2009 Vol. 17, No. 4

  Previous Issue | Next Issue 
Display Method:
Effect of fertilization mode on growth and nutrition accumulation in vegetables, and loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetable fields
HUANG Dong-Feng, WANG Guo, LI Wei-Hua, QIU Xiao-Xuan
2009, 17(4): 619-624. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00619
Abstract(1729) PDF(1564)
Abstract:
Field plot trials involving 7 fertilization modes (non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer as base manure, chemical fertilizer as half-base manure and half-dressing manure, chemical fertilizer and dicyandiamide as base manure, chemical fertilizer and dicyandiamide as half-base manure and half-dressing manure, combined chemical fertilizer and organic manure, and organic manure) were conducted under rain-fed conditions. Then the effect of the fertilization modes on plant height, weight, yield, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, fertilizer utilization ratio, and loss of nitrate-N, ammonia-N and water-soluble-P in vegetable fields was investigated. Compared with the control treatment, results show that two fertilization modes (combined chemical fertilizer and organic manure, chemical fertilizer and dicyandiamide as half-base manure and half-dressing manure), improve plant agri-properties, respectively increase vegetable yield by 154.44% and 172.18%, enhance nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation in vegetables by 183.20% and 327.21%, 310.49% and 247.67%, 205.95% and 189.39% respectively. The two application modes also decrease the total amount of nitrate-N and ammonia-N, and water-soluble-P loss via runoff in vegetable fields by 63.10% and 56.53%, 39.97% and 48.44% respectively. Consequently, agro-non-point sources pollution from vegetable fields significantly drop under the two fertilization modes. Therefore, the two fertilization modes should be adopted in future vegetable production. If chemical fertilizer is as base manure, loss of nitrate-N, ammonia-N and water-soluble-P via runoff would increase.
Effect of long-term potassium application on irrigated soil potassium and on the yield and nutrient of crops
TAN De-Shui, JIN Ji-Yun, HUANG Shao-Wen, LIU Zhao-Hui, JIANG Li-Hua
2009, 17(4): 625-629. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00625
Abstract(1620) PDF(1197)
Abstract:
An experiment on the long-term application of potassium (K) fertilizer and wheat straw in irrigated soils of Ningxia, northwestern China began in 1993. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of K fertilizer application and wheat straw return to soil on crop nutrient content and yield and the status of soil K in plowed soil layers. The results show that K fertilizer and wheat straw increase yield of wheat and maize. K fertilizer treatments increase wheat yield by 244 kg·hm-2 and maize yield by 397 kg·hm-2 annually. The order of all treatments effect on yield is as follows: NPK+straw > NPK > NP+straw > NP. K fertilizer has a significant effect on crop yield when it is continuously applied for 8~10 years. Significant response of yield to K application occurs earlier in maize than in wheat. Furthermore, K fertilizer and wheat straw return to soil increase potassium content in the kernel and straw of the crops. There is a higher potassium content in straw, while it in kernels accounts for only 13%~17% of the total potassium content of plant. Furthermore, K fertilizer enhances the elements contents of kernels and accelerates element absorption by kernels. However, K fertilizer reduces trace- and micro-elements in straw. The content of 0~20 cm soil available K and slowly available K in non-potassium (NP and NP+Straw) treatments for long-term application decrease. Total K content in all treatment declines at a rate of 0.8~1.2 g·kg-1.
Effect of fowl manure and chemical fertilizer on production of lettuce
SU Fan, YIN Mei, FU Li-Bo, CHEN Hua, HONG Li-Fang
2009, 17(4): 630-636. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00630
Abstract(1937) PDF(1800)
Abstract:
Research on lettuce nutrition and growth environment in paddy and red soils was conducted by field trials to investigate effects of fowl manure and chemical fertilizer. The results show that fowl manure significantly improves the physical and chemical characteristics and the activity of soil microorganism in both soil types. The soil bulk density in the different treatments is as follow: fowl manure treatment < 1/2 fowl manure treatment < chemical fertilizer + fowl manure < chemical fertilizer treatment. However, the order for total porosity and water stable aggregate content is quite the opposite. The use of chemical fertilizer decreases soil pH, whereas fowl manure has no obvious effect on soil pH. The use of fowl manure increases the contents of soil organic matter, available N, P and K, total microorganism, bacteria, fungi and actinomyce. Using a certain amount of fowl manure decreases heavy metal and nitrate content in lettuce, but equally poses high risk of increasing coliform number in lettuce. Hence fowl manure should be harmlessly treated before use. There is a positive correlation between applied N amount and nitrate content in lettuce. Nitrate in lettuce increases as N utilization rate increases. As P fertilizer, in itself, contains some amount of heavy metal, it has a positive effect on heavy metal content in lettuce if applied in large amounts. K fertilizer increases the lettuce yield and output. The use of B in B deficient red soils increases lettuce yield. Higher yield and good return of lettuce can be achieved by using chemical fertilizer and fowl manure in combination.
Effect of phosphogypsum on nutrient balance and membrane defense enzyme of broomcorn in strongly acidic soils
XIAO Hou-Jun, WANG Zheng-Yin, HE Jia-Fang, GOU Jiu-Lan
2009, 17(4): 637-642. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00637
Abstract(1585) PDF(1333)
Abstract:
Pot culture trials were conducted to probe into the effects of phosphogypsum on growth, nutrient balance and membrane defense enzyme of broomcorn in strongly acidic yellow soils. Results show that the broomcorn seedlings do not grow well without application of phosphogypsum or lime, even under sufficient nutrient supply. However, the seedlings grow normally after application of phosphogypsum or lime, which increases soil pH and at the same time decreases exchangeable Al concentration in strongly acidic soils. There is significantly quadratic correlation between seedling dry-weight (Yw) and phosphogypsum (X1) or lime (X2) dose. Regression equations for the relations are: Yw = 6.88+11.92 X1-1.65 X12sup, R = 0.983**; Yw= 6.88+6.39X2-0.72X22, R= 0.996**. Lime is superior to phosphogypsum in alleviating A1 toxicity and raising calcium content. But it is inferior to phosphogypsum in increasing available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in broomcorn seedling. After phosphogypsum application, phosphorus content in broomcorn seedling is 1.17~2.43 times that in lime treatment. Compared with lime treatment, phosphogypsum application increases nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium contents while sustaining moderate levels of N/P, N/K and K/P. This improves the balance between nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in broomcorn plant. Phosphogypsum is superior to lime with regards increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and decreased activity of peroxidase (POD) and proline content (Pro) in the leaves of broomcorn. Phosphogypsum could therefore be regarded as a strongly acidic soil ameliorant that is superior to lime.
