indicated that wide-narrow rows spacing allocation could enhance the tolerance of maize plants in higher planting density and increase the dense planting potential of maize. Wide-narrow rows spacing allocation combined with dense planting were beneficial to increase biomass. L1 row spacing allocation significantly increased biomass by 3.0%-6.6% (P < 0.05) compared to L3 treatment. Compared to D1 density, D3 significantly increased biomass by 3.4%-8.0% (P < 0.05). Compared with L3D1 treatment, L1D3 significantly increased biomass by 5.2%-15.0% (P < 0.05). There were three possible reasons for wide-narrow rows spacing allocation increased dense planting potential of maize. Firstly, dry matter accumulation rate of maize was significantly increased from the large bell mouth stage to the filling stage, as evidenced by the 32.9%-42.0% increase of dry matter accumulation rate with L1 row spacing allocation compared to L3 row spacing allocation, the 9.2%-23.9% increase of dry matter accumulation rate with D3 density compared to D1 density, and by the 29.1%-34.3% increase of dry matter accumulation rate with the treatment of L1D3 compared to L3D1. Secondly, there was an increased transformation of photosynthetic product to ear. Compared with the traditional density D1, D3 density increased harvest index by 6.4% in 2017, compared with L3D1, L1D3 increased harvest index by 16.2% in 2017, and there was no significant difference in 2018. Thirdly, a significantly effective ear and kernel number was observed, with a 16.0%-20.2% increase of ear number with D3 density compared to D1 density, 16.9%-25.9% increase of ear number with L1D3 compared to L3D1, 3.0%-4.4%; and 3.9%-7.0% increase of kernel number with L1 row spacing allocation compared to L2 and L3 row spacing allocation, respectively. The wide-narrow rows spacing allocaton of 56 cm:24 cm combined with planting density of 97 500 plants·hm-2 is an ideal planting mode for high yield and high dense planting potential in the Oasis Irrigation District.
Responses of grain yield formation and water use characteristic of maize to plastic film mulching pattern and row spacing in oasis irrigation area in Northwest China
YU Aizhong, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen, ZHAO Cai, HU Falong, FAN Zhilong
2020, 28(5): 662-670. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190828
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Full plastic film mulching is widely used in maize production in the Arid Oasis Irrigation area of Northwest China. The problem of residual plastic film pollution is of great concern, therefore it is important to study the cultivation techniques of the area in order to reduce pollution by plastic film. The effects of different film mulching patterns (full-film, half-film mulching) coupled with different row spacing (50 cm uniform row spacing and 40 cm + 80 cm paired row spacing) were used to test the yield, water consumption, water consumption structure, and water use efficiency of maize at the Shiyang River Basin in Hexi, Gansu. The results showed that high grain yield was obtained from the paired row spacing of full-film or half-film mulching conditions, which reached 14 712.7 and 14 155.2 kg·hm-2, and they were 13.2% and 8.9% higher than that of the half-film mulching, respectively (P < 0.05). However, these were not significantly different from the uniform row spacing of full-film. This was due to the significant increase in spike number and the double-ear rate by planting in paired row spacing. Under the condition of full film mulching, the peak value of the leaf area index (LAI) was obtained by paired row space planting, with the average LAI of the maize during the whole growth period being significantly higher than that of half-film mulched treatment. The amount of evaporation at the early growth stage of maize decreased significantly under full-film mulching than under half-film mulching. The total amount of evaporation under half-film mulching with uniform and paired row spacing were 177.2 and 189.0 mm, respectively. And these were 14.3% and 21.9% respectively, significantly higher than that of full-film mulching with uniform row spacing. The water use efficiency of maize was 19.3 kg·mm-1·hm-2 under the conditions of half-film with paired row spacing, which was not significantly different from that of the full-film mulching. These results indicate that half-film mulching with paired row spacing instead of full-film mulching with uniform or paired row spacing will not lead to a decrease in the grain yield and water use efficiency of maize in the Arid Oasis Irrigation area of Northwest China.
