不同降水年型滴灌玉米土壤硝态氮分布、淋失量及氮素吸收利用特征

翟勇全; 马琨; 贾彪; 魏雪; 运彬媛; 马健祯; 张昊; 姬丽; 李稼润

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220517

不同降水年型滴灌玉米土壤硝态氮分布、淋失量及氮素吸收利用特征

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220517

翟勇全^1,,
马琨²,
贾彪^1, ,,
魏雪¹,
运彬媛¹,
马健祯¹,
张昊¹,
姬丽¹,
李稼润¹

1.
宁夏大学农学院　银川　750021
2.
宁夏大学西北退化生态系统恢复与重建教育部重点实验室/宁夏大学生态环境学院　银川　750021

基金项目: 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划项目(2021BEG03014)、宁夏自然科学基金项目(2021AAC03025)和宁夏回族自治区农业资源环境监测与保护项目(2130135)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
翟勇全, 主要从事作物高产高效优质栽培研究。E-mail: zyq6692@163.com

通讯作者:
贾彪, 主要从事作物高产高效优质栽培研究。E-mail: jiabiao2008@nxu.edu.cn

中图分类号: S5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-05
- 录用日期: 2022-10-29
- 修回日期: 2022-10-29
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-25

Effects of different precipitation years on soil nitrate distribution, leaching loss and nitrogen uptake and utilization under drip irrigation of maize

1.
College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Northwest Degraded Ecosystem Restoration and Reconstruction, Ministry of Education / College of Ecological Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2021BRG03014), Ningxia Natural Science Foundation Project (2021AAC03025), the Agricultural Resources and Environmental Monitoring and Protection Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (2130135).