Effect of different N application modes in the first cropping rice on the physiobiochemistry of the first cropping rice and its ratoon rice
YANG Dong, CHEN Hong-Fei, ZHUO Chuan-Ying, LIN Wen-Xiong
2009, 17(4): 643-646. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00643
Abstract(1598) PDF(1202)
Abstract:
In order to determine physiobiochemical mechanisms of the first cropping rice and its ratoon rice under different N application modes in the first cropping rice, the different ratios of N supply for basal-tillering fertilizer to that for spike fertilizer in the first cropping rice were designed under total N supply of 225 kg?hm?-2, which were N1 (8︰2), N2 (7︰3), N3 (6︰4), and zero N supply (N0) was the control. Changes in nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and root activity were analyzed and their effect on dry-matter accumulation and grain yield formation determined. The results show that the changing tendency in nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate in different treatments is similar under different N application modes in different developmental stages of the first cropping rice and its ratoon rice, showing increasing at the early stage, peaking at the booting stage, then gradually declining in the first cropping rice. It rapidly ascends again at full- heading stage, and then rapidly declines at the ripening stage of the ratoon rice. It is also found that bleeding rate continuously declines after the booting stage of the first cropping rice, however, during the ratooning cropping, it gradually increases at budding and tillering stages, reaches a peak at full-heading stage, then gradually declines at maturity. The result indicates that nitrogen supply enhances nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and root activity. This therefore suggests that the proportion of N supply should be in-creased to enhance these parameters during the middle and late growth stages of the first cropping rice. The good pratoce in N application can also enhance root activity, especially at the booting stage of the first cropping rice. This, in turn, can result in in-creased dry-matter accumulation of the first cropping rice, consequently, high grain output of the ratoon rice .
Effect of different manure application rates on nutrition content and distribution in maize
ZHOU Hua, MA Qiang, JIANG Zi-Shao, YU Wan-Tai
2009, 17(4): 647-650. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00647
Abstract(1837) PDF(1268)
Abstract:
A consecutive 5-year (2002~2006) field trial in the lower reaches of Liaohe River was conducted. The study investigated the effect of manure application rates on nutrient content, distribution in plant and amount in each harvested unit grain of maize. The results show that manure is an important factor in stable and high maize yield. The content of N and P in grain and stalk increases with increasing rate of manure application. K content in stalk shows the same tendency, but in grain is unrelated to the amount of applied manure. The results also indicate that maize yield is directly correlated with the ratios of N and P content in grain to stalk, and not K. Increasing nutrient consumption to produce unit grains with increased manure application implies that N, P and K are lavishly absorbed by maize crops.
Study on prolonged effect of humic acid-urea (long-term urea) on maize
MA Hong-Mei, QIN Jun-Mei, LI Zhao-Jun, WANG Gai-Ling, LU Xin
2009, 17(4): 651-655. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00651
Abstract(2059) PDF(1456)
Abstract:
To prolong the fertilization effect of urea on crop output, a special maize-humic acid-urea fertilizer (long-term urea) was studied via pot culture and field experimentation, based on our former results on the application of humic acid derived from coal as urease inhibitor. In terms of maize yield, the optimum ratio of urea to humic acid (HA4) is in the range of 32.5∶1~121.7∶1. Humic acid-urea (long-term urea, UHAⅢ) inhibits soil urease activity during maize seedling stage by 24.1%, and soil urease activity inhibition is much stronger at seedling stage than at other growth stages of maize. Alkali-hydrolysis N contents in soils treated with UHAⅢ are increased significantly by 31.58%~32.73% compared to those in soils treated with common urea. This indicates that UHAⅢ has strong ability to supply nitrogen at late growth stages of maize over the control. Maize yield, output-investment ratio and nitrogen using ratio in maize with UHAⅢ treatment are increased by 40%, 40% and 39.70%, respectively compared to the control treatment. This indicates that UHAⅢ can enhance and prolong the effect of urea, which can be used as special maize nitrogen fertilizer.
Effect of fertilization dose and sowing density on grain-filling in different winter wheat cultivars
LIU Jian-Hua, NIU Jun-Yi, YAN Zhi-Li, LI Hai-Bo, ZOU Hong-Chuan
2009, 17(4): 656-660. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00656
Abstract(1694) PDF(1327)
Abstract:
Multi-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of fertilization dose and sowing density on the characteristics of grain-filling in three hi-quality winter wheat cultivars (“Longjian301”, “Ningmai5” and “1R17”). Variance analysis on the three factors of fertilization dose, sowing density and cultivar was then conducted based on the fitting result of grain-filling process via Logistic Growth Equation (LGE). The results indicate that grain-filling of 3 winter wheat cultivars best fits LGE under different fertilization dose and sowing density, with an S-like breakthrough curve of slow-fast-slow trend. The levels of fertilization and sowing density influence 12 grain-filling parameters of winter wheat cultivars, with both affected parameters and degree of effect varying with cultivar type. Yields of “Longjian301” and “Ningmai5” under high sowing density and fertilization treatment are highest (4 188.09 kg·hm-2 and 3 789.89 kg·hm-2 respectively). Under medium fertilization and high sowing density treatment, yield of “1R17” is highest (3 018.18 kg·hm-2) and grain-filling achieves the best state. Interaction between fertilization and sowing density is significant and apparently positive. In order to increase grain yield, fertilization dose and sowing density determination should be based on the characteristics of different wheat cultivars.
