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摘要: 碳排放精准测算是“双碳”目标实现的重要保障。在进行农业碳排放测算时, 作物类型、生产方式、地理区位等因素均会对碳排放产生影响, 因此, 虽然诸多学者尝试从不同角度对中国农业碳排放展开测度, 但在估计方式、样本选取和测算结果等方面仍未形成一致的有效结论。本研究首先介绍了中国农业碳排放的主要核算方法, 包括排放系数法、模型模拟法和实地测量法; 其次, 从投入产出、生产过程、碳汇以及碳足迹4个方面对现有农业碳排放核算方式进行梳理; 再次, 对农业碳排放的核算结果进行归纳总结; 最后, 分析现有研究的局限性, 并对未来农业碳排放核算研究进行了展望。研究发现: 现有研究在农业碳排放测算时, 存在遗漏排放源、排放系数使用不科学以及研究视角过多集中于宏观层面等不足。建议未来从构建科学全面的农业碳排放核算体系、完善排放系数以及加强农户等微观层次研究等方面展开。Abstract: Accurate measurement of carbon emissions is crucial for achieving dual-carbon goals. Agricultural carbon emissions are affected by various crop types, production methods, geographical locations, and other factors. Therefore, although scholars have attempted to measure China’s agricultural carbon emissions from different perspectives, a consistent and effective conclusion regarding the estimation method, sample selection, and calculation results does not exist. First, this study introduces the main accounting methods for agricultural carbon emissions, including the emission factor method, model simulation method, and field measurement method. Second, it segregates agricultural carbon emission accounting methods from the existing four aspects: input and output, production process, carbon sequestration, and carbon footprint. Third, the accounting results for agricultural carbon emissions are summarized. Finally, the limitations of the existing research are analyzed, and a prospect for agricultural carbon emission accounting is specified. This study discovered shortcomings in the existing research, including the omission of emission sources, inappropriate use of emission factors, and excessive concentration perspectives at the macro level. Future research can be continued from the following aspects: constructing a scientific and comprehensive agricultural carbon emission accounting system, improving emission factors, and strengthening micro-level research on farmers.
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表 1 农业物资投入碳排放系数
Table 1. Carbon emission factors of agricultural inputs
碳排放来源 Carbon emissions source 排放系数 Emission factor 数据来源 Data source 化肥生产、运输和使用 Fertilizer production, transportation and use 0.8956 kg(C)∙kg−1 [11, 16-17] 氮肥生产、运输和使用 Nitrogen fertilizer production, transportation and use 13.5 kg(CO2)∙kg−1(N) [21] 氮肥生产 Nitrogen fertilizer production 2.116 kg(CO2)∙kg−1(N) [22] 磷肥生产 Phosphate fertilizer production 0.636 kg(CO2)∙kg−1(P2O5) [22] 钾肥生产 Potash fertilizer production 0.180 kg(CO2)∙kg−1(K2O) [22] 氮肥生产、运输和使用 Nitrogen fertilizer production, transportation and use 1.53 kg(CO2)∙kg−1 [23] 磷肥生产、运输和使用 Phosphate fertilizer production, transportation and use 1.63 kg(CO2)∙kg−1 [23] 钾肥生产、运输和使用 Potassium fertilizer production, transportation and use 0.65 kg(CO2)∙kg−1 [23] 复合肥生产、运输和使用 Compound fertilizer production, transportation and use 1.77 kg(CO2)∙kg−1 [23] 农药生产、运输和使用 Pesticide production, transportation and use 4.9341 kg(C)∙kg−1 [11] 农膜生产、运输和使用 Agricultural plastic film production, transportation and use 5.18 kg(C)∙kg−1 [18] 灌溉用电 Irrigation electricity 20.476 kg(C)∙hm−2 [19-20] 农用机械柴油 Agricultural machinery diesel oil 0.5927 kg(C)∙kg−1 IPCC 
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表 2 农药生产运输的碳排放系数[24]
