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农业机械对化肥施用影响的路径及效果研究

万凌霄 杨果

万凌霄, 杨果. 农业机械对化肥施用影响的路径及效果研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2022, 31(0): 1−11 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220686
引用本文: 万凌霄, 杨果. 农业机械对化肥施用影响的路径及效果研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2022, 31(0): 1−11 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220686
WAN L X, YANG G. Influence pathways and effects of agricultural mechanization on the application of chemical fertilizers[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2022, 31(0): 1−11 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220686
Citation: WAN L X, YANG G. Influence pathways and effects of agricultural mechanization on the application of chemical fertilizers[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2022, 31(0): 1−11 doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220686

农业机械对化肥施用影响的路径及效果研究

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220686
基金项目: 年度重庆市社会科学规划重大委托项目(2021WT41)、2022年度重庆社会科学院自主项目“数字经济促进城乡融合发展研究”和“加快建设宜居宜业和美乡村研究”资助
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    万凌霄, 主要研究方向为农业资源与环境、农村经济。E-mail: lindseywan@126.com

    杨果, 主要研究方向为农村经济、生态经济等。E-mail: 1090526699@qq.com

  • 中图分类号: F325.2

Influence pathways and effects of agricultural mechanization on the application of chemical fertilizers

Funds: This study was supported by the Municipal Social Science Planning Major Commissioned Project of Chongqing in 2021 (2021WT41), the Autonomous Projects “Research on Digital Economy for Integrated Urban-Rural Development” and “Accelerating the Construction of Livable, Workable and Beautiful Villages” of Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences in 2022.
More Information
  • 摘要: 实现农业绿色生产有赖于小农户生产方式的转变。相比以往研究多聚焦于人工施肥, 本研究关注农户使用机械后, 通过机械搭配使用化肥对化肥施用量以及施肥均匀度的影响。利用2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据, 通过OLS以及处理效应模型探讨农业机械化对小麦化肥使用影响, 并关注到不同机械使用来源化肥施用差异。研究结果表明: 整体而言, 使用机械并不会降低小麦化肥使用量, 但能够缩小农户间施肥差异。分环节来看, 只有机播环节能够降低化肥施用量以及施肥不均等, 这主要是因为小麦在机播环节施肥占比较高。区分农户农业机械使用来源差异后, 发现相比农户自购机械, 购买机械服务每公顷能够减少150.45 kg化肥施用量并提升施肥均匀度。其中, 购买机播服务同自购机械播种相比, 每公顷能降低213.45 kg施肥量并提升0.32个单位施肥均匀度。此外, 农户采用机播可使每公顷化肥投入下降283.95元, 购买机械服务则可使每公顷化肥投入平均下降394.50元, 购买机播服务能降低352.80元。这说明, 农业机械化能够实现化肥减量并降低农户间施肥不均等, 且主要通过服务外包实现。本文结论有助于扩展理解农业机械化与现代农业之间的关系, 从而为我国农业绿色转型以及可持续发展提供有力支撑。
  • 表  1  变量定义及描述性统计