Soil fertility in tea plantations in different slope positions and elevation regions
HE Yan, LI Ting-Xuan, WANG Yong-Dong
2009, 17(4): 661-666. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00661
Abstract(1723) PDF(1419)
Abstract:
The southern low mountain and hilly areas are the largest tea plantation regions in China. Soil fertility studies are therefore fundamental for improving soil nutrient status; implementation of safe, high and effective production; and sustainability of tea plantations. Hence soil fertility study on a representative tea plantation in western Sichuan was conducted through field investigation, transect sampling and experimental analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate statistical analysis were used to compare soil quality under different land-use types (QI, fertility index based on land-use type) and slope positions(PI, fertility index based on slope position). The study shows that in tea plantation soil, grit accounts for 39.13%, followed by clay and then silt. Average soil pH is lower than 4.5, which is the standard for soils in high quality tea plantations. The soils are rich in available N, but low in soil organic matter, total N and available P. There is insignificant change in available K. Soil particle content and available nutrient have no consistent changing pattern compared with those in waste lands and forestlands. Organic matter and total N in soils under tea plantations are lower than those under waste land and forestland, except for waste lands on low slopes. The quality of soil fertility in tea plantations changes drastically with slope position. PI is -13.64% for middle slope position, 0 for upper slope positions and 14.39% for lower slope positions (taking the zenith as datum).QI in tea plantations is lowest compared with waste lands and forestlands. For tea plantations, waste lands and forestlands QI is 0.56, 1.11 and 2.73 respectively.
Change in soil physical and chemical property in the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt under saline water drip-irrigation
ZHANG Jian-Guo, XU Xin-Wen, LEI Jia-Qiang, WANG Hai-Feng, LI Sheng-Yu
2009, 17(4): 667-672. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00667
Abstract(1414) PDF(1228)
Abstract:
The physical and chemical properties of drip-irrigated aeolian soil with highly saline groundwater in the shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway were investigated. The results show that surface layer litter quantity increases with shelterbelt age. Soil compactness in crust, 0~5 cm, 5~15 cm and 15~30 cm soil layers also decreases with shelterbelt age. Soil organic matter content increases with the shelterbelt age, and on the other hand, gradually reduces from the top to deeper layer of the soil profile. Total salt content decreases with both shelterbelt age and soil depth. Individual ions content in crust layer decreases, that in 0~5 cm, 5~15 cm and 15~30 cm soil layers increases with shelterbelt age. Soil pH in crust, 5~15 cm and 15~30 cm layers decreases with shelterbelt age, while that in 0~5 cm soil layer increases with shelterbelt age.
Path analysis between dehydrogenase activity and chemical property of wasteland in Yellow River Delta
BAI Shi-Hong, LIU Yan, HOU Long-Yu, SONG Yu-Min, MA Feng-Yun, CHEN Huai-Liang
2009, 17(4): 673-676. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00673
Abstract(1846) PDF(1222)
Abstract:
The relation between dehydrogenase activity and soil chemical property was determined through path analysis of wasteland in Yellow River Delta in order to evaluate the influence of soil chemical property on dehydrogenase activity. The results show that standard multiple regression equation with a set of independent variables (chemical properties) can explain 84.63% of catalase activity variance and 88.03% of peroxidase activity variance, with 0.392 0 and 0.346 0 of the residual path coefficients respectively. Available K and organic matter have strong positive effect on catalase activity. Available K has significant positive effect on peroxidase activity, while the effect of total N is negative.
Black soil field water characteristics in dry years
ZOU Wen-Xiu, HAN Xiao-Zeng, WANG Shou-Yu, LI Liang-Hao
2009, 17(4): 677-680. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00677
Abstract(1614) PDF(1191)
Abstract:
An experiment was carried out to study the effect of different fertilization treatments on soil moisture in black soils during relatively dry years. The study was based on long-term field experiment in Hailun Experimental Station of Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results show that precipitation is below corn water requirement in dry years. The water deficit is met by soil moisture reserve. The ratio of soil water supply to maize water consumption is 22.23% ~ 25.99% for the entire maize growth season. The capacity of soil water supply is regulated by fertilization. The order of effect of treatments on soil moisture is chemical fertilizer plus organic manure (F3)> chemical fertilizer (F2)>no fertilizer (F1). A similar trend is observed for the amount and rate of maize water consumption. Fertilization enhances water use efficiency of corn, especially chemical fertilizer plus organic manure treatment.
Effect of sowing date and rate on canopy intercepted photo-synthetically active radiation and yield of winter wheat
CHEN Su-Ying, ZHANG Xi-Ying, MAO Ren-Zhao, WANG Yan-Mei, SUN Hong-Yong
2009, 17(4): 681-685. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00681
Abstract(1785) PDF(1507)
Abstract:
Suitable sowing time of winter wheat is a key to full and strong development of young plants and high yield. Transmitted photo-synthetically active radiation (TPAR), leaf area index (LAI), intercepted photo-synthetically active radiation (IPAR) and yield of winter wheat differ with sowing date and sowing rate. Experiment results indicate that while LAI and TPAR decrease with late sowing date, IPAR, on the other hand, increases with late sowing date. IPAR and LAI have significantly positive correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.756. However, IPAR and LAI have significantly negative correlation with a correlation coefficient of －0.872. Wheat yield decreases with the delayed sowing date. However, sowing seeds before October 20 minimizes differences in wheat yield with different sowing date. Yield is enhanced via rational postponement of sowing date of wheat. It as well extends development period of corn in winter wheat-summer corn crop rotation system.
