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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2015 Vol. 23, No. 8
Display Method:
2015, 23(8): 931-937.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150314
Abstract:
Germanium (Ge), a semiconductor element belonging to group IV of the periodic table which is a series of carbon (C), silicon (Si), getin (Sn) and lead (Pb), can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is widely used in electrons and medicine. Although studies have shown that Ge exists in animals, plants and biomaterials, limited studies have analyzed the effect of Ge on plant physiology. Recent studies on plant Ge have mainly focused on improving plant growth and quality, and on plant damage toxicity. Thus in order to comprehensively understand Ge and its bioactivities, a detailed review of physiochemical properties, origin and distribution of Ge was conducted in this paper. The mechanisms of plant physiological and biochemical response to Ge as well as the application of Ge in plant growth were also comprehensively discussed. Ge could directly scavenge ROS due to its electron configuration 4S24P2. Ge played pivotal role in key enzyme activities and microbes related to nutrient transformation and cycling in soil. In plants, Ge changed nutrient absorption and utilization at a high efficiency. Ge also influenced plant photosynthesis by varying photosynthetic pigments. Ge enhanced the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic substances by chelating reaction in some vegetable and cereal plants. It increased the accumulation of polysaccharides, sugars, soluble proteins and amino acid in several plants. However, with excessive accumulation of Ge, normal metabolism of roots and shoots was interrupted in plants. Studies on the absorption, transport and distribution of Ge in plants as well as the corresponding mechanisms were very few. In future, there was need for further studies on the interactions of other elements with Ge. Until now, the application of Ge in agricultural production included seed germination, seedling growth and plant quality. Ge had also been applied to control algae growth. This paper provided the basis for Ge regulation of plant growth and the responding physiological and ecological mechanisms. It also provided a useful guide for Ge uptake by plants.
Germanium (Ge), a semiconductor element belonging to group IV of the periodic table which is a series of carbon (C), silicon (Si), getin (Sn) and lead (Pb), can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is widely used in electrons and medicine. Although studies have shown that Ge exists in animals, plants and biomaterials, limited studies have analyzed the effect of Ge on plant physiology. Recent studies on plant Ge have mainly focused on improving plant growth and quality, and on plant damage toxicity. Thus in order to comprehensively understand Ge and its bioactivities, a detailed review of physiochemical properties, origin and distribution of Ge was conducted in this paper. The mechanisms of plant physiological and biochemical response to Ge as well as the application of Ge in plant growth were also comprehensively discussed. Ge could directly scavenge ROS due to its electron configuration 4S24P2. Ge played pivotal role in key enzyme activities and microbes related to nutrient transformation and cycling in soil. In plants, Ge changed nutrient absorption and utilization at a high efficiency. Ge also influenced plant photosynthesis by varying photosynthetic pigments. Ge enhanced the activities of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic substances by chelating reaction in some vegetable and cereal plants. It increased the accumulation of polysaccharides, sugars, soluble proteins and amino acid in several plants. However, with excessive accumulation of Ge, normal metabolism of roots and shoots was interrupted in plants. Studies on the absorption, transport and distribution of Ge in plants as well as the corresponding mechanisms were very few. In future, there was need for further studies on the interactions of other elements with Ge. Until now, the application of Ge in agricultural production included seed germination, seedling growth and plant quality. Ge had also been applied to control algae growth. This paper provided the basis for Ge regulation of plant growth and the responding physiological and ecological mechanisms. It also provided a useful guide for Ge uptake by plants.
2015, 23(8): 938-945.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150071
Abstract:
The milk line is an important indicator for the determination of the degree of maize maturity. To know the effect of irrigation and nitrogen on milk line development of maize seed, a field experiment involving two maize genotypes (‘ZD958’ and ‘XY335’) was conducted. The experiment included three irrigation treatments (copious irrigation, 6 000 m3·hm-2, W6000; moderate stress irrigation, 4 500 m3·hm-2, W4500; and severe stress irrigation, 3 000 m3·hm-2, W3000) and three levels of nitrogen application [no nitrogen application, 0 kg(N)·hm-2, N0; moderate nitrogen application, 225 kg(N)·hm-2, N225; and moderate-to-high nitrogen application, 450 kg(N)·hm-2, N450]. The milk line development process, kernel moisture, 100-seed weight, dehydration rate and filling rate of maize seeds under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments were investigated. The results showed that milk line development of maize seeds of different varieties was significantly affected by different irrigation and nitrogen levels. Milk line development of ‘ZD958’ seed was 18–24 days and that of ‘XY335 was 33–36 days under different treatments. With increasing irrigation rate, milk line development of ‘ZD958’ seed was longer while that of ‘XY335’ seed was not affected by irrigation. There was no significant difference in seed moisture among treatments at the same stage of milk line development. The 100-grain weight of seed under nitrogen application treatments was significantly higher than that under no nitrogen application treatment. Also the dehydration rate of ‘ZD 958’ seed under severe stress irrigation was significant higher than that under other irrigation treatments. However, there was no difference in dehydration rates under different rates of nitrogen. Also the dehydration rate of ‘XY335’ seed was not affected by irrigation rate. There was no significant difference in filling rate of ‘ZD958’ seed under different irrigation rates. The filling rate of ‘ZD958’ seed under no nitrogen application and copious irrigation was significantly greater than that under nitrogen application. The filling rate of ‘XY335’ seed significantly increased with increasing irrigation rate. For the same irrigation rate, the filling rate of ‘XY335’ seed under moderate nitrogen application was significantly higher than that under other nitrogen rates. With 1% decrease in moisture of ‘ZD958’ seed, 100-grain weight increased by 0.37–0.88 g against that (0.43–1.34 g) for ‘XY335’ seed. Therefore, milk lime development of ‘ZD958’ seed was affected significantly by irrigation. The dehydration rate of seed increased with increasing stress irrigation application, resulting in relatively shorter milk line development. Nitrogen significantly affected milk line development of ‘XY335’ seed. Also the filling rate of the seed was affected with short or excessive nitrogen application. This led to a relatively longer milk line development.
The milk line is an important indicator for the determination of the degree of maize maturity. To know the effect of irrigation and nitrogen on milk line development of maize seed, a field experiment involving two maize genotypes (‘ZD958’ and ‘XY335’) was conducted. The experiment included three irrigation treatments (copious irrigation, 6 000 m3·hm-2, W6000; moderate stress irrigation, 4 500 m3·hm-2, W4500; and severe stress irrigation, 3 000 m3·hm-2, W3000) and three levels of nitrogen application [no nitrogen application, 0 kg(N)·hm-2, N0; moderate nitrogen application, 225 kg(N)·hm-2, N225; and moderate-to-high nitrogen application, 450 kg(N)·hm-2, N450]. The milk line development process, kernel moisture, 100-seed weight, dehydration rate and filling rate of maize seeds under different irrigation and nitrogen treatments were investigated. The results showed that milk line development of maize seeds of different varieties was significantly affected by different irrigation and nitrogen levels. Milk line development of ‘ZD958’ seed was 18–24 days and that of ‘XY335 was 33–36 days under different treatments. With increasing irrigation rate, milk line development of ‘ZD958’ seed was longer while that of ‘XY335’ seed was not affected by irrigation. There was no significant difference in seed moisture among treatments at the same stage of milk line development. The 100-grain weight of seed under nitrogen application treatments was significantly higher than that under no nitrogen application treatment. Also the dehydration rate of ‘ZD 958’ seed under severe stress irrigation was significant higher than that under other irrigation treatments. However, there was no difference in dehydration rates under different rates of nitrogen. Also the dehydration rate of ‘XY335’ seed was not affected by irrigation rate. There was no significant difference in filling rate of ‘ZD958’ seed under different irrigation rates. The filling rate of ‘ZD958’ seed under no nitrogen application and copious irrigation was significantly greater than that under nitrogen application. The filling rate of ‘XY335’ seed significantly increased with increasing irrigation rate. For the same irrigation rate, the filling rate of ‘XY335’ seed under moderate nitrogen application was significantly higher than that under other nitrogen rates. With 1% decrease in moisture of ‘ZD958’ seed, 100-grain weight increased by 0.37–0.88 g against that (0.43–1.34 g) for ‘XY335’ seed. Therefore, milk lime development of ‘ZD958’ seed was affected significantly by irrigation. The dehydration rate of seed increased with increasing stress irrigation application, resulting in relatively shorter milk line development. Nitrogen significantly affected milk line development of ‘XY335’ seed. Also the filling rate of the seed was affected with short or excessive nitrogen application. This led to a relatively longer milk line development.
