Effects of optimized fertilization on yield, nutrient balance, and eco-environmental benefits in wheat-maize rotation system
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摘要: 小麦-玉米轮作是华北平原主要的种植模式, 对保障我国粮食安全起着关键作用。本文系统研究了不施肥(CK)、优化施肥(OPT)和农户习惯施肥(FP)方式连续8年对小麦-玉米轮作体系产量、养分平衡、温室气体排放和经济效益的影响。结果表明, 小麦季、玉米季和周年轮作中, OPT较FP产量分别提高4.3%、5.3%和4.8%; 氮肥偏生产力分别提高39.1%、31.7%和35.9%; 磷肥偏生产力分别提高39.1%、40.4%和39.8%; 钾肥偏生产力分别降低47.8%、47.3%和47.6%; 温室气体排放量分别降低21.7%、21.1%和21.4%; 温室气体排放强度分别降低27.0%、27.5%和27.3%; 净收益分别提高11.2%、11.4%和11.3%, 农业生产成本分别降低3.7%、2.1%和3.1%, 环境修复成本分别降低28.4%、17.3%和22.1%。周年轮作中, OPT较FP氮素盈余量降低105 kg·hm−2 (46.3%); 磷素盈余量降低48 kg·hm−2 (53.3%); 钾素从亏缺1 kg·hm−2变为盈余59 kg·hm−2, 满足了作物生长需求。连续8年, OPT较FP土壤有机质含量提高5.3%, 速效钾提高12.3%, 有效磷降低27.8%。综上所述, 与农户习惯施肥(FP)相比, 优化施肥(OPT)具有高产、高收益以及环境友好的优势, 为华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系高效绿色生产提供了科学依据。Abstract: The wheat-maize rotation system in the North China Plain is the main planting pattern that plays a key role in ensuring food security in China. An 8-year positioning experiment with a randomized block design was performed, comprising three treatments: no-fertilizer application control (CK), optimized fertilizer (OPT), and farmers’ practices (FP). The experiments analyzed the effects of OPT and FP on the yield, nutrient balance, greenhouse gas emissions, and economic benefits of the wheat-maize rotation system. The results showed that the yields of OPT increased by 4.3%, 5.3%, and 4.8% compared to FP in wheat, maize, and year-round rotation, respectively. Accordingly, the partial factor productivity of N increased by 39.1%, 31.7%, and 35.9%, respectively. The partial factor productivity of P increased by 39.1%, 40.4%, and 39.8%, respectively. The partial factor productivity of K was reduced by 47.8%, 47.3%, and 47.6%, respectively. The greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 21.7%, 21.1%, and 21.4%, respectively. The greenhouse gas emission intensity was reduced by 27.0%, 27.5%, and 27.3%. Net profits increased by 11.2%, 11.4%, and 11.3%, respectively. Agronomy costs were reduced by 3.7%, 2.1%, and 3.1%, respectively. The environmental costs were reduced by 28.4%, 17.3%, and 22.1%, respectively. Compared with the FP treatment, the year-round OPT treatment reduced the surplus of nitrogen by decrement of 105 kg·hm−2, i.e., 46.3%. The surplus phosphorus was reduced by 48 kg·hm−2 i.e., 53.3%. The surplus of K of OPT and FP was 59 kg·hm−2 and −1 kg·hm−2, respectively. OPT met the requirements of crop growth better than FP. At the end of 8 years of wheat-maize rotation, the soil organic matter content in OPT treatment increased by 5.3% compared to that in FP. Compared to that of FP, available K increased and P reduced by 12.3% and 27.8%, respectively. In conclusion, compared with FP treatment, OPT treatment has the advantages of high yield, high profit, and environmental friendliness. Therefore, this study provides a scientific basis for the efficient and green product.
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图 1 不同施肥处理下小麦-玉米轮作体系的土壤养分平衡
不同小写字母表示处理间周年养分平衡差异显著(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences in annual nutrient balance among treatments (P<0.05).
Figure 1. Soil nutrient balance of wheat-maize rotation system under different treatments
图 2 不同施肥处理下的小麦-玉米轮作体系的土壤养分含量
不同小写字母表示各处理及起始值间差异显著(P<0.05)。CK、OPT和FP为试验结束时不同处理的数值。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments and experimental initial value (P<0.05). CK, OPT and FP represent the values of treatment CK, OPT and FP at the end of experiment.
Figure 2. Soil nutrients contents of wheat-maize rotation system under different treatments
图 3 不同施肥处理下小麦-玉米轮作体系的温室气体排放量(GHG)及排放强度(GHGI)
***表示在P<0.001水平显著。*** means significant effects at P<0.001 probability level.
Figure 3. Greenhouse gas emmisons (GHG) and intensity of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGI) of wheat-maize rotation system under different treatments
图 4 不同施肥处理下小麦-玉米轮作体系的经济效益
**、***分别表示在P<0.01、P<0.001水平显著。** and *** mean significant difference at P<0.01 and P<0.001 probability levels, respectively.