Dynamic change in mineral elements and nicotine content of burley tobacco during plant growth and development
SHI Hong-Zhi, SHEN Guang-Cai, XIE Zi-Fa, DI Hui-Hui, YIN Hong-Bo, YANG Xing-You, LIU Guo-Shun
2009, 17(4): 686-689. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00686
Abstract(1759) PDF(1280)
Abstract:
Burley tobacco variety “Dabai 1” was used to investigate dynamic changes in mineral elements and nicotine content of tobacco during growth and development at different altitudes. The results show that N content increases before topping, while it decreases after topping. P content remains stable during the whole growth period. K content decreases with growth, but rapidly decreases after topping. The content of micro-elements in tobacco is in the following order: Ca > Mg > Mn > Fe > Zn > B > Cu. Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn increase at early growth stages, and then decrease. Fe and Cu steadily decrease, while B remains stable. N, Ca and Mg are lower in tobacco cultivated in high altitudes than that in low altitude. P, K, Fe and Mn are higher in high altitude tobacco than in low altitude tobacco. All the other elements remain unchanged. Ca, Mg and B are low irrespective of altitude, while Cu and Fe are abundant. Nicotine is higher in low altitude tobacco than that in high altitude tobacco, higher in top leaves than in middle leaves, and increases significantly after topping
Postharvest quality and softening of “Fuji” apple from different production areas
LI Li-Mei, GUAN Jun-Feng, JI Hua, FENG Yun-Xiao, SUN Yu-Long, DU Ji-Zhuang, Park Hyung-Woo
2009, 17(4): 690-693. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00690
Abstract(1615) PDF(1372)
Abstract:
Studies on the postharvest quality and softening of “Fuji” apple from Xinji, Shunping, and Pingshan of Hebei Province were conducted. Compared with apples from Shunping and Pingshan, fruits produced in Xinji presents lower rigidity, with a rapid increase in water-soluble pectin content and higher activity of b-galactosidase during 84 days of storage. Apples produced in Xinji exhibit earlier senescence and softening. However, apples produced in Shunping soften and age comparatively slower due to gradual loss of rigidity, tardy increase in soluble substance content, water-soluble pectin content and much lower β-galactosidase activity. After 126 days of storage, rigidity of apples produced in Pingshan markedly declines, water-soluble pectin content increases more rapidly, and β-galactosidase activity markedly heightens than those from the other two regions, though higher than those from Shunping and lower than those from Xinji prior to 126 days of storage.
Analysis of genetic diversity of maize resistance to Fusarium subglutinans and its use in maize top-rot disease control
XING Hui-Qin, MA Jian-Cang, YANG Peng, MENG Ya-Xiong, FAN Hui-Ling, MENG You-Ru
2009, 17(4): 694-698. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00694
Abstract(1468) PDF(1171)
Abstract:
14 different resistant varieties were selected from a set of 25 maize varieties via identification and survey. The RAPD analysis for the 14 varieties, 20 samples (6 varieties including infected and healthy plant), was conducted via PCR amplification. The results show that maize varieties are genetically highly diverse. The 20 samples are divided into 7 lineages based on DNA label number at a rescaled distance cluster combination of 15. The variety resistances are highly similar within same lineages. Regarding inheritance, the 6 infected plants (infected by Fusarium subglutinas) are quite different from the healthy ones of same varieties. Field experiments show that rotation planting resistant and susceptible varieties has a significant controlling effect on the occurrence of maize top-rot disease. This resolves the problem of serious maize top-rot disease in continuous planting of maize for several years.
Cucumber root rot and epidemic factors in Shaanxi Province, China
CHEN Zhi-Jie, ZHANG Feng, ZHANG Shu-Lian, ZHAO Jie, LI Ying-Mei, WANG Qi, YAN Pan
2009, 17(4): 699-703. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00699
Abstract(1644) PDF(1218)
Abstract:
To elucidate pathogen and epidemic factors of cucumber root rot, two pathotypes of cucumber root rot were systematically investigated under solar greenhouse conditions by tissue isolation, single spore purification and re-inoculation in Shaanxi Province. The results show that the pathogens are different in different ecological regions, and the pathogen responsible for cucumber root rot in northern Shaanxi is identified as Phytophthora melonis, while that for Guanzhong region is Fusarium oxysporum. The pathogen colony grows normally within 10~30 ℃, and rapidly within 20~25 ℃. When temperature is over 30 ℃, the colony growth rate lowers. The prevalence of cucumber root rot are closely related to increased plantation areas, the number of years of continuous cropping, unreasonable crop rotation and flood irrigation. Environmental changes in cucumber fields constitute the main epidemic factor of cucumber root rot.
Infection and pathogenicity of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on Plutella xylostella
WANG Hong-Min, ZHANG Huan, HAO Chi, WANG Shu-Guang, ZHANG Xian-Hong
2009, 17(4): 704-708. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00704
Abstract(1566) PDF(1512)
Abstract:
We examined the infection of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus via electron microscopy scan and pathogenicity of P. fumosoroseus conidia powder, conidia suspension liquid and conidia broth. Results show more conidia in acanthoid surface topography than in spinous surface topography. Conidia germinates earlier in spinous surface topography than in acanthoid surface topography and head area. Most conidia in pinous surface topography germinate 16 h after inoculation, whereas those in acanthoid surface topography germinate after 20 h, followed by those in head areas. Most conidia penetrate host cuticle with germ tubes in acanthoid surface topography and spinous surface topography of host while a few conidia does so with appressorium. Furthermore, infection velocity and pathogenicity are affected by inoculation method. Conidia from cultured broth infect hosts faster than those from suspension liquid and conidia powder. Pathogenic symptom of diamondback moths treated with conidia cultured broth is observed 44 h after inoculation, but those treated with conidia suspension liquid and conidia power is notable till after 60 h. LT50 of diamondback moth treated with conidia broth, conidia suspension liquid and conidia power are 3.18, 4.20 and 4.34 days respectively. Pathogenicity induced by conidia powder is strongest and mortality is 76.2% at 6 days after inoculation. In contrast, mortality from conidia suspension liquid and conidia broth at the same time is 59.8% and 58.5% respectively. Conidia power has the highest pathogenicity.
Interaction between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)]
GU Xiao-Jun, GAO Fei, TIAN Su-Fen
2009, 17(4): 709-714. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00709
Abstract(1443) PDF(1055)
Abstract:
The interaction between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)] was investigated. The results indicate that the effect of interaction between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on the insects varies with temperature and duration of heat-pretreatment. Heat pretreatment at 30 ℃ for 2 or 4 h can somehow protect insects from fipronil. However, the level of protection is low and unstable as the 30 ℃ pretreatment lasts for 8 h. At 35 ℃, the protection effect is observable in pretreated insects for 2 or 4 h, though 8 h pretreatment improves fipronil toxicity. At 40 ℃, only weak and unstable protection effects are noticeable at 2 h pretreatment duration. Harmful effects develop when the pretreatment is extended to 4 h. Cooperative virulence index (c.f.) may be adopted in Hormesis assessment.
