The configuration pathways of organic agriculture development in China:A study based on fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis
-
摘要: 洞悉有机农业发展的多元驱动路径对于促进我国农业绿色可持续发展至关重要。本文基于组态理论, 以中国省域有机农业发展为案例, 综合运用必要条件分析和模糊集定性比较分析方法, 通过探讨市场环境、资源禀赋、组织条件和政策制度的多重因素对区域有机农业发展的联动效应, 揭示有机农业发展的多元驱动路径。研究表明: 市场环境、资源禀赋、组织条件和政策制度等方面的多重因素并发联动形成了有机农业发展的多元条件组态; 存在4条驱动有机农业发展的差异化路径: 政策主导组织助力型、市场和组织双轮驱动型、认证和组织叠加带动型以及认证带动资源优势型。3种导致非高有机农业发展的条件组态均指向有机认证和产业化组织促进有机农业发展的显著效应。因此, 研究认为积极推动有机产品认证、发展产业化组织、加大政府正向激励是促进有机农业发展的主要政策建议, 此外各地应根据自身特点和资源禀赋选择有机农业发展的差异化路径。Abstract: Organic agriculture is one of the most popular sustainable production methods at present. It is becoming an important way for the green development of agriculture in various countries. Testing the causally complex relationships between organic agriculture development and its multiple influencing factors and clarifying configurations and pathways for promoting organic agriculture development play an important role in achieve high-quality agricultural development. This paper advocated for an asymmetric configuration perspective that tests the causal complexity of high and not-high organic agriculture development. First, this paper used NCA method to explore the necessary conditions for organic agriculture development, and then employed fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to detect the impact of different configurations of multiple factors on organic agriculture development, and explores the synergy pathways with different configurations for organic agriculture development. Our main findings reveal that: first, any single explanatory attributing to organic agriculture development does not constitute the necessary condition. Instead of a one-size-fits-all approach, the main findings reveal four pathways with different configurations for high development of organic agriculture in China, that is, led and organized by government, market and organization driven, certification and organizations driven and certification driving resources. There are also three recipes for not high development of organic agriculture, all of which present the absent of organic certification and organizational conditions, which reveals that organic certification and organizational conditions play an important role in organic agriculture development. The inspiration for optimizing the development environment of organic agriculture is that although there are differences in market, ecological conditions, public policies and organizational conditions in various regions, this does not prevent these regions from promoting the development of organic agriculture through different configuration paths. The conclusions provide empirical evidence and theoretical reference for the government to formulate public policies to promote the organic agriculture development according to different situations. The contributions are as follows: First, This paper adopted NCA methods to examine whether any single factor constitutes a necessary condition for the development of organic agriculture in China, which not only advances the understanding of the prior research on correlational relationship between the influencing factors and organic agriculture development, but also reveals that the government support plays an important role in driving the development of organic agriculture in China; Second, Second, based on the configuration theory, the qualitative comparative analysis method QCA is used to explore the synergistic impact of multiple factors such as market environment, resource endowment, organizational conditions and policy systems on the development of organic agriculture. It is a useful supplement to the traditional empirical research and provides more detailed and rich empirical evidence for the complex causal relationship between the development of organic agriculture and its influencing factors. Third, This paper carried out a more systematic and specific analysis of the influencing factors and its driving path of organic agriculture development focused on provincial level, which enriches prior literature by offering a more fine-grained understanding of unbalanced development of organic agriculture in China. At last, this paper conducted the mixed study of NCA and QCA, which promotes the research on the necessary and sufficient causality between the influencing factors and organic agriculture development.