Response of maize yield and water use to different green manure utilization patterns in arid oasis irrigation area
LYU Hanqiang, YU Aizhong, CHAI Qiang
2020, 28(5): 671-679. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190813
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With the aim of long-term continuous cropping of wheat and maize in arid oasis irrigation areas, the fallow-period after wheat harvest is long and the utilization efficiency of light, heat, and water resources is relative low; thus, it is important to study the effects of different green manure utilization patterns on maize yield and water use characteristics. In the Shiyang River basin, the effects of different green manure utilization patterns on the yield formation and water use characteristics of maize were studied through a field experiment on the wheat-green manure-maize rotation system. Different green manure utilization patterns included tillage with full quantity of green manure incorporated in the soil (TG), no-tillage with full quantity of green manure mulched on the soil surface (NTG), above ground green manure harvested and tillage with root incorporated in the soil (T), no-tillage with above ground green manure harvested (NT), and conventional tillage without green manure (CT) as the control. The results showed that the average maize grain yield for treatments of NTG and TG reached 14 274.9 kg·hm-2 and 14 687.5 kg·hm-2, respectively, which was 18.2% and 20.4% higher, respectively, than that of CT. This is mainly due to the fact that the number of ears, seed number per ear, and seed weight of maize for NTG were 5.4%, 9.6%, and 20.8% higher, respectively, than those of CT, and the effect was significantly higher than that of root utilization patterns (treatments T and NT). Meanwhile, TG and NTG treatments significantly increased maize leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and average net assimilation rate. The average water use efficiency of the NTG treatment reached 24.4 kg·hm-2·mm-1, which was 29.9% higher than that of CT, which significantly increased the soil water storage before maize sowing to 26.9%, with an average of 280.7 mm. In addition, under NTG treatment, the water consumption of maize during the whole growth period was significantly lower than that of the other green manure treatments. Under the conditions of green manure root utilization (treatments T and NT), the water use efficiency of maize was 16.7% and 16.0% higher, respectively, than that of CT. Therefore, in the arid oasis irrigation area, for the wheat-green manure-maize rotation system, employing no-till with full quantity of green manure mulched on the soil surface achieves high yield of maize while achieving efficient use of water resources.
Effect of light deficiency on productivity of intercrops in rubber-crop agroforestry system
HUANG Jianxiong, PAN Jian, ZHOU Lijun, YUAN Shuna, LIN Weifu
2020, 28(5): 680-689. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190858
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The objective of current study was to reveal the effect of light deficiency on the productivity of different intercrops in an agroforestry system. Based on rubber-yam bean and rubber-peanut agroforestry systems, the light intensity, crop biomass, photosynthetic physiology, and other parameters were determined to investigate the effect of light deficiency on the productivity of different sun-like intercrops and potential influencing factors. The daily light intensity was unimodal in the intercropped area in the agroforestry system. The average light intensity accounted for 51.3%-59.0% of bare land control. Yield of the intercrops was significantly lower than the yield of monocultural treatments (P < 0.05). However, the yield of intercropped yam bean was 22.9 t·hm-2 and reached 85.3% of the yield of monocultural yam beam, while intercropped peanut was only 39.2% that of monocultural peanut. There was no significant effect of light deficiency on ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity of intercropped yam bean and peanut in different sites. However, the contents of chlorophyll (especially chlorophyll b) of intercropped yam bean and peanut were significantly increased, and the content of carotenoid was significantly reduced compared to monocultural treatments (P < 0.05). Their photosynthesis rate also was decreased compared to monocultural treatments. Nevertheless, the leaf area of intercropped yam bean in the agroforestry system was higher than monocultural yam bean, while that of the intercropped peanut was significantly reduced by 59.1%-88.4% (P < 0.05). The results conclusively indicate that yam bean is more suitable than peanut as an intercrop in the rubber-based agroforestry system. Intercropped yam bean could maintain relatively higher productivity, probably due to increased photosynthesis, by increasing leaf area to capture light.
