咸水灌溉影响耕地质量和作物生产的研究进展

孙宏勇; 张雪佳; 田柳; 娄泊远; 刘彤; 王金涛; 董心亮; 郭凯; 刘小京

doi:10.12357/cjea.20220899

咸水灌溉影响耕地质量和作物生产的研究进展

doi: 10.12357/cjea.20220899

孙宏勇^{1, 2, ,},
张雪佳^{1, 2},
田柳^{1, 2},
娄泊远^{1, 2},
刘彤^{1, 2},
王金涛¹,
董心亮¹,
郭凯¹,
刘小京^{1, 2}

1.
中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室/河北省节水农业重点实验室　石家庄　050022
2.
中国科学院大学　北京　100049

基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项A类(XDA26040102)和河北省重点研发计划项目(21326411D, 21326408D)资助

详细信息

通讯作者:
孙宏勇, 主要研究方向为农田水盐运移过程机理与调控。E-mail: hysun@sjziam.ac.cn

中图分类号: S641.2
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- HTML全文浏览量: 55
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-17
- 录用日期: 2023-01-12
- 修回日期: 2023-01-12
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-10
- 刊出日期: 2023-03-10

Effects of saline water irrigation on soil quality and crop production: a review

SUN Hongyong^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHANG Xuejia^{1, 2},
TIAN Liu^{1, 2},
LOU Boyuan^{1, 2},
LIU Tong^{1, 2},
WANG Jintao¹,
DONG Xinliang¹,
GUO Kai¹,
LIU Xiaojing^{1, 2}

1.
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050022, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: This study was supported by the Special Project of Strategic Leading Science and Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA26040102) and the Key Research and Development Project in Hebei Province, China (21326411D, 21326408D).

More Information

Corresponding author: SUN Hongyong, E-mail: hysun@sjziam.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 水资源是基础性自然资源和重要的战略资源。盐碱地多分布于干旱半干旱地区, 淡水资源短缺是盐碱区农业可持续发展的主要限制因素。同时盐碱区较为丰富的咸水微咸水资源、土地资源和光热资源等为盐碱区农业可持续发展提供了可能。本文针对咸水灌溉影响耕地质量、作物生长、产量和品质等问题, 综述了基于水质的咸水分类、咸水灌溉制度与灌溉方式和地下水埋深等影响咸水在农业生产中安全利用的因素, 阐述了不同矿化度咸水灌溉, 土壤水力特性、理化性质、温室气体排放等土壤质量变化情况和对作物生长发育、产量和品质的影响, 明确了有机物料、咸水灌溉制度、覆盖和耕作等农艺措施、水肥盐多因素调控和耐盐作物适盐种植等农业措施的作用。咸水灌溉下土壤质量呈下降趋势, 有机物料的施用、秸秆还田和合理的耕作等调控措施通过影响土壤质量保证咸水的安全利用。与旱作相比, 咸水灌溉可以起到明显的增产作用, 在合理的咸水范围内还能提升品质。在新形势下, 未来将面向国家粮食安全重大需求, 以协同提升土壤质量、作物产量和品质为多目标, 系统开展咸水非充分灌溉、水肥盐综合调控、咸水灌溉对土壤质量和作物咸水精准灌溉机理过程研究、技术研发和模式示范工作, 为缺水盐渍区农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。
- 咸水灌溉 /
- 耕地质量 /
- 作物生产 /
- 调控措施
Abstract: Fresh water is a basic natural and important strategic resource. Most salt-affected soils are distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and a shortage of freshwater resources is the most important limiting factor for sustainable agricultural development. However, the relatively rich saline water, land, solar, and thermal resources in saline-alkali areas provide sustainable regional agriculture development potential. To address challenges of soil quality decline and crop yield reduction induced by saline water irrigation, this study summarizes the factors affecting the safe utilization of saline water and the impact mechanism of saline water irrigation on soil hydraulic characteristics, soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, grain yield, and quality. First, freshwater, brackish water, and saline water classifications were as previously described. Factors affecting the safe utilization of saline water include saline water quality, irrigation amount, irrigation methods, and the groundwater table. Second, saline water irrigation has negative effects on soil quality, which increases the salinity of the surface soil, destroys the soil structure, and further affects the soil hydraulic characteristics, water infiltration, and salt distribution, affecting greenhouse gas emissions. Third, crops grow slowly and die because of the lower photosynthetic rate after saline water irrigation. However, most of the treatments irrigated using saline water improved the grain yield compared with the rainfed treatment and improved the grain quality under optimal salinity water. Furthermore, based on field experiments, most crops have optimal saline water thresholds. Finally, we analyzed the regulatory effects of agricultural practices such as organic fertilizer application, straw mulching, tillage, saline water irrigation schedules, cropping systems, and salt-tolerant crop planting. In the future, to ensure food and water security, it is necessary to conduct the mechanism process and technology research, and develop model to demonstrate the effects of saline water deficit irrigation and water-fertilizer-salt comprehensive regulation on the change in soil quality after saline water irrigation, and the effects of saline water precision irrigation on crop production and the ecosystem, which will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable development of agriculture in water-deficient and saline areas.
- Saline water irrigation /
- Soil quality /
- Crop production /
- Regulation measures