-
表 1 有机农业发展变量集合、校准及描述性统计
Table 1. Sets, calibrations and descriptive statistics of variables of organic agriculture development
集合
Sets模糊集校准 Fuzzy set calibrations 描述性统计 Descriptive statistics 完全不隶属 Fully out 交叉点 Crossover 完全隶属 Fully in 均值 Mean 标准差 Standard deviation 有机农业发展 Organic agriculture development 0.334 0.223 0.116 0.256 0.209 居民收入水平 Resident income level 0.335 0.214 0.158 0.297 0.233 基础设施条件 Infrastructure conditions 0.327 0.211 0.154 0.270 0.212 生态条件 Ecological conditions 0.835 0.735 0.419 0.638 0.280 劳动力资源 Labor resources 0.458 0.341 0.275 0.476 0.403 产业组织 Industrial Organization 0.535 0.431 0.243 0.532 0.417 合作组织 Cooperative organization 0.463 0.322 0.171 0.478 0.423 公共政策 Public policy 0.354 0.278 0.115 0.270 0.165 认证制度 Certification system 0.425 0.291 0.149 0.491 0.401 表 2 有机农业发展的NCA必要条件分析
Table 2. Analysis of necessary conditions of organic agriculture development in NCA
条件
conditions方法
Methods精确度
C-accuracy (%)上限区域
Ceiling zone范围
Scope效应量
Effect sizeP值
P value市场环境
Market environment居民收入水平
Resident income levelCE 100 0.107 1.000 0.107 0.822 CR 100 0.053 1.000 0.053 0.869 基础设施条件
Infrastructure conditionsCE 100 0.161 0.769 0.210 0.811 CR 96.5 0.133 0.769 0.174 0.727 资源禀赋
Endowments生态条件
Ecological conditionsCE 100 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 CR 100 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 劳动力资源
Labor resourcesCE 100 0.192 0.628 0.305 0.838 CR 96.5 0.146 0.628 0.232 0.772 组织条件
Organization conditions产业组织
Industrial OrganizationCE 100 0.298 1.000 0.298 0.548 CR 100 0.193 1.000 0.193 0.601 合作组织
Cooperative organizationCE 100 0.108 1.000 0.108 0.757 CR 100 0.084 1.000 0.084 0.712 政策制度
Policy system公共政策
Public policyCE 100 0.155 0.623 0.248 0.458 CR 96.8 0.102 0.623 0.164 0.479 认证制度
Certification systemCE 100 0.143 1.000 0.143 0.624 CR 96.8 0.104 1.000 0.104 0.558 表 3 有机农业发展前因条件的NCA瓶颈水平分析
Table 3. Bottleneck table of conditions for organic agriculture development in NCA
有机农业发展
Organic agriculture development0 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 居民收入水平 Resident income level NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 基础设施条件 Infrastructure conditions NN NN 0.5 4.7 8.9 13.0 17.2 21.4 25.5 29.7 生态条件 Ecological conditions NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 劳动力资源 Labor resources NN NN NN NN NN NN NN 0.7 5.7 10.6 产业组织 Industrial Organization NN NN 2.9 4.7 6.5 8.4 10.2 12.0 13.8 15.6 合作组织 Cooperative organization NN NN 6.7 10.6 14.6 18.5 22.5 26.4 30.3 34.3 公共政策 Public policy NN NN 5.7 10.6 15.5 20.5 25.4 30.4 35.3 40.3 认证制度 Certification system NN NN 2.7 6.5 10.3 14.1 17.8 21.6 25.4 29.2 “NN”表示不必要。“NN” Indicates unnecessary. 表 4 有机农业发展前因条件的fsQCA必要性检验
Table 4. Analysis of necessary conditions for organic agriculture development in fsQCA
条件变量 Sets of conditions 一致性 Consistency 覆盖度 Coverage 条件变量 Sets of conditions 一致性 Consistency 覆盖度 Coverage 居民收入水平 Resident income level 0.531 0.540 ~居民收入水平 ~Resident income level 0.546 0.545 基础设施条件 Infrastructure conditions 0.479 0.509 ~基础设施条件 ~Infrastructure conditions 0.639 0.613 生态条件 Ecological conditions 0.640 0.655 ~生态条件 ~Ecological conditions 0.434 0.431 劳动力资源 Labor resources 0.573 0.607 ~劳动力资源 ~Labor resources 0.498 0.479 产业组织 Industrial Organization 0.790 0.748 ~产业组织 ~Industrial Organization 0.299 0.323 合作组织 Cooperative organization 0.722 0.761 ~合作组织 ~Cooperative organization 0.393 0.379 公共政策 Public policy 0.683 0.680 ~公共政策 ~Public policy 0.431 0.440 认证制度 Certification system 0.758 0.754 ~认证制度 ~Certification system 0.362 0.369 ~表示某个前因条件缺乏, 如: ~生态条件=生态条件差。~ means the absence of. For example: ~ Ecological conditions =absence of high Ecological conditions. 表 5 有机农业发展的组态分析结果