More Information

Corresponding author: Email: jiabiao2008@nxu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 为寻找满足宁夏地区滴灌条件下不同降水年型间科学施肥模式, 缓解不合理施氮导致的资源浪费、黄河水质下降和地下水污染等问题, 本研究于2018—2020年在宁夏平吉堡农场开展氮梯度试验, 分析不同降水年型下不同施氮处理土壤硝态氮残留和淋溶量以及对滴灌玉米氮素吸收利用和产量的影响。结果表明: 土壤硝态氮含量峰值与降水量密切相关, 丰水年(2018年)硝态氮残留量峰值在40~60 cm土层, 枯水年(2019年和2020年)在20~40 cm土层; 不同降水年型份间土壤硝态氮残留量和淋失量均随施氮量的增加而增加, 且降水量显著影响硝态氮淋失量; 丰水年由降水因素导致的硝态氮淋失量占总淋失量的50.62%, 枯水年占总淋失量的34.82%。回归分析结果表明, 不同降水年型间玉米产量随施氮量呈先上升后下降的趋势, 均在N3处理 (施N量为270 kg∙hm⁻²)下达最高产量, 且N3处理的产量和吸氮量与N4处理(施N量为360 kg∙hm⁻²)无显著差异; 丰水年N3的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力比N4分别提升11.38%、6.16 kg∙kg⁻¹和13.85 kg∙kg⁻¹, 枯水年分别提升12.10%、5.06 kg∙kg⁻¹和15.00 kg∙kg⁻¹。综合考量不同降水年型间0~100 cm土层硝态氮分布特征和硝态氮淋失量及施氮处理下的产量、氮素吸收利用, 推荐宁夏引黄灌区滴灌玉米不同降水年型下施氮量在270 kg∙hm⁻²时较适宜, 丰水年施氮最大阈值为275.59 kg∙hm⁻² , 枯水年施氮最大阈值为320.20 kg∙hm⁻²。
- 滴灌玉米 /
- 降水量 /
- 硝态氮淋失 /
- 氮素利用 /
- 阈值
Abstract: In order to improve crop yield, excessive nitrogen application in agricultural production has become increasingly serious in recent years. Excessive nitrogen application leads to increasing accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen and water pollution, and nitrogen leaching loss varies among different precipitation years. It is of great significance to clarify the scientific fertilization model among different precipitation year types under drip irrigation in Ningxia to alleviate the problems of resource waste, water quality decline of Yellow River and groundwater pollution caused by unreasonable nitrogen application. In this study, a 3-years nitrogen gradient experiment was carried out in Pingjipu Farm, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, with five nitrogen application treatments of 360 kg∙hm⁻² (N4), 270 kg∙hm⁻² (N3), 180 kg∙hm⁻² (N2), 90 kg∙hm⁻² (N1), and 0 kg∙hm⁻² (N0), to analyze the effects of different nitrogen fertilization treatments on soil nitrate nitrogen residue and leaching amount, as well as on nitrogen absorption, utilization and yield of corn under drip irrigation in rainy and dry years. The results showed that the peak value of soil nitrate nitrogen content was closely related to precipitation, the peak value of nitrate nitrogen residue was at 40-60 cm soil layer in Rainy years (2018 year), and at 20-40 cm soil layer in dry years (2019 year and 2020 year). Different precipitation years soil nitrate nitrogen residue and leaching increased with the increase of nitrogen application, and reached the maximum value under N4 treatment. Precipitation significantly affected nitrate leaching, and in rainy years the nitrate nitrogen leaching loss caused by factors accounted for 50.62% of the total leaching loss, and the dry year accounted for 34.82% of the total leaching loss. The regression analysis results showed that maize yield increased firstly and then decreased with the appropriate amount in different precipitation years. And the maximum yield was found under 270 kg∙hm⁻² (N3) in different precipitation years, and the yield and nitrogen uptake under N3 treatment have no difference with 360 kg∙hm⁻² (N4). In Rainy and dry years, compared with N4, the utilization rate, agronomic utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and partial nitrogen fertilizer productivity increased by 11.38%, 6.16 kg∙kg⁻¹, 13.85 kg∙kg⁻¹ and 12.10%, 5.06 kg∙kg⁻¹, 15.00 kg∙kg⁻¹. To sum up, Considering the distribution characteristics of nitrate in 0-100 cm soil layer, the amount of nitrate leaching, and the yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization under nitrogen application in different precipitation years, when the nitrogen application rate was 270 kg∙hm⁻², the yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization of maize in rainy and dry years were maintained at a high level, and the amount of nitrate leaching was also within an acceptable range. It is recommended that 270 kg∙hm⁻² is the appropriate nitrogen application rate for maize under different precipitation patterns in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation area. The maximum threshold of nitrogen application rate in rainy year is 275.59 kg∙hm⁻², and the maximum threshold of nitrogen application rate in dry year is 320.20 kg∙hm⁻². The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the decision of scientific nitrogen application among different precipitation year types of drip irrigation maize in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and the green and sustainable development of agriculture.
- Drip irrigation Maize /
- Precipitation /
- Nitrate leaching /
- Nitrogen use /
- Threshold

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图 1 2018(A)、2019(B)和2020(C)年玉米生长季(4—9月)气象条件

Figure 1. Meteorological conditions during maize growing season (from April to September) in 2018 (A), 2019 (B) and 2020 (C)

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图 2 2018—2020年施氮量对播前(S)和收获后(H) 0~100 cm土层硝态氮分布的影响

N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别表示施氮量为0 kg∙hm⁻²、90 kg∙hm⁻²、180 kg∙hm⁻²、270 kg∙hm⁻²、360 kg∙hm⁻²。“**”表示不同处理间差异极显著(P<0.01), “ns”表示不同处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg∙hm⁻², 90 kg∙hm⁻², 180 kg∙hm⁻², 270 kg∙hm⁻² and 360 kg∙hm⁻², respectively. “**” mean that the difference between treatments is extremely significant (P<0.01). “ns” means no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05)

Figure 2. Effects of nitrogen application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution in 0−100 cm soil layer before sowing (S) and after harvest (H) from 2018 to 2020

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图 3 2018—2020年不同施氮量下玉米生长季(4—9月)农田土壤硝态氮总淋失量(T)、灌溉(I)和降水(R)淋失量

