中国生态农业学报(中英文)

Distribution of phosphorus fractionations in calcareous soils of the Loess Plateau

MU Xiao-Hui, LI Shi-Qing, DANG Rui-Juan

2008, 16(6): 1341-1347. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01341

Abstract(1498) PDF(619)

Abstract:
Twelve soil samples from 0～20 cm soil layer were collected from north to south in the Loess Plateau calcareous soil and analyzed for fractionation of organic and inorganic soil phosphorus by Hedley method, amended by Tiessen and Moir. The results show that contents of different P fractionations in soil are in the following order: HCl-P > Residual-P > NaHCO₃-Po > NaHCO₃-Pi > NaOH-Po > NaOH-Pi > H₂O-P. The content of HCl-P and Residual-P are higher and respectively account for 54.00%～88.96% and 0～39.11% of soil total P. The overall distribution of soil P on the Loess Plateau increases from north to south. In all soil types, the average content of NaOH-Po, residual-P and total P is in the following order: Ust Sandic Entisols < Los Orthic Entisols < Hap Ustic Isohumisols < Eum Orthic Anthrosols; generally increasing from north to south. The average content of H₂O-P and HCl-P is in the following order: Hap Ustic Isohumisols < Los Orthic Entisols < Ust Sandic Entisols < Eum Orthic Anthrosols; which initially decreases from north to south and then successively inversely increases. Significant correlations exist between soil total N and P as well as different forms of P; and also highly significant correlations between soil total N and NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, HCl-P and total P. C/N ratio, pH and sand content have negative correlations with total P, and different forms of P; pH and NaHCO₃-Po is in significant negative correlation. pH and H₂O-P, NaHCO₃-Pi, NaOH-Pi and HCl-P are in extremely significant negatire correlation. Sand content and NaHCO₃-Pi, Residual-P and total P are significantly negatively correlated. Calcium carbonate is negatively correlated with other forms of P except NaHCO₃-Po, NaOH-Po, Residual-P. Clay content and other forms of P, including total P have a certain degree of negative correlation, except for NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po. Multiple regression analysis on different forms of P and available P indicates that H₂O-P is the largest contributor of available P among different forms of P, followed by NaOH-Pi and NaHCO₃-Po. Stepwise regression analysis on the different forms of P and available P further shows that H₂O-P has the highest bioavailability.

Spatio-temporal variation of soil acidification in hilly red soil croplands

CHENG Xian-Fu, CHEN Meng-Chun, HAO Li-Xia, SHI Xue-Zheng

2008, 16(6): 1348-1351. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01348

Abstract(1888) PDF(1073)

Abstract:
Using Geographical Information System(GIS) and data from 38 sampling sites in hilly red soil croplands, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of pH were investigated. The results indicate that average soil pH decreases by 0.94 and pH decreasing area is 645.9 km² in 20 years. pH decreases in the range of 1.0～2.0, and is mainly distributed in soils derived from phyllites, granites and red sandstones, with approximately areas of 296.1 km², 136.2 km² and 42.2 km² respectively. pH increasing soil area is 24.1 km², and is largely distributed in soils derived from purple shale,which area is approximate 11.3km². Based on soil type, areas with decreasing pH are the water loggogenic paddy soils; elevation wise, areas with increasing pH are below 300 m, though areas with the highest decrease in soil pH generally lies below 300 m or between 500 m and 300 m. Correlation analysis shows that change in pH is negatively correlated with initial pH and positively correlated with elevation, organic matter and clay content. Change in pH in these regions can be predicted based on multilinear regression models.

Fractal feature of soil structure and reflection on soil properties in different regeneration patterns of Casuarina equisetifolia forest in coastal sandy soil

LIN Wu-Xing, YE Gong-Fu, TAN Fang-Lin, NIE Sen, XU Jun-Sen

2008, 16(6): 1352-1357. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01352

Abstract(987) PDF(672)

Abstract:
Fractal model was used to study soil structure of ten regeneration patterns of Casuarina equisetifolia protection forest in coastal sandy soils to determine the relation between fractal dimension and soil fertility. The results indicate that the higher the finer sand content, the more fractal dimensions exist in the soil structure, and, the better the fertility and water storage ability of the soil. There are obvious regression relations between fractal dimension, soil structure and finer sand content of the soil as well as other soil physical and chemical properties. Fractal dimension of soil structure in multirow mixing pattern, in which C. equisetifolia, Acacia crassicarpa, Pinus elliottii and Eucalyptus 12 ABL are orderly located, is highest. The pattern most obviously improves soil fertility. The application of fractal dimension on sandy soil fertility provides a new way for regeneration pattern selection of C.equisetifolia protection forest.

Soil microbial variation and relationship with soil environmental factors in the desert hinterland greenbelt

JIN Zheng-Zhong, LEI Jia-Qiang, XU Xin-Wen, LI Sheng-Yu, ZHAO Si-Feng, QIU Yong-Zhi, XU Bo, GU Feng

2008, 16(6): 1358-1364. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01358

Abstract(1242) PDF(686)

Abstract:
Mechanisms of soil microbial variation and relationship with soil physical and chemical factors in desert hinterland greenbelt were investigated through field sampling and laboratory analysis. The results show that soil microbial quantity increases with increase in planting time of forestbelts; and nutrient content and soil fertility status improve remarkably. Among soil microbial flora formation, percentage of bacteria to total microbe is over 80% as dominant species followed by actinomyces, and the least is fungi with less than 0.1% of total microbe. Soil microbial activity is affected by soil environmental factors, especially for soil factors like bulk density, total porosity, moisture content, organic matter and total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which have a significant relation with bacteria, actinomyces and fungi. Also soil particle size gradually decreases after forest-belt construction. The findings indicate that planting forest-belt promotes development of sandy soil under saline water irrigation and soil quality improvement, which benefits plant growth. Thus the benefit of windbreak and sandfixation on the Taklimakan Desert highway forestbelt can further be strengthened.

Effect of combined coated control-released fertilizer on winter wheat growth and soil available nutrient

DANG Jian-You, YANG Feng, QU Hui-Xuan, CHENG Mai-Feng, ZHANG Ding-Yi

2008, 16(6): 1365-1370. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01365

Abstract(1247) PDF(1040)

Abstract:
Controlreleased fertilizer(CRF) improves fertilizer use efficiency, and reduces application time and environmental pollution. The effect of coated controlreleased fertilizer combined with weather coal on wheat yield, leaf net photosynthesis(Pn), plant nutrient and soil available nutrient was investigated. Three controlreleased fertilizers(MCRF, RCRF and WCRF), respectively coated with three releasecontrolling materials(modified starch, resin and water glass) combined with weather coal were established. The treatments are CK(no fertilizer), NPK fertilizers(NPK), CF(NPK combined fertilizer), CCRF(CF is only coated with weathered coal), MCRF, RCRF and WCRF. Results show that combined CRFs application increases leaf Pn during middle and late growth stages, increases filling rate, prolongs filling time, and increases 1000kernel weight, per spike grain, grain yield and protein content; decreases spike number compared with CK, NPK, CF and CCRF. Yield of combined CRFs increases 8.93%～16.05% and 5.34% ～ 12.23% over NPK and CF treatments respectively. Soil alkalized N, rapidly available P and K contents are low at early and middle growth stages and high at late stage with application of combined CRFs, which promotes accumulation and translocation of dry weight. Also plant dry weight, total N and K contents increase notably. WCRF has the most beneficial effect of increased grain yield, leaf Pn at middle and late growth stages, and plant dry weight, plant total N and K contents. Moreover, fertilizer release rate of combined CRFs is more in line with fertilizer need of winter wheat than that of conventional fertilizer.

