Effect of planting and returning Vicia villosa on soil active organic carbon and yield of subsequent maize in coastal saline soils
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摘要: 黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化严重, 加之冬春季节降雨量少, 淡水资源匮乏, 耕地冬春休耕现象普遍。于2020年9月—2021年10月, 以冬春休耕为对照, 研究种植翻压毛叶苕子对土壤理化性质、活性有机碳组分动态变化和后茬作物玉米产量的影响, 以期为覆盖植物在黄河三角洲地区盐碱地产能提升方面的应用提供参考。结果表明, 在1年试验期内, 与冬春休耕相比, 种植毛叶苕子可以降低土壤EC, 提高易氧化有机碳(ROC)含量, 翻压后则显著降低pH, 并提高土壤养分和活性有机碳含量。与休耕相比, 试验期内毛叶苕子处理平均pH降低0.12, 平均土壤总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、有机碳(SOC)、ROC、可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量和ROC/SOC分别提高15.1%、5.5%、6.3%、99.1%、8.2%和89.9%, 平均EC则基本持平。毛叶苕子处理的后茬玉米籽粒产量提高15.9%, 增产效果显著。主成分分析结果表明, 玉米产量与土壤TN、SOC、DOC、ROC呈正相关, 与pH、EC呈负相关。毛叶苕子翻压后, 土壤有机碳各组分含量与TN和pH的相关关系增强, 与TN呈显著正相关, 与pH呈显著负相关。种植翻压毛叶苕子后土壤TN升高和土壤pH降低, 提升了土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量, 综合作用使后茬玉米产量提高。在黄河三角洲地区, 相对于冬春休耕, 冬春季种植毛叶苕子对土壤改良和后茬作物产量提升优势明显, 可考虑作为盐碱地综合利用的优选模式。Abstract: Fallow in the winter-spring season is becoming a common practice in the Yellow River Delta region, influenced by heavy soil salinization, scarce available water in spring, and reduced precipitation induced by climate change. However, fallow in winter can cause ecological problems such as soil erosion and secondary salinization, which will inevitably lead to environmental degradation once large areas of crop land being fallow. This study investigated the influence of planting and returning Vicia villosa (V. villosa treatment) in the winter-spring season on soil physicochemical properties, especially on active organic carbon and yield of subsequent maize crops compared to fallow, to provide a reference for the application of cover crops in improving saline-alkali land productivity in the Yellow River Delta. The field experiments were conducted from September 2020 to October 2021. For the V. villosa treatment, V. villosa was sown in September 2020 and returned to the soil as green manure during its blooming period in May 2021, and maize was sown in July 2021. For the fallow treatment, the experimental area remained fallow before maize sowing, and maize was sown on the same day under the same cultivation management as for the V. villosa treatment. The results showed that during the growing period of V. villosa, the soil electrical conductivity (EC) decreased, and the readily oxidizable organic carbon content (ROC) increased. When V. villosa was returned to the soil, soil pH decreased, and soil nutrients and active organic carbon contents improved significantly compared with fallow. During the entire experimental period, the average pH of the V. villosa treatment decreased by 0.12, and the average contents of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic carbon (SOC), ROC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ROC/SOC of the V. villosa treatment increased by 15.1%, 5.5%, 6.3%, 99.1%, 8.2%, and 89.9%, respectively, compared with those of fallow treatment. However, the average EC values for the two treatments were approximately equal. Compared to the fallow treatment, the V. villosa treatment significantly increased the subsequent maize straw biomass, grain yield, and total aboveground biomass by 25.3%, 15.9%, and 21.4%, respectively, indicating a better yield improvement effect. Principal component analysis showed that maize yield was positively correlated with soil TN, SOC, DOC, and ROC, but negatively correlated with pH and EC. EC and soil organic carbon components were strongly correlated before the return of V. villosa. However, TN had the greatest influence on soil organic carbon components in each maize growing period after V. villosa return, followed by pH. The content of each organic carbon component increased with increasing TN content and decreasing pH. This study indicates that planting and returning V. villosa in the winter and spring seasons could increase soil active organic carbon content by increasing soil TN and decreasing pH, which comprehensively enhanced maize yield. Overall, in the Yellow River Delta, the introduction of V. villosa as a cover crop has prominent advantages in soil amelioration and yield improvement of subsequent crops when compared to fallow in the winter-spring season, which could be considered as the optimal planting pattern for the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkali land.
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图 1 2020—2021年试验期间气温和降雨状况
Figure 1. Air temperature and precipitation in the experiment from 2020 to 2021
图 2 种植翻压毛叶苕子对盐碱地土壤理化性质的影响
T1: 苕子种植前; T2: 毛叶苕子翻压前; T3: 毛叶苕子翻压后玉米种植前; T4: 玉米苗期; T5: 玉米大喇叭口期; T6: 玉米收获期。不同大写字母表示相同时期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同处理下不同时期间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: before planting V. villosa; T2: before returning V. villosa; T3: after returning V. villosa and before maize planting; T4: maize seedling stage; T5: maize bell mouth stage; T6: maize harvest period. Different capital letters indicate significant differences between two treatments in the same period (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different periods under the same treatment (P<0.05).
Figure 2. Effects of planting and returning Vicia villosa on physicochemical properties of saline soil
图 3 种植翻压毛叶苕子对盐碱地土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的影响
T1: 苕子种植前; T2: 毛叶苕子翻压前; T3: 毛叶苕子翻压后玉米种植前; T4: 玉米苗期; T5: 玉米大喇叭口期; T6: 玉米收获期。SOC: 总有机碳; ROC: 易氧化有机碳; MBC: 微生物生物量碳; DOC: 可溶性有机碳。不同大写字母表示相同时期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同处理下不同时期间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: before planting V. villosa; T2: before returning V. villosa; T3: after returning V. villosa and before maize planting; T4: maize seedling stage; T5: maize bell mouth stage; T6: maize harvest period. SOC: organic carbon; ROC: readily oxidizable organic carbon; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; DOC: dissolved organic carbon. Different capital letters indicate significant differences between two treatments in the same period (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different periods under the same treatment (P<0.05).
Figure 3. Effect of planting and returning Vicia villosa on organic carbon and active organic carbon contents of saline soil
图 4 种植翻压毛叶苕子对盐碱地土壤活性有机碳相对含量的影响
T1: 苕子种植前; T2: 毛叶苕子翻压前; T3: 毛叶苕子翻压后玉米种植前; T4: 玉米苗期; T5: 玉米大喇叭口期; T6: 玉米收获期。SOC: 总有机碳; ROC: 易氧化有机碳; MBC: 微生物生物量碳; DOC: 可溶性有机碳。不同大写字母表示相同时期不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 不同小写字母表示相同处理下不同时期间差异显著(P<0.05)。T1: before planting V. villosa; T2: before returning V. villosa; T3: after returning V. villosa and before maize planting; T4: maize seedling stage; T5: maize bell mouth stage; T6: maize harvest period. SOC: organic carbon; ROC: readily oxidizable organic carbon; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; DOC: dissolved organic carbon. Different capital letters indicate significant differences between two treatments in the same period (P<0.05). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different periods under the same treatment (P<0.05).
Figure 4. Effect of planting and returning Vicia villosa on relative contents of active organic carbon of saline soils
图 5 玉米收获期土壤活性有机碳、土壤理化性质和玉米产量的主成分分析
FT: 休耕处理; VT: 毛叶苕子处理; EC: 电导率; TN: 全氮; TP: 全磷; SOC: 有机碳; ROC: 易氧化有机碳; DOC: 可溶性有机碳; MBC: 微生物生物量碳; EY: 玉米籽粒产量。FT: fallow treatment; VT: Vicia villosa treatment; EC: electrical conductance; TN: total nitrogen; TP: total phosphorus; SOC: soil organic carbon; ROC: readily oxidizable carbon; DOC: dissolved organic carbon; MBC: microbial biomass carbon; EY: maize grain yield.
Figure 5. Principal component analysis of soil reactive organic carbon, soil physicochemical properties at harvest and maize yield
表 1 毛叶苕子产量及养分特征
Table 1. Yield and nutrient characteristics of Vicia villosa
干重
Dry weight
(kg·hm−2)C含量
C content
(g·kg−1)N含量
N content
(g·kg−1)C/N P含量
P content
(g·kg−1)K含量
K content
(g·kg−1)地上部 Shoot 4503.68±212.48a 412.05±1.82a 32.41±1.66a 12.74±0.69b 2.03±0.25a 41.31±5.22a 根 Root 497.91±36.63b 329.77±0.94b 14.37±0.44b 21.78±2.09a 1.13±0.19b 33.23±0.52a 全株 Whole plant 5001.59±214.59 403.03±1.38 30.67±1.56 13.16±0.66 1.93±0.20 40.53±4.82 不同字母表示不同部位在P<0.05水平差异显著。Different letters indicate significant differences between two parts at P<0.05 level. 
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表 2 试验期间种植翻压毛叶苕子下盐碱地土壤理化性质和有机碳组分之间的关系
Table 2. Relationship between physicochemical properties and organic carbon fractions contents of saline soil under planting and returning Vicia villosa in the experiment duration
取样时期
Sampling time指标
IndicatorpH 电导率
Electrical conductance全氮
Total N全磷
Total PT1 总有机碳 Organic carbon −0.27 −0.70* 0.49 0.90** 易氧化有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon −0.08 −0.65 0.25 0.66 可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon 0.01 0.39 −0.18 −0.52 微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon −0.09 0.71* −0.24 −0.79* T2 总有机碳 Organic carbon 0.49 −0.25 0.24 −0.29 易氧化有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon 0.49 −0.68 0.52 0.46 可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon 0.35 −0.77* 0.35 0.41 微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon −0.48 0.89** −0.53 −0.54 T3 总有机碳 Organic carbon −0.70 −0.34 0.52 0.34 易氧化有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon −0.89** −0.35 0.85** 0.64 可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon −0.63 −0.13 0.74* 0.50 微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon −0.83* −0.23 0.83* 0.63 T4 总有机碳 Organic carbon −0.23 0.34 0.05 −0.33 易氧化有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon −0.92** 0.90** 0.86** −0.25 可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon −0.32 0.41 0.32 −0.34 微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon −0.95** 0.95** 0.81* −0.45 T5 总有机碳 Organic carbon −0.72 0.23 0.82* 0.50 易氧化有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon −0.42 0.03 0.82* 0.66 可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon −0.68 0.00 0.10 0.51 微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon 0.28 −0.35 −0.01 0.40 T6 总有机碳 Organic carbon −0.87** −0.38 0.99** −0.36 易氧化有机碳 Readily oxidizable organic carbon −0.63 −0.29 0.89** −0.57 可溶性有机碳 Dissolved organic carbon −0.52 −0.54 0.77* −0.75* 微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon 0.61 −0.45 −0.58 −0.12 *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; T1: 苕子种植前; T2: 毛叶苕子翻压前; T3: 毛叶苕子翻压后玉米种植前; T4: 玉米苗期; T5: 玉米大喇叭口期; T6: 玉米收获期。T1: before planting V. villosa; T2: before returning V. villosa; T3: after returning V. villosa and before maize planting; T4: maize seedling stage; T5: maize bell mouth stage; T6: maize harvest period.
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表 3 种植翻压毛叶苕子对盐碱地玉米地上部生物量和产量的影响
Table 3. Effects of planting and returning Vicia villosa on biomass and yields of maize in saline soil
kg·hm−2 处理
Treatment秸秆生物量
Straw biomass籽粒产量
Grain yield地上部生物量
Aboveground biomass休耕
Fallow7545.44±399.85b 5231.78±208.44b 12 777.22±562.91b 毛叶苕子
Vicia villosa9452.12±453.05a 6061.22±252.04a 15 513.34±628.03a 不同字母表示不同处理在P<0.05水平差异显著。Different letters indicate significant differences between two treatments at P<0.05 level.
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