N0、N1、N2、N3、N4分别表示施氮量为0 kg∙hm⁻²、90 kg∙hm⁻²、180 kg∙hm⁻²、270 kg∙hm⁻²、360 kg∙hm⁻²。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P <0.05)。N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 represent nitrogen application rates of 0 kg∙hm⁻², 90 kg∙hm⁻², 180 kg∙hm⁻², 270 kg∙hm⁻² and 360 kg∙hm⁻², respectively. Different lowercase letters showed significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

Figure 3. Total soil nitrate leaching loss (T), irrigation (I) and rainfall leaching loss (R) in maize growing season (April to September) under different nitrogen application treatments from 2018 to 2020

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图 4 玉米产量、氮素吸收利用、硝态氮淋失量与施氮量回归分析

REN为氮肥回收利用率; AEN为氮肥农学利用率; PFEN为氮肥偏生产力; N uptake为吸氮量; Nitrate-N leaching为硝态氮淋失量; N Threshold 为硝态氮淋失量阈值; 枯水年回归数据为2019和2020年平均值。 REN is Recovery efficiency of N; AEN is Agronomic efficiency of N; PFEN is Partial-factor productivity of N; N uptake is Nitrogen uptake; Nitrate-N leaching is Nitrate leaching loss; N Threshold is Nitrate leaching threshold; The regression data of water dry years are the average values of 2019 and 2020.

Figure 4. Regression Analysis of maize yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization, Nitrate-N leaching and nitrogen application

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表 1 试验地土壤理化性质

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of the test soils

土层 Soil layer (cm)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g∙kg⁻¹)	全氮 Total N (g∙kg⁻¹)	全磷 Total P (g∙kg⁻¹)	全钾 Total K (g∙kg⁻¹)	碱解氮 Avail N (mg∙kg⁻¹)	速效磷 Avail K (mg∙kg⁻¹)	速效钾 Avail K (mg∙kg⁻¹)	容重 Bulk density (g∙cm⁻³)
0~20	7.81	12.31	0.78	0.54	3.32	38.03	19.37	101.82	1.31
20~40	7.95	5.46	0.52	0.34	3.45	18.45	17.37	86.45	1.35
40~60	7.98	2.36	0.36	0.26	3.36	12.55	14.36	44.67	1.32
60~80	7.94	1.45	0.23	0.17	3.28	8.36	8.36	27.74	1.29
80~100	7.86	1.52	0.18	0.19	3.24	5.48	4.32	12.36	1.30

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表 2 玉米不同生育期各试验处理的肥料(纯N-P-K)施用量

Table 2. Application rates of fertilizers (N-P-K) in each treatment of the test at different growth stages of maize (kg∙hm⁻²)

处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	抽雄期 Tasseling stage	灌浆期 Grouting period
N0	0-13.8-12	0-62.1-54	0-27.6-24	0-34.5-30
N1	9-13.8-12	40.5-62.1-54	18-27.6-24	22.5-34.5-30
N2	18-13.8-12	81-62.1-54	36-27.6-24	45-34.5-30
N3	27-13.8-12	121.5-62.1-54	54-27.6-24	67.5-34.5-30
N4	36-13.8-12	162-62.1-54	72-27.6-24	90-34.5-30

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表 3 2018-2020年滴灌玉米产量、氮素吸收量及利用率

Table 3. Yield, nitrogen uptake and utilization rate of drip irrigation Maize in 2018−2020