Table 2. Carbon emission factors of pesticide production and transportation[24]
kg(Ce)∙kg−1 (active ingredient) 农药类型
Pesticides type农药名称
Pesticides name碳排放
系数
Carbon
emission factor农药类型
Pesticides type农药名称
Pesticides name碳排放
系数
Carbon
emission factor农药类型
Pesticides type农药名称
Pesticides name碳排放
系数
Carbon
emission factor杀虫剂
Pesti-cideS-氰戊菊酯 Esfellvalerate 16.9 三唑磷 Triazophos 14.4 丙草胺 Pretilachlor 21.8 胺菊酯 Tetramethrin 11.9 杀虫单 Monomehypo 16.5 丙炔噁草酮 Oxadiargyl 25.1 巴丹 Cartap 13.2 杀虫双 Bisultap 13.2 草甘膦 Glyphosate 19.3 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid 20.6 水胺硫磷 Socarbophos 17.3 草枯醚 Chlornitrofen 12.7 吡蚜酮 Pymetrozine 23.5 烯啶虫胺 Nitenpyram 23.9 除草醚 Nitrofen 11.5 丙硫苯咪唑 Albendazole 16.5 辛硫磷 Phoxim 12.3 敌草隆 Diuron 11.2 丙溴磷 Profenozide 16.5 溴氰菊酯 Deltamerhrin 16.0 丁草胺 Butachlor 14.4 虫酰肼 Tebufenozide 23.5 氧乐果 Omethoate 12.3 噁草酮 Oxadiazon 14.0 哒螨灵 Pyridaben 21.8 乙基对硫磷 Parathion 4.5 噁唑酰草胺 Metamifop 28.0 稻丰散 Phenthoate 14.8 乙酰甲胺磷 Acephate 11.9 二甲戊(乐)灵 Pendimethalin 6.1 敌百虫 Trichlorfon 9.0 异丙威 Isoprocarb (Mipc) 14.0 二氯喹啉酸 Quinclorac 20.6 敌敌畏 Dichlorvos 7.8 仲丁威 Fenobucarb 11.1 氟吡甲禾灵 Haloxyfop 20.6 啶虫脒 Acetamiprid 24.7 杀菌剂
Germi-cide百菌清 Chlorthalonil 12.0 氟乐灵 Trifluralin 6.9 毒死蜱 Chlorpyrifos 12.4 苯醚甲环唑 Difenoconazole 21.8 氟唑磺隆
Flucarbazone-Na26.4 呋喃丹 Carbofuran 18.1 丙环唑 Propiconazol 18.1 禾草丹 Thiobencarb 14.4 氟虫双酰胺 Flubendiamide 28.8 代森锰锌 Mancozeb 10.7 禾草敌 Molinate 12.7 氟铃脲 Hexaflumuron 19.8 稻瘟灵 Isoprothiolane 16.5 禾草灵 Diclofop-Methyl 16.5 氟氯氰菊酯 Cyhalothrin 14.4 敌瘟磷 Edifenphos 13.6 磺草酮 Sulcotrione 23.1 高效氟氯氰菊酯
Beta-Cyfluthrin23.9 多菌灵 Carbendazim 15.7 甲草胺 Alachlor 11.4 高效氯氰菊酯
Alpha-Cypermethrin19.8 噁霉灵 Hymexazol 12.7 甲磺隆
Metsulfuron-Methyl20.5 甲胺磷 Methamidophos 14.4 氟硅唑 Flusilazole 20.2 精噁唑禾草灵 Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl 22.2 甲拌磷 Phorate 9.3 氟环唑 Epoxiconazole 23.9 精喹禾灵
Quizalofop-P-Ethyl19.8 甲萘威 Carbaryl 6.6 福美双 Thiram 2.8 绿麦隆 Chlortoluron 14.0 甲氰菊酯 Fenpropathrin 14.8 己唑醇 Hexaconazole 6.7 氯氟吡氧乙酸 Fluroxypyr 19.8 久效磷 Monocrotophos 12.3 甲基硫菌灵
Thiophanate-Methyl14.4 氯磺隆 Chlorsulfuron 14.7 乐果 Dimethoate 6.6 甲霜灵 Metalaxyl 25.2 麦草畏 Dicamba 12.0 联苯肼酯 Bifenazate 25.1 腈菌唑 Myclobutanil 21.0 灭草松 Bentazone 17.3 联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 20.2 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz 17.3 扑草净 Prometryn 11.1 林丹 Gamma-Bhc 2.8 噻呋酰胺 Thifluzamid 23.5 氰氟草酯
Cyhalofop-Butyl20.6 硫丹 Endosulfan 8.6 三环唑 Tricyclazole 16.9 炔草酯
Clodinafop-Propargyl22.2 氯虫苯甲酰胺 Chlorantraniliprole 29.2 三唑醇 Triadimenol 17.7 噻吩磺隆
Thifensulfuron-Methyl21.4 氯菊酯 Permethrin 15.6 三唑酮 Triadimefon 15.6 莎稗磷 Anilofos 18.9 氯氰菊酯 Permethrin 24.6 戊唑醇 Tebuconazole 21.0 五氟磺草胺 Penoxsulam 28.0 马拉硫磷 Malathion 9.5 烯唑醇 Diniconazole 19.8 西草净 Simetryn 13.6 灭多威 Methomyl 13.6 异稻瘟净 Iprobenfos 13.6 硝磺草酮 Mesotrione 26.4 灭幼脲 hlorbenzuron 15.2 除草剂
Herbi-cide2,4-滴丁酯 2,4-D butylate 4.3 烟嘧磺隆 Nicosulfuron 22.7 氰戊菊酯 Fenvalerate 16.0 二甲四氯钠 MCPA 6.1 乙草胺 Acetochlor 14.4 噻虫嗪 Thiamethoxam 23.1 百草枯 Paraquat 19.5 异丙草胺
Propisochlor26.8 噻嗪酮 Buprofezin 17.3 苯磺隆
Tribenuron-Methyl20.6 异丙甲草胺 Metolachlor 11.3 三苯基乙酸锡
Fentin Acetate7.8 次嘧磺隆
Pyrazosulfuron-Ethyl22.2 莠去津 Atriazine 8.5 三氯杀螨醇 Dicofol 8.6 苯噻酰草胺 Mefenacet 20.2 仲丁灵 Butralin 14.8 三氯杀螨砜 Tetradifon 8.2 苄嘧磺隆
Bensulfuron-Methyl19.8 唑草酮
Carfentrazone-Ethyl23.9