Table 5. Configurations of causal conditions for high/not high organic agriculture development
条件
Conditions实现高有机农业发展的组态
Configurations of High organic agriculture development实现非高有机农业发展的组态
Configurations of not High organic agriculture developmentS1 S2 S3 S4a S4b NS1 NS2 NS3 居民收入水平
Resident income level⊗ ● ⊗ ⊗ ● ⊗ 基础设施条件
Infrastructure conditions● ● ⊗ ● 生态条件
Ecological conditions⊗ ⊗ ● ● ● ● ⊗ 劳动力资源
Labor resources⊗ ● ● ● ● 产业组织
Industrial organization● ● ● ⊗ ● ⊗ 合作组织
Cooperative organization● ● ● ● ● ⊗ 公共政策
Public policy● ● ● ● ⊗ ● 认证制度
Certification system● ● ● ● ⊗ ⊗ ⊗ 一致性
Consistency0.998 0.997 1 0.993 1 0.166 0.223 0.176 原始覆盖度
Raw coverage0.106 0.210 0.224 0.186 0.107 0.083 0.148 0.081 唯一覆盖度
Unique coverage0.063 0.118 0.071 0.036 0.070 0.852 0.907 0.846 案例
Cases西北地区
West-north regions
新疆 Xinjiang
青海 Qinghai
内蒙古
Inner Mongolia东部地区
Eastern regions
浙江
Zhejiang
山东
Shandong东北地区
East-north
regions
黑龙江
Heilognjiang
辽宁
Laoning西南地区
West-south regions
云南
Yunnan、
贵州
Guizhou
四川
Sichuan中部地区
Meidian regions
江西
Jiangxi
安徽
Anhui东部地区
Eastern regions
广东Guangdong
江苏
Jiangsu中部地区
Meidian regions
湖北
Hubwi
湖南
Hunan西北地区
West-north
regions
宁夏
Ningxia
陕西
Shanxi总体一致性
Overall solution consistency0.950 0.853 总体覆盖度
Overall solution coverage0.649 0.543 注: ●表示核心条件存在; ⊗表示核心条件缺失; ●表示边缘条件存在; ⊗表示边缘条件缺失。NOTE: ● core causal condition (present); ⊗ peripheral causal condition (present); ● core causal condition (absent); ⊗ peripheral causal condition (absent). -
[1] REGNOLD, JP, JACKSON-SMITH D, BATITE S S, et al. Transforming US agriculture. Science, 2011, 332: 670-671. [2] WILLER H, TRáVNIčEK J, MEIER C, et al. The World of Organic Agriculture-Statistics and Emerging Trends[M]. FiBLI and FOAM, Nürnberg, 2021 [3] 国家认证认可监督管理委员会, 中国农业大学. 中国有机产品认证与有机产业发展[M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2021Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’ Republic of China, China Agricultural University. Organic Product Certification and Development of Organic Industry in China[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2021 [4] JOUZI Z, AZADI H, TAHERI F, et al. Organic farming and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges[J]. Ecological Economics, 2017, 132: 144−154 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.10.016 [5] 卢瑜, 向平安, 余亮. 中国有机农业的集聚与空间依赖性[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2021, 29(3): 440−452LU Y, XIANG P G, YU L. Agglomeration and spatial dependence of organic agriculture in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2021, 29(3): 440−452 [6] 孟凡乔. 中国有机农业发展: 贡献与启示[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2019, 27(2): 198−205MENG F Q. Organic agriculture development in China: challenges and implications[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019, 27(2): 198−205 [7] OELOFSE M, HØGH-JENSEN H, ABREU L S, et al. Certified organic agriculture in China and Brazil: market accessibility and outcomes following adoption[J]. Ecological Economics, 2010, 69(9): 1785−1793 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.016 [8] 王小楠, 朱晶, 薄慧敏. 