Figure 4. Economic benefits of wheat-maize rotation system under different treatments
表 1 不同处理的施肥量
Table 1. Fertilization rates of the different treatments
处理
Treatment小麦 Wheat 玉米 Maize N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O kg·hm−2 
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表 2 投入农业生产资料及氮损失的碳排放系数
Table 2. Carbon emission factors of different agricultural materials input and nitrogen loss
项目
Item碳排放系数 Carbon emission factor 数据来源
Data source小麦 Wheat 玉米 Maize 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer 4.96 kg(CO2 eq)·kg−1 [17] 磷肥 Phosphorus fertilizer 1.14 kg(CO2 eq)·kg−1 [17] 钾肥 Potassium fertilizer 0.66 kg(CO2 eq)·kg−1 [17] 种子 Seed 1.22 kg(CO2 eq)·kg−1 [17] 农药 Pesticide 6.58 kg(CO2 eq)·kg−1 [17] 柴油 Diesel oil 3.44 kg(CO2 eq)·L−1 [17] 电力 Electricity 0.92 kg(CO2 eq)·kW·h−1 [17] NH3挥发 NH3 volatilization 2.69+0.069×N1) 7.98+0.099×N [18] NO3−淋溶 NO3− leaching 3.63×e0.0080×N 10.7×e0.0060×N [18] N2O直接排放 N2O directly emissions 0.50×e0.0032×N 0.99×e0.0047×N [18] N2O间接排放 N2O indirectly emissions 1%×NH3-N2)+1.1%×NO3−-N3) 1%×NH3-N +1.1%×NO3−-N [19] 1) N: 氮肥施用量; 2) NH3-N: NH3挥发; 3) NO3−-N: NO3−淋溶。1) N: application amount of nitrogen; 2) NH3-N: NH3 volatilization; 3) NO3−-N: NO3− leaching.
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表 3 不同施肥处理下的小麦-玉米轮作体系的产量及其稳定性
Table 3. Yields and yield stability of wheat-maize rotation system under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment产量 Yield (kg·hm−2) 产量稳定性指数 Stability index 产量可持续性指数 Sustainable yield index 小麦
Wheat玉米
Maize周年
Year-round小麦
Wheat玉米
Maize周年
Year-round小麦
Wheat玉米
Maize周年
Year-round2013—2014 CK 7045±496b 6702±835b 13 747±1059b 0.14 0.25 0.15 0.76 0.64 0.74 OPT 8613±163a 8669±320a 17 282±379a 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.92 0.84 0.91 FP 7969±314ab 8073±385ab 16 042±80a 0.08 0.10 0.01 0.87 0.80 0.98 2014—2015 CK 5558±127b 6608±392c 12 165±471c 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.92 0.81 0.86 OPT 7795±296a 9455±299a 17 251±541a 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.84 0.86 0.86 FP 7530±106a 8184±362b 15 714±376b 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.93 0.82 0.91 2015—2016 CK 3301±278b 5690±333b 8992±600b 0.17 0.12 0.13 0.70 0.81 0.81 OPT 10 357±292a 7940±286a 18 297±434a 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.91 0.86 0.91 FP 10 302±285a 7523±377a 17 825±578a 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.89 0.93 0.88 2016—2017 CK 3272±122b 6179±427b 9450±462b 0.07 0.14 0.10 0.86 0.74 0.81 OPT 7729±417a 7631±278a 15 360±632a 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.79 0.84 0.82 FP 7332±241a 7113±353ab 14 446±544a 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.88 0.82 0.89 2017—2018 CK 2981±174c 6724±332a 9705±487b 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.79 0.85 0.85 OPT 6590±122a 7579±246a 14 169±240a 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.94 0.89 0.93 FP 5841±241b 7559±317a 13 401±367a 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.85 0.84 0.88 2018—2019 CK 3005±532b 7188±532a 10 193±522b 0.35 0.15 0.10 0.45 0.70 0.80 OPT 8031±483a 7356±388a 15 388±542a 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.78 0.83 0.84 FP 7663±160a 7195±417a 14 858±390a 0.04 0.12 0.05 0.91 0.79 0.92 2019—2020 CK 3297±438b 8036±433a 11 334±590b 0.27 0.11 0.10 0.55 0.79 0.81 OPT 8541±232a 9024±249a 17 565±468a 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.90 0.88 0.90 FP 8484±101a 9000±224a 17 484±201a 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.96 0.91 0.96 2020—2021 CK 3998±149b 7138±229a 11 137±308b 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.83 0.86 0.90 OPT 9370±326a 7609±188a 16 979±328a 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.86 0.90 0.92 FP 9111±242a 7312±316a 16 424±295a 0.05 0.09 0.04 0.90 0.83 0.92 年均
AverageCK 4057±268b 6783±188b 10 840±325b 0.16±0.03a 0.13±0.03a 0.10±0.01a 0.73±0.06b 0.78±0.03b 0.82±0.02b OPT 8378±214a 8158±159a 16 536±275a 0.07±0.01b 0.07±0.01b 0.05±0.01b 0.87±0.02a 0.86±0.01a 0.89±0.01a FP 8029±232a 7745±152a 15 774±280a 0.05±0.01b 0.09±0.01b 0.05±0.01b 0.90±0.01a 0.84±0.02a 0.92±0.01a 同列不同小写字母表示同一年度不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。Different lowercase letters mean significant differences among treatments for the same year (P<0.05).
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表 4 不同施肥处理下的小麦-玉米轮作体系的偏生产力
Table 4. Partial factor productivity of wheat-maize rotation system under different treatments
年份
Year处理
Treatment氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity 磷肥偏生产力 Phosphate partial factor productivity 钾肥偏生产力 Potassium partial factor productivity 小麦
WheatP>T 玉米
MaizeP>T 周年
Year-roundP>T 小麦
WheatP>T 玉米
MaizeP>T 周年
Year-roundP>T 小麦
WheatP>T 玉米
MaizeP>T 周年
Year-roundP>T kg·kg−1 P>T为OPT和FP处理的配对法t检验结果。P>T is the probability of a significance of difference between OPT and FP based on paired t-test.
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