Nutrient effect analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus in crop production in cold and arid region of North China under rotation cropping
YAO Zhaolei, ZHANG Lifeng, LIU Yuhua, ZHANG Jizong, DU Yuqiong
2020, 28(5): 690-700. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190789
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To determine the nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of main crops in the cold and arid region of North China is the theoretical basis for innovating crop configuration technologies by exploiting the advantages of crop ecological adaptations and nutrient use efficiency to achieve the full utilization of regional natural and social resources. In the sandy chestnut soil farmland of Zhangbei County, Hebei Province, a rotation experiment with five crops, including potatoes, flax, millet, oat and sugar beets, was conducted in sandy chestnut soil by crossing plots design, to study the nutrient utilization effect of main crop in cold and arid region of North China. The results showed that the difference of biomass among five crops was 1.17-2.34 times, the highest was 10 290 kg·hm-2 in beets, followed by oat, the lowest was 4 393 kg·hm-2 in flax, and the yield difference among crops was significant. The differences in uptake of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in crops was 1.03-2.10 and 1.00-1.92 times respectively, the highest uptake of total nitrogen was 199 kg·hm-2 in beets, and the maximum uptake of total phosphorus was 29 kg·hm-2 in oat, and the lowest uptake of total nitrogen and total phosphorus was 95 kg·hm-2 and 15 kg·hm-2 in flax, respectively. The use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus was 43.82-53.11 kg·kg-1 and 287.60-574.88 kg·kg-1, among which beet had the highest use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. N, P input and output ratios of five crops changed between 0.50-1.65 and 0.34-1.83, the ratios of oat were the highest. In cold arid region of North China, the crop type is the main factor that causes difference of crop yield, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and use efficiency, the effect of previous crop on soil characters was not obvious. Beet is a crop that can achieve high yield and N, P use efficiency, oat is a crop that can efficiently use nitrogen and phosphorus from soil. Potato followed by beet, and beet followed by oat were more possible to improve yield.
Regulated effects of preceding crop on soil property and cultivating seedlings for Angelica sinensis on cultivated farmland
BAI Gang, GUO Fengxia, CHEN Yuan, YUAN Hongchao, JIANG Xiaofeng, ZHEN Shiwei
2020, 28(5): 701-712. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190719
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The traditional nursery approach for Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels seedlings in wild alpine meadow causes serious soil erosion. In order to reveal how preceding crop regulates the soil property and affects the subsequent nursery outcome of A. sinensis seedlings, A. sinensis seedlings were cultivated in cultivated farmland with different preceding crops in Zhuoni County, Gansu Province. This region is a geo-authentic habitat for the medical plant. The soil characteristics and seedling yield were measured at the seedling cultivated stage, taking fallow as the control. The rotation crops had significant effects on soil characteristics in the subsequent field of A. sinensis seedlings. Compared with the fallow field, soil conductivity in fields with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), oil rape (Brassica campestris L.), and broad bean (Vicia faba L.) as preceding crops was significantly decreased. The soil pH was significantly increased, while the soil pH and conductivity in highland barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hook. f.) field were both decreased. Rotation with crop significantly increased soil cation and decreased anion contents. The K+ content in fields with different preceding crops was arranged as highland barley > broad beans > oilseed rape > potato > fallow. Na+ was arranged as potato > highland barley > broad bean > rape and fallow. Cl- was ranked as fallow > potato > highland barley > oil rape > broad bean. As the soil layer deepened, compactness increased and porosity decreased, while the water content varies with the soil layer and the preceding crop. Loose soil with high water content in 0-15 cm layer of soil was beneficial to seedling survival. Seedling numbers and yield were all significantly negatively correlated with soil conductivity and Cl- content. The seedling yield was positively significantly related to pH and K+ content, but was negatively significantly related to bulk density in the 5-10 cm soil layer. Seedling numbers were significantly positively correlated with total porosity in 0-5 cm soil. The ranking of seedling yield under each preceding crop was consistent with the comprehensive assessment index, and the index ranked as broad bean (0.986) > oilseed rape (0.682) > highland barley (0.668) > potato (0.297) > fallow (0.159). Therefore, optimal preceding crop could adequately optimize soil environment in which A. sinensis seedlings rely on. Concerning acquisition strategies, improving soil property, enriching nutrient ions, promoting growth and seedling surviving, broad bean stubble was markedly superior in regulation.