Toxicity and safety evaluation of five insecticides on egg parasitoid,Trichogramma evanescens Westwood
ZHU Jiu-Sheng, LIAN Mei-Li, WANG Jing, QIN Shu
2009, 17(4): 715-720. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00715
Abstract(1786) PDF(1299)
Abstract:
Toxicity of five insecticides commonly used in vegetable fields on Trichogramma evanescens Westwood was evaluated under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. All insecticides were applied at concentrations recommended for field application by manufacturers. Toxicity of the insecticides on adult T. evanescens and the parasitoid in four immature stages were tested by exposing the adults to fresh, dry insecticide films in glass vials and by spraying parasitic host eggs respectively. Residual toxicity of the pesticides on female adults of the parasitoid was meanwhile tested at different time intervals by exposing them to potted leaves of Brassica campestris L. sprayed with insecticides. The results show that the insecticides vary in toxicity and have different degrees of effect regarding the survival, emergence, parasitism and longevity of the parasitoid. Bacillus thuringiensis and acetamiorid are non-toxic or low toxic for T. evanescens on all development stages. They have low effect on the longevity and alae development of emerged adults, with relatively short residual period on adult survival and parasitism. With the exception of the treatments in egg and larval stages, abamectin treatment in pre-pupae and pupae stages severely reduces adult emergence and longevity. It also produces higher levels of ateliotic proala compared with the control. Abamectin has strong impact on T. evanescens during developmental stages of the parasitoid. Furthermore, adult survival and parasitism are significantly affected by abamectin 7 days after spray. Lamda-cyhalothrin reduces emergence rate by approximately 92% when applied during pre-mature stages, and enhances mortality of T. evanescens to 70% when applied during adult stage. However, the pesticide has short residual toxicity. Adult survival and parasitism gradually increase to the control level 5 days after spray. Contrarily, chlorpyrifos is highly toxic, both to adult and immature parasitoid. Its residual effect on the parasitoid is still very high after 10 days applied. Overall, Bacillus thuringiensis and acetamiorid are slightly harmful or harmless to the parasitiod and, therefore, there are ideal agents compatible with wasps. On the other hand, abamectin and lamda-cyhalothrin are moderately harmful to the parasitoid. Timing of application of the two insecticides is critical. As chlorpyrifos is harmful to the T. evanescen, its application should be restricted in biocontrol field.
Kinetics of tebuconazole photodegradation behavior in soil
LIANG Jing, GUO Zheng-Yuan, PENG Xiao-Chun
2009, 17(4): 721-727. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00721
Abstract(1483) PDF(1493)
Abstract:
Kinetics of tebuconazole photodegradation in soil and the associated influencing factors were investigated under high-pressure mercury lamp. The results show that tebuconazole photodegradation in soil matches with the first order chemical reaction series. The order of tebuconazole photodegradation rate in different soils is as follows: lime concretion black soil > river cultivated fluviogenic soil > krasnozem > brown earth > purple soil. The order is closely related with organic matter and clay content of the soil. Tebuconazole photodegradation accelerates with increasing soil moisture, because that water enhances pesticide molecule mobility in soils. Tebuconazole is more rapidly photodegraded in neutral than in acid and alkaline soil conditions. Negative correlations exist between photodegradation rate and tebuconazole concentration of 20~100 mg·kg-1. Surfactants, DDBS and HDTMA have photoquenching effect on tebuconazole photodegradation. Urea photoquenches tebuconazole photodegradation, while KCl exhibits photosensitizing effect. Degradation half-life of tebuconazole in soil is 10~22 minutes.
Influence of ecological habitat on the occurrence and dynamics of Lygus lucorum Mayr and its natural predator
FAN Guang-Hua, LI Dong-Gang, LI Zi-Shuang, GAO Feng-Ju
2009, 17(4): 728-733. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00728
Abstract(1447) PDF(1370)
Abstract:
The population dynamics of Lygus lucorum Mayr and its main native predator in cotton fields with different ecological habitats were systemically investigated for the period 2005 ~ 2007 to determine an economic and effective method of controlling L. lucorum damage on cotton. Ten treatments were grouped into five experimental sets (cotton fields close to and far from orchard fields; cotton fields planted with 54 000 plants per hectare and at even spacing, and with 45 000 plants per hectare and at uneven spacing; rationally chemical controlled and non-chemical controlled cotton fields; mono-crop cotton field and sunflower-intercropping cotton field; and transgenic cry1A cotton field and transgenic Bt plus CpTI cotton field). The results indicate similar native predator species composition in the cotton fields irrespective of the ecological habitat. The identified predators include Propylaea japonica Thunberg, Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder, C. septempunctata Wesmael, Nabis sinoferus Hsiao, Orius minutus Linnaeus, Pardosa T-insignita Boes. et Str., Misumenops tricuspidatus Frab., and Erigondium gramincola Sundevall. Significant difference of L. lucorum and its natural predator population exists among in different ecological habitats. L. lucorum is effectively controlled in cotton fields far from orchard field, planted at 45 000 plants per hectare with uneven plant spacing and under rationally chemical controlled. Plantations of transgenic Bt plus CpTI cotton reduce L. lucorum, but have no effect on native predators. Intercropping with sunflower increases native predator number and reduces L. lucorum in cotton fields. The study suggests that planting transgenic Bt plus CpTI cotton in field far from orchard at rational density and uneven spacing with rationally chemical control can effectively control L. lucorum in transgenic cotton fields.
Pattern of spatial distribution and sampling technique of winter jujube black spot
LIU Qing-Nian, LIU Jun-Zhan, LI Jian-Qing
2009, 17(4): 734-738. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00734
Abstract(1480) PDF(1134)
Abstract:
Black spots on winter jujube constitute the most significant threat to the safe production of winter jujube. In this paper, the pattern of spatial distribution, sampling technique and influencing factors of black spots in winter jujube were analyzed using Taylor’s power law, Iwao’s distribution function, and six aggregation indices. The results show that the pattern of spatial distribution of black spot in fruits and leaves of winter jujube is aggregative distribution. The basic component of the distribution is the individual colonies. The degree of aggregation increases with the increasing of individual density. The aggregation on fruits and leaves is due to the disease behavior and other environmental factors. Using the parameters a and b in Iwao’s m*-m regression equation, the optimal and sequential sampling numbers are determined.