2015, 23(8): 946-953.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150194
Abstract:
Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient that influences the growth, yield and quality of maize. In order to determine the effects of low N stress on the physiological and morphological traits of roots of maize at seedling stage, a hydroponic experiment of four maize varieties was carried out. The experiment consisted of two low N tolerant varieties (‘ZH311’ and ‘CD30’), two low N sensitive varieties (‘XY508’ and ‘SB2’) and three N treatments [N concentration at normal of 15 mmol·L-1 (B3), low N stress at 0.05 mmol·L-1 (B1) and low N stress at 0.5 mmol·L-1 (B2)]. Root morphological indexes (root length, root diameter, root number, root volume, root surface area), bleeding intensity and activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthelase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were measured on the 7th and 14th days after low N stress. The results showed that the bleeding intensity and activities of NR, GS and GDH of the root system of maize varieties with different low N tolerance at seedling stage declined under low N stress treatments B1 and B2. There were remarkable differences among the maize varieties in terms of the above indexes. The decreasing ranges of the above indexes of the low N tolerant varieties (29.8% and 8.7%, 46.9% and 39.6%, 7.3% and 4.4%, 31.3% and 19.8%) were less than those of the low N sensitive varieties (37.0% and 27.5%, 68.8% and 56.6%, 24.5% and 18.7%, 60.7% and 42.7%). The NR and GDH activities of the low N tolerant varieties were respectively 1.4 and 1.35 times those of the low N sensitive varieties under B1 treatment. The effects of low N stress on the growth of aboveground system of maize seedling were greater than those on the belowground system. This significantly decreased shoot dry weight, significantly increased root-to-shoot ratio and decreased root number. Root-to-shoot ratio of low N sensitive varieties increased by 81.6% and 25.4% and root number declined by 22.2% and 31.1% against those of the low N-tolerant varieties (61.0% and 21.1%, 19.8% and 19.4%) under B1 and B2 treatments, respectively. With increasing of low N stress degree, root length of low N tolerant varieties increased and root diameter decreased. This resulted in root elongation and thinning, increasing N absorption area and responsiveness to low N stress. Compared with low N sensitive varieties, low N tolerant varieties had better root morphology and stronger root physiological activity to respond to low N stress. The low N tolerant maize varieties also had relatively stable growth and better adaptability to low N stress. Adaptability to low N stress of low N tolerant maize varieties increased, while that of low N sensitive varieties decreased with prolonged low N stress time.
Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient that influences the growth, yield and quality of maize. In order to determine the effects of low N stress on the physiological and morphological traits of roots of maize at seedling stage, a hydroponic experiment of four maize varieties was carried out. The experiment consisted of two low N tolerant varieties (‘ZH311’ and ‘CD30’), two low N sensitive varieties (‘XY508’ and ‘SB2’) and three N treatments [N concentration at normal of 15 mmol·L-1 (B3), low N stress at 0.05 mmol·L-1 (B1) and low N stress at 0.5 mmol·L-1 (B2)]. Root morphological indexes (root length, root diameter, root number, root volume, root surface area), bleeding intensity and activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthelase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were measured on the 7th and 14th days after low N stress. The results showed that the bleeding intensity and activities of NR, GS and GDH of the root system of maize varieties with different low N tolerance at seedling stage declined under low N stress treatments B1 and B2. There were remarkable differences among the maize varieties in terms of the above indexes. The decreasing ranges of the above indexes of the low N tolerant varieties (29.8% and 8.7%, 46.9% and 39.6%, 7.3% and 4.4%, 31.3% and 19.8%) were less than those of the low N sensitive varieties (37.0% and 27.5%, 68.8% and 56.6%, 24.5% and 18.7%, 60.7% and 42.7%). The NR and GDH activities of the low N tolerant varieties were respectively 1.4 and 1.35 times those of the low N sensitive varieties under B1 treatment. The effects of low N stress on the growth of aboveground system of maize seedling were greater than those on the belowground system. This significantly decreased shoot dry weight, significantly increased root-to-shoot ratio and decreased root number. Root-to-shoot ratio of low N sensitive varieties increased by 81.6% and 25.4% and root number declined by 22.2% and 31.1% against those of the low N-tolerant varieties (61.0% and 21.1%, 19.8% and 19.4%) under B1 and B2 treatments, respectively. With increasing of low N stress degree, root length of low N tolerant varieties increased and root diameter decreased. This resulted in root elongation and thinning, increasing N absorption area and responsiveness to low N stress. Compared with low N sensitive varieties, low N tolerant varieties had better root morphology and stronger root physiological activity to respond to low N stress. The low N tolerant maize varieties also had relatively stable growth and better adaptability to low N stress. Adaptability to low N stress of low N tolerant maize varieties increased, while that of low N sensitive varieties decreased with prolonged low N stress time.
2015, 23(8): 954-963.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141305
Abstract:
Water is one of the necessary resources of crop growth. The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on crops have increasingly attracted the attention of scientist and policy makers in recent decades. As one of the main cultivated food crops in China, winter wheat’s response to elevated CO2 concentration under different water conditions was important for food safety in the future of China. The aim of this study was to explore the interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration and soil moisture on translocations of carbon and nitrogen in winter wheat. The results of the study were to guide the appropriate practice of fertilizer and water managements of winter wheat under future climate change. A pot experiment was conducted with ‘Zhong Mai 175’ wheat variety as the materials in the free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system. The research explored carbon and nitrogen accumulation during pre-anthesis and the related translocation during post-anthesis under different CO2 concentrations [ambient CO2 concentration of (391±40) μmol·mol-1 and elevated CO2 concentration of (550±60) μmol·mol-1] and soil moisture conditions (wet and drought conditions at 75% and 55% field capacity). The results showed that compared with ambient CO2 concentration, elevated CO2 concentration increased dry matter and carbon and nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat under wet soil condition. The increase in dry matter and carbon and nitrogen accumulation was respectively 18.1%, 16.5% and 14.9% at flowering stage and 6.6%, 1.3% and 4.5% at maturity stage. The translocation and contribution to grain of carbon and nitrogen were also enhanced. Carbon translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate to grain increased respectively by 39.3%, 20.0% and 30.0%. Also nitrogen translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate to grain increased respectively by 19.1%, 3.8% and 10.8%. Under dry soil condition, compared with ambient CO2 concentration, elevated CO2 concentration increased carbon and nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat. Carbon and nitrogen accumulation increased respectively by 3.0% and 0, 10.7% and 15.8% at flowering, maturity stages. However, elevated CO2 concentration hindered the process of carbon and nitrogen translocation and reduced carbon contribution to grain. Carbon translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate respectively decreased by 10.2%, 12.8% and 14.4%. Nitrogen translocation and translocation rate decreased respectively by 7.2%, 7.1%; while nitrogen contribution rate to grain increased by 31.3%. Under the interaction of drought and elevated CO2 concentration, carbon translocation rate to grain significantly decreased while nitrogen translocation rate to grain increased, compared with wet and ambient CO2 concentration. Carbon translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate to grain decreased respectively by 36.2%, 16.9% and 22.3%. Nitrogen translocation and translocation rate decreased respectively by 35.7% and 15.2%, while nitrogen contribution rate to grain increased by 7.0%. In summary, elevated CO2 concentration promoted the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen and was conducive to carbon and nitrogen translocation after anthesis. Water stress was the main factor that hindered material translocation and thereby mitigated the positive effects of elevated CO2 concentration on winter wheat production.
Water is one of the necessary resources of crop growth. The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on crops have increasingly attracted the attention of scientist and policy makers in recent decades. As one of the main cultivated food crops in China, winter wheat’s response to elevated CO2 concentration under different water conditions was important for food safety in the future of China. The aim of this study was to explore the interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration and soil moisture on translocations of carbon and nitrogen in winter wheat. The results of the study were to guide the appropriate practice of fertilizer and water managements of winter wheat under future climate change. A pot experiment was conducted with ‘Zhong Mai 175’ wheat variety as the materials in the free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system. The research explored carbon and nitrogen accumulation during pre-anthesis and the related translocation during post-anthesis under different CO2 concentrations [ambient CO2 concentration of (391±40) μmol·mol-1 and elevated CO2 concentration of (550±60) μmol·mol-1] and soil moisture conditions (wet and drought conditions at 75% and 55% field capacity). The results showed that compared with ambient CO2 concentration, elevated CO2 concentration increased dry matter and carbon and nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat under wet soil condition. The increase in dry matter and carbon and nitrogen accumulation was respectively 18.1%, 16.5% and 14.9% at flowering stage and 6.6%, 1.3% and 4.5% at maturity stage. The translocation and contribution to grain of carbon and nitrogen were also enhanced. Carbon translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate to grain increased respectively by 39.3%, 20.0% and 30.0%. Also nitrogen translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate to grain increased respectively by 19.1%, 3.8% and 10.8%. Under dry soil condition, compared with ambient CO2 concentration, elevated CO2 concentration increased carbon and nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat. Carbon and nitrogen accumulation increased respectively by 3.0% and 0, 10.7% and 15.8% at flowering, maturity stages. However, elevated CO2 concentration hindered the process of carbon and nitrogen translocation and reduced carbon contribution to grain. Carbon translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate respectively decreased by 10.2%, 12.8% and 14.4%. Nitrogen translocation and translocation rate decreased respectively by 7.2%, 7.1%; while nitrogen contribution rate to grain increased by 31.3%. Under the interaction of drought and elevated CO2 concentration, carbon translocation rate to grain significantly decreased while nitrogen translocation rate to grain increased, compared with wet and ambient CO2 concentration. Carbon translocation, translocation rate and contribution rate to grain decreased respectively by 36.2%, 16.9% and 22.3%. Nitrogen translocation and translocation rate decreased respectively by 35.7% and 15.2%, while nitrogen contribution rate to grain increased by 7.0%. In summary, elevated CO2 concentration promoted the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen and was conducive to carbon and nitrogen translocation after anthesis. Water stress was the main factor that hindered material translocation and thereby mitigated the positive effects of elevated CO2 concentration on winter wheat production.