Optimum fertilization for high sugar and low-nitrate pumpkin production in the Loess Plateau

GAO Jing, LIANG Yin-Li, HE Li-Na, ZHOU Mao-Juan, WEI Ze-Xiu, LUAN Zheng-Chun

2008, 16(6): 1371-1374. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01371

Abstract(1418) PDF(815)

Abstract:
The optimization design of the three ingredients(NPK) was adopt in a field experimentation on pumpkin in the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi Province. The effect of different fertilizer doses on pumpkin quality with regard NO₃^--N and soluble sugar was investigated. The results show that N has a notable effect on pumpkin NO₃^--N and soluble sugar contents; that K has a minimal effect on pumpkin NO₃^--N and soluble sugar contents. The effect of N and P interaction on sugar and nitrate contents is significant, and N and P fertilization need not be high when K supply is optimum. The optimal fertilization doses of 95～ 120 kg·hm^-2(N), 40～70 kg·hm^-2(P) and 35～80 kg·hm^-2(K) with the ratio of N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O as 1∶0.42∶0.37 keeps pumpkin NO₃^--N content lower than 200 mg·kg^-1 and soluble sugar content higher than 7%.

Effect of balanced fertilization on yield and quality of sunlight greenhouse cucumber and soil characteristics under continuous cropping

WANG Li-Ying, ZHANG Yan-Cai, ZHAI Cai-Xi, CHEN Li-Li, LI Qiao-Yun, WU Xue-Ping, WU Hui-Jun

2008, 16(6): 1375-1383. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01375

Abstract(1120) PDF(871)

Abstract:
Multi-site experiment was conducted to study the effect of balanced fertilization on yield and nutrition quality of cucumber and characteristics of soils, which was then compared with custom application fertilizer in continuous cropping under sunlight greenhouse conditions. Balanced fertilization technique includes mathematical model and target yield method. The results show that balanced fertilization increases cucumber yield, saves investment and therefore enhances benefit and improves nutrient quality of sunlight greenhouse cucumber. At the same time, this technique obviously alleviates accumulation of soil nutrient and salinity. Mathematical fertilization model adapts to continuous cropping in sunlight greenhouse conditions for longer periods or higher soil nutrients, while balanced fertilization for target yield adapts to continuous cropping in sunlight greenhouse conditions for shorter periods and lower soil nutrients. Compared with custom fertilizer application, cucumber yield under balanced fertilization for target yield increases by 5.4%～30.8%, fertilizer investment reduces by 734～59 253 yuan·hm^-2, nitrate content in cucumber decreases by 20.8 ～145.3 mg·kg^-1, and vitamin C and soluble sugar content respectively increases by 0.2～2.5 mg·(100g)^-1 and 0.11 %～0.47 %. Compared with custom fertilizer application, cucumber yield under mathematical model fertilization increases by 7.6%～34.7%, fertilizer investment reduces by 944～59 463 yuan·hm^-2, nitrate content in cucumber decreases by 14.0～147.0 mg·kg^-1, vitamin C and soluble sugar content respectively increases by 0.4～3.5 mg·(100g)^-1 and 0.14 %～1.11 %. At harvest, soil nutrition and conductivity under balanced fertilization reduces. Soil salinity is in significant correlation with conductivity(R = 0.949 5) for sunlight greenhouse cucumber in Hebei Province. Soil conductivity can serve as an important indicator of soil salinity.

Soil nitrogen transport and transformation of reclaimed water irrigated summer-maize under different groundwater levels

LI Ping, QI Xue-Bin, KANG Lian-Qiang, FAN Xiang-Yang, FAN Tao, ZHAO Zhi-Juan, QIAO Dong-Mei

2008, 16(6): 1384-1388. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01384

Abstract(1303) PDF(921)

Abstract:
The effect of reclaimed water irrigation on soil nitrogen content, nitrate concentration in groundwater at different groundwater depths (2 m, 3 m and 4 m) was investigated. Experimental results indicate that soil nitrate nitrogen content obviously increases after irrigation. Ammonia nitrogen is not significantly affected by groundwater table and reclaimed water irrigation. Nitrate nitrogen concentration in groundwater at different depths (2 m, 3 m and 4 m) increases by 34.67%, 24.94% and 20.88% at 900 m³·hm^-2 irrigation, and it increases by 58.42%, 38.98% and 27.21% at 1 200 m³·hm^-2 irrigation respectively. The deeper the groundwater the lower is nitrate nitrogen concentration in groundwater. Pollution risk of nitrate nitrogen from leaching and nitrification increases with increasing groundwater level.

Effect of mulching mode and wheat root on soil microbial flora

LIN Yan-Bing, XUE Quan-Hong, YAN Xia

2008, 16(6): 1389-1393. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01389

Abstract(1685) PDF(948)

Abstract:
Five cultural modes of wheat were established and the amount of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil of wheat determined using plate culture method. The 2-year orientation experiment shows that plastic film mulching significantly increases soil microbial population. Under plastic film mulching, the number of soil bacteria in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil(respectively 116.8 × 10⁶cfu·g^-1 and 86.7 × 10⁶cfu·g^-1) are highest among the 5 treatment modes. The number of soil fungi and actinomycetes in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil under ridge plastic film mulch furrow cultivation are 3.0 × 10³cfu·g^-1, 1.4 × 10³cfu·g^-1 and 18.9 × 10⁵cfu·g^-1, 19.7 × 10⁵cfu·g^-1 respectively. The amount of soil bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere is higher than that in bulk soil of wheat, indicating that wheat root has a significant effect on soil bacteria and fungi. However, root effect on actinomycete is weak only with high actinomycete population in the rhizosphere than bulk soil under plastic film mulching and supplemental irrigation. Multiplex comparison shows significant differences in bacteria population between plastic film mulching and the other 4 modes; and bacteria and fungi population between the rhizosphere and bulk soil. The results suggest that mulching and wheat root increase microbial population and widen the difference between bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere and bulk soil.

Effect of releasing cotton seedling by turn-over plastic film on micro-ecological system in plastic-mulched cotton field

XIA Zhi-Ming, WANG Zeng-Xin, JIA Tao, LIU Sheng-Rong

2008, 16(6): 1394-1397. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01394

Abstract(1465) PDF(748)

Abstract:
The effect of turn-over plastic film from narrow row(cotton seeding row) to wide row(space between cotton seedling row) to release cotton seedling on microecological system was investigated using comparison with withholding and holing plastic film to release seedling(control). The results show that effective coverage rate of plastic film increases by 30% ~ 45% in turnover plastic film to release cotton seedling, compared with withholdingholing plastic film to release seedling, as it strengthens regulating effect on moisture-temperature in cotton fields. After seedling release by turn-over plastic film, the soil temperature increases in wide rows, and become stabe in narrow row; the soil water content reduces below that in the control; but steam movement increases compared with the control. This is beneficial to preventing seedlings from outgrowth and developing of microbes which strengthens root nutrient absorption, but more importantly, to reducing soil bulk density by 0.12 g·cm^-3. Light reflection, light strength near soil surface increase and cotton plant photosynthetic rate increases as well, which prevents aphis gossipii glover migration.

Effect of fruit bagging with different spectra bags on the growth and quality of tomato in spring-summer season

ZHAO Ying, CHENG Zhi-Hui, MENG Huan-Wen

2008, 16(6): 1398-1402. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01398

Abstract(1723) PDF(1002)

Abstract:
The effect of fruit truss/bagging with five different spectra bags on the micro-environment, fresh weight, yield, nutrition content and physiological disease of tomato fruit in spring-summer season was investigated. The results show that under bagging, light intensity significantly weakens, especially ultraviolet wave (< 400 nm)，while 400 ～ 600 nm radiation drops sharply in red plastic film bags (RFB).Relative humidity generally increases while temperature change is different in different bags. No significant differences in the rate of increase in fresh fruit weight, fruit rigidity, fruit shape, single fruit weight and fruit weight per truss (bag) exist. Fruit ripening is quickened and concentrated, and lycopene content increases but with no significant difference in vitamin C, free amino acids and soluble protein content after fruit bagging. Soluble solid content decreases significantly in fruits with fresh film bag (FFB)，while soluble sugar content reduces most significantly in fruits with RFB, yet that of organic acid decreases markedly in fruits with white plastic film bag (WFB). The number of deformed fruits, holed fruits and black-scar fruits decreases while cracked fruits increase and stalk-enlarged fruits appear in fruit bagging treatments. It is concluded that bagging of fruits in spring-summer season is beneficial to the growth and ripening of tomato fruit. The types of bag most suitable include purple plastic film bag (PFB) followed by WFB.