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表 1 不同阴离子水化学类型矿化度与电导率的关系^[8]

Table 1. Relationship between the anionic type mineralization and electrical conductivity of saline water

阴离子水化学类型 Anionic type	样品组数 Number of samples	线性回归方程 Equation	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
重碳酸型 Bicarbonate type	144	M=0.882×EC+21.45	0.967
重碳酸氯化物硫酸型 Bicarbonate chloride sulfate type	115	M=0.818×EC−15.39	0.971
重碳酸氯化物型 Bicarbonate chloride type	125	M=0.777×EC+76.77	0.927
重碳酸硫酸型 Bicarbonate sulfuric acid type	36	M=0.888×EC−20.39	0.992
硫酸氯化物重碳酸型 Sulfuric chloride bicarbonate type	19	M=0.805×EC+6.759	0.880
氯化物重碳酸硫酸型 Chloride bicarbonate sulfuric acid type	46	M=0.792×EC−47.43	0.990
氯化物硫酸重碳酸型 Chloride sulfuric acid bicarbonate type	35	M=0.854×EC−231.82	0.979
氯化物重碳酸型 Chloride bicarbonate type	27	M=0.725×EC+49.16	0.961
重碳酸硫酸氯化物型 Bicarbonate sulfate chloride type	72	M=0.864×EC−54.52	0.986
平均 Mean	626	M=0.766×EC+109.89	0.982
公式中, M为矿化度(mg·L⁻¹), EC为电导率(μS·cm⁻¹)。In the equation, M is mineralization degree (mg·L⁻¹), EC is electrical conductivity (μS·cm⁻¹).

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表 2 天然水水质的分类

Table 2. Classification of natural water

g·L⁻¹
	O. A. Aleken分类(1970) O. A. Aleken (1970) classification	美国分类 (1970) American classification (1970)	中国分类 Chinese classification	舒卡列夫分类 Shukalev classification
淡水 Freshwater	<1	<1	<1.0	<1.5
微咸水 Brackish water	1~25	1~10	1.0~3.0	1.5~10.0
咸水 Saline water	25~50	10~100	3.0~10.0	10.0~40.0
盐水 Brine	>50	>100	10.0~50.0	>40.0
卤水 Bittern			>50.0

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表 3 基于相对产量和土壤电导率关系的主要大田农作物的耐盐能力

Table 3. Salt tolerance of main field crops based on the relative yield and electrical conductivity

盐分敏感程度 Salinity sensitivity	作物 Crop	电导率阈值 Threshold of electrical conductivity (dS·m⁻¹)	敏感性 Sensibility [%∙(dS∙m⁻¹)⁻¹]
敏感	菜豆 Beans	1.0	17.0
Sensitive	水稻 Rice	3.0	12.0
	玉米 Maize	1.7	12.0
中等敏感	苜蓿 Alfalfa	2.0	7.3
Moderate sensitive
中等耐受	小麦 Wheat	6.0	7.1
Moderate tolerance	大豆 Soybean	5.0	20.0
	高粱 Sorghum	6.8	16.0
耐盐	棉花 Cotton	7.7	5.2
Tolerant	大麦 Oats	8.0	5.0
资料来源: Maas^[65]和Tanji^[66]。表中数据根据公式Y/Y0=100−b(EC−t)计算。其中Y/Y0为相对产量; b是盐敏感性, 表示为EC变化引起的相对产量降低幅度[%∙(dS∙m⁻¹)⁻¹]; t为电导率(EC)的阈值, EC<t, 对相对产量没有影响, EC>t, 相对产量降低。Source: Maas (1984)^[65]和Tanji (1990)^[66]. The data are calculated with the formula Y/Y0=100−b(EC−t). In the formula, Y/Y0 is the relative yield; EC is electrical conductivity. b is the crop sensitity to salinity, inidcating decreasing of relative yield when EC increase [%∙(dS∙m⁻¹)⁻¹]. t is the threshold of EC (dS∙m⁻¹). There isn’t impact of EC on relative yield when EC is below t. The relative yield will decrease when EC is higher than t.

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