2015, 23(8): 964-972.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150048
Abstract:
Large coal mining has greatly increased the subsidence area of land. Therefore, soil remediation is necessary for relieving stress on cultivated lands and protecting ecological environment in subsidence areas. Phosphorus (P) solubilizing bacteria in soil, an important role in P cycling, can convert insoluble phosphate into available P. Application of P solubilizing bacteria is an effective bio-measure in improvement of reclaimed soil. However, the effects of P solubilizing bacteria on P adsorption-desorption in reclaimed soil have been less concerned. In this study, reclamation soil samples were collected in mining-driven subsidence areas and laboratory incubation experiments conducted via application of P solubilizing bacteria and other different fertilizers (glucose, G; urine, U; organic fertilizer, M) on reclaimed soils. The soil available P, organic P contents and P adsorption-desorption characteristics were investigated after different times of incubation. The objectives of the study were to determine the P solubilizing bacteria effects on soil P nutrient and provide reference for rapid fertility of reclaimed soils. Seven treatments were conducted — control (no bacteriaP and fertilizers, CK); P solubilizing bacteria only (B); organic fertilizer only (M); P solubilizing bacteria and glucose (BG); P solubilizing bacteria and urine (BU); P solubilizing bacteria, glucose and urine (BGU); and P solubilizing bacteria, glucose, urine and organic fertilizer (BGUM). The amount of P solubilizing bacteria in one pot with 500 g soil was 5 mL P solubilizing bacteria fermented liquid (with P·solubilizing bacteria 1.2×108 CFU·mL-1). The results showed that the amount of P solubilizing bacteria in soil initially increased and then decreased during the incubation period. Under BGUM treatment, the amount of P solubilizing bacteria decreased from 1.0×106 CFU·g-1 at the start of the experiment to 3.3×104 CFU·g-1 after 60 days of cultivation, which was 300, 367, 1 650 and 3 300 times of those of BGU, BG, BU and B treatments, respectively. Soil available P contents of M, B and BGUM treatments were 172.27 mg·kg-1, 3.00 mg·kg-1 and 188.9 mg·kg-1 higher than that of CK. Therefore, the application of P solubilizing bacteria or organic fertilizer obviously improved soil available P content and the effect was more significant under combined application of glucose, urine, organic fertilizer and P solubilizing bacteria. The P isothermal adsorption and desorption curves showed that with increasing exogenous P concentration, P adsorption and desorption decreased in each treatment. The Langmuir equation was the model that best described P adsorption isotherm under different treatments. The maximum soil P adsorption capacity was smallest under BGUM treatment, which was 119.05 mg·kg-1 lower than that of CK. In addition, P adsorption coefficient under BGUM treatment also significantly decreased. The average desorption rate under BGUM treatment was 33.20%, which was significantly higher than those under other treatments. Overall, BGUM treatment had the highest amount of P solubilizing bacteria and average desorption rate. It also significantly improved soil available P content and influenced the maximum buffering capacity of soil P. Therefore, BGUM treatment was considered to be the best among all the treatments for the application of P solubilizing bacteria in soil reclamation. The results of this study suggested that suitable carbon source, nitrogen source and organic fertilizer were necessary during P solubilizing bacteria application in reclaimed soil.
Large coal mining has greatly increased the subsidence area of land. Therefore, soil remediation is necessary for relieving stress on cultivated lands and protecting ecological environment in subsidence areas. Phosphorus (P) solubilizing bacteria in soil, an important role in P cycling, can convert insoluble phosphate into available P. Application of P solubilizing bacteria is an effective bio-measure in improvement of reclaimed soil. However, the effects of P solubilizing bacteria on P adsorption-desorption in reclaimed soil have been less concerned. In this study, reclamation soil samples were collected in mining-driven subsidence areas and laboratory incubation experiments conducted via application of P solubilizing bacteria and other different fertilizers (glucose, G; urine, U; organic fertilizer, M) on reclaimed soils. The soil available P, organic P contents and P adsorption-desorption characteristics were investigated after different times of incubation. The objectives of the study were to determine the P solubilizing bacteria effects on soil P nutrient and provide reference for rapid fertility of reclaimed soils. Seven treatments were conducted — control (no bacteriaP and fertilizers, CK); P solubilizing bacteria only (B); organic fertilizer only (M); P solubilizing bacteria and glucose (BG); P solubilizing bacteria and urine (BU); P solubilizing bacteria, glucose and urine (BGU); and P solubilizing bacteria, glucose, urine and organic fertilizer (BGUM). The amount of P solubilizing bacteria in one pot with 500 g soil was 5 mL P solubilizing bacteria fermented liquid (with P·solubilizing bacteria 1.2×108 CFU·mL-1). The results showed that the amount of P solubilizing bacteria in soil initially increased and then decreased during the incubation period. Under BGUM treatment, the amount of P solubilizing bacteria decreased from 1.0×106 CFU·g-1 at the start of the experiment to 3.3×104 CFU·g-1 after 60 days of cultivation, which was 300, 367, 1 650 and 3 300 times of those of BGU, BG, BU and B treatments, respectively. Soil available P contents of M, B and BGUM treatments were 172.27 mg·kg-1, 3.00 mg·kg-1 and 188.9 mg·kg-1 higher than that of CK. Therefore, the application of P solubilizing bacteria or organic fertilizer obviously improved soil available P content and the effect was more significant under combined application of glucose, urine, organic fertilizer and P solubilizing bacteria. The P isothermal adsorption and desorption curves showed that with increasing exogenous P concentration, P adsorption and desorption decreased in each treatment. The Langmuir equation was the model that best described P adsorption isotherm under different treatments. The maximum soil P adsorption capacity was smallest under BGUM treatment, which was 119.05 mg·kg-1 lower than that of CK. In addition, P adsorption coefficient under BGUM treatment also significantly decreased. The average desorption rate under BGUM treatment was 33.20%, which was significantly higher than those under other treatments. Overall, BGUM treatment had the highest amount of P solubilizing bacteria and average desorption rate. It also significantly improved soil available P content and influenced the maximum buffering capacity of soil P. Therefore, BGUM treatment was considered to be the best among all the treatments for the application of P solubilizing bacteria in soil reclamation. The results of this study suggested that suitable carbon source, nitrogen source and organic fertilizer were necessary during P solubilizing bacteria application in reclaimed soil.
2015, 23(8): 973-978.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150220
Abstract:
A 6-year field experiment was conducted to study the changes in the forms of soil nitrogen under the treatments of SF (chemical fertilizer application without straw incorporation), T1 (chemical fertilizer application with smashed maize straw incorporation), T2 (chemical fertilizer application with smashed wheat straw incorporation), T3 (chemical fertilizer application with smashed maize and wheat straws incorporation), with no fertilization and no straw incorporation (CK)as the control. Change in FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic) characteristics of soil organic matter was also analyzed. The results showed that compared with SF, soil organic nitrogen under T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased respectively by 3.7%, 15.9% and 18.5% and soil inorganic nitrogen decreased by 15.5%, 15.9% and 24.0%. And the ammonium nitrogen content in the treatment of T1, T2, T3 decreased respectively by 11.3%, 6.0% and 12.0% and nitrate nitrogen decreased by 19.3%, 22.9% and 32.1%. The C/N ratio in SOM under T1 and T3 treatments decreased respectively by 2.8% and 1.4%, but the C/N ratio in T2 treatment increased by 1.4%, compared with those under SF treatment. And the ratio of C/O in SOM increased respectively by 9.2%, 12.8% and 12.1% and H/C ratio decreased by 4.6%, 5.5% and 4.6% under T1, T2 and T3 treatments compared with under SF. FTIR spectrum analysis showed that SOM absorption intensity in the 3 5003 200 cm1 band increased under T1, T2 and T3 treatments, with a new band at the 2 924 cm-1 band. This suggested an increase in aliphatic compounds of SOM. The absorption intensity at the 1 630 cm-1 band strengthened, suggesting increase in aromatic compounds content. The results verified that fertilization significantly increased the soil contents of organic and inorganic nitrogen as well as the ratios of C/N and C/O in SOM. The incorporation of crop straw residue decreased inorganic nitrogen as well as the ratios of C/N, H/C in SOM. It also increased the content of organic nitrogen and the ratio of C/O in SOM. Meanwhile, the incorporation of straw residue (under T1, T2 and T3 treatments) increased the contents of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids, aromatic carbon and amide groups of SOM. The incorporation of both wheat and maize straw residues had more obvious effect.