Analysis of drought resistance of hexaploid triticale at sprouting stage

WANG Shu-Guang, SUN Dai-Zhen, ZHOU Fu-Ping, LI Rui, LI Xiao-Yan, YANG Hai-Feng

2008, 16(6): 1403-1408. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01403

Abstract(2037) PDF(929)

Abstract:
20% PEG-6000 (－0.975 MPa) was used to induce water stress in the laboratory to determine the germination potential, germination rate, coleoptile length, radicle length and root number of hexaploid triticale at sprouting stage. Drought resistance of hexaploid triticale was analyzed by fuzzy subordinate function analysis and droughtresistance coefficient at sprouting stage. Finally, the relationship between each morphological index and drought-resistance was established using grey correlative degree analysis. Results show that the germination potential, germination rate, coleoptile and radicle length of each variety decrease or shorten than those of the control under osmotic stress. Differences among triticale varieties are either significant or very significant, but root numbers of some triticale varieties increase while others decrease, indicating that reactions of root number to water stress are different. The variety “Tornado” (S9) has high resistance to drought at sprouting and can be used as a good germsplasm in wheat breeding. The degree of correlation between germination rate and drought resistance of hexaploid triticale at sprouting stage is simply highest, hence germination rate can be a useful morphological index of drought resistance.

Types of drought resistance of wheat at seedling stage

WEI Yun-Zong, LIU Xin-Yue, ZHANG Jiu-Gang

2008, 16(6): 1409-1412. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01409

Abstract(1182) PDF(907)

Abstract:
Types of drought resistance at wheat seedling stage were investigated for 942 wheat varieties using repeated drought method to learn wheat adaptability to water stress at seeding stage. The results show that drought resistance is significantly different among different wheat varieties at seedling stages. Variation coefficient of survival rate among wheat varieties is 4.6%～43.51% after 3 times of repeated drought treatment. Tested varieties are classified as resistant, tolerant and sensitive to water stress based on survival rate following a repeated drought treatment. There are fewer seed roots, more secondary roots and stronger tiller numbers for wheat varieties with stronger resistance to drought at seedling stage. Wheat resistance to drought at seedling stage is inconsistent with that at the late stages and has no clear correlation with 1000-grain weight or the seasonality (winter or spring) of wheat.

Effect of soil water stress on photosynthetic light response curve of tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

GUO Chun-Fang, SUN Yun, ZHANG Mu-Qing

2008, 16(6): 1413-1418. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01413

Abstract(1598) PDF(888)

Abstract:
Two yearold seedlings of tea plants (Camellia sinensis cv. Tieguanyin and C.sinensis cv. Fudingdabaicha ) were cultivated in a pot experiment to investigate the photosynthetic parameters with light intensity of PAR 0 ～ 2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 under four water stress treatments: 75% (normal water supply), 55% (slight water stress), 35% (mild water stress) and 20% (severe water stress) of soil field capacity. The results show that light response curves of net photosynthetic rate (Pn ) in “Tieguanyin” and “Fudingdabaicha” tea plants follow an exponential equation model. Under normal water supply condition, “Tieguanyin” and “Fudingdabaicha” maximum net photosynthetic rates (Pn_max) are 8.169 μmol(CO₂)·m^-2·s^-1 and 3.946 μmol(CO₂)·m^-2·s^-1; apparent quantum yields (AQY ) are 0.039 μmol(CO₂)·μmol^-1 and 0.024 μmol(CO₂)·μmol^-1; light saturation points (LSP ) are 973.07 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 775.78 μmol·m^-2·s^-1; light compensation points (LCP ) are 5.15 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 6.49 μmol·m^-2·s^-1; and dark respiration rates (Rd ) are 1.025 μmol(CO₂)·m^-2·s^-1 and 1.040 μmol(CO₂)·m^-2·s^-1 respectively. Under soil drought stress, Pn_max, AQY and LSP decrease while LCP and Rd increase. Compared with “Fudingdabaicha”, “Tieguanyin” presents higher Pn,Pn_max, LSP and AQY, but lower LCP andRd ; indicating that “Tieguanyin” has higher adaptation capacity to different soil water supply and light intensity than “Fudingdabaicha” under the same environmental conditions.

Physiological characteristics of inbred line maize seedling root under phosphorus stress

HUANG Ai-Ying, CAI Yi-Lin, TENG Zhong-Hua1, MU Zhi-Jian, WANG San-Gen

2008, 16(6): 1419-1422. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01419

Abstract(1574) PDF(998)

Abstract:
Pot sand culture was set up for two inbred line maize with different phosphorus (P) efficiencies to investigate root physiological characteristics at seedling stage under P stress. When subject to low-P treatment, roots of low-P efficiency line 04065 have a significantly higher acid phosphatase (APase) activity during 4～8 leaf-stage and a lower P content than those of high-P efficiency line 04419. This indicates that root APase activity can be a suitable criterion for evaluating P efficiency of different maize inbred lines. With prolonged exposure to low-P stress (up to 6～8 leaf-stage), other physiological characteristics of maize roots, including root APase, root activity, MDA content, total root length and dry matter accumulation,except for root/shoot ratio, are significantly different between the two inbred lines. As such, tolerance of different maize genotypes to low-P stress is related to multiple physiological processes.

Photosynthetic characteristics of wheat cultivars with blue or purple grain

ZONG Xue-Feng, ZHANG Jian-Kui, WANG San-Gen

2008, 16(6): 1423-1428. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01423

Abstract(984) PDF(907)

Abstract:
Changes in photosynthetic pigment content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration and stomatal limitation of blue- or purplegrained wheat cultivars were compared with whitegrained wheat cultivars “Mianyang 26” and “Chuanmai 107” to determine photosynthetic characteristics of blue- or purplegrained wheat cultivars. The results show that: (1) The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of all three kinds of wheat cultivars decrease along development stages: booting, heading, flowering, filling and mature. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents of blue-grained wheat are lowest at the five stages; those of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll of whitegrained wheat are highest at each stage, except for booting stage; and chlorophyll b content is also h+J56ighest at mature stage. Carotenoid content dynamics for purple and blue-grained wheat cultivars differ from that for white-grained wheat. Carotenoid content decreases along developmental stages in white-grained wheat, but decreases before flowering and then increases thereafter in blue- and purple-grained wheat. At filling and mature stages, carotenoid content is highest in blue-grained wheat, and lowest in white-grained wheat. (2) Net photosynthetic rate of all wheat materials increases at first and then decreases along the five developmental stages, with the highest net photosynthetic rate at flowering stage. Net photosynthetic rate of white-grained wheat is highest among the three kinds of wheat at each developmental stage, except for filling stage, and blue-grained wheat is lowest after flowering. (3) Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of all the materials appear to have a unipeak curve, peaking at filling stage. (4) Stomatal limitation in white-grained wheat cultivars is lower than in purple- and blue-grained wheat cultivars from booting to flowering stage, but increases thereafter. It demonstrates that photosynthetic ability of blue- and purple-grained wheat cultivars is lower than that of whitegrained wheat cultivars.

Correlation and regression analysis of trait and yield of soybean

HAN Bing-Jin, PAN Xiang-Wen, JIN Jian, WANG Guang-Hua, LIU Chang-Jiang, LIU Xiao-Bing

2008, 16(6): 1429-1433. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01429

Abstract(1510) PDF(1268)

Abstract:
Correlation and regression analyses were performed based on variations in 17 morphological traits and yield obtained from field experiments on three soybean varieties with four fertilization modes. Results show that eight morphological traits including plant height (x₁), branch number (x₅), uni-grain pod (x₉), di-grain pod (x₁₀), tri-grain pod (x₁₁), tetra-grain pod (x₁₂), 100-grain weight (x₁₅) and economic coefficient (x₁₆) have significant impact on yield with relative effects (from standard regression coefficient) in the following order: x₁₁＞x₁₂＞x₉＞x₁₀＞x₁₆＞x₁₅＞x₁＞x₅. Enhancing effective pod number is an important first step for improving soybean yield, followed by improving economic coefficient. In comparison, increasing 100-grain weight and plant height are less significant for improving yield. Selection of traits with high biomass, more trigrain pod, tetragrain pod and low podding node site should be emphasized in breeding and developing regulation measures to enhance soybean biomass. Descending podding node site should also be adopted in soybean cultivation.