Changes in cell ultra-structure, membrane permeability and protective enzyme activity in Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. leaves under cold stress
ZHENG Guo-Hua, ZHANG He-Ying, ZHONG Xiu-Rong
2009, 17(4): 739-745. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00739
Abstract(1951) PDF(1705)
Abstract:
Using a pot cultured Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. grafted in “Jiefangzhong” as an experimental material, changes in E. japonica leaf cell ultra-structure, membrane permeability and protective enzyme activity were determined. The results show that under controlled temperature of 7 ℃ and 2 ℃, most leaf cell organelles of E. japonica are not injured and orderly arrange. PMP and MDA content initially raises and then falls, so also is the protective enzyme activity. This suggests that E. japonica can adapt to chilling temperatures of 7 ℃ and 2 ℃. Under -2 ℃, leaf cell chloroplasts are destroyed. Thylakoid is not packed to its normal grana and therefore fails to form typical structures. Though the mitochondrion membrane structure can still be visible, its cristae number drops. Because of increasing content of PMP and MDA, protective enzyme activity is inhibited. Hence the leaf of E. japonica suffers severe frostbite. Under a temperature stress of -7 ℃, plasma membranes break up and protoplasts become greatly concentrated. In fact chloroplasts entirely decompose. Grana lamellace twists, disfigures and even fuses. Mitochondrion membrane system is completely destroyed and cristae can not be found. PMP and MDA content raises drastically, hence protective enzyme activity is greatly inhibited. The vegetation growth of E. japonica are badly distorted. In summary,E. japonica leaf severely freezes when temperatures fall below zero, which inhibits the vegetation growth of the plant.
Effect of exogenous nitric oxide on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics in tomato seedlings under NaCl stress
WU Xue-Xia, YU Li, ZHU Wei-Min
2009, 17(4): 746-751. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00746
Abstract(2063) PDF(1570)
Abstract:
Hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an exogenous nitric oxide donor) on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics in tomato seedlings under 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress. The results show that SNP increase maximum fluorescence (Fm), photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fo), electron transport rate (ETR), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and photochemical efficiency (Prate). However, SNP decreases minimal fluorescence (Fo), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN), antenna heat dissipation rate (Drate), excitation pressure (1-qP) and the deviation from full balance between PSⅠand PSⅡ(β/α-1) in tomato seedlings under NaCl stress. This then suggests that nitric oxide reduces excess excitation dissipation, improves photochemical electron transport efficiency and efficiently protects tomato leaf from PSⅡdamage under salt stress.
Effect of biogas residue feed on swine carcass and meat quality and nutrition content
LEI Zhao-Min, DOU Xue-Cheng, ZHANG Hao, LI Qiang
2009, 17(4): 752-755. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00752
Abstract(1574) PDF(1249)
Abstract:
Duroc-landrace-yorkshire swine was used to analyze the effect of biogas residue feed on carcass and meat quality and nutrition content. The results show insignificant effect of biogas residue feed at different doses on dressed weight rate and carcass length. However, biogas residue feed significantly decreases lean meat rate, ham rate, and lion-eye area, while significantly increasing backfat thickness. Biogas residue diet decreases meat color, meat cooking rate, while significantly increases drip loss rate and shear force value, the effects are enhanced by increasing dosage of biogas feed. The effect of biogas residue diet on muscle dehydrating rate, pH is insignificant, while on marbling score is significant. The study on swine nutrition shows that biogas feed reduces crude protein, fat and water content, but has little effect on crude ash content. Adding biogas residue to swine diet decreases carcass and meat quality, and nutrition content, a key issue to be considered before using biogas residue as an ingredient of swine diet.
Carbon-sink function of artificial Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation
DU Hong-Mei, WANG Chao, GAO Hong-Zhen
2009, 17(4): 756-759. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00756
Abstract(2452) PDF(1760)
Abstract:
Plantations of 14~59-year old Larix principis-rupprechtii in Mulan Forest Farm of Hebei Province were selected and both biomass and carbon storage in the tree organs and the components of the plantation analyzed. Carbon storage in the stem of L. principis-rupprechtii forms the highest proportion of the plant total carbon storage. The proportions of carbon storage of soil and trees are highest in the plantation.L. principis-rupprechtii carbon density is 206.02 t·hm-2, while those of the trees and soils are 27.58 t·hm-2 and 157.14 t·hm-2 respectively. The fitted equations for carbon storage (C) and forest biomass (W) at growth stock (M) are W = 10.210 1 + 0.732 1M, C = 5.188 4+0.373 6M. That for soil carbon density (Soc) at forest age (A) and dominant tree average height (H) is Soc = -24.635 6-5.606 1A + 14.936 0H + 0.439 8AH. Accordingly, total carbon storage in Mulan Forest farm is 571.43×104 t, basic tree biomass and carbon storage are 150.00×104 t and 76.49×104 t respectively, while soil carbon storage is 435.85×104 t.
Local influence of underlying surface on meteorological elements and associated climatic effect
ZHU Xi-Cun, ZHAO Geng-Xing
2009, 17(4): 760-764. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00760
Abstract(2246) PDF(2033)
Abstract:
To explore the influence of underlying surface on meteorological elements and associated climatic effects and to lay scientific basis for local environmental improvement, field meteorological observations were conducted in 4 underlying surfaces (forestland, grassland, bare land and cultivated land) and collected climatic element data statistically analyzed. The results show that different underlying surfaces significantly influence daily variations in meteorological elements in spring. The order of the degree of influence is as follows: wind speed > ground temperature > air temperature > air humidity. Different underlying surfaces exert different degrees of influence on seasonal variations of meteorological elements, which is significant in spring and summer, but insignificant in autumn and winter. Analysis of heat balance and its components, and evapotranspiration shows that forestland and grassland have obvious effects of cooling and humidification on climate, whereas bare land is identified with dry and hot climate. Climatic conditions under cultivated lands are in between that of forestland, grassland and bare land.
Time-series analysis of grain production characteristics in Guangdong Province from 1949 to 2006
YE Yan-Qiong, QIN Zhong, ZHANG Jia-En, XIAO Hong-Sheng
2009, 17(4): 765-769. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00765
Abstract(1466) PDF(1594)
Abstract:
Based on grain yield statistical data for 1949~2006 in Guangdong Province, total grain yield tendency and main mechanisms including per unit area grain yield, cultivation area, planting structure, multiple-crop index, agricultural technology and agricultural investment were analyzed. The results show that total grain yield for Guangdong Province increases fluctuatively with population growth and industrial development. Arable land area and grain-crop cultivation area have a decreasing trend since 1949. The reasons for the above trends are as follows: (1) the increase of the main affecting factor of production, per unit area grain yield, results in steady growth in total grain output; (2) cultivation area of rice, the main grain-crop, is not change greatly and the yield per unit area increases year-on-year; (3) improving multiple-crop index increases grain production even though arable land area decreases; (4) advancing agricultural technology such as pesticide and fertilizer application, improved farm mechanical power, and increased agricultural investment promote food production.
