中国食物系统温室气体排放与吸收研究进展

金欣鹏; 柏兆海; 马林

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220025

中国食物系统温室气体排放与吸收研究进展

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220025

金欣鹏^{1, 2,},
柏兆海¹,
马林^1, ,

1.
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室　石家庄　050022
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31872403, 42001254)、国家重点研发计划-政府间国际科技创新合作项目(2021YFE0101900)、中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(2019101)、联合国可持续发展解决方案网络项目(中国可持续农产品和林产品贸易预测)、河北省重点研发专项项目(20327305D)、河北省自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(D2021503015)、河北省‘三三三人才工程’项目(A202110001)、河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛产业创新团队项目(HBCT2018120206)、国际食物和土地利用联盟项目(FOLU)和挪威国际气候和森林倡议项目资助

详细信息

作者简介:
金欣鹏, 研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail: jinxinpeng19@mails.ucas.ac.cn

通讯作者:
马林, 研究方向为农业生态学。E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号: X22
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-11
- 录用日期: 2022-06-13
- 修回日期: 2022-06-13
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-07
- 刊出日期: 2023-02-10

Research progress of greenhouse gas emissions and sequestration of the Chinese food system

JIN Xinpeng^{1, 2
,},
BAI Zhaohai¹,
MA Lin^{1
, ,}

1.
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872403, 42001254), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2021YFE0101900), the Foundation for Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019101), the Project of Sustainable Development Solutions Network of the United Nations (Sustainability of China’s Projected Trade in Agricultural and Forestry Products), the Key R&D Program of Hebei (20327305D), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (D2021503015), Hebei “Three-Three-Three Talents Project” Funded Project (A202110001), Hebei Dairy Cattle Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (HBCT2018120206), the Food and Land Use Coalition Project (FOLU), and the Norway International Climate and Forest Initiative Project.

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 我国食物系统温室气体核算研究相对缺乏, 相关研究多散见于农业和畜牧业部门, 难以满足碳达峰、碳中和背景下减排和固碳的需求。本文提出了一个涵盖土地利用、土地利用变化和林业(LULUCF)、农业生产、产后食物供应部门的食物系统温室气体排放与吸收的核算框架; 通过文献综述、温室气体排放量收集和排放参数推算, 剖析了各环节排放核算方法的差异和排放参数的不确定性。结果表明, 粪尿和秸秆还田、农药和农膜生产、食物加工、批发和零售以及草地的碳排放(或吸收)参数的变异系数(CVs)在35%以上。未来食物系统温室气体核算研究需: 1)在农业生产部门, 细化农业活动排放参数, 整合基于终端能源消费和农业生产过程的温室气体核算方法, 并加强农业投入品能耗研究; 2)在LULUCF部门, 建立适用于全球变化研究的土地利用分类体系, 识别食物系统相关的土地利用过程, 将实地调查核算法和基于过程模型的核算方法相互校验; 3)在产后食物供应部门, 明确各环节排放的核算范围, 有针对性地选择投入产出-生命周期评价法(EIO-LCA)、基于过程的生命周期评价法(PLCA)与终端能源消费核算法等。本文可进一步为食物系统温室气体减排提供科学依据。
- 食物系统 /
- 温室气体排放 /
- 核算方法比较 /
- 碳中和
Abstract: Studies on the country’s food system and greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting are still lacking in China. Most of previous studies have focused on crop and livestock production, which are hard to meet the demands of both GHG reduction and sequestration, against the backdrop of the “carbon peak and neutrality” policy. In this study, we proposed a food system GHG accounting framework that covers land use, land use change, and forests (LULUCF); agricultural production; and post-production food supply sectors. Through literatures review, collecting emission data, and reverse-calculating emission factors, we analyzed the differences in accounting methods and the uncertainties of emission parameters for various GHG emission (or sequestration) segments in the Chinese food system. Results showed that the coefficients of variables (CVs) of the emission or storage parameters of manure and crop straw application, pesticides and film production, food processing, food retail and wholesale, and grassland sinks were above 35%. Our suggestions for future studies are as follows: 1) in the agricultural production sector: refine emission factors of agricultural activities, harmonize different energy use accounting methods (e.g., final energy consumption accounting and process-based accounting methods), and reinforce research on energy consumption of agricultural input manufacturing enterprises; 2) in the LULUCF sector: establish the land use classification dedicated to global change research, identify the land use processes associated with the food system, and cross-check the field measure-based accounting method and the process-based accounting method; 3) in the post-production food supply sector: clarify the accounting scopes of each stage and select the environmental input-output life cycle assessment method, the process-based life cycle assessment method, or the final energy consumption accounting method. This study could further provide scientific basis for GHG reduction in food systems.
- Food system /
- Greenhouse gas emission /
- Accounting methods comparison /
- Carbon neutrality