Changes in per-hectare yield of wheat and related factors in Shajiang black soil region of the Huaibei Plain

DU Qun, OUYANG Zhu

2008, 16(6): 1434-1438. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01434

Abstract(1285) PDF(1113)

Abstract:
Shajiang black soil is one of three kinds of lowyield soils in the Huanghuaihai Plain. Research on the influence factors on food production in low yield region has an important implication for enhancing food production in low-yield regions. Taking Fuyang City in the Huaibei Plain as a case study, per-hectare yield, sunlight and temperature productivity potential of wheat and their disparity since 1949 were analyzed. Grey correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between per-hectare yield of wheat and related factors. The results show the sequence of correlation for all the factors (1970 ～ 2000) to be: potassium fertilizer > compound fertilizer > total agricultural mechanization > phosphorus fertilizer > nitrogen fertilizer > effective irrigated area. Potassium fertilizer is the limiting factor of perhectare yield of wheat. Total agricultural mechanization has a major effect on per-hectare yield of wheat. The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on per-hectare yield of wheat declines with time. Timeseries of effective irrigated area shows a rising tendency. Each factor has a high correlation degree with per-hectare yield of wheat, though the correlation sequence for each factor is different at different stages. Finally, we propose a sustainable development way of Shajiang black soil region of the Huaibei Plain.

Analysis of characteristics and stability of peanut yield in different ecological regions of Shandong Province

WU Zheng-Feng, WANG Cai-Bin, DU Lian-Tao, LIU Yun-Feng, ZHENG Ya-Ping, SUN Kui-Xiang, FENG Hao, SUN Xue-Wu

2008, 16(6): 1439-1443. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01439

Abstract(1766) PDF(1317)

Abstract:
Variation and stability of pod yield and yield components were analyzed for six peanut varieties at 19 ecological regions in Shandong Province. The results show significant effect of environment, variety and interaction of environment and variety on pod yield variation and yield components in both spring and summer cultivation seasons. Among the factors, environment has the most obviows effect, followed by crop variety. Crop variety has more obvious effect on pod number per kg and seedtopod ratio than environment. “Luhua 11” grown in spring has a stable pod number per plant. Also springplanted “Fenghua 5” and “Huayu 23” and summerplanted “Huayu 22”, “Fenghua 5” and “Weihua 8” have stable seed-to-pod ratio. Yield and pod number of all varieties exhibit great variations with location. Results suggest that “Huayu 22” and “Weihua 8” are the best spring varieties in eastern Shandong Province and “Weihua 8”, “Luhua 14”, etc are the best summer and spring varieties in central and western Shandong Province.

Impact of climate change on winter wheat production in the Hebei Plain

SHI Yin-Shan, WANG Yu-Zhen, CHI Jun-Cheng, WEI Rui-Jiang

2008, 16(6): 1444-1447. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01444

Abstract(1951) PDF(1324)

Abstract:
Based on climate characteristics and wheat production data for 1951～ 2006 on the Hebei Plain and in conjunction with regression analysis, M-K examination, T-test, linear reconcile moving average and other statistical methods, the influence of climate change on winter wheat production was investigated. The results show an obvious linear rise in temperature for the spring of 1951～ 2006 at the rate of 0.38 °C per decade. No significant linear change of spring rainfall during 1951~2006 is observed. Wheat production has significant correlation with air temperature and rainfall. The wheat climate yield is positive when the temperature varies between －1.2～1.2℃. High or low temperatures, but especially high temperatures, lead to decreasing wheat yield. And continuous high temperatures in recent years have led to decreasing wheat yield. Accordingly, excessively high or low rainfall significantly decreases wheat yield.

Simulation of maize production under climate change scenario in Northeast China

ZHANG Jian-Ping, ZHAO Yan-Xia, WANG Chun-Yi, YANG Xiao-Guang, HE Yong

2008, 16(6): 1448-1452. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01448

Abstract(1161) PDF(1459)

Abstract:
Based on adaptability test of WOFOST crop model for maize production in Northeast China and using a 60-year climate scenario data (2011 ～ 2070) produced by BCC-T63 model, maize growth and yield change umder climate change scenario in Northeast China was simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show a shortened maize growth cycle. The growth cycle of medium-mature maize shortens by 3.4 days and that of late-mature maize shortens by 1.1 days. Yield of maize also decreases by different degrees; medium-mature maize decreases by 3.5% while late-mature maize decreases by 2.1%.

Simulation of dry matter partitioning and marketing date of greenhouseSimulation of dry matter partitioning and marketing date of greenhouse Phalaenopsis aphrodita Rchb. F. flower

ZHANG Xiao-Yan, LIU Feng, WANG Feng-Yun, LIU Shu-Yun, FENG Wen-Jie, SHANG Ming-Hua, ZHU Jian-Hua

2008, 16(6): 1453-1457. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01453

Abstract(1347) PDF(913)

Abstract:
To understand the basic quantification principles of greenhouse Phalaenopsis aphrodita at the procreative stage and to predict the dynamics of vegetation systems so as to rationally regulate the production of P. aphrodita, a simulation model of dry matter partitioning and flower marketing date was developed and validated for greenhouse P. aphrodita according to the correlation of its vegetative development,to temperature and radiation. The model was built on C++ Builder6.0 and is executable on Pentium(R) 4 CPU and 512MB memory computer on Windows XP platform. Results show that the model-simulated shoot, root, stem, leaf, stalk and flower dry weight excellently match with fieldmeasured values. Correlation coefficients between model-simulated and field-measured values are 0.99, 0.99, 0.94, 0.98, 0.97 and 0.99 (all significant at 0.01); with predicted relative errors of 1.19%, 1.79%, 5.66%, 1.22%, 2.90% and 1.53% respectively. Compared with existing vegetation models for greenhouse crops, our model not only has high prediction accuracy and robust functionality but also has easily acquirable parameters and great practicality. The model accurately predicts dry matter partitioning and flower marketing date of greenhouse P. aphrodita , which provides a decisionmaking support for production, management and optimization of environmental controls on greenhouse P. aphrodita.

CO₂ flux and impact factors in winter wheat field ecosystem

IN Tong-Bao, WANG Zhi-Qiang, SONG Xue-Lei, QU Yi-Wei, MENG Zhan-Ying

2008, 16(6): 1458-1463. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01458

Abstract(1371) PDF(1049)

Abstract:
CO₂ flux and impact factors were measured by eddy correlation system in winter wheat fields. The results show distinct diurnal and seasonal variations in CO₂ flux in winter wheat fields with an inverted U-shaped diurnal change in CO₂ flux for every growth stage. CO₂ instantaneous peak and cumulative fluxes are maximum at headgrouting stage, next highest at heading stage and lowest at re-greening stage. Latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, net radiation flux and photosynthetic active radiation are all significantly positively related with CO₂ flux. The correlation coefficient of latent heat flux to CO₂ flux is 0.920～ 0.955, which is higher in seedling, jointing and heading stages, and lower in filling stage. That of sensitive heat flux to CO₂ flux is 0.801 ～ 0.953, higher at jointing stage, next at seeding stage but low at heading and filling stages.That of net radiation flux to CO₂ flux is 0.879 ～ 0.967, higher at seeding, jointing and heading stages, but lower at filling stage. That of photosynthetic active radiation to CO₂ flux is 0.910 ～ 0.953,lower at prophase and anaphase than at metaphase. The results also indicate that irrigation improves CO₂ flux to a certain extent.

Weed communities and eco-niches in wheat fields of the Yellow River irrigation zone of Lanzhou

MA Li-Rong1, LIN Hai-Ming, LI Rong

2008, 16(6): 1464-1468. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01464

Abstract(1801) PDF(1082)

Abstract:
The composition and econiches of weeds in wheat fields of the Yellow River irrigation zone of Lanzhou were field investigated based on eco-niche theory and method. The results show that Calystegia hederacea, Chenopodium album, Cephalanoplos segetum, Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus, Setaria viridis, Sonchus brachyotus and Polygonum aviculare form the main eco-damage population. Based on calculations of time, horizontal and vertical stretches of weed eco-niches, C. album is the dominant species and C. hederacea is the main weed. C.album and C. hederacea niches extensively overlap. The result illustrates that potential factors of wheat field weeds will induce field weed communities change as field environment varying.