A 6-year field experiment was conducted to study the changes in the forms of soil nitrogen under the treatments of SF (chemical fertilizer application without straw incorporation), T1 (chemical fertilizer application with smashed maize straw incorporation), T2 (chemical fertilizer application with smashed wheat straw incorporation), T3 (chemical fertilizer application with smashed maize and wheat straws incorporation), with no fertilization and no straw incorporation (CK)as the control. Change in FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic) characteristics of soil organic matter was also analyzed. The results showed that compared with SF, soil organic nitrogen under T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased respectively by 3.7%, 15.9% and 18.5% and soil inorganic nitrogen decreased by 15.5%, 15.9% and 24.0%. And the ammonium nitrogen content in the treatment of T1, T2, T3 decreased respectively by 11.3%, 6.0% and 12.0% and nitrate nitrogen decreased by 19.3%, 22.9% and 32.1%. The C/N ratio in SOM under T1 and T3 treatments decreased respectively by 2.8% and 1.4%, but the C/N ratio in T2 treatment increased by 1.4%, compared with those under SF treatment. And the ratio of C/O in SOM increased respectively by 9.2%, 12.8% and 12.1% and H/C ratio decreased by 4.6%, 5.5% and 4.6% under T1, T2 and T3 treatments compared with under SF. FTIR spectrum analysis showed that SOM absorption intensity in the 3 5003 200 cm1 band increased under T1, T2 and T3 treatments, with a new band at the 2 924 cm-1 band. This suggested an increase in aliphatic compounds of SOM. The absorption intensity at the 1 630 cm-1 band strengthened, suggesting increase in aromatic compounds content. The results verified that fertilization significantly increased the soil contents of organic and inorganic nitrogen as well as the ratios of C/N and C/O in SOM. The incorporation of crop straw residue decreased inorganic nitrogen as well as the ratios of C/N, H/C in SOM. It also increased the content of organic nitrogen and the ratio of C/O in SOM. Meanwhile, the incorporation of straw residue (under T1, T2 and T3 treatments) increased the contents of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids, aromatic carbon and amide groups of SOM. The incorporation of both wheat and maize straw residues had more obvious effect.
ZHANG Jun,
TANG Fengshou,
LIU Juan,
ZANG Xiuwang,
DONG Wenzhao,
ZHANG Zhongxin,
MIAO Lijuan,
LIU Hua,
XU Jing
2015, 23(8): 979-986.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150232
Abstract:
Although peanut intercropping with wheat is the main planting system in the “2-year triple cropping systems” area, the system is inferior in terms of manpower requirement, mechanization level and planting scale. To realize the cropping system reform from the intercropping system to summer seeding system and to comprehensively study growth regularities of summer sowing systems, a pool-culture experiment was conducted, and the flowering phenology and fruiting characteristics of peanut under 3 different planting systems [intercropping with wheat (T1), summer sowing after wheat harvest with ridging and film mulching (T2) and summer sowing after wheat harvest with ridging (T3)] were analyzed. The study conducted mathematical analysis on changes in flower development and investigated the indexes of flowering phenology and differences in fructification of peanut planted through different methods. Thus the study provided vital theory basis for high-yield culture of summer peanut. The results showed that T2 treatment accelerated the growing process of peanut at the early stage, shortened the period from germination to flowering by about 8 days and improved the index for synchronous flowering, thereby concentrating flowering period of peanut. Compared with T1, T2 improved the maximum amount of flowering per plant by 4.9%, increased the number of fruit pins per plant by 20.0%, extended the period of full blooming by 7 days, increased the number of fruits per plant by 20.0%, increased the number of full pods per plant by 15.8%, and enlarged pod volume by 12.2%. The study suggested that peanut summer cultivation system also had high-yield potential and that T2 system had the best yield, with pod yield and seed kernel yield of respectively 5 196.3 kghm2 and 3 439.95 kghm2. Compared withT1, T2 improved pod and seed yield by 7.7%. Also compared with T3, T2 improved pod and seed yields respectively by 20.0% and 31.1%. T2 had the same kernel rate as T1. The results indicated that plastic film mulching with ridging cultivation overcame peanut production limitation factors such as short growth period and imperfect pods. This was beneficial for early and intensive podding, guaranteeing pod number and pod plumpness, laying the basis for high-yield peanut production.
Although peanut intercropping with wheat is the main planting system in the “2-year triple cropping systems” area, the system is inferior in terms of manpower requirement, mechanization level and planting scale. To realize the cropping system reform from the intercropping system to summer seeding system and to comprehensively study growth regularities of summer sowing systems, a pool-culture experiment was conducted, and the flowering phenology and fruiting characteristics of peanut under 3 different planting systems [intercropping with wheat (T1), summer sowing after wheat harvest with ridging and film mulching (T2) and summer sowing after wheat harvest with ridging (T3)] were analyzed. The study conducted mathematical analysis on changes in flower development and investigated the indexes of flowering phenology and differences in fructification of peanut planted through different methods. Thus the study provided vital theory basis for high-yield culture of summer peanut. The results showed that T2 treatment accelerated the growing process of peanut at the early stage, shortened the period from germination to flowering by about 8 days and improved the index for synchronous flowering, thereby concentrating flowering period of peanut. Compared with T1, T2 improved the maximum amount of flowering per plant by 4.9%, increased the number of fruit pins per plant by 20.0%, extended the period of full blooming by 7 days, increased the number of fruits per plant by 20.0%, increased the number of full pods per plant by 15.8%, and enlarged pod volume by 12.2%. The study suggested that peanut summer cultivation system also had high-yield potential and that T2 system had the best yield, with pod yield and seed kernel yield of respectively 5 196.3 kghm2 and 3 439.95 kghm2. Compared withT1, T2 improved pod and seed yield by 7.7%. Also compared with T3, T2 improved pod and seed yields respectively by 20.0% and 31.1%. T2 had the same kernel rate as T1. The results indicated that plastic film mulching with ridging cultivation overcame peanut production limitation factors such as short growth period and imperfect pods. This was beneficial for early and intensive podding, guaranteeing pod number and pod plumpness, laying the basis for high-yield peanut production.
2015, 23(8): 987-993.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150210
Abstract:
To improve the utilization value of semi-winter rapeseed in Tibet, canonical correlations were used to analyze canonical correlations of light and temperature with yield and agronomic characters of semi-winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) sowed in spring. The aim of the study was to effectively solve the shortage of rapeseed germplasm resources in Tibet. In this paper, light and temperature indicators, including accumulated temperature, daily extreme temperature difference and total sunshine length, were investigated during vegetative growth period, bud and flowering period and silique mature period, respectively. The agronomic and yield characters for 18 semi-winter rapeseed varieties were also investigated in different growth period, which included four stem characters, two branch characters and four yield characters. The results showed that the yield and agronomic characters of semi-winter rapeseed were significantly correlated with accumulated temperature, extreme temperature difference and sunshine length during different growth periods of semi-winter rapeseed. However, in different growth periods, the dominant light and temperature indicators were different. During vegetative growth period, light and temperature were significantly correlated with branch characters. The dominantly driving light and temperature indicator of branches number was accumulated temperature. During bud and flower period, extreme temperature difference and sunshine length played a determinative role, which had better promotion effect on stem and main inflorescence. During silique mature period, light and temperature were significantly correlated with stem, branch and yield characters. Extreme temperature differences were the key driving factor for the effects on the effective silique number and 1000-grain weight. Longer sunshine length decreased primary branch height and increased length of main inflorescence and yield per plant. In conclusion, it was suggested to pay attention to rapeseed varieties that were tolerant to extreme differences in temperature and sufficient light when introducing and breeding semi-winter rapeseed for early maturity and ‘double low’ quality in Tibet. The first focus of the selection of agronomic traits was on the length of main inflorescence, followed by effective branch number, effective silique number and then 1000-grain weight.
To improve the utilization value of semi-winter rapeseed in Tibet, canonical correlations were used to analyze canonical correlations of light and temperature with yield and agronomic characters of semi-winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) sowed in spring. The aim of the study was to effectively solve the shortage of rapeseed germplasm resources in Tibet. In this paper, light and temperature indicators, including accumulated temperature, daily extreme temperature difference and total sunshine length, were investigated during vegetative growth period, bud and flowering period and silique mature period, respectively. The agronomic and yield characters for 18 semi-winter rapeseed varieties were also investigated in different growth period, which included four stem characters, two branch characters and four yield characters. The results showed that the yield and agronomic characters of semi-winter rapeseed were significantly correlated with accumulated temperature, extreme temperature difference and sunshine length during different growth periods of semi-winter rapeseed. However, in different growth periods, the dominant light and temperature indicators were different. During vegetative growth period, light and temperature were significantly correlated with branch characters. The dominantly driving light and temperature indicator of branches number was accumulated temperature. During bud and flower period, extreme temperature difference and sunshine length played a determinative role, which had better promotion effect on stem and main inflorescence. During silique mature period, light and temperature were significantly correlated with stem, branch and yield characters. Extreme temperature differences were the key driving factor for the effects on the effective silique number and 1000-grain weight. Longer sunshine length decreased primary branch height and increased length of main inflorescence and yield per plant. In conclusion, it was suggested to pay attention to rapeseed varieties that were tolerant to extreme differences in temperature and sufficient light when introducing and breeding semi-winter rapeseed for early maturity and ‘double low’ quality in Tibet. The first focus of the selection of agronomic traits was on the length of main inflorescence, followed by effective branch number, effective silique number and then 1000-grain weight.
