Effects of the content dynamics of NO3−-N and phenolic acids in soil on root growth of cotton seedlings under the return of wheat straw
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摘要: 揭示前茬小麦长期秸秆还田后后茬棉田土壤硝态氮(NO3−-N)与酚酸含量的时空变化影响棉苗根系生长的生理机制, 可为完善秸秆还田技术提供理论支撑。基于长期小麦秸秆定位还田, 试验于2021年与2022年进行。以棉花品种‘中棉所425’为材料, 设置小麦秸秆不还田(CK)与小麦秸秆还田(S) 2个处理, 研究长期小麦秸秆还田下后茬棉田土壤NO3−-N和酚酸含量的时空变化对棉苗根系生长与NO3−-N吸收的影响。结果表明, 秸秆还田增加了土壤NO3−-N与酚酸含量, 对0~20 cm土层的影响大于20~40 cm;随秸秆还田时间推迟, 土壤NO3−-N与酚酸含量呈先增加后降低趋势, 且在秸秆还田后24~31 d达到峰值。秸秆还田后31 d前, 秸秆还田处理棉株根系活力、根系NO3−-N含量、硝酸还原酶活性、根系生物量和形态指标均显著低于CK处理, 31 d后则呈相反趋势。相关分析表明, 0~20 cm土壤酚酸浓度与根系活力、根系NO3−-N含量、棉花根系长度、直径、表面积和地上部生物量呈显著负相关; 不同土层NO3−-N含量与棉苗形态、生理指标及生物量之间呈正相关但未达显著水平。秸秆还田对棉花幼苗生长影响呈“先抑后促”的趋势, 秸秆还田后31 d前, 酚酸含量的增加降低了棉苗根系活力和根系生长、抑制了棉苗对NO3−-N的吸收利用, 表明秸秆还田前期对棉株生长的“抑制效应”大于秸秆的“肥料效应”, 秸秆还田31 d后, 秸秆的“肥料效应”大于酚酸的“抑制”效应, 促进棉株根系的生长。Abstract: As natural supplements containing valuable nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, etc., crop straws are often incorporated into soils in sustainable agriculture. Nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) is the main form of nitrogen released from crop straw under dry farming. For cotton, NO3−-N is not only the main form of nitrogen absorption by root, but also the regulation signal of plant root growth. Straw return can cause net N immobilization resulting from high C/N of crop straw, which affect the availability of soil and fertilizer N, thus inhibiting the early growth of crops and even decreasing crop yield. Meanwhile, straw return also releases a large amount of phenolic acid, inhibiting seed germination and root growth of crops. The aim of this study is to reveal the mechanism that the concentration dynamics of NO3−-N and phenolic acid in soil affect the growth of cotton seedlings under the return of wheat straw. Based on the 11-year return of wheat straw, field experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the experimental station of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Two treatments of wheat straw removal (CK) and wheat straw return (S) were applied. The concentrations of NO3−-N and phenolic acid of soil in subsequent cotton field, the NO3−-N content and nitrate reductase activity of cotton seedlings, the activity and morphology indexes of cotton root and the biomass of cotton seedlings were investigated. The results demonstrated that straw return increased the concentrations of NO3−-N and phenolic acid contents in soil, and the effect on 0~20 cm soil layer was greater than that on 20~40 cm soil layer. With the delay of days after straw return, the concentrations of NO3−-N and phenolic acid in soil increased first and then decreased, and reached the peak at 24 d−31 d after straw return. Within 31 d after straw return, the root activity, root NO3−-N content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, root biomass and morphological indexes of cotton seedlings under straw return treatment were significantly lower than those under CK treatment, but showed the opposite trend after 31 d of straw return. The correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of phenolic acid in 0~20 cm soil was significantly and negatively correlated with the root activity, NO3−-N content of root, the length, diameter and surface area of cotton root and the aboveground biomass. The NO3−-N content in different soil layers was positively correlated with the indexex of morphology and physiology and the biomass of cotton seedling, but did not reach a significant level. In sum, the effect of straw return on the growth of cotton seedlings showed a trend of "first inhibition and then promotion". Within 31 days after straw return, the "inhibition effect" of phenolic acid of soil on the growth of cotton seedlings was greater than that of "fertilization effect" of straw. Higher phenolic acid content reduced the root activity and root growth of cotton seedlings, inhibiting the absorption and utilization of NO3−-N in cotton seedlings. After 31 d of straw return, the "fertilization" effect of straw was greater than the "inhibition" effect of phenolic acid, which promoted the root growth of cotton seedlings.