Correlation between ecological effect and structure characteristics of urban green areas

WU Xiao-Gang, LIN Yin-Ding, YAN Hai-Bing, HAO Xing-Yu

2008, 16(6): 1469-1473. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01469

Abstract(1294) PDF(1504)

Abstract:
This paper focuses on temperature-lowering and humidity raising effects of open and green areas with regard correlation between ecological effects and structural characteristics of green areas in Taiyuan City. Ten green areas from two different categories were selected as samples. Meteorological data along horizontal and vertical belts of the green areas were synchronously examined by HOBO Pro Temperature/Humidity External Logger. The results show that temperaturelowering and humidityraising effects are significantly positively correlated with area and green quantity index, but negatively correlated with P/A （perimeter / area ) index of open and green areas along horizontal belts. The results also imply that temperature-lowering and humidity-raising effects are significantly positively correlated with green quantity; LAI has a significant impact on temperature-lowering effect, but less impact on humidity-raising effect. Ecological effects of urban green areas are largely dependent on green quantity. This highlights the importance of evaluating green quantity in urban green areas. It emphasizes the importance of increased proportion of large area green patches and green quantity as a means of enlarging green zones. Moreover, it is feasible to adopt green area shapes with different P/A values according to their functions, which effectively improves the benefits of urban green areas.

Photosynthetic physiology of different allelopathic riceaccessions at seedling stage under potassium stress

WANG Hai-Bin, HE Hai-Bin, YE Chen-Ying, QIU Long, FANG Chang-Xun, LIN Wen-Xiong

2008, 16(6): 1474-1477. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01474

Abstract(1370) PDF(1050)

Abstract:
Allelopathic rice “PI312777” and non-allelopathic rice “Lemont” were hydroponically cultured to explore photosynthetic physiological responses of different allelopathic rice accessions under low potassium supply. Morphological indices and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of two rice accessions respectively cultured in Hoagland solution at low potassium (5 mg·L^-1) and normal potassium (40 mg·L^-1) rates were investigated. The activities of three key enzymes associated with photosynthesis and expression of three key genes encoding enzymes were detected to evaluate the effect of low potassium on gene expression in two rice accessions. Results show that root length of “PI312777” is enhanced under low potassium supply and the revere is the case for “Lemont”. Plant height and dry weight are slightly inhibited in “PI312777”, but significantly drop in “Lemont”. Under low potassium supply, photosynthetic physiological characteristics indices such as net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, stomatal limitation and SPAD in “PI312777” slightly drop, but significantly drop in “Lemont”. Simultaneously, the activity and coding gene expression of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and glycollic oxidase all decrease in two rice accessions under low potassium supply while significant decrease in non-allelopathic rice “Lemont”. The results indicate that “PI312777” has stronger photosynthetic ability and nutrition stress resistance.

Effect of 3-methyl phenol at different rates of irrigation and intercropping on water consumption, and yield of wheat and faba-bean

LUO Zhao-Xia, CHAI Qiang

2008, 16(6): 1478-1482. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01478

Abstract(1045) PDF(988)

Abstract:
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of 3-methyl phenol and the rate of irrigation on water consumption and yield of wheat and faba-bean in monocropping and intercropping systems. Irrigation was done to keep soil water contents to be 45%, 60% and 75% of field capacity at 3-methyl phenol concentration of 300 × 10^-6mol·kg^-1. Results show that the total water consumption of wheat and faba-bean under intercropping is 12.87% ～ 31.56% lower than that for wheat and faba-bean under monocropping. Allelopathic effect (AE) of 3-methyl phenol on water consumption of different crops is insignificant; but irrigation rate, and cropping pattern are significant correlated with total water consumption. 3-methyl phenol negatively affects yield of wheat and faba-bean, but that effect on wheat is weakened by enhanced irrigation rate, while 3-methyl phenol AE on faba-bean yield under different irrigation rates is not significantly different. Both biological and economic yield of intercropping systems increases by 15.3% ～ 37.41% and 5.98% ～31.27% respectively, in comparison with monocropped wheat and faba-bean yield. Intercropping as well weakens the negative effect of 3-methyl phenol AE on faba-bean yield.

Allelopathy of Angelica sinensis at vegetative stage

MA Rui-Jun, HUI Ji-Rui, ZHU Hui, LI Jing, ZHAO Qing-Fang

2008, 16(6): 1483-1488. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01483

Abstract(1367) PDF(1126)

Abstract:
To investigate the relationship between autotoxicity and continuous cropping obstacle and to find a reasonable crop rotation system for Angelica sinensis (a common traditional Chinese medicinal plant).Aqueous extracts from root, stem and leaf of A. sinensis at vegetative stage were analyzed for autotoxicity and allelopathic effect on Brassica campestris, Triticum aestivum, Avena sativa (which are often grown in regions where A. sinensis grown). The results indicate that A. sinensis exhibits significant autotoxicity (sensitivity index M₃ = -0.258 3). The effect from stem and leaf extracts is stronger than root extracts, which also increases with increasing concentration.T. aestivum and A. sativa show resistance to A. sinensis allelopathy, with respective comprehensive sensitivity indexes (M) of -0.075 5 and -0.144 7, while B. campestris is sensitive at M₃ = -0.307 9. Bioassay result of B. campestris is inconsistent with practical planting and this may be due to interactions between allelochemicals and soil microbes or allelochemical transformation which reduces allelopathy potential. Being different from autotoxicity, allelopathic effect of A. sinensis root on the three other tested plants is stronger than stem and leaf extracts, and is positively correlated with extract concentration. It then can be concluded that autotoxicity is an obstacle to continuous cropping of A. sinensis cultivation; T. aestivum and A. sativa may be an alternative rotation for overcoming this obstacle.

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of cotton

LI Yan-Bin, LIU Jian-Guo, LI Feng, LIU Shu-Juan, GENG Wei

2008, 16(6): 1489-1494. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01489

Abstract(1478) PDF(1125)

Abstract:
Bioassay and physiological experiment were adopted to explore the allelopathic effect and mechanism of cotton on several plant receptors. Aqueous extract of cotton has allelopathic effect on Raphanus sativus, Brassica campestris, Lactuca indica, Brassica campestris, Echinochloa crusgall, Setaria viridis and Abutilon theophrasti and its inhibition effect gradually strengthens with increasing concentration. Aqueous extracts from stems,leaves and roots of cotton inhibit or accelerate seed germination and seedling growth, and activity of enzyme of seedling root of cotton. While aqueous extracts from stems and leaves of cotton are 0.02 g·mL^-1, root length, shoot length, lateral root number and dry weight of cotton respectively increase by 10.3%, 3.1%, 22.9% and 2.4% over the control. The above mentioned indexes are lower than the control by 34.4%, 39.2%, 40.6% and 19.0% respectively as the aqueous extracts are 0.1 g·mL^-1. At the same time，root activity and SOD activity decrease by 38.2% and 36.7%, while POD activity and MDA content increase by 52.3% and 36.5%. Growth indexes of plant receptors increase at low concentrations but decrease at high concentrations of aqueous extracts. The allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of stems and leaves is stronger than that of root. These findings show that cotton has autotoxicity effect which maybe one of reasons for continuous cropping obstacle of cotton. The economic yield of cotton will be improved by founding rational cultivate system.