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表 3 农业能源消费转换系数与碳排放系数
Table 3. Conversion coefficient and carbon emission factors of agricultural energy consumption
碳排放来源 Carbon emission source 转换系数 Conversion coefficient 排放系数 Emission factor [t(C)∙t−1(standard coal)] 煤炭 Coal 0.7143 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.7476 汽油 Gasoline 1.4714 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.5532 柴油 Diesel oil 1.4571 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.5913 天然气 Natural gas 13.300 t(standard coal)∙(104m3)−1 0.4479 煤油 Kerosene 1.4714 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.3416 燃料油 Fuel oil 1.4286 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.6176 原油 Crude oil 1.4286 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.5854 电力 Electricity 1.229 t(standard coal)∙(104kWh)−1 2.2132 焦炭 Coke 0.9714 kg(standard coal)∙kg−1 0.1128 转换系数来源于《中国能源统计年鉴》, 碳排放系数来源于IPCC。The conversion coefficient is from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and the carbon emission factor is from IPCC.
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表 4 作物秸秆燃烧碳排放系数
Table 4. Carbon emission factor of crop straw burning
秸秆类型
Straw type二氧化碳
Carbon dioxide甲烷
Methane氧化亚氮
Nitrous oxide数据来源
Data sourcesg∙kg−1 未区分类型
Unclassified types1247 — — [33] 1515 2.7 — [35] — 1.68 — [34] 水稻 Rice 656.27±26.15 2.19±0.73 0.11±0.01 [36] 小麦 Wheat 586.39±20.25 2.22±0.12 0.05±0.002 玉米 Maize 620.72±47.56 2.95±0.17 0.12±0.01 油菜 Rape 795.71±26.38 3.40±1.27 0.06±0.02 大豆 Soybean 546.14±57.86 2.89±0.65 0.09±0.01 棉花 Cotton 464.14±2.96 1.82±0.58 0.05±0.01
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表 5 农业土地管理碳排放系数
Table 5. Carbon emission factor of agricultural land management
碳排放来源
Carbon emissions source区域
Area排放系数
Emission factor数据来源
Data sources翻耕
Ploughing312.6 kg(C)∙km−2 [38] 0.04 t∙km−2 [39] 氧化亚氮直接排放
Direct emission of nitrous oxide
[kg(N2O)∙kg−1(N)]Ⅰ 0.0056 (0.0015~0.0085) 《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》
Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories Compilation Guide (Trial)Ⅱ 0.0114 (0.0021~0.0258) Ⅲ 0.0057 (0.0014~0.0081) Ⅳ 0.0109 (0.0026~0.022) Ⅴ 0.0178 (0.0046~0.0228) Ⅵ 0.0106 (0.0025~0.0218) 氧化亚氮间接排放(大气氮沉降)
Indirect emission of nitrous oxide (atmospheric nitrogen deposition) [kg(N2O)∙kg−1]0.01 《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》
Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories Compilation Guide (Trial)氧化亚氮间接排放(氮淋溶径流)
Indirect emission of nitrous oxide (nitrogen leaching runoff) [kg(N2O)∙kg−1]0.0075 氧化亚氮排放(氮肥)
Nitrous oxide emissions (nitrogen fertilizer) [kg(N2O)∙kg−1]0.0125 IPCC Ⅰ区包括内蒙古、新疆、甘肃、青海、西藏、陕西、山西、宁夏; Ⅱ区包括黑龙江、吉林、辽宁; Ⅲ区包括北京、天津、河北、河南、山东; Ⅳ区包括浙江、上海、江苏、安徽、江西、湖南、湖北、四川、重庆; Ⅴ区包括广东、广西、海南、福建; Ⅵ区包括云南、贵州; 括号中内容为排放系数的推荐范围。Area Ⅰ includes Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia; Area Ⅱ includes Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning; Area Ⅲ includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong; Area Ⅳ includes Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing; Area Ⅴ includes Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian; Area Ⅵ includes Yunnan, Guizhou. Data in the brackets are the recommended ranges of emission factor.