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Key words:
- Straw return /
- NO3−-N /
- Phenolic acids /
- Root activity /
- Nitrate reductase
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图 1 2021—2022年试验期间平均温度与降水
Figure 1. Mean temperature and precipitation during the experiment in 2021 and 2022
图 2 小麦秸秆还田对后茬棉田土壤NO3−-N含量和酚酸含量动态变化的影响
CK: 秸秆不还田; S: 秸秆还田。*和**分别表示P<0.05与P<0.01水平差异显著。CK: no straw return; S: straw return. * and ** indicate significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of probability, respectively.
Figure 2. Effects of wheat straw return on the concent dynamics of NO3−-N and phenolic acid in soil of subsequent cotton
图 3 小麦秸秆还田对后茬棉苗根系活力动态变化的影响
CK: 秸秆不还田; S: 秸秆还田。*和**分别表示P<0.05与P<0.01水平差异显著。CK: no straw return; S: straw return. * and ** indicate significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of probability, respectively.
Figure 3. Effects of wheat straw return on the dynamics of root activity in cotton seedlings
图 4 小麦秸秆还田对后茬棉苗NO3−-N含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性动态变化的影响
CK: 秸秆不还田; S: 秸秆还田。*和**分别表示P<0.05与P<0.01水平差异显著。CK: no straw return; S: straw return. * and ** indicate significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of probability, respectively.
Figure 4. Effects of wheat straw return on the dynamics of NO3−-N content and nitrate reductase (NR) activity in cotton seedlings
图 5 小麦秸秆还田对后茬棉苗根系形态指标动态变化的影响
CK: 秸秆不还田; S: 秸秆还田。*和**分别表示P<0.05与P<0.01水平差异显著。CK: no straw return; S: straw return. * and ** indicate significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of probability, respectively.
Figure 5. Effects of wheat straw return on the dynamics of root morphological indexes in cotton seedlings
表 1 小麦秸秆还田棉苗生物量的动态变化
Table 1. Dynamics of biomass in cotton seedlings under the return of wheat straw
mg∙plant−1 年份
Year处理
Treatment部位
Parts秸秆还田后天数 Days after straw return (d) 17 24 31 38 45 2021 CK 根系
Root9.0±0.4 26.0±2.7* 63.0±2.5* 202.4±15.2 533.2±20.4 S 8.0±0.4 16.0±1.3 50.0±2.0 256.5±10.5* 720.6±30.0* CK 地上部
Shoot100.1±4.5* 331.3±10.3* 851.3±9.0** 1875.4±66.5 5973.1±95.5 S 80.2±3.9 303.4±12.3 790.2±14.0 2161.5±124.1* 6370.0±262.3* 2022 CK 根系
Root10.9±0.5* 40.0±1.8 99.0±9.8** 295.4±18.8 457.2±28.6 S 7.7±0.1 38.1±0.6 77.9±5.8 350.3±33.3* 616.1±64.5** CK 地上部
Shoot96.5±11.1 172.6±9.9* 492.2±30.1** 1783.9±71.4 4300.5±218.5 S 90.0±7.4 141.8±7.6 343.7±28.0 2083.0±48.4 5175.0±167.4* CK: 秸秆不还田; S: 秸秆还田。*和**分别表示P<0.05与P<0.01水平差异显著。CK: no straw return; S: straw return. * and ** indicate significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of probability, respectively. 
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表 2 土壤酚酸、NO3−-N含量与棉苗根系生理、根系形态及生物量的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation analysis of soil phenolic acid, NO3−-N content between root physiology root morphology and cotton biomass
指标
Index土层深度
Soil depth
(cm)根系生理指标 Root physiology 根系形态指标 Root morphology 生物量 Biomass 根系活力
Root activityNO3−-N含量
NO3−-N contentNR活性
NR activity长度
Length直径
Diameter表面积
Surface area体积
Volume根系
Root地上部
Aboveground酚酸含量
Phenolic acid content0~20 −0.678* −0.663* −0.425 −0.675* −0.700* −0.656* −0.621 −0.628 −0.658* 20~40 −0.706* −0.404 −0.315 −0.634* −0.446 −0.607 −0.578 −0.577 −0.613 NO3−-N含量
NO3−-N content0~20 0.348 0.610 0.433 0.154 0.182 0.157 0.176 0.209 0.163 20~40 0.529 0.625 0.069 0.443 0.542 0.523 0.581 0.607 0.533 N=10, * and ** indicate significant difference at P<0.05 and P<0.01 levels of probability, respectively.
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