生物有机肥配施化肥对生菜生长和土壤环境的影响

张庆; 胡春胜; 刘彬彬; 张玉铭; 董文旭; 李晓欣; 刘秀萍; 王晶; 张睿媛; 吴坤燕; 吴洁

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220642

生物有机肥配施化肥对生菜生长和土壤环境的影响

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220642

张庆^{1, 2,},
胡春胜^{1, 2, ,},
刘彬彬¹,
张玉铭¹,
董文旭¹,
李晓欣¹,
刘秀萍¹,
王晶^{1, 2},
张睿媛^{1, 2},
吴坤燕^{1, 2},
吴洁^{1, 3}

1.
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室　石家庄　050022
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049
3.
河北科技大学经济管理学院　石家庄　050018

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1700901)和中国科学院战略性先导科技专项子课题(XDA26040103)资助

详细信息

作者简介:
张庆, 主要研究方向为微生物与土壤碳氮循环。E-mail: zhangqing13612217@163.com

通讯作者:
胡春胜, 主要研究方向为农田生态系统碳、氮、水循环及土壤生态过程。E-mail: cshu@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号: S154.36
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-18
- 录用日期: 2022-08-18
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-10

Influence of combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on lettuce growth and soil environment

ZHANG Qing^{1, 2
,},
HU Chunsheng^{1, 2
, ,},
LIU Binbin¹,
ZHANG Yuming¹,
DONG Wenxu¹,
LI Xiaoxin¹,
LIU Xiuping¹,
WANG Jing^{1, 2},
ZHANG Ruiyuan^{1, 2},
WU Kunyan^{1, 2},
WU Jie^{1, 3}

1.
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
College of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1700901) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA26040103).

More Information

Corresponding author: HU Chunsheng, E-mail: cshu@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 不合理施肥导致土壤退化和产出下降, 废弃物处理则关系到环境和资源可持续发展。生物有机肥在植物促生和土壤培肥方面优势突出, 有利于资源高效利用、减施化肥和蔬菜产业发展。本研究通过向中药渣有机肥中分别接种地衣芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌后发酵制备试验用生物有机肥, 开展生菜温室盆栽试验, 探究不同生物有机肥配施化肥对生菜生长和土壤环境的影响。设置6处理, 分别为3种生物有机肥替代80%化肥氮处理[地衣芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥(B1H)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥(B2H)、巨大芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥(B4H)]、1种有机肥替代80%化肥氮处理[中药渣有机肥+化肥(H)]和单施化肥处理(CF)以及不施肥处理(CK)。测定和分析收获期生物量和品质等生菜生长指标以及理化性质和细菌多样性等土壤环境指标。结果发现: 各施肥处理对生菜综合增产提质效果以及对土壤养分环境的综合改善效果排序均为B4H>B2H>B1H>H>CF>CK, 与H相比, B4H的生菜地上部鲜重以及叶绿素、维生素C和可溶性糖含量分别提高10.69%、17.77%、47.54%和10.95%, 硝酸盐含量降低52.00%, 土壤有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、微生物量碳(MBC)和水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量分别提高47.57%、10.98%、35.54%和16.10%, 根际土细菌物种丰富度和多样性也分别提高7.68%和0.85%。土壤AP、AK和AN是生菜生长的主要影响因子, pH、AP和AK则是土壤细菌群落的主要调控因子, 土壤中这些关键因子对优化施肥的响应间接调节了生菜生长和土壤环境。施肥有助于提高生菜根际土细菌Alpha多样性, 较高的根际土细菌Alpha多样性对生菜生长表现出促进作用。总的来说, B4H对生菜生长和土壤环境的改善效果最佳, 可通过大田试验对其促生培肥功效和环境效应作进一步探究。本研究为蔬菜和生物有机肥产业发展提供了新的理论支持, 有利于绿色可持续发展战略实施。
- 生物有机肥 /
- 巨大芽孢杆菌 /
- 中药渣 /
- 生菜 /
- 土壤肥力 /
- 微生物多样性
Abstract: Irrational fertilization leads to soil degradation and output decline, and waste disposal affects the sustainable development of environment and resources. Bioorganic fertilizer showed outstanding advantages in plant growth promotion and soil fertility cultivation, which is beneficial to efficient utilization of resource and reduction of chemical fertilizer application, as well as the development of vegetable industries. In this study, bioorganic fertilizers specifically for experiment were made by fermentation after inoculating Bacillus licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. megaterium into Chinese medicine residues respectively, and lettuce pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to explore the influence of bioorganic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer on lettuce growth and soil environment. Six treatments were set, including three treatments where bioorganic fertilizer with 80% nitrogen content replaced chemical fertilizer [B. licheniformis + Chinese medicine residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer (B1H), B. amyloliquefaciens + Chinese medicine residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer (B2H) and B. megaterium + Chinese medicine residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer (B4H)], one treatment where organic fertilizer with 80% nitrogen content replaced chemical fertilizer [Chinese medicine residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer (H)] and chemical fertilizer treatment (CF), as well as no fertilizer treatment (CK). The growth indicators of lettuce including biomass and quality and soil environmental indicators including physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity were measured and analyzed. The results showed that: the comprehensive effect of fertilization measures on yield and quality improvement of lettuce and nutrient environment improvement of soil were both ranked as B4H>B2H>B1H>H>CF>CK. Compared with H, the fresh weight and content of chlorophyll, vitamin C and soluble sugar of lettuce in B4H were increased by 10.69%, 17.77%, 47.54% and 10.95% respectively, while the lettuce nitrate content in B4H was decreased by 52.00%, and the content of available phosphorus (AP), rapidly available potassium (AK), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in B4H were increased by 47.57%, 10.98%, 35.54% and 16.10% respectively, as well as the species richness and diversity increased by 7.68% and 0.85% respectively in B4H. Soil AP, AK and AN were the main impact factors affecting lettuce growth, while pH, AP and AK were the main regulatory factors on soil bacterial community. The response of these key factors in soil to optimal fertilization indirectly regulated lettuce growth and soil environment. Fertilization was beneficial to bacterial Alpha diversity promotion in lettuce rhizosphere soil, and higher bacterial Alpha diversity in rhizosphere soil performed promoting effect on lettuce yield and quality. As a whole, B4H was the optimal fertilization to the improvement of lettuce growth and soil environment, and field experiment could be carried out to do further study on it’s effect of growth promotion and fertility cultivation,as well as the environmental effect. This study proposed new theoretical support to the development of vegetable and bioorganic fertilizer industries, and was conducive to the implementation of green sustainable development strategy.
- Bioorganic fertilizer /
- Bacillus megaterium /
- Chinese medicine residue /
- Lettuce /
- Soil fertility /
- Microbial diversity