    Table  1.   Definition and descriptive statistics of variables

    变量
    Variable
    含义与赋值
    Definition and assignment
    平均值
    Mean
    标准差
    Standard
    deviation
    化肥施用量
    Fertilizer application amount
    小麦单位面积施肥量
    Fertilizer application amount per unit area of wheat (kg∙hm−2)
    531.2336.94
    施肥均匀度
    Fertilizer application uniformity
    小麦化肥施用量与村平均化肥施用量差异绝对值再除以村平均化肥施用量
    |Amount of fertilizer applied to wheat by farmers − average amount of fertilizer applied in the village| / average amount of fertilizer applied in the village
    0.360.91
    化肥投入金额
    Amount of fertilizer input
    小麦单位面积化肥投入金额
    Amount of fertilizer input per unit area of wheat (¥∙hm−2)
    2080.9555.08
    机械使用状况
    Mechanical Application
    使用=1; 未使用=0
    Use = 1; not use = 0
    0.750.43
    机械服务使用状况
    Mechanical service usage
    使用=1; 未使用=0
    Use = 1; not use = 0
    0.540.50
    性别 Gender女=0; 男=1 Female = 0; male = 10.910.29
    年龄 Age2017年户主年龄 Age of the head of household in 201755.9411.25
    受教育年限 Education受教育类型最高年限 Maximum years of education type (a)7.463.21
    健康状况 Health1=非常不好; 2=不好; 3=一般; 4=好; 5=非常好
    1 = very bad; 2 = bad; 3 = fair; 4 = good; 5 = very good
    3.211.08
    家庭劳动力占比
    Household labor force share
    家庭16岁以上人口占家庭总人口比例
    Proportion of household population over 16 years old to total household population
    0.880.16
    家庭收入 Income家庭总收入取对数 Logarithm of total household income42.8165.71
    耕地质量 Soil quality正常=0; 差=1 Normal = 0; poor = 10.030.16
    经营规模 Scale小麦种植规模 Scale of wheat cultivation (hm2)0.561.04
    农业组织合作状况
    Cooperation of organizations
    有合作=1; 未合作=0
    With cooperation = 1; without cooperation = 0
    0.320.47
    农业技术培训状况
    Agricultural technique training
    有人接受过农业技术培训=1; 无人接受过农业技术培训=0
    Someone trained = 1; no one trained = 0
    0.120.32
    化肥价格 Fertilizer price化肥价格 Fertilizer prices (¥∙kg−1)2.181.01
    村级农业机械使用比例
    Proportion of machinery
    农业机械使用占村级耕地面积占比
    Agricultural machinery use as a percentage of village arable land (%)
    68.2142.47
    村级农业生产组织数量
    Number of organizations
    新型经营主体数量
    Number of new business entities
    3.688.62
      根据2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据库整理而成。Compiled from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) database.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  农户机械使用状况与化肥施用相关描述性统计

    Table  2.   Descriptive statistics related to machinery use status and fertilizer application of farmers

    变量
    Variable
    机械使用状况
    Mechanical application
    机械服务使用状况
    Mechanical service usage
    自购机械使用状况
    Self-purchased machinery usage
    使用 Use未使用 Not use使用 Use未使用 Not use使用 Use未使用 Not use
    化肥施用量 Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)1041.451125.151021.051112.11093.651125.15
    施肥均匀度 Fertilizer application uniformity0.320.480.300.430.360.48
    化肥投入金额 Average amount of fertilizer input (¥∙hm−2)2100.002024.302069.912088.272153.782024.30
    样本量Observations817271588500238271
      根据2017年中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据库整理而成。Compiled from the 2017 China Rural Household Panel Survey (CRHPS) database.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  机械使用及不同应用环节对化肥施用状况影响估计结果

    Table  3.   Estimation results of the effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application