Seed germination and growth of various resistant cucumber seedlings under Fusarium oxysporum crude toxin stress

TIAN Xue-Liang, LIU Ming-Tao, YANG Jia-Rong

2008, 16(6): 1495-1498. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01495

Abstract(1443) PDF(1197)

Abstract:
The effect of Fusarium oxysporum crude toxin stress on seed germination and growth of various resistant cucumber seedlings were researched. The results show that radicle growth and lateral root amount of various resistant cucumber seedlings are suppressed by F. oxysporum crude toxin. The more concentrated the toxin is, the more germination and growth are suppressed. However, the degree of suppression of susceptible varieties is higher than that of resistant varieties. Under F. oxysporumcrude toxin stress, cell membrane permeability, MDA and soluble sugar contents increase. Cell membrane permeability and MDA content of susceptible varieties are higher than those of resistant varieties, but the soluble sugar content is lower. Under F. oxysporum crude toxin stress for 36 h, PAL, PPO and POD activity initially increases but subsequently drops. PAL and PPO peak value occurs after 12 h of continuous stress, but POD peaks after 24 h. Peak values of PAL, PPO and POD of resistant varieties are higher than those of susceptible varieties. The capability of resistance to F. oxysporum crude toxin of resistant varieties precede that for susceptible varieties.

Effect of insecticide stress on physiological and biochemical indicators of Brassica campestris L.

JIANG Jun-Qi, MIAO Liang, TAN Hua-Rong, LIANG Guang-Wen, MIAO Yong, TAN Gen-Jia1

2008, 16(6): 1499-1503. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01499

Abstract(1291) PDF(1190)

Abstract:
The effect of four insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis, Abamectin, Fipronil, and Beta-cypwrmethrin) on five principal physiological and biochemical indicators (chlorophyll, soluble sugar and free amino acid content, and SOD and POD activity) of B.campestris was researched. The results show that chlorophyll content declines compared with the control treatment 14 days after insecticide application. After three weeks of insecticide application, each treatment shows a significant difference in chlorophyll content in the order as follows: Fipronil treatment > Beta-cypwrmethrin treatment > Abamectin treatment > Bacillus thuringiensis treatment > control treatment. Soluble sugar content is relatively high after 7 days in Fipronil and Beta-cypwrmethrin respectively,while in Abamectin, is significant higher than that in other treatments 21 days after insecticide application. In comparison with the control treatment, THR, ILE and PHE contents are markedly high, while VAL and HIS contents are markedly low three weeks after insecticide application. On the whole, the effect of insecticide stress on free amino acids in the leaves of B.campestris relatively intensifies after 14 days with light Fipronil stress effect, but serious Beta-cypwrmethrin stress effect. Seven days after insecticide application, SOD activity in Abamectin treatment and BT treatment significant increases over that in other treatments. SOD activity is simply highest in Abmectin treatment after two weeks, while all treatments have less SOD activity than the control three weeks after application. POD activity rises on the average, and the range of increase in Fipronil treatment and Abamectin treatment is a little high, reaching 598% and 247% respectively. This study provides an important theoretical and practical basis for reasonable selection of insecticides to control B.campestris pests.

Eco-toxicological effect of fenvalerate on soil urease activity in subtropical orchards

FU Li-Jun, YANG Wen-Jin, WEI Yang-Ye1, ZHANG Hong-Ping

2008, 16(6): 1504-1507. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01504

Abstract(1231) PDF(954)

Abstract:
Through simulation, the effect of fenvalerate on red soil urease activity in subtroptical fruit gardens was investigated. The results show that soil urease activity in the first three days is increased and followed by inhibition, after seven days it is lower than the control. The degree of activation and inhibition is directly related with fenvalerate concentration. As the reaction concentration of substrate (urea) is below the saturation, urease activity improves with the increase of urea concentration. The relationship between soil urease activity (U) and urea concentration (C) as well as fenvalerate concentration (C) can be expressed in the given regression model as: U=β₀+β₁×C. This implies that adsorption and desorption are the basic mechanisms of soil reaction catalyzed by urease; that soil fertility is an important element in the relationship between soil urease and fenvaleraten; thus soils with higher fertility amortizes the effect of fenvalerate on soil urease and therefore less affected by fenvalerate.

Effect of introducing Bt gene in cotton on biochemical content of vascular bundle sap of cotton leaf and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)

ZHOU Fu-Cai, REN Shun-Xiang, CHEN De-Hua, LI Chuan-Ming

2008, 16(6): 1508-1512. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01508

Abstract(1328) PDF(1053)

Abstract:
Using transgenic Bt cotton “Guokang 22” and conventional parental cotton “Simian No. 3” as tested varieties, the effect of introducing Bt gene on physiological indices of vascular bundle sap of cotton leaf and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was studied. The results show that transgenic Bt cotton “Guokang 22” contains more soluble sugar in vascular bundle sap both at seedling and flowering stages than the conventional parental cotton “Simian No.3”. Tannin content in vascular bundle sap of “Guokang 22” is lower than that of “Simian No.3” at seedling stage, but not significantly different at flowering stage. Although no significant difference exists in total free amino acid content between two varieties, some amino acids (including glutamic acid, proline and alanine) that are closely related to B. tabaci metabolism are significantly higher in “Guokang 22” than in “Simian No.3” at flowering stage. No gossypol is detected from the sap at both seeding and flowering stages. The intrinsic rates of increase (r_m) of B-type B. tabaci feeding on the leaves of trangenic Bt cotton “Guokang 22” at seeding and flowering stages are respectively 13.7% and 20.2% higher than those feeding on conventional parental cotton “Simian No.3”. This indicates that the introduction of foreign Bt gene produces profound effect on the syntheses of soluble sugars, free amino acids and anti-biosies, and thus on the population of B. tabaci.

Decomposition, nutrientreleasing characteristics and environmental effect of soaked tobacco stem waste

XIONG De-Zhong, LI Fang, LI Su-Lan, HE Peng, ZOU Wen-Tong

2008, 16(6): 1513-1516. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01513

Abstract(1406) PDF(1049)

Abstract:
Annual output of tobacco stem in Fujian Province is 1.2×10⁵ ton, most of which is piled on the fields, irrigation canals and river banks. Soaking experiment shows that the rate of nutrient loss from tobacco stems are maximum in the first 10 days after soaking tobacco in water; with dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium loss rates of 34.52%, 32.16%, 24.15%, 74.55% and 79.46% respectively. On the 60^th day after soaking, nutrient loss rates are 50.05%, 46.88%, 68.68%, 95.10% and 95.76% respectively. When 500 g fresh tobacco stems (with 135.197 g dry matter) are soaked in 1.5 L water, ammonia and nitrate nitrogen content in water reaches 292.56 mg and 35.68 mg respectively. Most of the lost nitrogen from soaked tobacco stem is in the form of ammonia nitrogen. On the 10^th, 30^th and 60^th day after the tobacco stems were soaked in water, COD of water is 13.82 g·L^-1, 8.73 g·L^-1 and 5.43 g·L^-1 respectively. Annual loss of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from tobacco stem in Fujian Province is 5.33 ×10⁴ ton, 908 ton, 247 ton and 2 918 ton respectively.

Specificity and ecological risk of heavy metal pollution in Liaoning sewage irrigation district

LI Ming-Sheng, TONG Lian-Jun1

2008, 16(6): 1517-1522. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01517

Abstract(1340) PDF(1283)

Abstract:
To address the problems of sewage irrigation, fuzzy recognition model was developed to evaluate sewage irrigated soil environmental quality and improve potential ecological risk index used to assess potential ecological risk of heavy metals. The soil environment quality, heavy metal pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of Liaoning sewage irrigation district were evaluated by the established model. Results show that the primary contaminant in sewage irrigation districts of Liaoning Province is Cd, whereas Hg, Pb and Ni constitute pervasive pollutants. Correlation analysis indicates that wastewater irrigation and fertilization of farmland are the main sources of heavy metal pollution in Liaoning sewage irrigated soils. Pollution is more serious in the regions irrigated with industrial wastewater than in regions irrigated with river water. The order of heavy metal pollution intensity is: Cd > Pb > Ni > Hg > Cu > Cr > As; and that for potential ecological risk is: Cd > Hg > Pb > Cu > Ni > As > Cr. On the whole, the sewage irrigation district of Liaoning Province is polluted and characterized as a complex pollution situation. The degree of ecological risk is somehow moderate. In the future, soil pollution countermeasures should take into account of pollution characteristics and risk level of every sewage irrigation region.