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系数
Factor水稻
Rice春小麦
Spring wheat冬小麦
Winter wheat大豆
Soybean玉米
Maize蔬菜
Vegetable其他旱地作物
Other dryland crops本底排放通量
Background emission flux [kg(N2O]∙hm−2]0.24 0.40 1.75 2.29 2.53 4.94 0.95 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer [kg(N2O)∙kg−1] 0.30 0.15 1.10 6.61 0.83 0.83 0.30 复合肥 Compound fertilizer [kg(N2O)∙kg−1] 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
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表 7 中国各省(市、自治区)水稻生长周期内的甲烷排放系数
Table 7. Methane emission factor of rice grow cycle in provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of China
省(市、自治区)
Province (city,
autonomous region)早稻
Early rice晚稻
Late rice中季稻
Middle rice省(市、自治区)
Province (city,
autonomous region)早稻
Early rice晚稻
Late rice中季稻
Middle riceg(CH4)∙m−2 北京 Beijing 0 0 13.23 湖北 Hubei 17.51 39.0 58.17 天津 Tianjin 0 0 11.34 湖南 Hunan 14.71 34.1 56.28 河北 Hebei 0 0 15.33 广东 Guangdong 15.05 51.6 57.02 山西 Shanxi 0 0 6.22 广西 Guangxi 12.41 49.1 47.78 内蒙古 Inner Mongolia 0 0 8.93 海南 Hainan 13.43 49.4 52.29 辽宁 Liaoning 0 0 9.24 四川 Sichuan 6.55 18.5 25.73 吉林 Jilin 0 0 5.57 重庆 Chongqing 6.55 18.5 25.73 黑龙江 Heilongjiang 0 0 8.31 贵州 Guizhou 5.10 21.0 22.05 上海 Shanghai 12.41 27.5 53.87 云南 Yunnan 2.38 7.6 7.25 江苏 Jiangsu 16.07 27.6 53.55 西藏 Tibet 0 0 6.83 浙江 Zhejiang 14.37 34.5 57.96 陕西 Shaanxi 0 0 12.51 安徽 Anhui 16.75 27.6 51.24 甘肃 Gansu 0 0 6.83 福建 Fujian 7.74 52.6 43.47 青海 Qinghai 0 0 0 江西 Jiangxi 15.47 45.8 65.42 宁夏 Ningxia 0 0 7.35 山东 Shandong 0 0 21.00 新疆 Xinjiang 0 0 10.50 河南 Henan 0 0 17.85 单季稻系数同早稻系数, 单季晚稻、冬水田和麦茬稻系数同中季稻。数据来源于文献[42-43]。因数据可获得性, 不包括香港、澳门和台湾地区。The factor of single cropping rice is the same as that of early rice. The factors of single cropping late rice, winter paddy field and wheat stubble rice are the same as those of middle cropping rice. The data are from references [42-43]. Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not included.
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表 8 中国分农业区稻田甲烷排放系数
Table 8. Methane emission factors of paddy fields by agricultural region in China
区域
Area单季稻
Single-cropping rice双季早稻
Double-season early rice双季晚稻
Double-season late rice推荐值
Recommended value范围
Range推荐值
Recommended value范围
Range推荐值
Recommended value范围
Rangekg(CH4)∙hm−2 华北 North China 234.0 134.4~341.9 — — — — 华东 East China 215.5 158.2~255.9 211.4 153.1~259.0 224.0 143.4~261.3 中南华南 South Central China 236.7 170.2~320.1 141.0 169.5~387.2 273.2 185.2~357.9 西南 Southwest China 156.2 156.2 73.7~276.6 171.7 75.1~265.1 东北 Northeast China 168.0 112.6~230.3 — — — — 西北 Northwest China 231.2 175.9~319.5 — — — — 数据来源于《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》。华北地区包括北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古; 华东地区包括上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、山东; 中南华南地区包括河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、海南; 西南地区包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏; 东北地区包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江; 西北地区包括陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆。因数据可获得性, 不包括香港、澳门和台湾地区。The data come from the Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories Compilation Guide (Trial). North China includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia; East China includes Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong; South Central China includes Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan; Southwest China includes Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet; Northeast China includes Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang; Northwest China includes Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not included.