2015, 23(8): 994-1000.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150224
Abstract:
Cd uptake and translocation of rape (Brassica napus) are affected not only by exogenous S supply, but also closely related with its S metabolism. Glucosinolate is an important S-containing secondary metabolite, and its content of rape seed can well characterize the glucosinolate characteristics of rape. The relationship between seed glucosinolate characteristics and Cd uptake and accumulation by rape was investigated through a field experiment in Cd contaminated soils to explore Cd uptake of rape varieties with different glucosinolate characteristics of seed. The results showed that the orders of Cd contents in different organs of the two types of rapes (high-glucosinolate and low-glucosinolate) were the same, root > leaf > stem at early blooming stage and stem > root > shell > seed at mature stage. There were no significant differences between high-glucosinolate rapes and low-glucosinolate rapes in uptake and accumulation of Cd at early blooming stage, while the Cd uptake and accumulation of high-glucosinolate rapes were lower than thoes of low-glucosinolate rapes at mature stage. The Cd contents of root, stem, shell, seed were 3.90 mgkg-1, 4.50 mgkg-1, 0.97 mgkg-1, 0.17 mgkg-1 in the high-glucosinolate rape. They were 4.57 mgkg-1, 5.20 mgkg-1, 1.32 mgkg-1, 0.29 mgkg1 in the low-glucosinolate rape, which were 17.18% (P < 0.05), 15.56% (P < 0.05), 36.08% (P < 0.05) and 70.59% (P < 0.05) higher than the former, respectively. The high-glucosinolate rapes could restrain Cd transfer from stem to the superior organs (shell and seed). The translation coefficients of Cd from stem to shell (shell/stem) and from shell to seed (seed/shell) were significantly different between two types of rape, which were 0.22 and 0.17 in the high-glucosinolate rapes, 0.25 and 0.23 in the low-glucosinolate rapes at mature stage, respectively. The purifying rate of soil Cd was 0.90% for the low-glucosinolate rapes and 0.76% for the high-glucosinolate rapes. As the enrichment plant in Cd contaminated soils, the purification ability of rapes need to be improved.
Cd uptake and translocation of rape (Brassica napus) are affected not only by exogenous S supply, but also closely related with its S metabolism. Glucosinolate is an important S-containing secondary metabolite, and its content of rape seed can well characterize the glucosinolate characteristics of rape. The relationship between seed glucosinolate characteristics and Cd uptake and accumulation by rape was investigated through a field experiment in Cd contaminated soils to explore Cd uptake of rape varieties with different glucosinolate characteristics of seed. The results showed that the orders of Cd contents in different organs of the two types of rapes (high-glucosinolate and low-glucosinolate) were the same, root > leaf > stem at early blooming stage and stem > root > shell > seed at mature stage. There were no significant differences between high-glucosinolate rapes and low-glucosinolate rapes in uptake and accumulation of Cd at early blooming stage, while the Cd uptake and accumulation of high-glucosinolate rapes were lower than thoes of low-glucosinolate rapes at mature stage. The Cd contents of root, stem, shell, seed were 3.90 mgkg-1, 4.50 mgkg-1, 0.97 mgkg-1, 0.17 mgkg-1 in the high-glucosinolate rape. They were 4.57 mgkg-1, 5.20 mgkg-1, 1.32 mgkg-1, 0.29 mgkg1 in the low-glucosinolate rape, which were 17.18% (P < 0.05), 15.56% (P < 0.05), 36.08% (P < 0.05) and 70.59% (P < 0.05) higher than the former, respectively. The high-glucosinolate rapes could restrain Cd transfer from stem to the superior organs (shell and seed). The translation coefficients of Cd from stem to shell (shell/stem) and from shell to seed (seed/shell) were significantly different between two types of rape, which were 0.22 and 0.17 in the high-glucosinolate rapes, 0.25 and 0.23 in the low-glucosinolate rapes at mature stage, respectively. The purifying rate of soil Cd was 0.90% for the low-glucosinolate rapes and 0.76% for the high-glucosinolate rapes. As the enrichment plant in Cd contaminated soils, the purification ability of rapes need to be improved.
LI Falin,
ZENG Ruiqin,
WEI Tianjin,
LIN Xiaolan,
ZHENG Tao,
ZHANG Jintao,
XIE Nansong,
WU Ying,
LIN Zhiming,
ZHENG Yuru
2015, 23(8): 1001-1009.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141447
Abstract:
Risk assessment in soil phosphorus environment is important for rational fertilization and management of orchards, and reduce non-point source pollution of orchards. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitive critical value of soil phosphorus environments in Guanxi pummelo orchards in Pinghe County of Fujian Province. In the study, 030 cm soil layer was sampled both in mountain (red soil) and arable (paddy soil) pummelo orchards, and 0100 soil profiles were sampled in 19 towns of Pinhe County with different soil and water conservation measures. The laboratory soil culture method was used to determine soil phosphorus contents. And risk of soil phosphorus environment was classified according to Garden Soil Nutrient Abundant-Deficiency Index (Trial), and the sensitive critical value of soil phosphorus environment was determined by using correlation between soil available phosphorus and soluble phosphorus. The results showed that the sensitive critical value of soil phosphorus environment in Guanxi pummelo orchard in mountain regions was 96.3 mgkg1 and that in arable was 62.3 mgkg1. Base on phosphorus content, 3 grades of risk of soil phosphorus environments in Guanxi pummelo orchards were classified — high, medium and low. Based on the risk classification criteria, the available phosphorus contents in the 030 cm and 0100 cm soil layers in orchard fields were used to evaluate the risk of soil phosphorus environments. The evaluation results indicated that 50.5% of soil phosphorus environments in orchard fields were in high risk condition (48.4% mountain and 52.7% arable), 12.2% in medium risk condition (10.6% mountain and 13.8% arable) and then 37.3% in low risk condition (41.0% mountain and 33.4% arable). Some 42.1% of the orchard soil in the 040 cm soil layer was in high risk condition and even part of the 0100 cm soil layer was at risk of phosphorus loss. In order to reduce non-point source pollution risk, it is workable to adopt different phosphate fertilizer application strategies in different risk conditions in Guanxi pummelo orchards. It was recommended that in low risk orchard of phosphorus environments, farmers apply more phosphate fertilizer; while in medium risk phosphorus environments, farmers reduce phosphate fertilization dose; and then in high risk phosphorus environments, farmers stop phosphate fertilization. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer caused non-point source pollution.
Risk assessment in soil phosphorus environment is important for rational fertilization and management of orchards, and reduce non-point source pollution of orchards. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitive critical value of soil phosphorus environments in Guanxi pummelo orchards in Pinghe County of Fujian Province. In the study, 030 cm soil layer was sampled both in mountain (red soil) and arable (paddy soil) pummelo orchards, and 0100 soil profiles were sampled in 19 towns of Pinhe County with different soil and water conservation measures. The laboratory soil culture method was used to determine soil phosphorus contents. And risk of soil phosphorus environment was classified according to Garden Soil Nutrient Abundant-Deficiency Index (Trial), and the sensitive critical value of soil phosphorus environment was determined by using correlation between soil available phosphorus and soluble phosphorus. The results showed that the sensitive critical value of soil phosphorus environment in Guanxi pummelo orchard in mountain regions was 96.3 mgkg1 and that in arable was 62.3 mgkg1. Base on phosphorus content, 3 grades of risk of soil phosphorus environments in Guanxi pummelo orchards were classified — high, medium and low. Based on the risk classification criteria, the available phosphorus contents in the 030 cm and 0100 cm soil layers in orchard fields were used to evaluate the risk of soil phosphorus environments. The evaluation results indicated that 50.5% of soil phosphorus environments in orchard fields were in high risk condition (48.4% mountain and 52.7% arable), 12.2% in medium risk condition (10.6% mountain and 13.8% arable) and then 37.3% in low risk condition (41.0% mountain and 33.4% arable). Some 42.1% of the orchard soil in the 040 cm soil layer was in high risk condition and even part of the 0100 cm soil layer was at risk of phosphorus loss. In order to reduce non-point source pollution risk, it is workable to adopt different phosphate fertilizer application strategies in different risk conditions in Guanxi pummelo orchards. It was recommended that in low risk orchard of phosphorus environments, farmers apply more phosphate fertilizer; while in medium risk phosphorus environments, farmers reduce phosphate fertilization dose; and then in high risk phosphorus environments, farmers stop phosphate fertilization. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer caused non-point source pollution.
2015, 23(8): 1010-1019.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150411
Abstract:
This study discussed physiological regulation mechanism of salt resistance improvement of Medicago sativa L. (‘Zhongmu 3’ and ‘Longzhong’) by exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) in hydroponic conditions. The study analyzed the effects of exogenous EBR on the root growth, contents of osmotic adjustment substances, content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of antioxidant enzymes, contents of non-enzymatic antioxidant and active oxygen of M. sativa seedlings under NaCl stress. The result showed that under 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress, root growth of ‘Zhongmu 3’ and ‘Longzhong’ seedlings were restrained significantly. Also root dry weight and root activity significantly decreased along with soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in seedling root. On the other hand, active oxygen and MDA contents increased significantly along with the enhanced root lipid peroxidation while plasma membrane integrity was damaged. After addition of 0.1 μmol·L-1 exogenous EBR, main root length, total root length, total root surface area, root volume, root tip number, root dry weight and root activity of the two alfalfa varieties significantly increased. Also soluble protein content, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, GPX, CAT, GR) activities and non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA, GSH) contents of seedling roots increased significantly. Then the production rate of superoxide anion free radicals, concentration of hydroxyl free radicals and contents of H2O2 and MDA decreased dramatically. Peroxidation of root lipid was relieved and the integrity of plasma membrane was enhanced. The above results illustrated that apart from mitigating the suppression effect of NaCl stress on alfalfa seedling root growth and enhancement of osmotic adjustment and antioxidant system activity, exogenous EBR promoted root growth and salt resistance of alfalfa. It also reduced active oxygen accumulation, membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage on seedling root induced by NaCl stress.