家庭农场有机农业采纳行为的空间依赖性[J]. 资源科学, 2018, 40(11): 2270−2279WANG X N, ZHU J, BO H M. Spatial dependence of family farms' adoption behaviors of organic agriculture[J]. Resources Science, 2018, 40(11): 2270−2279 [9] 高杨, 张笑, 陆姣, 等. 家庭农场绿色防控技术采纳行为研究[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(5): 934−944GAO Y, ZHANG X, LU J, et al. Research on adoption behavior of green control techniques by family farms[J]. Resources Science, 2017, 39(5): 934−944 [10] 卢瑜, 向平安, 余亮. 农户采纳有机农业的影响因素及其空间效应−基于新疆农户调查数据[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2022, 30(1): 153−165LU Y, XIANG P G, YU L. Influencing factors and spatial effects of organic agriculture adoption: based on survey data of farmers in Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2022, 30(1): 153−165 [11] 李艳丽, 郝庆升, 张东敏. 基于COX比例风险模型的农户有机农业转变意愿分析[J]. 统计与决策, 2017(22): 113−116LI Y L, HAO Q S, ZHANG D M. Analysis of farmers' willingness to change organic agriculture based on Cox proportional risk model[J]. Statistics & Decision, 2017(22): 113−116 [12] 黄炎忠, 罗小锋, 李容容, 等. 农户认知、外部环境与绿色农业生产意愿−基于湖北省632个农户调研数据[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018, 27(3): 680−687 doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201803024HUANG Y Z, LUO X F, LI R R, et al. Farmer cognition, external environment and willingness of green agriculture production—based on the survey data of 632 farmers in Hubei Province[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2018, 27(3): 680−687 doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201803024 [13] 刘子飞. 农户有机农业种植意愿的实证研究−基于陕西洋县有机水稻农户调查数据的分析[J]. 中国农学通报, 2017, 33(23): 157−164 doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17020055LIU Z F. Farmers' willingness to conduct organic agriculture planting: analysis based on data of organic rice farmers of Yang County in Shaanxi Province[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2017, 33(23): 157−164 doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb17020055 [14] 张曾, 甄华杨, 乔玉辉, 等. 小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接的桥梁−基于有机农业合作社的分析[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2020, 41(11): 158−165ZHANG Z, ZHEN H Y, QIAO Y H, et al. Analysis of organic agricultural extension mechanism under the participation of farmers' professional cooperatives—a case study in Wanzai County, Jiangxi Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2020, 41(11): 158−165 [15] 张万兰, 卢敏. 农民采纳有机水稻生产技术的影响因素[J]. 贵州农业科学, 2018, 46(9): 146−150ZHANG W L, LU M. Study on factors influencing farmers to adopt production technology of organic rice[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 46(9): 146−150 [16] WOLLNI M, ANDERSSON C. Spatial patterns of organic agriculture adoption: evidence from Honduras[J]. Ecological Economics, 2014, 97: 120−128 doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.11.010 [17] WOLLNI M, LEE D R, THIES J E. Conservation agriculture, organic marketing, and collective action in the Honduran hillsides[J]. Agricultural Economics, 2010, 41(3/4): 373−384 [18] 卢瑜, 向平安. 中国有机农业发展的空间效应及影响因素[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2021, 37(6): 1583−1591 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2021.06.028LU Y, XIANG P G. Spatial effects and influencing factors of organic agriculture in China[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 37(6): 1583−1591 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-4440.2021.06.028 [19] 骆世明. 