Spatio-temporal analysis and prediction of grain security in Shaanxi Province
YANG Ren, REN Zhi-Yuan, XU Qian, WANG Mei-Xia
2009, 17(4): 770-775. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00770
Abstract(1675) PDF(1405)
Abstract:
Using the cultivated land-pressure index model, the level of grain security in the counties of Shaanxi Province for the period 1949~2006 was quantitatively evaluated. Also, the rate of development and change of regional food security analyzed along with the dynamics of cultivated land-pressure. Based on the data, the future trend of food security in Shaanxi Province was forecasted by using the gray model. In 1949~2006, cultivated land-pressure index for Shaanxi Province decreases from 1.591 in 1949 to 1.298 in 2006. The assessment is based on per capita share of grain consumption level of 400 kg, which means that grain security tend is alleviate. There exists an obvious difference in cultivated land-pressure index among the counties, which is low for most regions of Guanzhong Plain, and high for Yulin and Yan’an in the Loess Plateau region of northern Shaanxi and Shangluo (Qinling-Bashan Mountain region in southern Shaanxi). Differences in cultivated land-pressure index rates among the counties are also significant. Currently, there still exist problems of grain security in Shaanxi Province. In the future, regional grain security should be given high priority.
Ecological-economic optimization of land-use structure with the theory of Collected Information Complex Concert Control—A case study of Guyuan County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
WANG Li-Wen
2009, 17(4): 776-781. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00776
Abstract(1292) PDF(1112)
Abstract:
The theory and approachs of Collected Information Complex Concert Control (CICCC) are used to ecologically and economically optimize the land-use systems based on a case study of Guyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, a loess hill area. Gross grain output and sediment transport module are designed as the objective factors while land-use structure, precipitation and cumulative temperature as structural factors and ecological and economic data ranging from 1949 to 2003 are used. The result is that the grasslands are especially important to the gross grain output and the conservation of soil and water. The optimization of land-use system could help achieve both the growth of gross grain output and the decrease of sediment transport module. The analysis result of CICCC shows that the maximum gross grain output in Guyuan County is 18.92′104 t·a-1 , while the minimum sediment transport module is 1 052.9 t·km-2·a-1. And provided that the weight value of each objective factor is same, the optimized adjustment scheme of land-use is that all cultivated land on the slope with more than 25° gradient, and part cultivated slope land with 10° to 25° gradient are returned to the forestlands or grasslands, on the basis of land-use structure in 2003, which will reach 30 700 hm2. The sediment transport module will decrease from 6 000 t·km-2·a-1 to 2 000 t·km-2·a-1, and the ratio of grain self-supplying can sustains to 70% or so.
Local farmer demand for multifunctional agriculture along Jing-Cheng freeway
ZHANG Xiao-Tong, YU Zhen-Rong, WANG Xiao-Jun
2009, 17(4): 782-788. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00782
Abstract(1486) PDF(1293)
Abstract:
A survey was conducted on different demands from local farmers for multifunctional agriculture. 209 local participants in three townships along Jing-Cheng freeway were involved in the survey. Semi-structure interview method and participatory appraisal technique were used to collect data on different demands at different periods for multifunctional agriculture. The results show that social functions of agriculture are replacing traditional economics functions, and that farmers are generally losing interest in their farmlands. Different educational backgrounds of individual farmer impact demand for multifunctional agriculture. People who earn less tend to focus more on external control than their richer counterparts. Participatory appraisal techniques integrated with qualitative and quantitative methods is a suitable tool for multifunctional agriculture research.
Desire for standardization transformation of live pig breeding farms based on supply conditions
WU Shen-Shu, XIAO Lin, TAN Mei-Ying, HUANG Huang, HE Ping
2009, 17(4): 789-794. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00789
Abstract(1791) PDF(1805)
Abstract:
About 1 079 standardization transformation projects of live pig breeding farms in Hunan Province were surveyed in this research. The survey covered the farms authorized by the National Reform Commission and Agriculture Ministry. And the desire for standardization transformation and investment of live pig breeding farms was discussed. From the survey, the priority sequence of standardization transformation desire based on supply condition is as flows: transformation and expansion of pig bed, establishment of epidemic prevention system, construction of waste treatment facility, methane tank construction and introducing of improved variety. The desire for standardization transformation is different for different regions or production scales of the farms. 96.8% of large-scale breeding farms have the will to transform and expand pig bed, however, about 50% have the desire to establish epidemic prevention system, waste treatment or methane tank facilities. Another 92.2% of large-scale breeders in Dongting Lake area favour methane trunk construction. The bigger the scale of live pig breeding farms, the stronger is the desire for standardization transformation. Standardization transformation is keen in communities with competitive live pig industries. Medium- and small-scale breeders and breeding farms in main industry area are enthusiastic about transforming their farms with self-financing in addition to national investment.
Evolution of ecological carrying capacity of western Jilin Province via set pair analysis and principal component analysis
WANG Ming-Quan, WANG Jin-Da, LIU Jing-Shuang
2009, 17(4): 795-799. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00795
Abstract(1596) PDF(1239)
Abstract:
The evolution of ecological carrying capacity (ECC) of western Jilin Province (1995 ~ 2004) was analyzed via set pair analysis (SPA) and principal component analysis (PCA). From PCA, 3 principal components influencing ECC were identified, which were then used to construct ECC assessment framework. The approach degree of optimal scenario aggregate was determined via SPA, which was then used to evaluate the quality of ECC evolution. The results indicate that ECC of western Jilin Province has an increasing tendency, and the approach degree varies from 0.430 0 to 0.501 2, with obvious fluctuations. Improvements in economic efficiency contribute the most to ECC increase, while water resources constitute the main driving factor of ECC fluctuation, and the main factor limiting ECC of western Jilin Province. Compared to 1995, western Jilin Province supports more people with higher economic and living standards in 2004, though at the cost of high resource utilization and severe ecosystem degradation. Thus the approach degree of resource-environment has steadily declined since 1995. The vulnerability of the resource-environment system would severely limit future ECC of western Jilin Province unless effective countermeasures are adopted.