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图 1 生物有机肥配施化肥对生菜地上部鲜重(A)、地下部鲜重(B)、地上部叶绿素含量(C)、地上部维生素C含量(D)、地上部可溶性糖含量(E)和地上部硝酸盐含量(F)的影响

B1H: 地衣芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B2H: 解淀粉芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B4H: 巨大芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; H: 中药渣有机肥+化肥; CF: 单施化肥; CK: 不施肥。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。B1H: Bacillus licheniformis + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B2H: B. amyloliquefaciens + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B4H: B. megaterium + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; H: Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; CF: chemical fertilizer; CK: no fertilizer. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level among treatments.

Figure 1. Effect of combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on shoot fresh weight (A), root fresh weight (B), shoot chlorophyll content (C), shoot vitamin C content (D), shoot soluble sugar content (E), shoot nitrate content (F) of lettuce

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图 2 生物有机肥配施化肥下生菜根际土(A)和非根际土(B)细菌群落主坐标分析

B1H: 地衣芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B2H: 解淀粉芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B4H: 巨大芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; H: 中药渣有机肥+化肥; CF: 单施化肥; CK: 不施肥; R²: 变异解释度; P: 置换检验P值。B1H: Bacillus licheniformis + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B2H: B. amyloliquefaciens + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B4H: B. megaterium + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; H: Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; CF: chemical fertilizer; CK: no fertilizer. R²: explanation degree of variation; P: permutation test P value.

Figure 2. Principal coordinate analysis for bacterial community in rhizosphere (A) and bulk (B) soils of lettuce under combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer

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图 3 生物有机肥配施化肥下生菜根际土(A)和非根际土(B)优势细菌门(相对丰度前10)组成

B1H: 地衣芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B2H: 解淀粉芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B4H: 巨大芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; H: 中药渣有机肥+化肥; CF: 单施化肥; CK: 不施肥。B1H: Bacillus licheniformis + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B2H: B. amyloliquefaciens + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B4H: B. megaterium + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; H: Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; CF: chemical fertilizer; CK: no fertilizer.

Figure 3. Composition of the dominant bacterial phyla (relative abundance top 10) in rhizosphere (A) and bulk (B) soils of lettuce under combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer

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图 4 生物有机肥配施化肥下生菜根际土(A)和非根际土(B)优势细菌属(相对丰度前15)组成

Figure 4. Composition of the dominant bacterial genera (relative abundance top 15) in rhizosphere (A) and bulk (B) soils of lettuce under combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer

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图 5 生物有机肥配施化肥下生菜收获期根际土(A)和非根际土(B)细菌群落Chao1指数和根际土(C)和非根际土(D)细菌群落香农指数

Figure 5. Chao1 index of bacterial community in rhizosphere (A) and bulk (B) soil and Shannon index of bacterial community in rhizosphere (C) and bulk (D) soils of lettuce at harvest under combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer

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图 6 生物有机肥配施化肥下生菜根际(A)和非根际(B)土壤细菌群落组间差异贡献标志物种(门水平和属水平)

Figure 6. Biomarkers contributing to bacterial community differentiation at phylum and genus level among treatments in lettuce rhizosphere (A) and bulk (B) soils

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图 7 土壤理化性质与生菜地上部鲜重(A)、地下部鲜重(B)、地上部叶绿素含量(C)、地上部维生素C含量(D)、地上部可溶性糖含量(E)、地上部硝酸盐含量(F)之间的随机森林分析

AN: 碱解氮; AK: 速效钾; 硝态氮; MBC: 微生物量碳; AP: 有效磷; DOC: 水溶性有机碳; EDV: 变量解释度; Inc MSE: 增加的误差平方均值。AN: alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen; AK: rapidly available potassium; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; AP: available phosphorus; DOC: water dissolved carbon; EDV: explanation degree of variable; Inc MSE: increase of mean square of error.

Figure 7. Random Forest analysis of soil physical and chemical properties with the shoot fresh weight (A), root fresh weight (B), shoot chlorophyll content (C), shoot vitamin C content (D), shoot soluble sugar content (E), shoot nitrate content (F) of lettuce

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图 9 生菜根际土(A)和非根际土(B)的细菌标志物种、Chao1指数和Shannon指数与土壤理化性质之间的皮尔森相关性

*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001。TOC: 总有机碳; DOC: 水溶性有机碳; MBC: 微生物量碳; AN: 碱解氮; MBN: 微生物量氮; AP: 有效磷; AK: 速效钾; NC: 负相关; PC: 正相关。TOC: total organic carbon; DOC: water dissolved carbon; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; AN: alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen; MBN: microbial biomass nitrogen; AP: available phosphorus; AK: rapidly available potassium; NC: negatively correlated; PC: positively correlated.

Figure 9. Pearson correlation between soil physicochemical properties and biomarkers, Chao1 index, Shannon index of rhizosphere soil (A) and bulk soil (B) of lettuce

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图 10 生菜生长指标与根际土(A)和非根际土(B)细菌标志物种、Chao1指数和Shannon指数之间的皮尔森相关性

*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001。Shoot: 地上部鲜重; Root: 地下部鲜重; SPAD: 叶绿素含量; Vc: 维生素C含量; SS:可溶性糖含量; Nitrate: 硝酸盐含量; NC: 负相关; PC: 正相关。Shoot: shoot fresh weight; Root: root fresh weight; SPAD: chlorophyll content; Vc: vitamin C content; SS: soluble sugar content; Nitrate: nitrate content; NC: negatively correlated; PC: positively correlated.

Figure 10. Pearson correlation between biomarkers, Chao1 index, Shannon index of rhizosphere (A) and bulk (B) soils and growth indicators of lettuce

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图 8 生菜生长指标与土壤理化性质之间的皮尔森相关性

*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001。AN: 碱解氮; AK: 速效钾; MBC: 微生物量碳; AP: 有效磷; DOC: 水溶性有机碳; Shoot: 地上部鲜重; Root: 地下部鲜重; SPAD: 叶绿素含量; Vc: 维生素C含量; SS:可溶性糖含量; Nitrate: 硝酸盐含量含量; NC: 负相关; PC: 正相关。AN: alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen; AK: rapidly available potassium; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; AP: available phosphorus; DOC: water dissolved carbon; Shoot: shoot fresh weight; Root: root fresh weight; SPAD: chlorophyll content; Vc: vitamin C content; SS: soluble sugar content; Nitrate: nitrate content; NC: negatively correlated; PC: positively correlated.

Figure 8. Pearson correlation between soil physicochemical properties and growth indicators of lettuce

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表 1 生物有机肥配施化肥对土壤理化性质的影响

Table 1. Soil physical and chemical properties under combined application of bioorganic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer

理化性质 Physical and chemical properties	B1H	B2H	B4H	H	CF	CK
pH	8.26±0.02a	8.29±0.01a	8.19±0.01b	8.07±0.04d	8.09±0.04cd	8.13±0.03c
总有机碳 Total organic carbon (g∙kg⁻¹)	10.93±0.24ab	11.08±0.36ab	10.86±0.32ab	11.16±0.40a	10.32±0.63b	10.31±0.48b
水溶性有机碳 Water dissolved organic carbon (mg∙kg⁻¹)	65.54±8.02ab	56.08±1.41bc	73.20±12.16a	63.05±3.56ab	41.94±1.20d	44.94±4.64cd
微生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon (mg∙kg⁻¹)	423.81±13.23a	471.01±38.92a	451.67±33.65a	333.23±18.82b	337.77±8.26b	265.86±26.77c
碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen (mg∙kg^-1)	123.27±5.39ab	129.25±9.80a	127.01±7.87ab	117.54±3.02b	96.87±2.62c	100.11±4.48c
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg∙kg⁻¹)	14.91±2.20c	13.98±1.10c	15.81±1.41c	28.09±1.99b	62.30±3.19a	28.81±3.05b
铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen (mg∙kg⁻¹)	0.22±0.09a	0.24±0.23a	0.27±0.21a	0.25±0.04a	0.26±0.08a	0.32±0.19a
微生物量氮 Microbial biomass nitrogen (mg∙kg⁻¹)	136.67±18.22a	62.49±2.93c	63.17±4.28c	70.45±5.09c	24.69±6.81d	102.59±6.32b
有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg∙kg⁻¹)	181.80±12.73a	189.75±5.69a	181.06±27.75a	122.69±6.34b	5.61±0.75c	7.50±1.30c
速效钾 Rapidly available potassium (mg∙kg⁻¹)	322.27±29.85a	327.93±8.90a	305.83±5.25ab	275.57±25.63b	157.63±2.37c	161.13±11.72c
B1H: 地衣芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B2H: 解淀粉芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B4H: 巨大芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; H: 中药渣有机肥+化肥; CF: 单施化肥; CK: 不施肥。数据为平均值±标准差。同行不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。B1H: Bacillus licheniformis + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B2H: B. amyloliquefaciens + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B4H: B. megaterium + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; H: Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; CF: chemical fertilizer; CK: no fertilizer. Values are means ± standard error. Different lowercase letters within a row indicate significant differences at P<0.05 level.

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表 2 各施肥措施对生菜生长和土壤肥力的综合促进效果评价

Table 2. Evaluation of comprehensive promotion effect of various fertilization measures on lettuce growth and soil fertility

处理 Treatment	秩和比综合评价参数 Parameters of rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation
	概率单位 Probit		RSR拟合值 RSR fitted value		RSR排名 RSR ranking		分档等级 Grade of classification
	生菜生长 Lettuce growth	土壤肥力 Soil fertility	生菜生长 Lettuce growth	土壤肥力 Soil fertility	生菜生长 Lettuce growth	土壤肥力 Soil fertility	生菜生长 Lettuce growth	土壤肥力 Soil fertility
B1H	5.43	5.43	0.62	0.59	3	3	4	4
B2H	5.97	5.97	0.74	0.63	2	2	5	5
B4H	6.73	6.73	0.91	0.70	1	1	6	6
H	5.00	5.00	0.52	0.55	4	4	4	4
CF	4.57	4.03	0.42	0.46	5	6	3	3
CK	4.03	4.57	0.30	0.51	6	5	3	3
B1H: 地衣芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B2H: 解淀粉芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; B4H: 巨大芽孢杆菌+中药渣有机肥+化肥; H: 中药渣有机肥+化肥; CF: 单施化肥; CK: 不施肥; RSR: 秩和比。生菜生长和土壤肥力的线性回归模型拟合度(R²)分别为0.907和0.833、显著性(P)分别为0.003和0.011。B1H: Bacillus licheniformis + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B2H: B. amyloliquefaciens + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; B4H: B. megaterium + Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; H: Chinese medicinal residue organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer; CF: chemical fertilizer; CK: no fertilizer; RSR: rank-sum ratio. Fitting degrees (R²) of Linear regression model of lettuce growth and soil fertility are 0.907 and 0.833, respectively; significances (P) of that are 0.003 and 0.011, respectively.

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表 3 生菜根际和非根际土壤细菌群落与环境因子的相关性

Table 3. Relationship between bacterial community and environmental factors at in lettuce rhizosphere and bulk soils

环境因子 Environmental factor	根际土 Rhizosphere soil		非根际土 Bulk soil
环境因子 Environmental factor	门水平 Phylum level	属水平 Genus level	门水平 Phylum level	属水平 Genus level
pH	0.59^**	0.66^**	0.80^**	0.38^*
总有机碳 Total organic carbon	0.20	0.42^*	0.29	0.55^**
水溶性有机碳 Water dissolved organic carbon	0.20	0.63^**	0.39^*	0.47^*
微生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon	0.71^**	0.81^**	0.86^**	0.27
碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen	0.31	0.78^**	0.61^**	0.66^**
硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen	0.10	0.46^**	0.55^**	0.64^**
铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen	0.09	0.10	0.02	0.12
微生物量氮 Microbial biomass nitrogen	0.15	0.05	0.55^**	0.72^**
有效磷 Available phosphorus	0.46^**	0.91^**	0.75^**	0.70^**
速效钾 Rapidly available potassium	0.45^*	0.93^**	0.74^**	0.69^**
: P<0.05; *: P<0.01.

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