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图 1 食物系统温室气体核算边界

Figure 1. Accounting framework of food system greenhouse gas (GHG) emission

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图 2 文献数据收集流程

LULUCF: 土地利用、土地利用变化和林业。LULUCF: land use, land use change and forests.

Figure 2. Process of literature data collection

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图 3 2005—2015年农业活动导致的年均温室气体排放

图3中的箭头单独指出了UNFCCC、EDGAR和FAO等权威数据库的温室气体核算值, 可相互进行比较或作为基准与其他核算结果比较; 图例中对不同核算方法进行了编号, 且该编号与表2中和文中的方法编号相对应, 便于比较和说明不同核算方法间的差异。Accounting values from authoritative database (including UNFCCC, EDGAR, FAO) are pointed out with arrows, which could compare with each other or with other accounting results as reference values. Different methods are coded in legends. And the codes are consistent with those in the table 2 and in text, which are used to compare and illustrate the differences between methods.

Figure 3. Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission induced by agricultural activities during 2005−2015

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图 4 2005—2015年农业生产中能源消耗造成的年均温室气体排放量

图4中的箭头单独指出了UNFCCC、EDGAR和FAO等权威数据库的温室气体核算值, 可相互进行比较或作为基准与其他核算结果比较; 图例中对不同核算方法进行了编号, 且该编号与表3中和文中的方法编号相对应, 便于比较和说明不同核算方法间的差异。FFAF: farming, forestry, animal husbandy and fishery. Accounting values from authoritative database (including UNFCCC, EDGAR, FAO) are pointed out with arrows, which could compare with each other or with other accounting results as reference values. Different methods are coded in legends. And the codes are consistent with those in the table 3 and in text, which are used to compare and illustrate the differences between methods.

Figure 4. Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission induced by agricultural energy use during 2005−2015

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图 5 1980s—2010s年均土地利用、土地利用变化和林业的温室气体吸收量

图5中的箭头单独指出了UNFCCC、EDGAR和FAO等权威数据库的温室气体核算值, 可相互进行比较或作为基准与其他核算结果比较; 图例中对不同核算方法进行了编号, 且该编号与表4中和文中的方法编号相对应, 便于比较和说明不同核算方法间的差异。Accounting values from authoritative database (including UNFCCC, EDGAR, FAO) are pointed out with arrows, which could compare with each other or with other accounting results as reference values. Different methods are coded in legends. And the codes are consistent with those in the table 4 and in text, which are used to compare and illustrate the differences between methods.

Figure 5. Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) removed by land use, land use change and forests (LULUCF) between 1980s and 2010s

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表 1 中国食物系统各环节排放核算的活动数据缺省值

Table 1. Default activity data for different emission segments in the food system in China

环节 Emission source or sink	活动数据 Activity data in 2015	单位 Unit	缺省活动数据来源及说明 Default data source and remarks
水稻种植 Rice cultivation	水田面积 Rice paddy area	Mhm²	FAOSTAT^[22]
化肥施用 Synthetic fertilizer application	氮肥和复合肥的氮量 N in straight and compound fertilizer	Mt N	FAOSTAT^[22]
有机肥施用 Organic fertilizer application	畜禽粪尿和饼肥的还田氮量 N in applied livestock manure and cake fertilizer	Mt N	有机肥资源量为牛新胜等^[27]、Zhou等^[20]估算的2005—2010年各类有机肥资源量的平均值, 还田比例为Zhou等^[20]和Ma等^[28]报告的平均值 The amount of organic fertilizer resource originates from Niu et al.^[27] and Zhou et al.^[20], whose study period is between 2005 and 2010 (in average). And the rate of organic fertilizer returning originates from Zhou et al.^[20] and Ma et al.^[28] (in average).
粪尿管理 Manure management	畜禽存栏量, 转换为标准动物单位(LU), 转换方法见Eurostat^[29] Stock number of livestock, measured in standard livestock unit (LU). The method of unit conversion is available in Eurostat^[29].	MLU	FAOSTAT^[22]
肠道排放 Enteric fermentation	牲畜存栏量(不包括家禽数量), 转换为标准动物头数(LU) Stock number of large livestock (excluding poultries), measured in LU.	MLU	FAOSTAT^[22]
秸秆燃烧 Burning crop residue	用于燃烧的秸秆生物量(DM, 干重) Amount of burned crop residue, measured in dry matter (DM)	Mt DM	秸秆资源量参考牛新胜等^[27]估算的2005—2010年秸秆资源平均值, 干重比参考省级温室气体清单编制指南^[30], 秸秆燃烧比例为Zhou等^[20]、刘晓永^[31]和Ma等^[28]报告的燃烧比例平均值 The amount of crop residue resource originates from Niu et al.^[27], whose study period is 2005−2010. The ratio of dry weight to fresh weight originates from Guideline for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories^[30]. And the crop residue burning ratio originates from Zhou et al.^[20], Liu^[31] and Ma et al.^[28] (in average).
秸秆还田 Crop residue application	秸秆还田氮量 N in applied crop residue	Mt N	秸秆资源量参考牛新胜等^[27]估算的2005—2010年秸秆资源平均值, 秸秆还田比例为Zhou 等^[20]、刘晓永^[31]和Ma等^[28]报告的还田比例平均值 The amount of crop residue resource originates from Niu et al.^[27], whose reported time was 2005−2010. And the rate of crop residue returning originates from Zhou et al.^[20], Liu^[31] and Ma et al.^[28] (in average).
农业化石能源消耗 Agricultural fossil fuel consumption	农林牧渔业化石能源终端消费量, 以标准煤当量计(ce) Fossil fuel consumed by farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery (FFAF), measured in standard coal equivalent (ce)	Mt ce	中国能源年鉴^[32] China Energy Statistic Yearbook ^[32]
农业电力消耗 Agricultural electricity consumption	农林牧渔业电力终端消费量, 以标准煤计(ce) Electricity consumed by FFAF, measured in standard coal equivalent (ce)	Mt ce	中国能源年鉴^[32] China Energy Statistic Yearbook ^[32]
化肥生产 Synthetic fertilizer production	化肥施用量(折纯), 包括氮、磷、钾肥和复合肥 Amount of synthetic fertilizer, including straight N, P, K fertilizer and compound fertilizer	Mt	国家统计局^[33] National Bureau of Statistics of China^[33]
农药生产 Pesticide production	农药用量 Amount of pesticide	Mt	国家统计局^[33] National Bureau of Statistics of China^[33]
农膜生产 Film production	农膜用量 Amount of film	Mt	国家统计局^[33] National Bureau of Statistics of China^[33]
食物加工 Food processing	活动数据不确定。将不同文献的该环节排放量按Crippa等^[9]的排放增长比例推算至2015年, 再求取平均排放量和标准差 No specific activity data. Synthesize all literatures reported values for food processing, then extrapolate the values to the base year (2015) according to the rate of emission change provided by Crippa et al.^[9], and finally calculate the average emission and standard deviation	/	见表5 See the table 5
食物包装 Food packaging	活动数据不确定, 直接采用Crippa等^[9]包含包装间接碳排放的结果, 排放年为2015年 No specific activity data. Use the value in 2015 reported by Crippa et al.^[9] (including the indirect packaging emission)	/	Crippa等^[9] Refer to Crippa et al.^[9]
运输和仓储 Food transport and storage	活动数据不确定。将不同文献的该环节排放量按Crippa等^[9]的排放增长比例推算至2015年, 再求取平均排放量和标准差 No specific activity data. Synthesize all literatures reported values for food consumption, then extrapolate the values to the base year (2015) according to the rate of emission change provided by Crippa et al.^[9], and finally calculate the average emission and standard deviation	/	见表5 See the table 5
批发和零售 Food wholesale and retail	活动数据不确定。将不同文献的该环节排放量按Crippa等^[9]的排放增长比例推算至2015年, 再求取平均排放量和标准差 No specific activity data. Synthesize all literatures reported values for food wholesale and retail, then extrapolate the values to the base year (2015) according to the rate of emission change provided by Crippa et al.^[9], and finally calculate the average emission and standard deviation	/	见表5 See the table 5
食物消费 Food consumption	活动数据不确定。将不同文献的该环节排放量按Crippa等^[9]的排放增长比例推算至2015年, 再求取平均排放量和标准差 No specific activity data. Synthesize all literatures reported values for food transport and storage, then extrapolate the values to the base year (2015) according to the rate of emission change provided by Crippa et al.^[9], and finally calculate the average emission and standard deviation	/	见表5 See the table 5
森林 Forest	森林面积 Forest area	Mhm²	国家统计局^[33] National Bureau of Statistics of China^[33]
耕地 Cropland	耕地面积 Cropland area	Mhm²	中国统计年鉴^[34] China Statistic Yearbook^[34]
草地 Grassland	草地面积 Grassland area	Mhm²	国家统计局^[33] National Bureau of Statistics of China^[33]

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表 2 农业活动温室气体核算方法及其参数变异范围

Table 2. Accounting methods for agricultural activities greenhouse gas emission and their re-calculated emission factors

代码 Code	1水稻种植 Rice cultivation		2化肥施用 2 Synthetic fertilizer application		3有机肥施用 3 Organic fertilizer application		4秸秆还田 4 Crop residue application
代码 Code	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(N)]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(N)]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(N)]
a	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	4.8~6.4	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	4.3~5.5	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	5.9	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	8.0~15.6
b	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- Guide for Provincial GHG Inventory (GPGI)^[30]	5.3~8.2	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	5.5	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	11.7	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	3.2~6.2
c	EDGAR-GAINS^[24]	13.1	区分作物品种和背景/施氮排放^[35] Based on the parameters by crops and by background emissions^[35]	4.6~4.8	PKU-N₂O高分辨率排放清单^[20] PKU-N₂O high resolution inventory^[20]	3.1~4.3	PKU-N₂O高分辨率排放清单^[20] PKU-N₂O high resolution inventory^[20]	1.8~4.7
d	王明星等^[37], 分区排放参数 Regional emission parameters from Wang et al.^[37]	8.0~11.9	PKU-N₂O高分辨率排放清单^[20] PKU-N₂O high resolution inventory^[20]	4.5~4.6
e	王效科等^[38], DNDC模型模拟 Wang et al.^[38], based on DNDC model	9.5~9.6
f	其他方法 Others	5.5

代码 Code	5秸秆燃烧 5 Burning crop residue		6粪尿管理 6 Manure management		7肠胃排放 7 Enteric fermentation
代码 Code	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(DM)]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙LU⁻¹)	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙LU⁻¹)
a	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	0.11	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	0.2~0.3	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	0.6~0.9
b	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	0.05~0.09	EDGAR-CAPRI^[24]	0.2	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	1.0~1.2
c	EDGAR^[24]	0.06~0.09	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	0.5~0.7	胡向东等 ^[39], 简化的FAO-IPCC TIER1方法 Hu et al.^[39], simplified method based on FAO-IPCC TIER1	0.9~1.1
d	其他方法 Others	0.11~0.15	胡向东等^[39], 简化的FAO-IPCC TIER1方法 Hu et al.^[39], simplified method based on FAO-IPCC TIER1	0.6~0.7
表2的编号与图3相对应, 以便进一步比较同一环节下不同核算方法的排放参数差异。The codes in the table 2 are consistent with those in the figure 3, which enable us to compare the differences of emission parameters in different methods.

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表 3 农业生产中能源消耗的温室气体核算方法及其参数范围

Table 3. Accounting methods for agricultural energy use greehouse gas (GHG) emission and their re-calculated emission factors

代码 Code	8农林牧渔业化石燃烧 8 Fossil fuel combustion in FFAF		9农林牧渔业电力消耗 9 Electricity consumption in FFAF		10农用机械柴油燃烧 10 Agricultural machinery diesel oil combustion		11灌溉电力消耗 11 Irrigation electricity consumption
代码 Code	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(ce)]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(ce)]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(ce)]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(ce)]
a	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	1.8~3.3	FAO-IPCC TIER1^[22]	6.2~6.7	IPCC TIER1^[40]	2.1~2.8	Dubey等^[43]提供参数 Parameters provided by Dubey et al.^[43]	0.07~0.08
b	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- Guide for Provincial GHG Inventory (GPGI)^[30]	2.2~3.1	UNFCCC-省级温室气体清单^[30] UNFCCC- GPGI^[30]	7.8	West et al.^[42]提供参数 Parameters provided by West et al.^[42]	0.5	West et al.^[42]提供参数 Parameters provided by West et al.^[42]	1.0
c	环境投入-产出模型-生命周期法 Environment input-output model-life cycle approch (EIO-LCA)^[41]	4.5			BP China提供参数^[51] Parameters provided by BP China^[51]	2.4	BP China提供参数^[51] Parameters provided by BP China^[51]	1.7

代码 Code	12化肥生产 12 Synthetic fertilizer production		13农药生产 13 Pesticide production		14农膜生产 14 Film production
代码 Code	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹]
a	West et al.^[42]提供参数 Parameters provided by West et al.^[42]	3.2~3.3	West et al.^[42]提供参数 Parameters provided by West et al.^[42]	13.8~18.3	南京农业大学提供参数 Parameters provided by Nanjing Agricultural University	18.5~24.0
b	EIO-LCA^[46]	2.2	EIO-LCA^[46]	24.7	EIO-LCA^[46]	4.3
c	Zhang等^[52]和IFA提供参数^[53] Parameters provided by Zhang et al.^[52] and IFA^[53]	3.0			国家发展和改革委员会提供参数^[54] Parameters provided by the National Development and Reform Commission of China^[54]	22.8
d	齐晔^[44]提供参数 Parameters provided by Qi^[44]	5.2
e	逯非等^[45]和Dubey et al.^[43]提供参数 Parameters provided by Lu et al.^[45] and Dubey et al.^[43]	4.9
表3的编号与图4相对应, 以便进一步比较同一环节下不同核算方法的排放参数差异。FFAF: farming, forestry, animal husbandy and fishery. The codes in the table 3 are consistent with those in the figure 4, which enables us to compare the differences of emission parameters in different methods.

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表 4 不同土地利用类型碳汇核算方法及其参数范围

Table 4. Accounting methods greenhouse gas (GHG) removal of land use, land use change and forests (LULUCF) and their re-calculated removal factors

代码 Code	15森林 15 Forest		16耕地 16 Cropland		17草地 17 Grassland
代码 Code	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²]	方法 Method	参数范围 Range of the parameter [t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²]
a	FAO-IPCC TIER3^[22]	−3.4	过程模型 Process based model	−0.5~−0.7	UNFCCC-IPCC TIER2^[40]	−0.2
b	UNFCCC-IPCC TIER2^[40]	−2.1	实测数据推算 Estimation based on measured data	−0.2~−0.3	空间明晰的估算方法^[55] Spatially explicit accounting method^[55]	−0.2
c	空间明晰的估算方法^[55] Spatially explicit accounting method^[55]	−1.6	文献数据推算 Estimation based on literature data	−0.5~−0.6	过程模型估算 Process based model	−0.2~−0.3
d	实测数据推算 Estimation based on measured data	−1.7~−4.7	空间明晰的估算方法^[55] Spatially explicit accounting method^[55]	−0.3	实测数据与遥感反演结合 Measure-satellite combined method	0.04~−0.14
e	实测数据与遥感反演结合 Measure-satellite combined method	−1.0
表4的编号与图5相对应, 以便进一步比较同一环节下不同核算方法的排放参数差异。The codes in the table 4 are consistent with thoes in the figure 5, which enables us to compare the differences of emission parameters in different methods.

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表 5 食物供应部门的年均温室气体排放

Table 5. Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emission induced by postharvest food supply activities

文献来源 Referred literature	排放环节 Emission segment	数值 Value [Mt(CO₂eq)∙a⁻¹]	说明 Remark
Crippa, et al^[9] (2015)^*	加工 Processing	153	EDGAR各部门排放×食物供应链各环节相关比例, 其中包装环节还包括包装物质生产排放 EDGAR reported emission by sectors×the proportion of food related emission in each reported sectors. The packaging emission in this study includes the embodied emission of packaging material production.
	包装 Packaging	440
	运输和仓储 Transport and storage	78
	批发和零售 Wholesale and retail	49
	消费 Consumption	119

CEADs database^[25] (2016—2018)^*	加工 Processing	57	仅包含食物加工的终端能源消费 Only including the emission from energy consumption in food processing sector

Li , et al^[17] (2010)^*	加工 Processing	121	加工按终端能源消费计算; 运输仓储按环境投入-产出模型-生命周期法(EIO-LCA)方法计算; 食物消费按建筑面积×单位建筑耗能计算 The emission of food processing only included its energy consumption induced emission. The emission of food transport and storage was calculated by EIO-LCA method. And the emission of food consumption was calculated as the floor area × energy consumption per unit area.
	运输和仓储 Transport and storage	36
	消费 Consumption	78

Vermeulen, et al^[57] (2007)^*	加工 Processing	48	加工、批发和零售环节按终端能源消费计算, 包装、运输和仓储、消费等按EIO-LCA方法计算(投入产出表包含26个部门) The emission of food processing, wholesale and retail were calculated based on their terminal energy consumption. The emission of food packaging, transport and storage and consumption were calculated by environment input-output model-life cycle approch (EIO-LCA) method (input-output table included 26 sectors).
	包装 Packaging	53
	运输和仓储 Transport and storage	46
	批发和零售 Wholesale and retail	18
	消费 Consumption	81

Song, et al^[58]** (2012)^*	加工 Processing	187	投入-产出(IO)-生命周期(IO-LCA)方法, 包括各环节直接和间接能源利用(投入产出表含12个部门) Calculation was based on input-output model-life cycle approch (IO-LCA) method which included both direct and indirect energy consumption (input-output table included 12 sectors).
	包装 Packaging	39
	运输和仓储 Transport and storage	33
	批发和零售 Wholesale and retail	17
	消费 Consumption	39
括号中年份为各文献中温室气体排放的年份; 温室气体排放按能源用量×油品排放因子计算。 Values in brackets are the reported year of the emissions. ** The GHG emission in this literature was further estimated as energy consumption × emission factors (based on the average emission factor of oil products).

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表 6 中国食物系统各环节排放(或吸收)参数及其变异系数

Table 6. Emission (or sequestration) factors and their coefficients of variations of the Chinese food system

排放或吸收环节 Emission source or sink	参数平均值 Average value of parameter	参数单位 Unit of parameter	参数变异系数 Coefficient of variable of parameter
水稻种植 Rice cultivation	7.27	t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²	0.29
化肥施用 Synthetic fertilizer application	4.79	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(N)	0.09
粪尿施用 Manure application	6.24	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(N)	0.60
粪尿管理 Manure management	0.49	t(CO₂eq)∙LU⁻¹	0.35
动物肠道排放 Enteric fermentation	0.96	t(CO₂eq)∙LU⁻¹	0.18
秸秆燃烧 Burning crop residue	0.09	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(DM)	0.30
秸秆还田 Crop residue application	5.68	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(N)	0.73
农业化石能源消耗 Agricultural fossil fuel consumption	2.60	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(ce)	0.29
农业电力消耗 Agricultural electricity consumption	6.70	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹(ce)	0.11
化肥生产 Synthetic fertilizer production	3.53	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹	0.28
农药生产 Pesticide production	22.12	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹	0.36
农膜生产 Film production	17.95	t(CO₂eq)∙t⁻¹	0.39
食物加工^* Food processing	—	—	0.44
食物包装^** Food packaging	—	—	—
运输和仓储^* Food transport and storage	—	—	0.33
批发和零售^* Food wholesale and retail	—	—	0.50
食物消费^* Food consumption	—	—	0.36
森林 Forest	−2.86	t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²	0.41
耕地 Cropland	−0.49	t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²	0.32
草地 Grassland	−0.16	t(CO₂eq)∙hm⁻²	0.70
相关环节难以确定活动数据, 因此假设同一环节不同研究中的活动数据一致, 其参数变异系数等同于排放量变异系数; 基于Crippa et al. (2021)单篇文章的数据, 不能计算排放参数及其变异系数。 The activity data is unavailable in these emission segments, hence the coefficients of emission parameters are the same as that of total emission amount, under the assumption that the activity data is the same in different studies for the same emission segment. ** This value is based on a single study by Crippa et al. (2021), so the emission parameter and its coefficient of variable is not available.

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