This study discussed physiological regulation mechanism of salt resistance improvement of Medicago sativa L. (‘Zhongmu 3’ and ‘Longzhong’) by exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR) in hydroponic conditions. The study analyzed the effects of exogenous EBR on the root growth, contents of osmotic adjustment substances, content of malondialdehyde (MDA), activities of antioxidant enzymes, contents of non-enzymatic antioxidant and active oxygen of M. sativa seedlings under NaCl stress. The result showed that under 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress, root growth of ‘Zhongmu 3’ and ‘Longzhong’ seedlings were restrained significantly. Also root dry weight and root activity significantly decreased along with soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased in seedling root. On the other hand, active oxygen and MDA contents increased significantly along with the enhanced root lipid peroxidation while plasma membrane integrity was damaged. After addition of 0.1 μmol·L-1 exogenous EBR, main root length, total root length, total root surface area, root volume, root tip number, root dry weight and root activity of the two alfalfa varieties significantly increased. Also soluble protein content, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX, GPX, CAT, GR) activities and non-enzymatic antioxidants (AsA, GSH) contents of seedling roots increased significantly. Then the production rate of superoxide anion free radicals, concentration of hydroxyl free radicals and contents of H2O2 and MDA decreased dramatically. Peroxidation of root lipid was relieved and the integrity of plasma membrane was enhanced. The above results illustrated that apart from mitigating the suppression effect of NaCl stress on alfalfa seedling root growth and enhancement of osmotic adjustment and antioxidant system activity, exogenous EBR promoted root growth and salt resistance of alfalfa. It also reduced active oxygen accumulation, membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage on seedling root induced by NaCl stress.
2015, 23(8): 1020-1025.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141432
Abstract:
Ozone depletion resulted in enhanced UV-B stress in middle and high latitude regions in the northern and southern hemispheres. This situation had generally been a key factor of pea aphid’s genetic divergence. Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphum pisim) which transmiting many different plant viruses is a main species of harmful pests. It can cause significant loss to agriculture, particularly the production of alfalfa (Medicago spp.), pea (Pisum sativum), vicia faba (Vicia faba) and other crops. To determine the effect continuous UV-B stress on the development and population parameters of pea aphid and to provide theoretical basis for ecological heredity and population succession and integrated pest management, 8 generations of green pea aphid nymph born for 12 h were treated by UV-B 40 W. The treatment included 6 times per generation, once per day, 6 days per generation, and respectively 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min and 60 min per treat. The life parameters of the intrinsic rate (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T) and finite rate of increase (λ) were determined for reared singles. The results showed that nymph development duration increased with added radiation time or generation, with the longest duration of 8.11 d. the lifetime of adult aphid extended initially and then shortened. Compared with the control, the lifetime of the eight generation (F8) was only 6.71%21.27% of the control. Net reproductive rate increased and then decreased, with F8 of 0.20%22.32% of the control. The intrinsic rate of F8 declined obviously, with the high of 11.05% of the control. The finite rate increased and then shortened, with F8 of 0.90%22.14% of the control. Mean generation time of F8 shortened by 8.54%21.11%, compared with that of the control. Based on development and population parameters of the tested green pea aphid under continuous UV-B stress, green pea aphid grew well at its 4th generation irrespective of the period of time of UV-B stress treatment. However, the more was the generation added, the more was the increase in the process time of the same generation and the more was the inhibiting effect on the development and reproduction of green pea aphids, eventually slowing the increase in population growth.
Ozone depletion resulted in enhanced UV-B stress in middle and high latitude regions in the northern and southern hemispheres. This situation had generally been a key factor of pea aphid’s genetic divergence. Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphum pisim) which transmiting many different plant viruses is a main species of harmful pests. It can cause significant loss to agriculture, particularly the production of alfalfa (Medicago spp.), pea (Pisum sativum), vicia faba (Vicia faba) and other crops. To determine the effect continuous UV-B stress on the development and population parameters of pea aphid and to provide theoretical basis for ecological heredity and population succession and integrated pest management, 8 generations of green pea aphid nymph born for 12 h were treated by UV-B 40 W. The treatment included 6 times per generation, once per day, 6 days per generation, and respectively 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min and 60 min per treat. The life parameters of the intrinsic rate (rm), net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T) and finite rate of increase (λ) were determined for reared singles. The results showed that nymph development duration increased with added radiation time or generation, with the longest duration of 8.11 d. the lifetime of adult aphid extended initially and then shortened. Compared with the control, the lifetime of the eight generation (F8) was only 6.71%21.27% of the control. Net reproductive rate increased and then decreased, with F8 of 0.20%22.32% of the control. The intrinsic rate of F8 declined obviously, with the high of 11.05% of the control. The finite rate increased and then shortened, with F8 of 0.90%22.14% of the control. Mean generation time of F8 shortened by 8.54%21.11%, compared with that of the control. Based on development and population parameters of the tested green pea aphid under continuous UV-B stress, green pea aphid grew well at its 4th generation irrespective of the period of time of UV-B stress treatment. However, the more was the generation added, the more was the increase in the process time of the same generation and the more was the inhibiting effect on the development and reproduction of green pea aphids, eventually slowing the increase in population growth.
2015, 23(8): 1026-1034.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150094
Abstract:
In the northern area of China, water supply is a major factor limiting crop yield. Maize is one of three major crops in China. The observation and simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) in maize fields are important processes in meteorology, hydrology, ecology and the other related fields. Thus studies on maize ET are critical for ensuring food security, saving irrigation water and increasing crop water use efficiency. A classical two-layer ET model, the Shuttleworth-Wallace (SW) model is appropriate for estimating ET in sparse vegetation conditions where soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration are significant. In this study, we adopted the Jarvis and Kelliher-Leuning canopy resistance models in relation to SW model to construct SW1 model and SW2 model, respectively. The SW1 and SW2 models were used to simulate ET in a summer maize field in Yucheng Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Also experiments were conducted to measure daily ET in summer maize field via eddy covariance system during the main growing period of 20032004. ET simulated by the two models was validated using measured flux data. The results suggested that ET obtained by the two models were consistent with observed data. Correlation coefficients of the measured and simulated ET were above 0.85 (P < 0.01) and the index of agreement of the measured and simulated data was over 0.92. The ratio of soil evaporation to ET decreased rapidly with increased leaf area index and that ratio for July was higher than those for August and September. At blossom and milk stage, both ET and soil evaporation reached maximum values. During this period, maize leaf growth was vegetative and with the largest canopy transpiration. Then ET and soil evaporation slowly decreased thereafter with gradual reduction in leaf area index, and with the ratio of soil evaporation to ET of 0.2. Sensitivity analysis showed that estimated ET by the SW model was most sensitive to the canopy resistance and the model sensitivity to canopy resistance increased with increasing leaf area index. At early growth stage of maize, the impact of soil surface resistance on ET was not negligible, especially with less vegetation cover. Among the parameters for canopy resistance calculation, estimated ET by SW1 model was most sensitive to change in field capacity. This was followed by minimum stomatal resistance and then effective leaf area index. SW2 model was most sensitive to maximum stomata conductance. Traditional SW model based on Jarvis’s equation for canopy resistance calculation had a complex calculation with several parameters. Then SW2 model based on Kelliher-Leuning equation only had half of SW parameters and therefore considerably simplified the ET model calculation. Compared with SW1 model, SW2 model was much more convenient in terms of application in ET calculation.
In the northern area of China, water supply is a major factor limiting crop yield. Maize is one of three major crops in China. The observation and simulation of evapotranspiration (ET) in maize fields are important processes in meteorology, hydrology, ecology and the other related fields. Thus studies on maize ET are critical for ensuring food security, saving irrigation water and increasing crop water use efficiency. A classical two-layer ET model, the Shuttleworth-Wallace (SW) model is appropriate for estimating ET in sparse vegetation conditions where soil evaporation and vegetation transpiration are significant. In this study, we adopted the Jarvis and Kelliher-Leuning canopy resistance models in relation to SW model to construct SW1 model and SW2 model, respectively. The SW1 and SW2 models were used to simulate ET in a summer maize field in Yucheng Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Also experiments were conducted to measure daily ET in summer maize field via eddy covariance system during the main growing period of 20032004. ET simulated by the two models was validated using measured flux data. The results suggested that ET obtained by the two models were consistent with observed data. Correlation coefficients of the measured and simulated ET were above 0.85 (P < 0.01) and the index of agreement of the measured and simulated data was over 0.92. The ratio of soil evaporation to ET decreased rapidly with increased leaf area index and that ratio for July was higher than those for August and September. At blossom and milk stage, both ET and soil evaporation reached maximum values. During this period, maize leaf growth was vegetative and with the largest canopy transpiration. Then ET and soil evaporation slowly decreased thereafter with gradual reduction in leaf area index, and with the ratio of soil evaporation to ET of 0.2. Sensitivity analysis showed that estimated ET by the SW model was most sensitive to the canopy resistance and the model sensitivity to canopy resistance increased with increasing leaf area index. At early growth stage of maize, the impact of soil surface resistance on ET was not negligible, especially with less vegetation cover. Among the parameters for canopy resistance calculation, estimated ET by SW1 model was most sensitive to change in field capacity. This was followed by minimum stomatal resistance and then effective leaf area index. SW2 model was most sensitive to maximum stomata conductance. Traditional SW model based on Jarvis’s equation for canopy resistance calculation had a complex calculation with several parameters. Then SW2 model based on Kelliher-Leuning equation only had half of SW parameters and therefore considerably simplified the ET model calculation. Compared with SW1 model, SW2 model was much more convenient in terms of application in ET calculation.