Spatial-temporal characteristics of water demand, water surplus and deficit of potato in northern Hebei Province in the past 50 years
MA Fenglian, WEN Yongjing, LI Chunqiang, LIU Yuanyuan
2020, 28(5): 713-723. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190730
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In order to efficiently use water resources and increase the agricultural production efficiency, the data from 23 meteorological stations in the main potato growing areas of Hebei Province (northern Hebei Province) were analyzed to calculate the water demand and water shortage during the growing period of potato from 1969 to 2018. The analyses involved the reference crop evapotranspiration calculation method and the related crop coefficient method recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The changing trend of precipitation, effective precipitation, water demand, and water shortage during the 50-year potato growing period, and the changing characteristics of water demand and water shortage in different regions and different growing periods were analyzed. There were three main results. Firstly, the annual variation of precipitation and effective precipitation during the growing period of potato in northern Hebei Province in the past 50 years could be divided into two stages. In one stage, there was a decreasing trend from 1969 to 2003. The climatic tendency rates of precipitation and effective precipitation were -15.68 mm·(10a)-1 and -6.61 mm·(10a)-1. In the stage from 2004 to 2018, the tendency rates was significantly increased, which were 60.07 mm·(10a)-1 and 9.68 mm·(10a)-1. The average precipitation and effective precipitation in recent 50 years were 356.5 mm and 148.6 mm, respectively. Their spatial characteristics showed the zonal feature of decreasing gradually from west to east. Secondly, the interannual variation of water demand and water shortage during the growth period of potato in the past 50 years also showed a decreasing trend from 1969 to 2003 and an increasing trend from 2004 to 2018. In years of high water demand, there was also a great shortage of water. In the past 50 years, the average water requirement and water shortage were 497.8 mm and 349.1 mm, respectively. The spatial distribution showed an increase from Bashang plateau to the Baxia mountain area. In the region of high water demand, there was also a great shortage of water. Thirdly, the water demand of potato was largest during the expansion period, when the water shortage also reached its maximum. The water resources of potato in northern Hebei Province have been in a serious deficit state during the past 50 years. It is necessary to fully consider the response of potato water demand to the changes of meteorological factors in order to strengthen water management and ensure the efficient utilization of water resources.
Evaluating the comprehensive effects of planting winter wheat in the groundwater depletion regions in the North China Plain
WANG Huijun, ZHANG Xiying
2020, 28(5): 724-733. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.200027
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The traditional annual double cropping system of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain (NCP) can take the full advantage of regional climate resources, and has played an important role in maintaining national food security. However, high winter wheat production depends on irrigation, which is one of the leading factors for groundwater over-exploitation in the NCP. With the implementation of the national groundwater extraction restriction policy, how to develop winter wheat in groundwater over-extraction areas is becoming an important issue. Based on long-term field experimental data and literatures, this paper discussed aspects such as reducing soil evaporation loss during fallow period, brackish water resources utilization, deficit irrigation to improve quality, and effective cover formation in winter and spring seasons by planting winter wheat. The production of winter wheat in the groundwater depletion regions in the NCP would involve a change from the traditional practice of applying adequate irrigation water for high yield to using limited irrigation for higher quality and higher water use efficiency. The planting of winter wheat can reduce soil evaporation and fully use the rainfall resources during winter and spring seasons. Winter wheat can also form an effective coverage to reduce soil erosion and green the rural areas. By applying reduced irrigation based on the irrigation water availability in a region, winter wheat can still maintain a stable yield due to its deep root characteristics which can efficiently absorb the deep soil water stored during the summer rainy season. Under reduced irrigation, the quality of winter wheat can be improved, which provides the opportunity to grow high-quality winter wheat in the NCP. In the low plain of the NCP, where shallow saline water is abundant, irrigation for winter wheat by fresh water can be replaced by the shallow saline water. Growing winter wheat based on the irrigation water availability in the NCP has the benefits of wind erosion protection, beautification of the rural environment, and meeting regional food security.
Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton straw returning to field on soil fertility
ZHANG Fuli, YIN Quan, MAO Jianfei, GUO Ling'an, LEI Shaorong, LIU Wenjuan, LUO Ping, WANG Dong, SONG Jun, YANG Xiaofeng
2020, 28(5): 734-744. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190894
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With the rapid development of genetically modified organisms, how to use and deal with a large amount of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton straw is an important issue. To study and clarify the feasibility and safety of straw incorporation of transgenic Bt cotton into the field, four kinds of Bt cotton with different levels of insect resistance and one non-transgenic conventional cotton (Simian no. 3) were analyzed. After one or two years of planting, all the cotton straws were mechanically crushed and returned to the field in situ. The content of residual Bt protein, activities of several soil enzymes, and nutrient contents in soil were detected and the changes were further analyzed. The effects of Bt cotton straw returning on nutrient characteristics and fertility of soil were analyzed. The Bt protein residues in soils were very few and almost undetectable after 40 days of straw recycling of transgenic Bt cotton with different insect resistance levels, and there was no significant differences between the transgenic field plots and non-transgenic ones. After cotton straws were returned into the field, the activities of urease, sucrase, protease, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase in soil obviously increased, while the activity of cellulose did not increase. The activity of soil cellulase was lower than that before cotton planting. The amounts of organic matter, available phosphorus, available nitrogen, available potassium, and total nitrogen in soil increased remarkably both for the first year and for the second year of cotton planting, and so did the pH value. Similarly, there were not any significant differences in variations of all nutrient content between Bt transgenic treatments and non-transgenic ones. The soil comprehensive fertility index resulted by straw recycling was calculated and the effect on the fertility suitability was evaluated. The fertility index rose from level Ⅲ to level Ⅱ in two years, which was not related to the insect resistance level of Bt transgenic cotton. The soil fertility was not adversely decreased but increased, in fact, by straw returning treatment of Bt cottons. Returning Bt cotton straw to the field could effectively improve the soil fertility index. In addition, this straw recycling scheme could effectively kill transgenic plants, and would meet the disposal requirements of transgenic plants. The collective data confirmed that returning treatment, to a certain extent, should be feasible and safe for dealing with mass residues of Bt transgenic cotton in practice.
Characteristic distribution of livestock manure and warning analysis of environmental carrying capacity based on the consumption of cultivated land in China
ZHANG Tengli, YAN Li, WEI Daming
2020, 28(5): 745-755. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190853
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In order to speed up the utilization of excrement and waste resources in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, and to promote the sustainable development of animal husbandry, it is particularly important to timely grasp the characteristic distribution of excrement and waste for effectively preventing and controlling environmental pollution in the breeding area. At present, most of the researches focus on livestock and poultry feces pollution, based on the level of provinces and cities, while the researches on the national scale are relatively few. In this paper, manure production, pollutant production and pollutant loss in the livestock and poultry industry in 2016 were estimated with the pollution factor method and based on the calculation of China Animal Husbandry Yearbook data. The pig feces equivalent bearing load and early warning, and the value per unit cultivated land area were calculated on the basis of the above analysis and by converting feces and urine produced by different kinds of livestock into pig feces equivalent. Furthermore, the corresponding early warning level of 31 provinces in 2016 was obtained by referring to relevant standards. The results showed that in 2016, the total amount of livestock and poultry manure was 2 468 million tons, of which cattle manure was the most and poultry manure was the least; among the 31 provinces studied, Sichuan Province, Henan Province and Shandong Province had relatively more manure. Assuming that the manure could be effectively consumed by the farmland in the same year, the bearing capacity load of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area in 2016 was 19.55; and the early warning value of pig feces equivalent per unit cultivated area was 0.49. Most of the 31 provinces measured in this paper were at level Ⅰ, among which Beijing was at level Ⅲ, Tibet was at level Ⅵ, and Qinghai was at level Ⅴ. According to the result of early warning level, each province should make full use of the livestock and poultry manure according to its own situation. Timely control of the total amount of livestock and poultry breeding, and pollution prevention and control measures should be taken in areas with high early warning value.