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm⁻²)	吸氮量 N uptake (kg·hm⁻²)	氮肥回收率 Recovery efficiency of N (%)	氮肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of N (kg·kg⁻¹)	氮肥偏生产力 Partial-factor productivity of N (kg·kg⁻¹)
2018	N0	8309.60±150.89Bd	79.51±2.28Bd
	N1	10 305.84±156.17Bc	145.87±1.74Bc	57.03±3.17Ba	22.18±0.06Ba	114.51±0.62Ba
	N2	12 018.66±154.97Bb	185.39±3.51Bb	51.61±3.08Bab	20.61±0.50Ba	66.77±0.31Bb
	N3	12 969.88±34.21Ba	219.93±1.01Ba	48.20±0.58Bb	17.26±0.20Ab	48.04±0.13Ac
	N4	12 308.23±192.14Bab	223.16±1.61Ba	36.92±0.57Bc	11.10±0.15Bc	34.19±0.26Bd
2019	N0	8579.71±100.67Ad	104.44±1.58Ad
	N1	10 934.31±149.99Ac	155.77±1.34Ac	73.73±1.84Aa	26.16±1.30Aa	121.49±1.67Aa
	N2	12 463.31±176.19Ab	197.35±5.01Ab	55.73±0.95Ab	21.58±0.46Ab	69.24±0.98Ab
	N3	13 203.78±28.46Aa	234.59±2.36Aa	52.00±0.94Ab	17.13±0.28Ac	48.90±0.10Ac
	N4	12 925.42±95.03Aab	237.36±1.20Aa	39.90±0.67Ac	12.07±0.14Ad	35.90±0.26Ad
2020	N0	8312.06±131.36Bd	121.36±3.88Ad
	N1	10 507.22±189.18Ac	189.18±2.09Ac	75.36±2.03Aa	24.39±1.24Aa	116.75±1.09Aa
	N2	12 156.17±218.39Ab	218.39±4.31Ab	53.91±3.58Ab	21.36±1.31Ab	67.53±1.14Ab
	N3	13 294.24±237.82aA	237.82±1.52Aa	46.51±1.51Cc	18.45±0.95Ac	49.24±0.46Ac
	N4	12 786.96±68.09Aab	246.71±1.54Aa	34.82±1.51Bd	12.43±0.45Ad	35.52±0.19Ad
方差分析 ANOVA
降水年型 Rainfall years (R)		37.43^**	62.69^**	32.70^**	21.12^**	20.48^**
施氮量 N application rate (N)		995.78^**	272.79^**	159.37^**	288.76^**	5447.23^**
R×N		1.62ns	0.70ns	19.51^**	3.54^*	2.81ns
不同小写字母表示同一年份间不同施氮处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同大写字母表示不同年份间同一施氮处理下差异性显著(P<0.05)。“*”表示不同处理间差异极显著(P<0.01), “”表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05), “ns”表示不同处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。Different small letters indicated significant differences among different N application treatments in the same year (P<0.05), and different capital letters indicated significant differences under the same N application treatment in different years (P<0.05). “*” mean that the difference between different treatments is extremely significant (P<0.01). “” mean that significant differences among different treatments (P<0.05). “ns” means no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05)

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表 4 不同降水年型施氮量(x)与土壤硝态氮淋失量和玉米产量、吸氮量、氮肥利用率的回归方程模型

Table 4. Regression analysis model of nitrogen application rate (x) with soil nitrate-N leaching, maize yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in different precipitation years

年份 Year	项目 Item (y)	回归方程 Regression equation	R²
丰水年 Rainy year	硝态氮淋失量 Nitrate-N leaching	y=5.40×10^-2x+3.52	0.984^**
	产量 Yield	y=−0.05x²+30.72x+8195.93	0.979^**
	吸氮量 N uptake	y=−1.00×10^-3x²+0.87x+78.66	0.997^**
	氮肥偏生产力 PEPN	y=−0.23x+111.93	0.820^*
	氮肥农学效率 AEN	y=−3.90×10^-2x+25.73	0.960^**
	氮肥回收率 REN	y=−1.04×10^-2x+75.07	0.892^**
枯水年 Dry years	硝态氮淋失量 Nitrate-N leaching	y=0.050x+2.39	0.997^**
	产量 Yield	y=−5.70×10^-2x²+33.07x+8365.58	0.993^**
	吸氮量 N uptake	y=−1.10×10^-4x²+0.74x+113.53	0.999^**
	氮肥偏生产力 PEPN	y=−0.21x+107.43	0.804^*
	氮肥农学效率 AEN	y=−5.10×10^-2x+30.58	0.983^**
	氮肥回收率 REN	y=−0.13x+83.58	0.958^**
: P<0.05; *: P<0.01

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