2015, 23(8): 1035-1044.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150061
Abstract:
Establishing climatic index and its garding standard to determine high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence is critical for disaster monitoring and early warning. It is also a critical element for field survey and assessment. Four key meteorological factors were selected using the principal component analysis method to build integrated climatic index for this purpose. The indexes included extreme maximum temperature, number of days with maximum temperature higher than 35 ℃, average minimum relative humidity of days with daily maximum temperature higher than 35 ℃ and accumulative temperature of days with daily maximum temperature higher than 35 ℃. An integrated climatic index for high temperature damage was established to determine the extent of high temperature damage to of summer maize at florescence in the Huaibei Plain by using principal component analysis. Cluster correction analysis combined with yield reduction rate in typical years of high temperature damage was used to amend gratification of the integrated climatic index for high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence. The integrated climatic index was further validated with field investigation results of bald tip rate, yield reduction rate and plant symptoms of summer maize in 2013. And the grades and their thresholds were obtained finally. Based on the results, high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence was divided into four grades of slight, moderate, severe, extreme severe, with respectively integrated climatic indexes (D) of 0.11 < D ≤ 0.21, 0.21 < D ≤ 0.45, 0.45 < D ≤ 0.72 and D > 0.72. A significant positive correlation was noted between integrated climatic index (D) and yield reduction rate in typically high temperature years, with a correlation coefficient of 0.967 1. High temperature damage at florescence of summer maize caused significant damage to ears and tassel. The extent of damage was closely related to the bald tip rate and ratio of grain to stem, with respective correlation coefficients of 0.819 8 and 0.872 7. The frequency of high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence was once every 1.7 years in the Huaibei Plain. The frequencies of moderate and severe grades of high temperature damage were higher than those of the other two grades, accounting respectively for over 15% and 20% of high temperature damage frequency. Under global warming, it was beneficial to use high temperature-resistant varieties for breeding, cultivation and over arrangement, and use supplementary artificial pollination, pesticides or other measures to mitigate the effect and damage of high temperature to summer maize.
Establishing climatic index and its garding standard to determine high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence is critical for disaster monitoring and early warning. It is also a critical element for field survey and assessment. Four key meteorological factors were selected using the principal component analysis method to build integrated climatic index for this purpose. The indexes included extreme maximum temperature, number of days with maximum temperature higher than 35 ℃, average minimum relative humidity of days with daily maximum temperature higher than 35 ℃ and accumulative temperature of days with daily maximum temperature higher than 35 ℃. An integrated climatic index for high temperature damage was established to determine the extent of high temperature damage to of summer maize at florescence in the Huaibei Plain by using principal component analysis. Cluster correction analysis combined with yield reduction rate in typical years of high temperature damage was used to amend gratification of the integrated climatic index for high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence. The integrated climatic index was further validated with field investigation results of bald tip rate, yield reduction rate and plant symptoms of summer maize in 2013. And the grades and their thresholds were obtained finally. Based on the results, high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence was divided into four grades of slight, moderate, severe, extreme severe, with respectively integrated climatic indexes (D) of 0.11 < D ≤ 0.21, 0.21 < D ≤ 0.45, 0.45 < D ≤ 0.72 and D > 0.72. A significant positive correlation was noted between integrated climatic index (D) and yield reduction rate in typically high temperature years, with a correlation coefficient of 0.967 1. High temperature damage at florescence of summer maize caused significant damage to ears and tassel. The extent of damage was closely related to the bald tip rate and ratio of grain to stem, with respective correlation coefficients of 0.819 8 and 0.872 7. The frequency of high temperature damage to summer maize at florescence was once every 1.7 years in the Huaibei Plain. The frequencies of moderate and severe grades of high temperature damage were higher than those of the other two grades, accounting respectively for over 15% and 20% of high temperature damage frequency. Under global warming, it was beneficial to use high temperature-resistant varieties for breeding, cultivation and over arrangement, and use supplementary artificial pollination, pesticides or other measures to mitigate the effect and damage of high temperature to summer maize.
2015, 23(8): 1045-1052.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150227
Abstract:
Exploring the effect of climate change on the regionalization of cotton in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain is important for development planning of Xinjiang cotton industry. Thus this study analyzed meteorological data for 19612010 from 11 meteorological stations in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain using linear regression, t-test, Mann-Kendall method and IDW interpolation method. The study elaborately zoned climate regions of cotton with cumulative temperature ≥10 ℃, average temperature in July and frost free period as meterological indicators. Furthermore, the study determined the risk region, sub-suitable and suitable regions of cotton planting during a given era using GIS platform. The results showed that in recent 50 years, average temperature in July, frost free period and ≥10 ℃ cumulative temperature increased respectively by 0.05 ℃10a-1, 2.9 d10a1 and 64.6 ℃10a-1. Due to climate warming, the area of risk region of cotton planting dropped and was largely limited to the southeast zone. While the sub-suitable region of cotton planting shrank down to the east zone, the suitable region of cotton planting widened towards east, west and south. In the 1960s, the risk region of cotton planting covered Shawan County, Manasi County and Hutubi County. Then in the 2000s, the risk region of cotton planting decreased down to Urumqi vicinity with area of 3.6×102 km2 in 20012010, 98.4% less than that in 1960s. Also sub-suitable region of cotton planting contracted down to around Urumqi in 20012010, decreasing by 88.0% compared with that in 1960s. Then area of sub-suitable region of cotton planting in the study area decreased to 8.6×103 km2. During 19611970, sub-suitable region of cotton planting was limited to Hutubi County. Then during 19912000, it decreased to the region around Urumqi County. However, the area of suitable region of cotton planting expanded by 18.4 times to 9.2×104 km2. The proportion of the suitable region of cotton planting was 91.2% of total cultivated cotton area. The suitable region of cotton planting potentially continued to expand with climate change. The study showed that the suitable cotton planting region will be the main cultivated cotton region in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain in the 21st century. This change was conducive for rational distribution of local cotton industry. It had realistic significance for the promotion of steady development of cotton industry in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain.
Exploring the effect of climate change on the regionalization of cotton in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain is important for development planning of Xinjiang cotton industry. Thus this study analyzed meteorological data for 19612010 from 11 meteorological stations in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain using linear regression, t-test, Mann-Kendall method and IDW interpolation method. The study elaborately zoned climate regions of cotton with cumulative temperature ≥10 ℃, average temperature in July and frost free period as meterological indicators. Furthermore, the study determined the risk region, sub-suitable and suitable regions of cotton planting during a given era using GIS platform. The results showed that in recent 50 years, average temperature in July, frost free period and ≥10 ℃ cumulative temperature increased respectively by 0.05 ℃10a-1, 2.9 d10a1 and 64.6 ℃10a-1. Due to climate warming, the area of risk region of cotton planting dropped and was largely limited to the southeast zone. While the sub-suitable region of cotton planting shrank down to the east zone, the suitable region of cotton planting widened towards east, west and south. In the 1960s, the risk region of cotton planting covered Shawan County, Manasi County and Hutubi County. Then in the 2000s, the risk region of cotton planting decreased down to Urumqi vicinity with area of 3.6×102 km2 in 20012010, 98.4% less than that in 1960s. Also sub-suitable region of cotton planting contracted down to around Urumqi in 20012010, decreasing by 88.0% compared with that in 1960s. Then area of sub-suitable region of cotton planting in the study area decreased to 8.6×103 km2. During 19611970, sub-suitable region of cotton planting was limited to Hutubi County. Then during 19912000, it decreased to the region around Urumqi County. However, the area of suitable region of cotton planting expanded by 18.4 times to 9.2×104 km2. The proportion of the suitable region of cotton planting was 91.2% of total cultivated cotton area. The suitable region of cotton planting potentially continued to expand with climate change. The study showed that the suitable cotton planting region will be the main cultivated cotton region in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain in the 21st century. This change was conducive for rational distribution of local cotton industry. It had realistic significance for the promotion of steady development of cotton industry in the Northern Slope Economic Zone of Tianshan Mountain.
2015, 23(8): 1053-1060.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.141094
Abstract:
Farmland landscape area accounts for 38% of the Earth’s land surface. Farmland landscape is very important for the protection of biological diversity and endangered species. Modern agriculture is characterized by industrialization and high yield, simplifying biodiversity and weakened function of biodiversity protection of farmlands. Non-agricultural habitats in farmlands are natural and semi-natural habitats including grasslands, forests, hedges, country roads, ditches. There are plenty rare species in non-agricultural habitats that are very important for the conservation of biodiversity, landscape structure and agricultural yield. However, severe changes in non-agricultural habitats (including grassland, forests and pools) have led to such lands converting into arable lands. This is the predominant phenomenon in suburban farmlands in China. Thus this paper analyzed the influence of urbanization on non-agricultural habitats by transecting farmland landscapes in Shenbei New District in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province. Firstly, the Shenbei New District was divided into city area, urban fringe area and rural area based on landscape disorder grade. Secondly, ten sampling bands were set up outward from the center of city. Four sampling bands were in city area, four in urban fringe area and two in rural area. Thirdly, the type, patch number and area proportion of non-agricultural habitats across sampling bands were analyzed in GIS. The results showed that non-agricultural habitats gradually increased with increasing distance from city area to urban fringe area and rural area. There was only forest in nearby city farmlands. There were grasslands, forests, pools and patches in rural farmlands. The proportion of patch number of non-agricultural habitats also gradually increased from city area to rural area. The average proportions of patch number were 8.63% in city area, 17.08% in urban fringe area and 22.48% in rural area. However, the proportion of patch area of non-agricultural habitats followed a inversed U-shape pattern of change from city area and urban fringe area to rural area. The maximum proportion of patch area in urban fringe area was 1.93%. The patch density of non-agricultural habitats gradually increased initially, then decreased and finally increased, with the minimum patch density in urban fringe area. Also the largest patch index and aggregation index gradually decreased initially and then increased, with the minimum largest patch index and aggregation index in urban fringe area. Landscape shape index and diversity index gradually increased initially and then decreased, with the maximum landscape shape index and diversity index in urban fringe area. In general, non-agricultural habitats in city area had single type, low proportion of patch number, larger patch and the regular shape drastically affected by urbanization. It was falsely apparent that the proportion of patch area, landscape shape index and diversity index in urban fringe area were highest due to disturbance of farmlands by urban construction. However, it was lower in patch density, largest patch index and aggregation index. Non-agricultural habitats in rural area had diverse types, high proportion of patch number and high landscape heterogeneity. The result of this research was a significant reference for increasing biodiversity and heterogeneity of non-agricultural habitats for improved health of farmland ecosystems.
Farmland landscape area accounts for 38% of the Earth’s land surface. Farmland landscape is very important for the protection of biological diversity and endangered species. Modern agriculture is characterized by industrialization and high yield, simplifying biodiversity and weakened function of biodiversity protection of farmlands. Non-agricultural habitats in farmlands are natural and semi-natural habitats including grasslands, forests, hedges, country roads, ditches. There are plenty rare species in non-agricultural habitats that are very important for the conservation of biodiversity, landscape structure and agricultural yield. However, severe changes in non-agricultural habitats (including grassland, forests and pools) have led to such lands converting into arable lands. This is the predominant phenomenon in suburban farmlands in China. Thus this paper analyzed the influence of urbanization on non-agricultural habitats by transecting farmland landscapes in Shenbei New District in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province. Firstly, the Shenbei New District was divided into city area, urban fringe area and rural area based on landscape disorder grade. Secondly, ten sampling bands were set up outward from the center of city. Four sampling bands were in city area, four in urban fringe area and two in rural area. Thirdly, the type, patch number and area proportion of non-agricultural habitats across sampling bands were analyzed in GIS. The results showed that non-agricultural habitats gradually increased with increasing distance from city area to urban fringe area and rural area. There was only forest in nearby city farmlands. There were grasslands, forests, pools and patches in rural farmlands. The proportion of patch number of non-agricultural habitats also gradually increased from city area to rural area. The average proportions of patch number were 8.63% in city area, 17.08% in urban fringe area and 22.48% in rural area. However, the proportion of patch area of non-agricultural habitats followed a inversed U-shape pattern of change from city area and urban fringe area to rural area. The maximum proportion of patch area in urban fringe area was 1.93%. The patch density of non-agricultural habitats gradually increased initially, then decreased and finally increased, with the minimum patch density in urban fringe area. Also the largest patch index and aggregation index gradually decreased initially and then increased, with the minimum largest patch index and aggregation index in urban fringe area. Landscape shape index and diversity index gradually increased initially and then decreased, with the maximum landscape shape index and diversity index in urban fringe area. In general, non-agricultural habitats in city area had single type, low proportion of patch number, larger patch and the regular shape drastically affected by urbanization. It was falsely apparent that the proportion of patch area, landscape shape index and diversity index in urban fringe area were highest due to disturbance of farmlands by urban construction. However, it was lower in patch density, largest patch index and aggregation index. Non-agricultural habitats in rural area had diverse types, high proportion of patch number and high landscape heterogeneity. The result of this research was a significant reference for increasing biodiversity and heterogeneity of non-agricultural habitats for improved health of farmland ecosystems.
2015, 23(8): 1061-1072.
doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150190
Abstract:
Under nationwide construction of ecological civilization, research on the sustainable development of ecological regions has become increasingly important. As resources and environment carrying capacity of important ecological areas are part of regional economic development, there is practical significance for its objective and accurate evaluation. Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains is critical for water conservation and biodiversity protection of area between Qinling Mountain and Daba Mountain, a region with a total area of 183 697.03 km2. In this study, the carrying capacity of resources and environment of the Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains were evaluated based on data from regional survey and theoretical framework of ESI model and state-space method. The evaluation system of the carrying capacity of resources and environment was established according to the local development characteristics. This included two target layers (ecological carrying capacity and social and economic pressure) and 18 indexes. The regional ecological carrying capacity, resources exploitation and pollution discharge conditions of the Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains were assessed. The regional environmental conditions affected by human activities were quantitatively analyzed. Also using 2010 regional statistical data, the distribution of resources and environment carrying capacity of the study area was analyzed, and the relationship between ecological carrying capacity and social economic pressure explored. The results showed that the ecological environment of the Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains was fragile, with the smallest ecological carrying capacity index of 0.135. There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of the ecological carrying capacity, with higher ecological carrying capacity index in the central and southern parts of the study area, and with the highest value of 0.795. Water retention capacity, carbon sequestration and oxygen release ability were the main driving factors of the ecological carrying capacity of the area. Social and economic pressure index of the study area was higher, with the highest value of 0.517. This suggested that there was a great pressure on the ecological environment, driven by social and economic development. The correlation between resource consumption and environmental pollution indicated that the development of the area somewhat depended on resource consumption. The main driving factors of social and economic pressure index were industrial “three-waste” emissions per unit area, population density, energy consumption index and domestic sewage discharge per unit area. The resources and environment carrying capacity of the central and southern parts of the study area were higher than those of the periphery areas. In few “overload” areas, the highest index reached 6.790. The driving factors of the resources and environment carrying capacity were average annual temperature, vegetation cover and domestic sewage discharge per unit area. Decoupling index showed that the separate effects of ecological or social factors on the resources and environment carrying capacity of the area were small, belonging to “relative decoupling”. In general, the effects of vegetation cover and sewage discharge were obvious. Overall, the development of the area was still at the steady stage. It was necessary to make different development strategies for different regions in the study area.
Under nationwide construction of ecological civilization, research on the sustainable development of ecological regions has become increasingly important. As resources and environment carrying capacity of important ecological areas are part of regional economic development, there is practical significance for its objective and accurate evaluation. Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains is critical for water conservation and biodiversity protection of area between Qinling Mountain and Daba Mountain, a region with a total area of 183 697.03 km2. In this study, the carrying capacity of resources and environment of the Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains were evaluated based on data from regional survey and theoretical framework of ESI model and state-space method. The evaluation system of the carrying capacity of resources and environment was established according to the local development characteristics. This included two target layers (ecological carrying capacity and social and economic pressure) and 18 indexes. The regional ecological carrying capacity, resources exploitation and pollution discharge conditions of the Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains were assessed. The regional environmental conditions affected by human activities were quantitatively analyzed. Also using 2010 regional statistical data, the distribution of resources and environment carrying capacity of the study area was analyzed, and the relationship between ecological carrying capacity and social economic pressure explored. The results showed that the ecological environment of the Water Conservation Area in Qin-Ba Mountains was fragile, with the smallest ecological carrying capacity index of 0.135. There were significant differences in the spatial distribution of the ecological carrying capacity, with higher ecological carrying capacity index in the central and southern parts of the study area, and with the highest value of 0.795. Water retention capacity, carbon sequestration and oxygen release ability were the main driving factors of the ecological carrying capacity of the area. Social and economic pressure index of the study area was higher, with the highest value of 0.517. This suggested that there was a great pressure on the ecological environment, driven by social and economic development. The correlation between resource consumption and environmental pollution indicated that the development of the area somewhat depended on resource consumption. The main driving factors of social and economic pressure index were industrial “three-waste” emissions per unit area, population density, energy consumption index and domestic sewage discharge per unit area. The resources and environment carrying capacity of the central and southern parts of the study area were higher than those of the periphery areas. In few “overload” areas, the highest index reached 6.790. The driving factors of the resources and environment carrying capacity were average annual temperature, vegetation cover and domestic sewage discharge per unit area. Decoupling index showed that the separate effects of ecological or social factors on the resources and environment carrying capacity of the area were small, belonging to “relative decoupling”. In general, the effects of vegetation cover and sewage discharge were obvious. Overall, the development of the area was still at the steady stage. It was necessary to make different development strategies for different regions in the study area.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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