    变量
    Variable
    因变量: 单位面积平均施肥量
    Dependent variable: average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)
    因变量: 施肥均匀度
    Dependent variable: fertilization uniformity
    机械使用
    Mechanical application
    −29.33
    (21.15)
    −0.14*
    (0.07)
    机耕
    Mechanical ploughing
    −12.08
    (18.23)
    −0.10
    (0.07)
    机播
    Mechanical sowing
    −47.63***
    (17.63)
    −0.14**
    (0.06)
    机械撒药
    Mechanical spreading of pesticides
    −12.75
    (19.28)
    −0.03
    (0.05)
    性别
    Gender
    −19.95
    (28.58)
    −22.58
    (28.58)
    −20.93
    (28.58)
    −23.03
    (28.58)
    0.10*
    (0.05)
    0.09*
    (0.05)
    0.09*
    (0.05)
    0.09*
    (0.05)
    年龄
    Age
    0.15
    (0.08)
    0.15
    (0.08)
    0.23
    (0.08)
    0.15
    (0.75)
    2.0E−03
    (2.0E−03)
    2.0E−03
    (2.0E−03)
    2.0E−03
    (2.0E−03)
    2.0E−03
    (2.0E−03)
    受教育年限
    Education
    −0.68
    (0.37)
    −1.13
    (0.36)
    0.08
    (0.38)
    −1.28
    (0.36)
    −2.7E−05
    (0.01)
    −1.0E−04
    (0.01)
    −1.0E−04
    (0.01)
    −3.0E−04
    (0.01)
    健康状况
    Health
    3.75
    (7.28)
    3.53
    (7.28)
    4.13
    (7.28)
    3.52
    (7.28)
    0.01
    (0.01)
    0.01
    (0.01)
    0.01
    (0.01)
    0.01
    (0.02)
    家庭劳动力占比
    Share of household labor
    81.00
    (51.83)
    79.50
    (52.05)
    77.40
    (51.68)
    82.73
    (52.13)
    −0.08
    (0.14)
    −0.08
    (0.14)
    −0.09
    (0.14)
    −0.08
    (0.15)
    家庭收入
    Household income
    0.08
    (0.15)
    0.08
    (0.15)
    0.08
    (0.15)
    0.02
    (0.11)
    −3.2E−04
    (2.4E−04)
    −3.2E−04
    (2.4E−04)
    −2.9E−04
    (2.3E−04)
    −3.3E−04
    (2.4E−04)
    耕地质量
    Soil quality
    −19.20
    (46.20)
    −17.78
    (46.20)
    −26.18
    (46.95)
    −15.08
    (46.50)
    0.01
    (0.08)
    0.01
    (0.08)
    0.01
    (0.08)
    0.01
    (0.08)
    经营规模
    Operation scale
    −0.98***
    (0.30)
    −1.05***
    (0.38)
    −0.90***
    (0.38)
    −0.98***
    (0.38)
    −1.0E−04**
    (5.6E−04)
    −1.0E−04***
    (5.8E−04)
    −1.0E−04**
    (5.7E−04)
    −1.0E−04**
    (6.9E−04)
    农业组织合作
    Cooperation of organizations
    −12.60
    (17.03)
    −15.30
    (17.10)
    −9.98
    (17.18)
    −16.05
    (17.18)
    −0.01
    (0.05)
    −0.01
    (0.05)
    −0.01
    (0.05)
    −0.02
    (0.05)
    农业技术培训
    Tech training
    18.98
    (26.33)
    18.00
    (26.33)
    18.32
    (26.18)
    18.23
    (26.33)
    −0.05
    (0.05)
    −0.06
    (0.05)
    −0.06
    (0.05)
    −0.06
    (0.05)
    化肥价格
    Fertilizer prices
    −129.68***
    (8.85)
    −129.98***
    (8.93)
    −129.75***
    (8.85)
    −130.42***
    (8.93)
    −0.02
    (0.04)
    −0.02
    (0.04)
    −0.02
    (0.04)
    −0.02
    (0.04)
    区域特征
    Regional characteristics
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    常数
    _cons
    834.83***
    (67.65)
    828.98***
    (67.65)
    829.59***
    (67.35)
    824.10***
    (66.83)
    0.04**
    (0.15)
    0.36**
    (0.15)
    0.34**
    (0.15)
    0.32**
    (0.15)
    观测值
    Observations
    10881088108810881088108810881088
      ******分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平; 此外, 括号内为稳健标准误。***, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  机械应用及应用环节对化肥施用影响内生性处理估计结果

    Table  4.   Endogeneity treatment estimation results of effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application

    第1阶段 First stage
    变量
    Variable
    是否使用机械/使用机械环节
    Whether to use machine / link using machine
    是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节
    Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services
    机械应用
    Mechanical
    application
    机械播种
    Mechanical
    sowing
    机械撒药
    Mechanical
    spreading
    机械应用
    Mechanical application
    机播
    Mechanical
    sowing
    机械撒药
    Mechanical
    spreading
    村级农业机械使用比例
    Proportion of machinery of village
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (1.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    村级农业生产组织数量
    Number of organizations of village
    −0.01*
    (0.01)
    −0.01*
    (0.01)
    −0.02**
    (0.01)
    −0.01
    (0.15)
    −0.01
    (0.15)
    −0.01**
    (0.01)
    LR test3.23*3.41*4.17**3.41*2.98**3.57**
    Prob>chi20.070.070.040.080.040.05
    第2阶段 Second stage
    变量
    Variable
    单位面积平均施肥量
    Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)
    施肥均匀度
    Fertilization uniformity
    机械应用
    Mechanical application
    −54.98
    (35.18)
    −0.21**
    (0.10)
    机播
    Mechanical sowing
    −83.63**
    (33.75)
    −1.02***
    (0.07)
    机械撒药
    Mechanical spreading of pesticids
    −61.73
    (45.53)
    −0.02**
    (0.01)
    其他控制变量
    Others
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    区域特征
    Regional characteristics
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    已控制
    Control
    Lamda (λ)6.19**
    (3.25)
    9.72***
    (3.91)
    8.89**
    (4.03)
    0.10*
    (0.05)
    0.12**
    (0.05)
    0.12**
    (0.05)
    Ρ0.19*
    (0.01)
    0.21*
    (0.01)
    0.31**
    (0.13)
    0.11*
    (0.06)
    0.13**
    (0.06)
    0.16**
    (0.06)
      ******分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平。此外, 括号内为稳健标准误。***, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  机械服务与自购机械对化肥施用影响处理效应模型估计结果