农业生态转型态势与中国生态农业建设路径[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(1): 1−7LUO S M. Agroecology transition and suitable pathway for eco-agricultural development in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(1): 1−7 [20] 李扬, 乔玉辉, 吴文良, 等. 欧盟新有机农业法规体系EU 2018/848的主要变化及其影响[J]. 世界农业, 2019(3): 45−49,115LI Y, QIAO Y H, WU W L, et al. Major changes and impacts of the latest EU Organic Regulation (EU 2018/848)[J]. World Agriculture, 2019(3): 45−49,115 [21] 谢玉梅, 浦徐进. 澳大利亚有机农业发展及其启示[J]. 农业经济问题, 2014, 35(5): 105−109XIE Y M, PU X J. Development of organic agriculture in Aus tralia and its enlightenment[J]. Issues in Agricultural Economy, 2014, 35(5): 105−109 [22] 2014 周应华, 陈世雄, 尹昌斌, 等. 美国推进农业可持续发展的经验与启示[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2020, 41(3): 1−6ZHOU Y H, CHEN S X, YIN C B, et al. Experience and enlightenment of promoting agricultural sustainable development in the United States[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2020, 41(3): 1−6 [23] DAUGBJERG C, TRANTER R, HATTAM C, et al. Modelling the impacts of policy on entry into organic farming: evidence from Danish-UK comparisons, 1989-2007[J]. Land Use Policy, 2011, 28(2): 413−422 doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.09.001 [24] DU Y Z, KIM P H. One size does not fit all: strategy configurations, complex environments, and new venture performance in emerging economies[J]. Journal of Business Research, 2021, 124: 272−285 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.059 [25] 杜运周, 李佳馨, 刘秋辰, 等. 复杂动态视角下的组态理论与QCA方法: 研究进展与未来方向[J]. 管理世界, 2021, 37(3): 180−197,12DU Y Z, LI J X, LIU Q C, et al. Configurational theory and QCA method from a complex dynamic perspective: research progress and future directions[J]. Journal of Management World, 2021, 37(3): 180−197,12 [26] DOUGLAS E J, SHEPHERD D A, PRENTICE C. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis for a finer-grained understanding of entrepreneurship[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2020, 35(1): 105970 doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105970 [27] FISS P C. Building better causal theories: a fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2011, 54(2): 393−420 doi: 10.5465/amj.2011.60263120 [28] VIS B, DUL J. Analyzing relationships of necessity not just in kind but also in degree: complementing fsQCA with NCA[J]. Sociological Methods & Research, 2018, 47(4): 872−899 [29] DUL J, VAN DER LAAN E, KUIK R. A statistical significance test for necessary condition analysis[J]. Organizational Research Methods, 2020, 23(2): 385−395 doi: 10.1177/1094428118795272 [30] COOKE P, URANGA M G, ETXEBARRIA G. Regional systems of innovation: an evolutionary perspective[J]. Environment and Planning A:Economy and Space, 1998, 30(9): 1563−1584 doi: 10.1068/a301563 [31] DOLOREUX D, PORTO GOMEZ I. A review of (almost) 20 years of regional innovation systems research[J]. European Planning Studies, 2017, 25(3): 371−387 doi: 10.1080/09654313.2016.1244516 [32] FERNANDES C, FARINHA L, FERREIRA J J, et al. Regional innovation systems: what can we learn from 25 years of scientific achievements?[J]. Regional Studies, 2021, 55(3): 377−389 doi: 10.1080/00343404.2020.1782878