Effect of copper methionine on nutrient metabolism and serum physico-chemical parameters in Simmental steer

WANG Cong, DONG Kuan-Hu, LIU Qiang, HUANG Ying-Xiang, PEI Hua, LIU Xi

2008, 16(6): 1523-1527. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01523

Abstract(971) PDF(1015)

Abstract:
Sixteen Simmental steers on corn straw diet were stratified by weight and randomly assigned in a block design experiment,which consisted of 0 mg (control), 8 mg, 16 mg or 24 mg of supplemental Cu (as copper methionine) per kg dry matter (DM) diet, to evaluate the effect of different copper methionine levels on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and serum parameter. The results show that the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract in supplemented Cu treatments increases significantly (P < 0.05). The digestibility of neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber in groups supplemented with 8 mg and 16 mg Cu per kg DM diet are higher than those of the control (P < 0.05). Digestible nitrogen, retention nitrogen and the utilization of nitrogen in Cu treatments increase significantly (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, albumin and total protein increases significantly (P < 0.05). Serum urine nitrogen concentration in groups supplemented with 24 mg Cu per kg DM diet decreases significantly (P < 0.05). The activity of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase is not significantly affected. The activity of serum ceruloplasmin increases significantly (P < 0.05). The activity of serum SOD and GSHpx as well increases significantly (P < 0.05). Serum maleic dialdehyde concentration decreases significantly (P < 0.05). Serum Cu concentration in groups supplemented 16 mg and 24 mg Cu per kg DM diet significantly increases over those of the control and 8 mg Cu per kg group (P < 0.05). Optimum Cu supplemented dose is 8 ～ 16 mg Cu per kg DM diet.

Technical system of rational land use and deserticulture in desert oasis — A case study of Minqin Oasis

HE Fang-Yin, JI Yong-Fu, YANG Zi-Hui, FANG E-Tian, LIU Shi-Zeng, TANG Jin-Nian, LI Ya

2008, 16(6): 1528-1534. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01528

Abstract(1289) PDF(661)

Abstract:
Investigation and evaluation of soil and water resources in Minqin Oasis indicate that the proportion of grain crop, cash crop and grass is 36.94∶45.16∶17.90 for 2005. And a comparison with that for 1991 indicates that land use structure is developing towards rational proportion of grain crop, cash crop and grass; and harmony among agriculture, stockbreeding and forest. The main limiting factors of land resources are water, soil quality, salinity and fertility, and there is about 3.921 8 × 10⁸m³water deficit per year in Minqin Oasis. Based on the natural conditions and deserticulture theory, some high quality, watersaving and droughtresistant plant species and varieties are introduced in Minqin Oasis. These include four alfalfa species of “Zhongmu No.1”, “Ranger Lander”, “Barlfa54” and “Derby”;and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Ephedra intermedia and Allium mongolicum. The development aim of land use and deserticulture in Minqin Oasis are advanced as: watersaving agriculture and ecological industry to improve utilization of soil, water and light, which in turn involves rational intercropping of forest-grass and forest-herb medicinal plants, grass-crop ration; cultivation and development of alfalfa,G. uralensis, E. intermedia, grape, potato, cotton and home-breed sheep. Implementation of the above measures benefits technological establishment of deserticulture including soil/environment system, plant species/variety system, watersaving cultivation and industrialization system, and insures proportion of grain crop, cash crop and grass on 1∶1∶1 basis and furthers sustainable development of ecological deserticulture.

Agricultural ecosystem energy flow analysis based on peasant households

LI Xiu-Ping, HAN Jian-Ping, YANG De-Gang

2008, 16(6): 1535-1540. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01535

Abstract(1645) PDF(875)

Abstract:
Through the application of ecological and systems theory, this paper investigated energy flow in cropland, orchard and animal husbandry subsystems of agro-ecosystem using 40 typical peasant households of Daxi Village, Yuli County, Southern Xinjiang as a study unit. Energy flow mechanism, supplemental energy input structure, energy input and output composition for different subsystems, energy flow relation among subsystems and energy transform efficiency were analyzed. The results show that peasant household ecosystem is a multi-operational system that is not only an essential traditional agriculture but also a modern agriculture. Due to low total supplemental and organic energy input in agricultural systems, utilization efficiency of solar energy and output levels are low. Increasing total supplemental and organic energy input can improve energy transformation efficiency, hence energy output levels. Energy relationship between primary and secondary production systems is in disharmony, with large energy deviation that not only results in serious organic energy waste (provided by primary production system), but equally brings about scarcity in the sources of organic fertilizer. Hence developing animal husbandry can be an effective and important way of optimizing peasant household production structure, coordinating relationships between cropping and breeding systems and increasing energy outputs.

Evaluation of ecological service value of rice-wheat rotation ecosystem

SHENG Jing, CHEN Liu-Gen, ZHU Pu-Ping

2008, 16(6): 1541-1545. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01541

Abstract(1355) PDF(1140)

Abstract:
The value of ecological service function (including crop production, atmosphere regulation, water storage, nutrient cycle and soil conservation) of agro-ecosystems under typical ricewheat rotation in Jiangsu Province was comprehensively evaluated using three evaluation methods (market value, replacement valuation and shadow price). Results show that rice-wheat rotation ecosystem provides an average overall service value of 45 998.08 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1, in which environment regulation function value is 26 458.86 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1; 1.35 times that of direct service value of crop production. That means 1.00 yuan cost of rice-wheat rotation ecosystem provides an environmental benefit value of 3.58 yuan. Air regulation being the dominant constraint accounts for 62.20% environment regulation service value. The study reveals the significance of non-marketed ecological service of rice-wheat rotation agro-ecosystem, and that government should pay much attention on environment regulation function of agro-ecosystems in making decisions on land utilization.

Ecological capacity analysis of Tianjin City

MIAO Shi-Long, CHENG Jie, LIU Jie, ZHAO Ting-Ning

2008, 16(6): 1546-1551. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01546

Abstract(1507) PDF(834)

Abstract:
On the basis of annual statistical analysis of both biological and energy consumption and ecological footprint of Tianjin, ecology carrying capacity value of Tianjin in 2004 is estimated at 0.32 hm², with average per capita ecological deficit of 1.53 hm², showing that ecology safety of Tianjin Ciy is seriously threatened and this tendency is increasing with time. This is likely to go beyond the capacity of the natural ecological system of Tianjin. On the other hand, it shows that the overall economic development of Tianjin and use of resources is moving from extensive and progressive to one of consumptive and conservative.

Theory and development trend of recycle agriculture

YIN Chang-Bin, ZHOU Ying

2008, 16(6): 1552-1556. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01552

Abstract(2088) PDF(997)

Abstract:
This paper explores the origin of circular economy and summarizes its application on agriculture. Recycle Agriculture (RA) is a new developmental and agricultural growth mode that is coordinated with population, resources and environment. By constructing recycle mechanism of “agriculture resources use → production → agriculture waste reuse”, agriculture production realizes coordination with economic development and ecological equilibrium, low resources consumption, low waste emission and high material utilization. The key characteristics of RA are resources saving and extension of agricultural industry chain. Developing RA is a necessity for transfering agricultural development modes from extension growth to connotation development and the choice to solve problems of scarce agricultural resources and environmental degradation. Future research should emphasize theory and operational mechanisms, layer composition, technology and precaution of RA development.

Classification of development modes of recycle agriculture in China

ZHOU Ying, YIN Chang-Bin, QIU Jian-Jun

2008, 16(6): 1557-1563. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01557

Abstract(959) PDF(725)

Abstract:
This paper summarizes recycle agriculture modes based on developmental agendas and spatial relocation of agricultural industry in China. Recycle agriculture modes are classified into four types, on the basis of industrial development objectives as: improved production mode of ecological agriculture, upgraded product quality mode of agriculture, waste resource utilization mode of agriculture and improved ecological environment mode. Recycle agriculture is classified into three based on industrial and spatial relocation as micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. Macro-level is further subdivided into eco-village town and territory-recycle agriculture. Finally, the paper puts forward the prospect on classification of development modes of recycle agriculture in China.

Recycle agriculture pattern from extension industry chain in Henan Province

ZHANG Ji-Cheng, YIN Chang-Bin, ZHOU Ying

2008, 16(6): 1564-1567. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01564

Abstract(1286) PDF(1094)

Abstract:
In order to realize sustainably harmonious development of ecological, economic and social systems, those are critical to choose rational recycle agriculture patterns based on local conditions, and to explore corresponding mechanisms of operation and administration of recycle agriculture in development of recycle agriculture in China. The necessity for adopting recycle agriculture patterns and function mechanisms based on extension industry chain is analyzed in the paper. In terms of analysis of the problems of operation mechanisms and development experiences of recycle agriculture in Hebi City, Henan Province, guaranteed measures of recycle agriculture are advanced which serve as the border of responsibility between government and market, development and utilization of effective and available technology, and participation of stakeholders. 

A case study of recycle agriculture development in Anhui Province

LI Wen, MA You-Hua, XIA Lei, WANG Bao-Gen, ZHANG Cheng-Xiang, YIN Chang-Bin, JIANG Hong-Zhi

2008, 16(6): 1568-1571. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01568

Abstract(1641) PDF(896)

Abstract:
Based on recycle economic theory, Anhui Province built recycle agriculture modes to harmonize economic growth and ecological environment and to realize sustainable agricultural development. This paper systematically analyzes the development of recycle agriculture in Anhui Province and summarizes several typical recycle agriculture modes, including recycle agriculture mode of Maoji Experimental District of Huainan City, recycle agriculture mode of Dangshan pear production, and “tree, grass, livestock, methane and mushroom” agriculture mode of Linquan County. Suggested modes for future development of recycle agriculture in Anhui Province are 3-dimensional agriculture mode, biological chain convertion mode, agriculture industry chain extension mode and eco-tourism mode.

Modes of recycle agriculture in Hubei Province

LI Zhao-Hua, MA Qing-Xin, TU Jian-Hua, YAN Sheng-Hua, ZHOU Zhen-Xing, ZHANG Jin, ZHU Xu

2008, 16(6): 1572-1575. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01572

Abstract(1167) PDF(894)

Abstract:
Traditional recycle agriculture patterns based on substance circle have long been established in the history of agricultural development in Hubei Province. These patterns have evolved into resource-saving and environment-friendly modern agricultural production modes. On the basis of this study, we classify 16 recycle agriculture modes in Hubei Province into four categories — three-dimensional high-efficiency and low-cost recycle agriculture, combined recycle agriculture of plantation and livestock, coupled industrial chain of farm production processes and ecological homestead villages. By analyzing natural conditions and developmental status, Hubei Province is divided into five regions of recycle agriculture development — suburb recycle agriculture in Wuhan-E Zhou-Huangshi, hilly area recycle agriculture in eastern Hubei, Jianghan Plain recycle agriculture, hillock recycle agriculture in northern Hubei and mountain recycle agriculture in western Hubei. This research headlights development of modern recycle agriculture to promote sustainable development of agriculture in Hubei Province.

Mode of recycle eco-agriculture of “plant-methane-breeding+pest-killer lamp” in Baise City of Guangxi

YIN Chang-Bin, ZHOU Ying, LIANG Zhong-Da

2008, 16(6): 1576-1579. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01576

Abstract(1832) PDF(1243)

Abstract:
This paper summarizes the basic principles, production processes and recycle tracks of “plant-methane-breeding + pest-killer lamp” mode based on generalized ecological mode of recycle agriculture. The mode developed is a comprehensive ecological production pattern with biogas as the hub, interlinking planting, breeding and processing industries which makes full use of biogas. The production processes include breeding pigs and fishes, producing methane, planting fruit trees, using pestkiller lamps and fruit bag covers. The recycle tracks embody linkages and biological chain coordination and interlinking six production processes on the whole. The paper analyzes local practices of Nalitun in Bao’an Village, Baise City in Guangxi and advances policy thinkings and suggestions.

Regional measure of recycle agriculture in Chongqing City

CHEN Yu-Cheng, YANG Zhi-Min, CHEN Qing-Hua, ZHANG Shi-Gong, ZHOU Li-Juan

2008, 16(6): 1580-1584. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01580

Abstract(1271) PDF(895)

Abstract:
A 3-level index system characterizing recycle agriculture in Chongqing City was constructed using systematic analytical method. Based on development strategy of One-Hour Economic Circle (OHEC) and Two-Wing of Chongqing City, the degree of development, coordination and constraints on recycle agriculture in 39 districts/counties in Chongqing City were analyzed. The results for development degree and coordination degree show that recycle agriculture in Chongqing City basically represents low input in agricultural production and limitations in circulatory utilization of resources. While the constraint degree indicates circulatory utilization of resources as the most important obstacle to recycle agriculture in Chongqing City. The least obstacle is agricultural production input. Water shortage awareness, development of water-saving agriculture and ecological engineering, and augmented and comprehensive utilization of crop stalk are the prerequisites for the full realization of recycle agriculture in Chongqing City. Based on the economy and geography, the recycle agriculture in OHEC, Northeast-Wing and Southeast-Wing of Chongqing City are appraised as good, medium and common respectively. A comprehensive analysis of the degree of development, coordination and constraint shows that recycle agriculture in the 39 districts/counties of Chongqing City can be classified into four as: good, medium, common and poor.

Ecological issues of research for biological invasion of Ampullaria gigas Spix in China

ZHANG Jia-En, FANG Li

2008, 16(6): 1585-1589. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01585

Abstract(1648) PDF(1393)

Abstract:
Ampullaria gigas Spix is a major invasive organism in rice farms in Southern China. It has become much more invasive and dangerous to rice growth and other related crops, and even to agro-biodiversity and natural environment in recent years. This paper introduces the state of A. gigas invasion in China and advances important ecological issues of research concern, including ecological suitability and tolerance of A. gigas in paddy fields, outbreak modes and A. gigas population prediction, ecological risk, integrated management and ecological control of A. gigas.

Advances in research on the effect of rural landscape pattern on water environment

WANG Xia-Hui, WANG Bo, ZHANG Hui-Yuan

2008, 16(6): 1590-1596. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01590

Abstract(1206) PDF(816)

Abstract:
Due to serious pollution of rural water environments in China, it is very crucial that our knowledge on water environmental pollution control theory and technique are augmented. In this paper, the impact of rural landscape pattern on water quality and landscape-optimizing methods are reviewed. At present, much studies focus on the static effect of single landscape on water environment on small- to medium-scale rather than a dynamic landscape effect at multi-componential large-scale. And most domestic researches stagnate on parameter adaptation for existing models and simple re-coupling. Prediction scenarios of water environment effects of different landscape patterns also require augmentation. Studies should be directed in the following areas: interaction mechanism between rural landscape patterns and ecological processes, models of water environment effects based on watershed landscapes and uncertainty analyses, optimization methods of landscape patterns and their research applications for decisionmaking and management in China.

Prospect of Dynamic Data Driven Application System in agricultural and environmental applications

OUYANG Ying, LUO Shi-Ming, CUI Li-Hua, LIAO Xin-Di, ZHANG Jia-En, QIN Zhong

2008, 16(6): 1597-1602. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.01597

Abstract(1959) PDF(758)

Abstract:
At present, most input data in system dynamic modeling are not able to synchronize with real-world conditions, which often results in inaccurate predictions and/or failure of system control. Dynamic Data Driven Application System (DDDAS) is an innovative paradigm in which real-time computer simulations and measurements, system automated feedback and applications/managements are dynamically integrated. It effectively overcomes setbacks in traditional simulation approaches. This paper is an overview of the emergence and basic concepts of DDDAS and describes the rationale and methodology of DDDAS application in agricultural and environmental sciences through case studies of greenhouse gas emission, irrigation control in crop production and monitoring water pollution in river system. Specific limitations of DDDAS are also discussed.

Effect of planting density on the production and N utilization of rice under large-triangle intensification system

CAI Yan, TAO Wu-Hui, ZHANG Yi, ZHANG Xi-Zhou

2008, 16(6): 1603-1605. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.01603

Abstract(1772) PDF(810)

Abstract:

Allelopathic effect of phenol 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) on microorganism of Hamulus lupulus L. (hops) rhizospheric soil

ZHANG Xin-Hui, WANG Xia-Xia, HANG En-He

2008, 16(6): 1606-1608. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2008.01606

Abstract(2079) PDF(888)

Abstract:

2008 Vol. 16, No. 6