    Table  5.   Estimated results of treatment effect model (TEM) for the effect of machinery services and self-purchased machinery on fertilizer application

    第1阶段 First stage
    变量
    Variable
    是否使用机械/使用机械环节
    Whether to use machine / link using machine
    是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节
    Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services
    机械服务
    Mechanical services
    机播服务
    Sowing services
    机械服务
    Mechanical services
    机播服务
    Sowing services
    村级农业机械使用比例
    Proportion of machinery of village
    0.01***
    (1.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    4.0E−03***
    (1.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    村级农业生产组织数量
    Number of organizations of village
    −0.02***
    (0.010)
    −0.02***
    (0.01)
    −0.01***
    (0.004)
    −0.02**
    (0.008)
    LR test17.4510.9015.534.37
    Prob>chi20.000.000.000.04
    第2阶段 Second stage
    变量
    Variable
    单位面积平均施肥量
    Average fertilizer application rate (kg∙hm−2)
    施肥均匀度
    Fertilization uniformity
    机械服务 Mechanical services−150.45*** (44.47)−1.17*** (0.08)
    机播服务 Sowing services−213.45*** (48.90)−0.32*** (0.30)
    其他控制变量 Others已控制 Control已控制 Control已控制 Control已控制 Control
    区域特征 Regional characteristics已控制 Control已控制 Control已控制 Control已控制 Control
    Lamda (λ)22.90*** (3.35)16.73*** (4.21)0.89*** (0.04)0.16** (0.07)
    ρ0.75*** (0.07)0.60*** (0.12)0.92*** (0.01)0.20** (0.08)
      ******分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平。此外, 括号内为稳健标准误。****, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  机械及机械服务应用对化肥施用的稳健性检验估计结果

    Table  6.   Robustness test estimation results of effects of machinery use and use links on fertilizer application

    第1阶段 First stage
    变量
    Variable
    使用机械环节
    Link using machine
    是否使用机械服务/使用机械服务环节
    Whether to use mechanical services / links using mechanical services
    机播
    Mechanical sowing
    机械服务
    Mechanical Services
    机播服务
    Sowing services
    村级农业机械使用比例
    Proportion of machinery of village
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    0.02***
    (2.0E−03)
    村级农业生产组织数量
    Number of organizations of village
    −0.01*
    (0.01)
    −0.01*
    (0.01)
    −0.02***
    (0.01)
    LR test5.239.305.09
    Prob>chi20.022.0E−030.02
    第2阶段 Second stage
    变量
    Variable
    单位面积平均化肥投入
    Average fertilizer application rate (¥∙hm−2)
    机播 Mechanical sowing−283.95*** (104.55)
    机械服务 Mechanical Services−394.50*** (131.25)
    机播服务 Sowing services−352.80*** (126.75)
    其他控制变量 Others已控制 Control已控制 Control已控制 Control
    区域特征 Regional characteristics已控制 Control已控制 Control已控制 Control
    Lamda (λ)11.37** (4.94)18.82*** (5.88)13.68** (5.90)
    ρ0.25** (0.11)0.41*** (0.12)0.30** (0.13)
      ******分别表示1%、5%以及10%的显著性水平。此外, 括号内为稳健标准误。***, ** and * indicate significant effects of the variables at 1%, 5% and 10% levels, respectively. The robust standard errors are shown in parentheses.
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2022-09-05
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