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畜禽品种
Animal breed甲烷排放系数
Methane emission factor粪便管理氧化亚氮排放系数
Nitrous oxide emission factor of manure management肠道发酵
Enteric fermentation粪便管理
Manure managementkg∙unit−1∙a−1 奶牛 Milk cow 68 16 1.00 水牛 Buffalo 55 2 1.34 黄牛 Cow 47.8 1 1.39 骡 Mule 10 0.9 1.39 骆驼 Camel 46 1.92 1.39 驴 Donkey 10 0.9 1.39 马 Horse 18 1.64 1.39 生猪 Live hog 1 3.5 0.53 母猪 Sow 1 3.5 0.53 羊 Goat 5 0.16 0.53 兔 Rabbit 0.254 0.08 0.02 禽类 Poultry — 0.02 0.02
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表 10 中国各区域动物粪便管理碳排放系数
Table 10. Carbon emission coefficients from animal manure management by region in China
地区
Area种类
Type奶牛
Milk cow非奶牛
Non-milk cow水牛
Buffalo绵羊
Sheep山羊
Goat猪
Hog家禽
Poultry马
Horse驴/骡
Donkey/
mule骆驼
Camelkg∙unit−1∙a−1 华东
East ChinaCH4 8.33 3.31 5.55 0.26 0.28 5.08 0.02 1.64 0.90 1.92 N2O 2.065 0.846 0.875 0.113 0.113 0.175 0.007 0.330 0.188 0.330 华北
North ChinaCH4 7.46 2.92 — 0.15 0.17 3.12 0.01 1.09 0.60 1.28 N2O 1.846 0.974 — 0.093 0.093 0.227 0.007 0.330 0.188 0.330 东北
Northeast ChinaCH4 2.23 1.02 — 0.15 0.16 1.12 0.01 1.09 0.60 1.28 N2O 1.096 0.913 — 0.057 0.057 0.266 0.007 0.330 0.188 0.330 中南华南
South Central ChinaCH4 8.45 4.72 8.24 0.34 0.31 5.85 0.02 1.64 0.90 1.92 N2O 1.710 0.805 0.860 0.106 0.106 0.157 0.007 0.330 0.188 0.330 西南
Southwest ChinaCH4 6.51 3.21 1.53 0.48 0.53 4.18 0.02 1.64 0.90 1.92 N2O 1.884 0.691 1.197 0.064 0.064 0.159 0.007 0.330 0.188 0.330 西北
Northwest ChinaCH4 5.93 1.86 — 0.28 0.32 1.38 0.01 1.09 0.60 1.28 N2O 1.447 0.545 — 0.074 0.074 0.195 0.007 0.330 0.188 0.330 数据来源于《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》。华北地区包括北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古; 华东地区包括上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、山东; 中南华南地区包括河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、海南; 西南地区包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏; 东北地区包括辽宁、吉林、黑龙江; 西北地区包括陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆。因数据可获得性, 不包括香港、澳门和台湾地区。Data are from the Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories Compilation Guidelines (Trial). North China includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia; East China includes Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong; South Central China includes Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan; Southwest China includes Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet; Northeast China includes Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang; Northwest China includes Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan areas are not included.
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表 11 主要农作物经济系数、含水量和碳吸收率[50-51]
Table 11. Economic factors, water contents and carbon absorption rates of main crops[50-51]
作物
Crop经济系数
Economic factor含水量
Water content (%)碳吸收率
Carbon absorption
rate [g(C)∙g−1]小麦 Wheat 0.40 12 0.485 稻谷 Paddy 0.45 12 0.414 玉米 Maize 0.40 13 0.471 豆类 Beans 0.34 13 0.450 油菜籽 Rape seed 0.25 10 0.450 花生 Peanut 0.43 10 0.450 棉花 Cotton 0.10 8 0.450 薯类 Manioc 0.70 70 0.423 甘蔗 Cane 0.50 50 0.450 蔬菜 Vegetables 0.60 90 0.450 瓜类 Cucurbits 0.70 90 0.450 其他作物
Other crops0.40 12 0.450
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