Agricultural Resources and Environment
Cd enrichment and distribution in broad bean seedlings under stress of Cd combined with MWCNTs-COOH
LIU Ling, WANG Suhang, ZHANG Jin, CHEN Cheng, ZHAO Xincheng, LIU Haitao, WANG Chengrun
2020, 28(5): 756-763. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190815
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Abstract:
Nanomaterials are inevitably released into the environment because of developed production and application, which brings potential risks to the ecological environment and human health. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of MWCNTs-COOH and heavy metals Cd double stress on Cd enrichment, transport, and distribution in plant organs, and provide a theoretical basis for evaluating phytotoxicity and ecological risk of the combined pollution of MWCNTs-COOH and Cd. In this study, broad bean seedlings were cultured as experimental material using the hydroponics method, and MWCNTs-COOH (0 mg·L-1, 1.5 mg·L-1, 3.0 mg·L-1, 6.0 mg·L-1, 12.0 mg·L-1) and 10.0 μmol·L-1 Cd treatment groups were set. The contents of Cd in roots, stems, leaves, and cells of broad bean seedlings under the different treatments were determined by Graphite Furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; and Cd enrichment, transport in vegetative organs, and distribution in cells of broad bean were analyzed. The results showed that Cd contents in three kinds of vegetative organs under MWCNTs-COOH and Cd compound stresses were higher than those in CK. Cd enrichment in roots, stems, and leaves; Cd enrichment coefficient, and translocation coefficient between organs (root-stem and stem-leaf) all first increased and then decreased. The above indicators reached their maximum values when the concentration of MWCNTs-COOH was 6.0 mg·L-1. At the same time, with the increase of MWCNTs-COOH concentration, Cd in cells of roots, stems, and leaves gradually transferred from cell wall to protoplast, which deepened the toxicity to cells. In conclusion, medium and low concentrations of MWCNTs-COOH not only promoted Cd accumulation and upward transport in roots, stems, and leaves, but also enhanced Cd transfer in cells.
Agricultural Ecologic Economics and Ecoagriculture
Spatio-temporal patterns and impact factors of green economic growth of agriculture in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
QIU Wenwen, ZHONG Zhangbao, TIAN Wenwen
2020, 28(5): 764-774. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190666
Abstract(698) HTML (70) PDF(1364)
Abstract:
Accelerating the transformation of development mode and promoting the growth of green agriculture are important measures to reduce agricultural pollution and improve agricultural efficiency. The Yangtze River Economic Belt is an important agricultural production area and grain production base in China. In order to analyze the level and influential factors of agricultural green growth in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, agricultural green production was estimated from 2003 to 2017, and its spatio-temporal pattern and influencing factors were analyzed by using spatial econometric analysis methods. There were four main results. Firstly, agricultural green production value of the Yangtze River Economic Belt displayed a generally increasing trend, and the rate of increase was lower than the traditional agricultural production value. The proportion of agricultural green production value to the traditional agricultural production value displayed a downward trend. Secondly, a significant regional difference of agricultural green production value was evident in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. However, a similar pattern of traditional production value was evident, which descended from east to west. Thirdly, significant spatial cluster characteristics were observed in agricultural green growth of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The cluster effect gradually weakened. Fourthly, the level of economic development, scientific and technological innovation, infrastructure investment, labor quality, and agricultural policy positively affected green economic growth of agriculture in the local region. Scientific and infrastructure investment positively influenced green growth of agriculture in neighboring regions. In general, agricultural green production in the Yangtze River Economic Belt displayed a steady upward trend in temporal characteristics and a downward trend from east to west in the spatial pattern. The dynamic evolution of spatio-temporal patterns of agricultural green economic development in Yangtze River Economic Belt were driven by combined effects of the impact factors.

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