System dynamics scenario analysis of circular economic development in Guangdong Province
QIN Zhong, ZHANG Jia-En, LUO Shi-Ming, YE Yan-Qiong, XU Hua-Qin
2009, 17(4): 800-806. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00800
Abstract(1552) PDF(1297)
Abstract:
Based on population, environment, natural resources and economic development analysis, a circular economy model was established for Guangdong Province using system dynamics method. System dynamics is characterized by a cause-feedback mechanism and interactions among economic variables. In the study, the economy, resource and environmental pollution simulation results in the three scenarios were compared. Under the scenario of enhanced comprehensive waste utilization ratio, decontamination ratio of industrial waste gas, renewable energy utilization ratio and water and energy saving ratio, contamination and natural resource deficiency will diminish while total green GDP steadily increase. However, under low decontamination rate of the three kinds of wastes (water, gas and solid), low renewable energy utilization rate and non-effective water conservation measure, total green GDP will increase slowly and reach its peak around 2014, and will then decline with excessive consumption of natural resources and intensification of environmental contamination. The results of this study therefore could provide vital guidelines for the implementation of regionally sustainable development under restricted natural resources and environmental contamination.
Successful modes of forest-grassland enlargement in northern area of China and ecological bases for their incorporation in grassland agro-ecological systems
SUN Hong-Liang
2009, 17(4): 807-810. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00807
Abstract(1612) PDF(2387)
Abstract:
This paper discusses successful modes of forest-grassland enlargement in northwestern and northeastern regions of China in recent years and its application trend in grassland agro-ecological systems in the country. Theoretical basis for the application include eco-kybernetics which accelerates eco-system coupling and synthesis; eco-engineering which enhances production efficiency; and eco-technology which saves water and energy. Synthesis of regulation and control mechanisms of society as well as developmental functions of eco-systems and the utilization of ecological knowledge to promote natural resources protection are very crucial elements of grassland agro-ecological systems.
Methane emission and abatement strategy in animal husbandry
ZENG Bo, ZHONG Rong-Zhen, TAN Zhi-Liang
2009, 17(4): 811-816. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00811
Abstract(2132) PDF(2944)
Abstract:
Animal husbandry significantly contributes to anthropogenic emissions of methane. In this paper, we analyzed current situation and development trend of livestock industry in China and its effect on methane emission, methane formation and structural characteristics, as well as methanogen diversity. Effective mitigation can be achieved via. 1) diet and breed improvement which enhances herd productivity and reduces per livestock methane emission; 2) regulation of per livestock rumen microbial flora and reduction of methanogen and methane emission; 3) use of models of manure disposal that abate methane emission into the atmosphere.
Review on endogenous nitrogen recycling in the rumen of ruminants
ZHONG Rong-Zhen, ZENG Bo, TAN Zhi-Liang
2009, 17(4): 817-822. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00817
Abstract(1718) PDF(2326)
Abstract:
Study on protein requirement is the central research work in protein nutrition in ruminants and the exact measurement of endogenous nitrogen entering the rumen and efficiently utilized by microbial constitutes an important step for the estimation of true digestibility of dietary protein and protein requirements in ruminants. The objective of this article was to review studies on the sources of endogenous nitrogen, research methods of endogenous nitrogen recycling, endogenous urea nitrogen and total nitrogen entering the rumen of ruminants, and the proportion of nitrogen absorbed by microbe as reported in recent 30 years.
Microbiological mechanism of swine excreta odor production and control
HUANG Can, TANG Xin-Yan, PENG Xu-Ya
2009, 17(4): 823-828. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00823
Abstract(1845) PDF(2135)
Abstract:
The generation of swine excreta odors is a complex microbiological process of incomplete anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipid components in wastes. Understanding bacterial genera indigenous to swine excreta and their potential for odorous compound production is essential for developing effective odor control techniques. This review covers available information in recent decades that is related to main bacterial genera indigenous to swine excreta, role of different bacterial genera in odorous compound production, origin of excreta odor, odor indicator and related bacterial genera, and microbiological mechanisms and control techniques. However, due to the makeup and complexity of odorous compounds and the subjectivity of odor evaluation, further research is required on related studies of swine excreta odor indicators. Furthermore, several bacteria genera are anaerobic or facultative anaerobic, and therefore cannot form pure cultures by ordinary streak plate method. Combination of well developed classical anaerobic microbiological techniques with modern molecular techniques, along with dynamic understanding of growth status and mode of odor production by different bacteria genera is critical for successful future studies.
Effect of UV-B radiation on water metabolism in plants
ZHANG Jun-Wei2, , ZHOU Qing
2009, 17(4): 829-833. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00829
Abstract(1680) PDF(1651)
Abstract:
In order to understand the effect of UV-B radiation on systematic water metabolism in plants, this review outlined domestic and international achievements in the last 30 years relating to the physiology and biochemistry of plants under UV-B radiation, such as root activity, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and changes in leaf proline and soluble sugar content at different plant developmental stages. The effect of UV-B radiation on stomatal behavior and related mechanisms including a variety of signal molecule (ABA, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, etc.) content and the role of signal molecules in stomatal activity were also reviewed. We conclude that UV-B radiation damage to plant water metabolism (that is associated with species, developmental stage) is proportional to the UV-B radiation dose and treatment time. Studies on UV-B radiation in water metabolism are vital for preventing UV-B radiation stress in plants under natural and agricultural production environment.
Effect of environmental factors on the growth and nitride degradation ability of Bacillus subtilis in aquaculture
GAO Hai-Ying, WANG Zhan-Wu, ZHANG Cui-Mian, LI Hong-Tao, JIA Nan
2009, 17(4): 834-836. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2009.00834
Abstract(1479) PDF(1248)
Abstract:

  冀ICP备05003362号-2

Address：286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050022, China

Tel：86-311-85818007E-mail：editor@sjziam.ac.cn

Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd.