2012 Vol. 20, No. 5

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Uptake and conversion efficiencies of NPK and corresponding contribution toyield advantage in cotton-based intercropping systems
DANG Xiao-Yan, LIU Jian-Guo, PANI Gu-Li1, WANG Jiang-Li, WEI Chang-Zhou, LI Long
2012, 20(5): 513-519. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00513
Abstract(1692) PDF(1174)
Abstract:
Cotton-based intercropping is a popular agronomic practice in Northwest China. This agronomic practice addresses theconflict in planting area/space between cereals and cotton. However, not sufficient knowledge exists on the yield advantage and nutrientuptake and conversion of cotton-based intercropping. In this paper, the uptake and conversion efficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P) and potassium (K) were assessed in several cotton-based intercropping systems, including cotton/peanut, cotton/soybean,cotton/chickpea, cotton/onion, cotton/radish and cotton/line-chilli intercropping systems, and the corresponding monocropping systems.Then yield advantage and nutrient uptake and conversion of cropping systems were determined. Compared with weighted meanof monocultured crops of sole cropping systems, cotton/peanut, cotton/chickpea, cotton/onion and cotton/radish intercropping systemsincreased N uptake by the range of 18%~74%. Also, compared with corresponding weighted mean of monocultured crops, cotton/soybean and cotton/chilli intercropping systems decreased N uptake by 10% and 34%, respectively. P uptake under intercroppingsystems of cotton/peanut, cotton/chickpea, cotton/onion, cotton/radish and cotton/soybean was higher than that under the correspondingsole cropping systems by 5%~104%. However, the reverse was the case for cotton/chill, where it was lower by 6%. About20%~58% increase in K uptake was noted under cotton/peanut, cotton/onion and cotton/radish intercropping systems over the correspondingsole cropping systems. However, K uptake dropped by 19%~22% under cotton/soybean, cotton/chickpea and cotton/chilliintercropping systems over the corresponding sole cropping systems. Land equivalent ratios (LER) of cotton/chickpea, cotton/peanut,cotton/onion and cotton/radish intercropping systems were 1.02, 1.30, 1.12 and 1.68, respectively, indicating a significant yield advantage.However, LER of both cotton/soybean and cotton/chilli intercropping systems were 0.91 and 0.99, respectively, indicatingno yield advantage. The contributions of the uptake efficiencies of N, P and K to LER were 0.41~0.82, 0.25~1.04 and 0.15~0.59 incotton/peanut, cotton/onion and cotton/radish intercropping systems, respectively. The corresponding conversion efficiencies were?0.35~?0.04, 0.03~0.14 and ?0.16~0.01, respectively. Yield advantage of intercropping was mainly from enhanced nutrient uptakeefficiency, and not from nutrient conversion efficiency.
Phenotypic variation and correlation analysis of major agronomic traits ofwheat recombinant inbred lines population under different potassium levels
LIANG Xue, WU Chun-Hong, GONG Xiao-Ping, GUO Ying, LI Si-Shen, LI Xu-Hua, KONG Fan-Mei
2012, 20(5): 520-528. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00520
Abstract(1475) PDF(1268)
Abstract:
Potassium (K) is one of the most important nutrient elements for wheat growth. In China, K mineral is in acute short supply and generally deficient. Hence K is an important limiting factor for agricultural production in China. Deepening our under-standing of genetic correlation among agronomic traits under different K treatments was critical for genetic improvements in wheat under soil K deficiency. Main agronomic traits of plant height (PH), spikes number per plant (SN), spike length (PL), spikelets num-ber per spike (SPI), grains number per spike (GNS), 1000-grain weight (TGW), kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW) and grain weight per plant (GW) of 131 “Shannong 483 × Chuan 35050” recombined inbred lines (RIL) were investigated in a pot trial with three K treatments (0 g·kg?1, 0.1 g·kg?1 and 0.3 g·kg?1 of K2O) in 2008—2009. The traits were analyzed for variance and correlation.Results showed that the frequencies of PH, SN, PL, SPI, GNS, TGW, KL, KW and GW in RIL population were approximate in nor-mal distribution in the 2-year 3-K treatments. Broad-sense heredities (Hb2) of the nine agronomic traits were 80.6%, 44.7%, 69.9%, 71.4%, 76.0%, 74.8%, 64.9%, 40.0% and 33.2%, respectively. Phenotypic variations among PH, SPI, GNS and KL were mainly attributed by genotypes traits. TGW and KW were mainly influenced by interactive effects of genotype and year. PL was mainly driven by genotypes and interactive effects of genotype and year. SN was influenced by interactive effects of genotype and K dose. Then GW was controlled by interactive effects of genotype, year and K dose. Significant positive correlations existed among GW and SN, PL and GNS under different K treatments. However, the correlation between GW and TGW was not stable across the treat-ments. TGW was not related or negatively related with SN and GNS (r=?0.07~?0.28). Also the correlation between SN and GNS was unstable (r=?0.03~0.27). This suggested that TGW, SN and GNS were weakly correlated and independent of genetic processes. No firm trade-off existed among important traits during crop breeding. The correlations among GW and SPI, GSN, TGW, KL and KW were significantly influenced by time.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on maize yield and nitrogenefficiency of different maize varieties
WANG Ling-Min, YE You-Liang, CHEN Fan-Jun, SHANG Yun-Feng
2012, 20(5): 529-535. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00529
Abstract(1833) PDF(1230)
Abstract:
Efficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential for increased economic returns of maize and minimum potential nega-tive effects of N on water and soil. Efforts at improving yield potential have focused on maize varieties with high N use efficiency (NUE). The effects of N fertilizer on yield and NUE were determined in a conducted field experiment in Xuchang County of Henan Province, China. A total of about 15 common maize varieties in China were used under 3 N doses (0 kg·hm?2, 120 kg·hm?2 and 240 kg·hm?2). The results showed that “Zhengdan958”, “32D22”, “Huayu14”, “Yufeng335”, “Xindan29”, “Zhongke11” and “Luodan9” had the highest grain yield at 120 kg·hm?2 N dose. Also “Xianyu335”, “Xundan18”, “Liyu13”, “Xundan20”, “Nongda108”, “NE8”, “Yuhe988” and “Luoyu4” had the highest yield at 240 kg·hm?2 N treatment. Based on yield difference, 15 maize varieties were classified as high-yield varieties, medium-yield varieties and low-yield varieties. At the three N doses, “Liyu13” was identified as a high-yieldvariety, “Xianyu335” as a medium-yield variety, and “Yufeng335” and “Yuhe988” as low-yield varieties. Based on nitrogen efficiency (NE), 15 maize varieties were classified into 4 NE grades under medium and high nitrogen treatments. “Zhengdan958”, “Xundan20”, “Liyu13”, “Xundan18” and “Luodan9” were classified as double high-efficient type; and “Nongda108”, “NE8”, “Yuhe988”, “Yufeng335” and “Luoyu4” as double low-efficient type. Cluster analysis on yield and N efficiency showed that “Liyu13” and “Xundan20” were high-yield and high-NE varieties under medium and high N application dose; “Zhengdan958” and “Luodan9” were high-yield and high-NE varieties under medium N application dose; “Yufeng335”, “Yuhe988”, “NE8” and “Luoyu4” were low-yield and low-NE varieties under both medium and high N application doses; “Nongda108” was low-yield and low-NE variety under high N application dose. Correlation analysis for grain yield and N content showed that N uptake efficiency little influenced yield. While NUE inhibited straw N accumulation, it synergized N harvest index. Path analysis indicated that yield was determined mainly by NUE and that for all the treatments, N uptake efficiency little influenced yield. NUE and grain N uptake significantly in-fluenced yield under low N conditions, but it was true form NUE under high N conditions.
Effects of different potassium nutrition on growth and rootmorphological traits of watermelon seedling
PAN Yan-Hua, MA Zhong-Ming, LV Xiao-Dong, DU Shao-Ping, XUE Liang
2012, 20(5): 536-541. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00536
Abstract(1420) PDF(1585)
Abstract:
The study was carried out by a pot experiment supplied with five K levels [0 (K0), 60 kg·hm?2 (K1), 240 kg·hm?2(K2), 500 kg·hm?2(K3), 700 kg·hm?2(K4)] to probe into effects of different application of potassium fertilizer on watermelon seedling growth and root morphology traits. Results indicated that under 240 kg·hm?2 potassium application, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, stem diameter, plant height, total root length, specific root length, surface area, root volume, root tips and root average diameter were 46.05%, 31.31%, 57.56%, 29.87%, 2.92%, 12.71%, 37.18%, 67.23%, 64.00%, 64.03%, 58.88%, 154.11% and 6.25% higher than those under no potassium application. Under 700 kg·hm?2 potassium application, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf area, stem diameter and plant height were 40.24%, 25.31%, 36.90%, 23.08%, 31.09%, 9.81% and 41.44% lower than those under 240 kg·hm?2 potassium application. The effect of 700 kg·hm?2 potassium application on root morphological traits were not obvious. Additionally, the root length in root diameter ≤ 1.0 mm was above 90%, the root tips in root diameter range ≤ 0.5 mm was above 98%, specific root length, surface area and root volume in root diameter ≤ 2.0 mm was above 50% of total amount, respectively. Root length, specific root length, surface area and root volume of root diameter ≤ 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm < diameter ≤ 3.0 mm, 3.5 mm < diameter ≤ 4.0 mm were significant affected by K level. Morphological traits were determined by specific root length, surface area, root volume and tips in root diameter ≤ 2.0 mm. Because of relatively stronger absorption and the largest proportion of fine roots, the impact of potassium deficit on potassium nutrition of watermelon seedling was more serious than that on roots growth. Appropriate potassium concentration was beneficial to the growth of watermelon seedlings, it could improve the quality of seedlings growth, root growth and development. No potassium application and high potassium restrained the growth of seedlings, but the inhibition of high potassium on the root growth was not obvious. Under this experimental condition, the 240 kg·hm?2 potassium application treatment was the best.
Effects of soil improvement agents on photosynthesis and transpirationof saline-water irrigated winter wheat
ZHANG Yu-Liang, WANG Zheng-Xiang, WANG Yan, LIAN Xiao-Juan, HE Hong-Da
2012, 20(5): 542-549. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00542
Abstract(1435) PDF(942)
Abstract:
Field experiment were conducted to determine the effects of soil improvement agents on photosynthetic rate, transpira-tion rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content index of saline-water irrigated winter wheat. The experiment was conducted in high water table and sticky soil fields in coastal areas of Tianjin. The results of the study showed that adoption of appropriate soil improvement agents before winter wheat sowing increased photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content index at heading or grain filling stage, and decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate at the same stages. 75 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent Ⅱ (40% weathered lignite + 40% phosphogypsum + 20% desulfurized gypsum) application before winter improved photosynthetic rate of winter wheat at grain-filling stage, and lowered transpiration rate of wheat at heading and grain-filling stages. 45 kg·100m?2 soil im-provement agent I (20% weathered lignite + 40% phosphogypsum + 20% desulfurized gypsum + 20% zeolite powder) application before winter improved both photosynthetic and transpiration rates of winter wheat at heading stage. Saline-water irrigation significantly reduced winter wheat stomatal conductance. Stomatal conductance of winter wheat under 30 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent Ⅲ (40% phosphogypsum + 20% desulfurized gypsum + 40% zeolite powder) application reduced by 52.28% at heading stage and 39.51% at grain-filling stage compared with that of winter wheat without soil improvement agent. Application of 45 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent Ⅱ plus 30 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent Ⅲ, or 75 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent Ⅱ before winter significantly increased chlorophyll content index of winter wheat at both heading and grain-filling stages. Application of 45 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent I plus 30 kg·100m?2 soil improvement agent Ⅲ before winter maintained photosynthetic rate of saline-water irrigated winter wheat at high levels even under higher soil salt content. This shielded winter wheat transpiration rate from the effects of soil salinity.
Effects of different fertilization schemes on growth, accumulation andtransportation of nutrient elements and yield of wheat in lime-concretedblack soil region
ZHENG Xue-Bo, CUI Jian, MA Chao, ZHOU Jing, FANG Chun-Xing, ZHAN Qi-Hou
2012, 20(5): 550-555. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00550
Abstract(1294) PDF(1062)
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different fertilization schemes on the number of secondary roots and tillers, leaf area index, dry matter, NPK accumulation and transportation and yield of wheat in lime-concreted black soil region. The fertilization schemes included non-fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (CG), recommended fertilization (TJ), lose-control fertilizer application (KS) and slow-released fertilizer application (HS). The results showed that the number of secondary roots, tillers and leaf area index reached favorable levels at heading stage under HS treatment. The number of secondary roots under HS treatment was significantly higher than those under TJ, CG, KS and CK treatments by 7.2%, 19.7%, 22.1% and 24.7%, respectively. Compared with CK, CG, TJ and KS treatments, HS treatment increased tiller number by 25.0%, 11.1%, 11.1% and 20.0%; leaf area index by 39.1%, 23.1%, 10.3% and 8.5%, respectively. HS treatment promoted accumulation and transportation of NPK and dry matter at middle and later wheat growth stages. It also increased N, P(P2O5) and K(K2O) utilization efficiencies. N, P(P2O5) utilization efficiencies were 43.35%, 19.92%, significantly higher than those under CG by 13.66%, 8.15%. K(K2O) utilization efficiency was 37.63%, significantly higher than those under CG and TJ by 12.01% and 9.47%, respectively. Wheat yield under HS treatment was 6 424 kg·hm?2, which represented an increase of 71.8%, 6.4%, 4.5% and 5.3%, respectively, over that under CK, CG, TJ and KS treatments.
Effects of sowing date on tobacco yield and quality
TAN Zi-Di, GUO Hong-Yan, CHEN Jian-Jun, LV Yong-Hua, LI Mao-Jun, ZHONG Jun-Zhou, WANG Xiao-Jian, DENG Shi-Yuan, WANG Wei
2012, 20(5): 556-560. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00556
Abstract(1474) PDF(1003)
Abstract:
Six high quality varieties (lines) of tobacco were sown at different dates to explore suitable times for seeding and transplanting in Shaoguan tobacco fields. Chemical quality of the flue-cured tobacco was comprehensively determined using quality grading (grade C3F) assessment. Results showed that yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were significantly influenced by sowing time. Tobacco economic value was determined from yield amount. Appropriate sowing date delay improved yield and economic value of flue-cured tobacco. However, yields heavily dropped due to too late sowing date, and the proportion of me-dium-high grade tobacco leaves after baking declined along with economic value. Chemical components such as nicotine, total nitrogen, starch and potassium were influenced by different sowing dates. Nicotine, total nitrogen (TN) and potassium (K2O) of C3F leaves decreased under delayed sowing dates. However, starch increased significantly while flue-cured tobacco leaf quality deteriorated. Changes in the ratios of total nitrogen to nicotine (TN/nicotine), reducing sugar to nicotine (RS/nicotine) and potas-sium to chlorine (K2O/Cl?) under different sowing dates were mainly driven by differences in crop variety. Total scores of C3F leaves of “Yunyan 100”, “NX208” and “K326” tobacco varieties were relatively high for the three different sowing dates. This suggested that the qualities of three varieties of flue-cured tobacco were better than other varieties. Appropriate sowing dates en-hanced the chemical composition of tobacco leaves, which in turn benefited tobacco yield formation and quality grade. The results suggested that most suitable sowing date of tobacco in Shaoguan tobacco fields was Dec. 1 to Dec. 10. Similarly, the most suit-able transplanting period was Feb. 25 to Mar. 5.
Comparative studies on soil nitrification inhibition by pyridine compounds
LI Zhao-Jun, SONG A-Lin, FAN Fen-Liang, LIANG Yong-Chao
2012, 20(5): 561-565. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00561
Abstract(1326) PDF(992)
Abstract:
Nitrification inhibition is a well-established fertilizer management that improves fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) in crop production aimed at enhanced profitability, crop quality and healthy environment. As a nitrification inhibitor, pyridine compound has been used for stabilization of fertilizer nitrogen (N) for more than 20 years now. However, pyridine compound represents a broad class of heterocyclic N compounds whose activity as nitrification inhibitors appears to be impacted by Cl and/or trichloromethl sub-stitution on C atoms immediately adjacent to the N ring. In addition, the solubility of pyridine compounds in water is very low; which decreases nitrification inhibitory activity. To prove nitrification inhibitory effects, 2-chloro-6(3-chloromethylthiazole)-sulfate, 2-chloro-6(3-chloromethylthiazole)-chloride, pyridine compounds mixture and pyridine X compounds were investigated for inhibi-tory effects on nitrification of fluvo-aquic soil, red soil and paddy soil using laboratory microcosm experiments. The results showed that nitrate contents in soils treated with pyridine compounds were significantly lower than those of the control. Nitrification inhibi-tion rate range was 2.91%~91.92%. Inhibitory effect of pyridine compounds on soil nitrification increased before 21 d, after which it decreased, with peak effect on 21st d. Differences were noted among inhibitory effects of different pyridine compounds. The effects of 2-chloro-6(3-chloromethylthiazole)-chloride were much stronger than those of other pyridine compounds. Differences were also noted in inhibitory effects of pyridine compounds on nitrification in fluo-aquic soil, red soil and paddy soil. Inhibitory effects of pyri-dine compounds in the different soils were in the order of: fluvo-aquic soil > paddy soil > red soil. Based on soil type, pyridine com-pound inhibition effect on nitrification increased with increasing application rate the compounds.
Soil organic matter content estimation based on hyperspectral properties
ZHANG Juan-Juan, YU Hua, QIAO Hong-Bo, MA Xin-Ming, ZHAI Qing-Yun
2012, 20(5): 566-572. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00566
Abstract(1414) PDF(1451)
Abstract:
Organic matter (OM) content is a suitable index of soil fertility which is widely used in field nutrient management. This study established spectral indices and derived equations for estimating soil organic matter (SOM) using hyperspectral technology. In the study, visible-NIR spectral reflectance of paddy and fluvo-aquic soils were measured using the ASD2500 device. Then by using dried soil samples from two different soil types, variations in the spectrum characteristics and sensitive wavebands in relation to changing OM content were determined. Then spectral index-based models were established for estimating SOM content. The results showed that under similar SOM content, changing trends of spectrum curves of different soil types exhibited no obvious difference, while their reflectance were different. The first derivative better described the spectrum curve peak. At sensitive wavebands of two soil types existed in similar spectral regions. The original spectral reflectance was negatively correlated with OM in visible-NIR ranges, with the highest significance at 685 nm. The first derivative spectrum had a significant negative correlation at 554 nm. Step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that for all the calibrated samples, combined spectral bands of 800 nm, 1 398 nm and 546 nm well estimated SOM content of two types of soil. Furthermore, estimation model of SOM based on difference index (SOMDI) and the first derivatives of reflectance at 1 400 nm (R_FD1 400) and 554 nm (R_FD554) showed a better prediction performance; with a general equation of Y=4.19?12.85×(R_FD554?R_FD1 400). The above monitoring models tested with independent datasets from two soil samples gave an R2 = 0.79. This suggested that it was feasible to rapidly estimate SOM using hyperspectral technology.
Effects of long-term fertilization on weed community characteristics andcarbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry during winter-springseason in yellow-clay paddy fields of South China
LIN Xin-Jian, WANG Fei, WANG Chang-Fang, LIN Cheng, LI Qing-Hua, HE Chun-Mei, LI Yu
2012, 20(5): 573-577. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00573
Abstract(1466) PDF(1258)
Abstract:
As an important agronomic measure, fertilization affects not only crop growth, but also field weeds and community composition. However, the effects of different fertilization on weed community characteristics are still not fully understood. To that end, a long-term experiment was set up in 1983 at Fujian Experimental Observatory Station, a station for the monitoring (via experi-mental plots) of long-term farmland conservation practices. The station belongs to the Ministry of Agriculture and is located at 119°04'10" E and 26°13'31" N. The soils at the station are the typical yellow-clay paddy soils originating from foot-slope deposited low-hilly red soils of mid-low-yield paddy fields. The influences of different long-term fertilization schemes on the haracteristics of field weed communities and carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry during winter-spring seasons were investi-gated. The main aim was to lay the scientific basis for southern paddy soil fertility improvement and weed management and utiliza-tion. The results showed that compared with the control (no fertilization, CK), Shannon uniform index (E) was 0.03~0.07 lower in the treatments of chemical fertilizer plus cattle manure (NPKM), chemical fertilizer plus straw (NPKS) and chemical fertilizer (NPK). Margalef abundant index (DMG) also dropped in NPKM and NPKS treatments. Shannon diversity index (H′), a comprehensive indi-cator, was 0.02~0.16 lower in fertilization treatments. Compared with CK, weed biomass increased by 89.6%~214.7% in all fertiliza-tion treatments. Weed N, P and K contents increased as well, and was most significant for NPKM treatment. In terms of accumulated nutrients, the treatments rank of paddy soils was NPKM > NPKS > NPK. Furthermore, weed C/N and C/P ratios dropped in all fertilization treatments. Some significant correlations were noted among weed C/N, C/P and N/P ratios and C/N, C/P, N/P ratios of soil and biomass. Different fertilization schemes influenced weed diversity and nutrient uptake. Also weed nutrient accumulation was considerable in all fertilization treatments, with enormous fertility, C and N. To some extent, ratio among C, N, P of weeds reflected C, N and P stoichiometry of soils.
Influence of artificially placed substrates on agro-drainage ditch water quality
WU Pan, ZHANG Zhi-Shan, HUANG Lei, HU Yi-Gang, CHEN Yong-Le
2012, 20(5): 578-584. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00578
Abstract(1429) PDF(1157)
Abstract:
Agricultural drainage ditch is a critical hydrological system in agro-ecosystems for transporting surface runoff to down-stream water systems and for removing drainage water pollutants. While pollutant removal is critical for the protection of water en-vironments, agro-drainage pollution continues to draw attention in several regions in China. In recent years, agro-drainage pollution in the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Region (NYRIR) heavily influences the quality of both local water systems and the Yellow River. The performance of such ditches regarding drainage water pollutant retention can be improved using suitable substrates. In this study, an experiment involving five treatments and a control was conducted in a NYRIR classical drainage ditch on Lingwu Farm of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Soil, cinder, straw and sawdust were placed in the ditch as substrates and the capacities of sub-strates to remove pollutants from agro-drainage waters determined. The goal of the study was to augment understanding of substrate effect on water quality in drainage ditches and determining the practical effectiveness of the method of placing substrates in ditches on pollutant removal. The results showed that compared with other three materials, sawdust had a better total dissolved solids (TDS) and total nitrogen (TN) adsorption capacity [0.4 g(TDS)·kg?1 and 0.3 g(TN)·kg?1 , respectively]. Soil, cinder and straw released TDS in the ranged of 5.3~50.8 g(TDS)·kg?1 . Straw had the highest capacity for organic carbon release, which was 54.0 g·kg?1 . However, the differences among total phosphorus (TP) adsorption capacity of the four substrates were statistically insignificant. The perform-ance of TP adsorption under the four substrates was related with the amount of the materials used and duration of the experiment. With the exception of ditches of straw and control treatments, examined water samples from experimental ditches suggested decreas-ing trends in TDS concentration. Meanwhile, chemical oxygen demand (COD), TN, TP, NO3?-N and NH4+-N were effectively re-moved from drainage waters under sawdust and soil treatments. The experiment also revealed that the concentration of TDS, TN and TP (0.60~0.80 g·L?1, 0.24~0.33 mg·L?1 and 0.04~0.09 mg·L?1 at the tail water section, respectively) decreased with the distance of water transport through the ditch. On the average, the results suggested that agro-drainage pollutants were intercepted in drainageditches. Proper substrates improved the ecological function of agro-drainage ditches.
Effect of extracts of Flaveria bidentis in different growth habitats onLolium perenne germination and seedling growth
CHEN Dong-Qing, HUANGFU Chao-He, WANG Nan-Nan, YANG Dian-Lin
2012, 20(5): 585-591. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00585
Abstract(1338) PDF(1024)
Abstract:
A new exotic weed invader, Flaveria bidentis, is spreading rapidly in central China. Aqueous extracts of F. bidentis plants growing in different habitats, and with different densities, and in vegetations with different replacement plants were used to evaluate the allelopathic effects of the plant on seed germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne. The primary aim of the study was to clarify the invasion mechanism of F. bidentis. The results showed some degree of correlation between allelopathy and environmental factors. Inhibition effects on seed germination and seedling growth of L. perenne increased with increasing extract concentration. Significant differences were noted among different habitats and plant parts. Inhibition effects among different habitats were in the order of waterside > orchard > roadside with response indexes of allelopathy of ?2.83, ?1.31 and ?0.71 of 50 g·L?1 leaf and stem aqueous extracts of F. bidentis on L. perenne seed germination rate, respectively. The inhibition effects of 50 g·L?1 leaf and stem aqueous extracts of F. bidentis from wasteland plants with different community density were in the order of medium density > high density > low density, and with response indexes of allelopathy of ?4.89, ?3.91 and ?0.29 on L. perenne seed germination rate, respectively. The reverse was the trend for root extracts. In vegetations with different replacement plants, the inhibition effects of leaf and stem aqueous extracts of F. bidentis were in the order of mixture with replacement plants > mono-culture. A similar inhibition pattern was observed for root extracts, regardless of the pattern of the replacement plants. The findings suggested that allelopathic active component distribution in different plant organs was changed and associated efficacies varied with environmental conditions. This was a critical factor that influenced the invasion mechanism of F. bidentis.
Community structure of soybean plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriain the black soil region of Northeast China
WANG Zhi-Gang, XU Wei-Hui, MO Ji-Xian, XIAO Jing, SUN Jian-Qiu, WANG Jian-Li
2012, 20(5): 592-596. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00592
Abstract(1423) PDF(1315)
Abstract:
As the black soil area of Northeast China is major soybean producing areas, it is important for the sustainable development of agriculture to study the soybean plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). For explaining the community structure of soybean PGPR in the black soil region of Northeast China, we chose four sample stations including Ewenki Autonomous Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hailun City in Heilongjiang Province, Keshan County in Heilongjiang Province and Hongxinglong Farms in Heilongjiang Province, analyzed community composition of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and silicate bacteria in soybean rhizosphere, and interpreted correspondence relationship between PGPR strains and areas. The results showed a large number of PGPR in soybean rhizosphere. The quantity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria reached to 104 cfu·g?1, these of phosphate-dissolving bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria reached to 105 cfu·g?1, and that of silicate bacteria reached to 103 cfu·g?1. Species groups of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and silicate bacteria in soybean rhizosphere consisted of 5, 6, 7 and 4 species respectively. Shannon-Weiner biodiversity indices of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphate-dissolving bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and silicate bacteria were higher in soybean rhizosphere, which were in ranges of 0.94~1.60, 0.83~1.52, 1.07~1.67 and 0.52~0.96.Biodiversity indices of PGPR were more than 2 in sampling stations. Analysis on correspondence relationship between PGPR strains and areas indicated typical PGPR of different sampling stations. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria LLN8 (Azotobacter beijerinckia indica), phosphate-dissolving bacteria DHS13 (Micrococcus), phosphate-dissolving bacteria DHS19 (Pseudomonas), nitrogen-fixing bacteria LLN1 (A. chrooco-ccum) and phosphate-dissolving bacteria DHS5 (Azotobacter) were typical PGPR strains for Ewenki Autonomous Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hailun City in Heilongjiang Province, Keshan County in Heilongjiang Province, Hongxinglong Farms in Heilongjiang Province, respectively. The paper cleared that some strains including LLN2 (A. azomonas), LLN6 (B. mucilaginosus), DHS9 (Arthrobacter), DHSO2 (Pseudomonas), DHSO14 (Erwinia), DHSO17 (Corynebacterium) and LSJ21 (Bacillus) were widespread in the black soil area of Northeast China through correspondence analysis, the strains could serve as an important foundation of special compound bio-fertilizer production.
Screening and identification of cadmium-tolerant bacteriafrom rhizosphere soils under rice
ZHOU Li-Ying, YE Ren-Jie, LIN Shu-Ting, LIU Jie, XIAO Qing-Tie, LIN Su-Lan, LI Yi, LIN Wen-Xiong, LIN Rui-Yu
2012, 20(5): 597-603. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00597
Abstract(1690) PDF(1290)
Abstract:
To identify the bacteria for remediation of cadmium contaminated paddy soils, a plate method (with cadmium in culture medium) was used to screen cadmium tolerant bacterial strains in rhizosphere soils of rice. Three cadmium-tolerant strains were screened and classified as Pseudomonas sp. by using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. While microbial cell morphology observations (using electronic microscope) and growth curve determinations indicated no significant inhibition effects on growth rates of the three strains under 100 mg?L?1 cadmium treatment, some adaptive morphological changes were noted. For over 300 mg?L?1cadmium treatments, growth rates of the strains were obviously inhibited. Nevertheless, the three strains were tolerant to cadmium concentra-tions as higher as 700 mg?L?1 for long periods up to stationary phase. However, growth rates lowered after logarithmic growing phase. Chemical analysis showed that cadmium contents in the bacterial strains under 100 mg?L?1 cadmium concentration were 9.04 mg?g?1, 4.96 mg?g?1 and 28.58 mg?g?1 by dry-weight. The corresponding enrichment coefficients were 90.4, 49.6 and 285.8, respectively. It then suggested that all the three strains had stronger tolerance and absorption abilities of cadmium. This was an important potential microbial resource for remediation of paddy soils contaminated with cadmium.
Effect of continuous cropping of banana on soil nematodecommunity structure and diversity
ZHONG Shuang, HE Ying-Dui, HAN Li-Na, ZHOU Zhao-Xi, MA Wei-Hong, ZENG Hui-Cai, JIN Zhi-Qiang
2012, 20(5): 604-611. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00604
Abstract(1981) PDF(1367)
Abstract:
To study the effect of long-term banana continuous cropping on soil ecosystem, nematode classification methods were adopted to study the changes of soil nematode community structure and diversity under different continuous cropping years (l a, 3 a, 5 a, 7 a, 10 a and 15 a). The results indicated that 45 nematode genera were identified during the whole banana growing season. The abundance of total nematodes and bacterivores decreased with the increase of continuous cropping years at seedling stage, and exhib-ited low to high to low trend with the increase of continuous cropping years at jointing and booting stages. The abundance of fungi-vores decreased with the increase of continuous planting years at seedling and booting stages, and exhibited low to high to low trend with the increase of continuous planting years at jointing stage. The abundance of plant parasites exhibited low to high to low trend with the increase of continuous planting years at four growing stages. The abundance of omnivores-predators was decreased with the increase of continuous cropping years at seedling, jointing and ripening stages. The abundance of total nematodes was higher at seed-ling and booting stages than that at the jointing and ripening stages. The abundance of fungivores at seedling stage and plant parasitesat jointing stage was lower than that at the other stages. The abundance of omnivores-predators was lower at seedling and jointing stages than that at booting and ripening stages. The values of dominance (λ) exhibited low to high to low trend at seedling, jointing and booting stages with the increase of continuous cropping years. The values of plant parasite index (PPI) increased with the in-crease of continuous cropping years at four growing stages while Wasilewska (WI) exhibited a reverse pattern at seedling, jointing and booting stages. The values of diversity (H′ ) increased with the increase of continuous cropping years at the seedling stage, while a reverse pattern was exhibited at other stages. The values of nematode channel ratio (NCR) increased with the increase of continuous cropping years at jointing and booting stages, while the values of maturity index (MI) exhibited a reverse pattern at jointing and rip-ening stages. The values of H′ increased with the increase of growing stages while λ exhibited a reverse pattern. The values of MI were higher at booting and ripening stages than that at seedling and jointing stages. The values of WI were higher at jointing and booting stages than that at seedling and ripening stages. It indicated that soil nematode community structure could be a useful bio-logical indicator to evaluate the status of soil health under banana continuous monocropping system in China.
Effects of tea plant volatiles on foraging behavior of Xysticus ephippiatus Simon
WANG Guo-Chang, SUN Xiao-Ling, CAI Xiao-Ming, CHEN Zong-Mao
2012, 20(5): 612-618. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00612
Abstract(1499) PDF(1919)
Abstract:
Although the attractiveness of emitted plant volatiles under attack by herbivores has been demonstrated in tritrophic sys-tems, how these semi-chemicals affect foraging behaviors of crab spiders remains poorly understood. We therefore examined whether the saddle crab spider, Xysticus ephippiatus Simon, showed preferences to volatiles emitted from the most recent prey-consumed fields. Such fields consisted of two chambers or foraging patches — a control chamber of undamaged tea leaf and a stimulus chamber of Ectropis obliqua-damaged tea leaf. We collected and identified the volatiles emitted from different treated tea leaves by solid phase micro-extraction-GC-MS (SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that E. obliqua-damaged tea leaves released an average of about 31 volatiles. The main constituents of the volatiles were 12 green leaf volatiles [(Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, 2-ethyl-1-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate, (Z)-3-hexenyl iso-butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, (Z)-3-hexenyl 2-methyl butyrate, (Z)-3-hexenyl 3-methyl butyrate, (Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate and (E)-2-hexenyl hexanoate], 9 terpenoids [(E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-linalool oxide, linalool, nonanal, decanal, DMNT, 1-nitro-2-phenyl ethane, (E,E)-α-farnesene and (Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one], 4 aromatic compounds [benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, Indole and benzyl nitrile] and 6 unknown compounds. No volatiles were, however, detected from undamaged tea leaves. X. ephippiatus females and males were not preferential to undamaged leaves or E. obliqua-damaged leaves as first choice (χ22=0.26, P=0.612, n=35 for female; χ2=0.71, P=0.398,n=35 for male). The frequencies of the females moving into different odor sources were similar (mean=3.37±0.18 for E. obliqua-damaged leaves and mean=3.43±0.15 for undamaged leaves). Also the frequencies of the males moving into different odor sources were similar (mean=3.86±0.21 for E. obliqua-damaged leaves and mean=3.66±0.20 for undamaged leaves). The residence time of females and males in foraging patches with E. obliqua-damaged leaves was significantly longer than that in foraging patches of undamaged leaves. The results suggested that tea leaves damaged by E. obliqua emitted more volatiles than undamaged leaves and X. ephippiatus exploited these indirect cues to make patch residence time decisions. The ecological importance of volatiles on forag-ing behaviors of crab spiders was discussed also in the paper.
Effect of castor leaf alcohol extract on Diaphania indica
ZHOU Fu-Cai, GU Ai-Xiang, ZHOU Gui-Sheng, CHEN Xue-Hao, QI Xiao-Hua, HONG Nan-Nan, REN Jia, SHAO Jiu-Zhi
2012, 20(5): 619-624. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00619
Abstract(1508) PDF(1209)
Abstract:
Castor plant is increasingly cultivated for use as bio-energy. Castor leaves are also used as bio-pesticides. This studyexplored the effects of alcohol extracts from castor leaves on Diaphania indica Saunders in cucumber plants. Crude castor leaf extractswere diluted at different degrees to investigate their effects on D. indica feeding on leaves of cucumber plants under greenhouseconditions. The changes in feeding amounts, survival rates and detoxification enzyme activities of D. indica were measured.The results showed that crude castor leaf extracts significantly inhibited the food consumption and the survival rates of D. indicalarvae. The higher the concentrations of the extracts, the less were the consumption and survival rates. When extract was diluted at200 times, average consumed area of cucumber leaf was 1.89 cm2, which was only 53.7% of the control treatment and 97.7% oftreatment with extract diluted at 600 times. At dilution rate of 600 times, survival rate of D. indica larvae was 45.65%, much lowerthan that of the control (88.89%). Different D. indica larvae instars responded differently to castor leaf extracts. Higher effects wereobserved at lower larvae ages. When treated with extracts diluted 200 times for 24 h, survival rates of first and fifth instars were22.22% and 66.67%, respectively. Compared with the fifth instar, survival rate of the first instar was only one-third. Gluthione transferase,carboxylesterase and functional oxidase activities in D. indica larvae increased rapidly after D. indica larvae fed on cucumberleaves treated with crude castor leaf extracts. Under treatment with 200 times dilution of crude castor leaf extracts for 24 h, the firstand fifth instars of D. indica larvae were 23.79% and 78.02% higher in gluthione transferase activity, 72.42% and 23.84% higher incarboxylesterase activity and 100.58% and 122.39% higher in functional oxidase activity, over those under the control. With increased dose of crude extracts, an obvious increase in detoxification enzyme activity was noted. The results indicated that crudecastor leaf extracts were sufficient anti-feedants and poisons to D. indica.
Rice production simulation under IPCC SRES A1B scenario in Fujian Province
JIANG Min, JIN Zhi-Qing, YANG Hui, ZHU Chao-Zhi, LIN Wen-Xiong
2012, 20(5): 625-634. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00625
Abstract(1773) PDF(1416)
Abstract:
Fujian Province was divided into three rice regions based on topographic features and rice cultivation patterns, whichwere double cropping rice region in Southeast Fujian, double cropping rice region in Northwest Fujian, single cropping rice regionsin the mountain areas of Northwest Fujian. 17 sampling sites and 9 representative rice varieties from the three regions were studied.Daily weather data for 2006—2007 and regional test yield data for the period were used to initialize CERES-Rice model parameters.Based on Special Report on Emission Scenario (SRES) on A1B scenario of IPCC, data from the PRECIS were integrated withCERES-Rice model to predict the influence of climate change on rice production in Fujian Province in the 2020s and 2040s. Thesimulation considered enhanced CO2-fertilization effects and two cultivation modes under rain-fed and irrigated conditions. The resultssuggested that irrespective of rain-fed or irrigated rice, future growth durations shortened for three rice cropping regions.Growth duration of single cropping rice shortened the most (over 20 days) under the 2040s scenario. Future yields for single croppingrice and early rice dropped compared with yields under the baseline weather conditions. Yields for rain-fed and irrigated early rice indouble cropping rice region in Southeast Fujian dropped by 12.4% and 11.3%, respectively, while that for early rice in double croppingrice region in Northwest Fujian was minimal under the 2020s scenario. Because of negative contributions of mid-season varieties,yields for rain-fed and irrigated single cropping rice region in mountain regions of Northwest Fujian dropped by 7.1% and 2.1%,respectively. Reductions in output of all the treatments increased under the 2040s scenario. On the contrary, yields of late rice overthe same period were enhanced even though yield stability was the worst. Under the 2020s scenario, increasing yield rate of 21.0% oflater rice in irrigated double cropping rice region in Northwest Fujian and 10.6% in Southeast Fujian were noted, but slight yieldincreases for rain-fed these rice regions. The amplitude of rice yield increase dropped for all rice regions under the 2040s scenario.Soils during rice growth seasons in the research area were less moist, while irrigation demand as well increased in all rice crop regions.In summary, CO2-fertilization effects improve later rice yields to certain extent with future climate changes. The overall outputof rice in Fujian Province slightly increases in the short-term. The rates of yield increase are 0.4% and 1.7% for rain-fed and irrigatedrice, respectively. However, yields decrease in the long-term with increasing temperatures. The main negative contributions wearefrom yields of single cropping rice and early rice.
Relationship between intensive utilization and environmental pressure of cultivatedland: a case study on 780 cropland parcels in Tarim River Basin
ZHANG Xin-Huan, YANG De-Gang, WANG Chang-Yan, HOU Yan-Jun
2012, 20(5): 635-642. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00635
Abstract(1433) PDF(1298)
Abstract:
Intensive degree (ID) is a common index used to judge the effectiveness of land utilization. With increasing ID, cultivatedlands generate certain environmental pressures from extensive use of agro-chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides, and mulching,etc. This paper analyzed the intensity of utilization and environmental pressure of 780 cropland parcels in the Tarim River Basin(TRB) using data acquired from household questionnaire survey. The aim of the study was to explore environmental pressures generatedby highly intensive utilization of cultivated lands. The results showed that intensive utilization of cultivated lands caused somedegrees of environmental pressure in TRB study area. Environmental load ratio (ELR) of investigated cultivated lands revealedchanging trends with increasing IDs of cropland parcels. In 75.90% of the cropland parcels with ID < 1.0 Yuan·m?2, ELR increasedwith increasing ID. ELR change in 18.60% of cropland parcels with ID in the range of 1~1.5 Yuan·m?2 showed a stable trend relativeto increasing ID. Only in 5.50% of cropland parcels with ID > 1.5 Yuan·m?2 did LER decrease with increasing ID. Differences ininput structures in cultivated lands were the main driver of the variations in ELR. Rise in the proportion of non-renewable emergyinput resulted in increasing ELR. However, with the increasing non-renewable emergy input, ELR rise was restrained by enhancedrenewable emergy input. To a certain degree, differences in the trends of cropland parcel ELR suggested that in the study area, theutilization of most cropland parcels was primarily intensive. However, some cropland parcels had been transformed into advanceduse intensity. Environmental pressure of cultivated lands was related to crop type and cropland parcel size. For cropland parcels under wheat and fruits, ELR at any scale parcel increased with increasing ID. For cotton fields, small-scale parcel ELR increased with increasing ID. It, however, showed no obvious ELR change for large-scale cotton fields (>0.33 hm2). For cucurbits fields, LER wasstable due to low and stable ID driven by the predominantly small-scale cropland parcels. However, LER increased with increasingID once parcel size exceeded 0.33 hm2. It suggested that alleviation measures of environmental pressure of cultivated lands should beon the basis for crop type and cropland area.
Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index showsdrought trends in China
LI Wei-Guang, YI Xue, HOU Mei-Ting, CHEN Hui-Lin, CHEN Zhen-Li
2012, 20(5): 643-649. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00643
Abstract(2946) PDF(3586)
Abstract:
Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), calculated from the difference between potential evapotranspirationand precipitation, showed dry and wet deviations from normal conditions. This is generally used as an indicator for droughtevolution trends in drought assessments, water resources management and other fields of hydrology. Using monthly mean surface airtemperature and precipitation collected from 160 meteorological stations across China for 1951—2009, spatial distributions of seasonaldrought trends and frequencies of extreme drought events were analyzed via SPEI. The results showed drying trends across the wholeof China. The most significant drought was in the west, north and northeast of China. It was, however, wet in some regions of northernXinjiang and the border regions of Sichuan and Yunnan. Drying trends existed for all four seasons, and were more obvious in springand autumn. Summer was always dry in the last 15 years, although with a drying trend insignificant at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, thefrequency of extreme drought increased significantly. Significant trends in temperature increase along with moderate trends in precipitationdecline were noted for many stations in the northeast and north of China. The combined effects of precipitation and temperaturecaused significant droughts in the country. In the Sichuan Basin, precipitation significantly decreased with no significant change intemperature. Drought in Sichuan Basin was largely attributed to decreasing precipitation. In recent years, extreme drought events increasedwith decreasing frequencies of precipitation events in many areas of China. Widespread drought trends and significant increasesin extreme drought events probably hindered China’s economic development. SPEI-detected drought trends were mostly consistentwith observed droughts in China, indicating that SPEI was an ideal index for monitoring drying trends.
Impact of ecological compensation on herdsman’s social senses: a case ofYellow River Water Supply Area of Gannan
HOU Cheng-Cheng, ZHAO Xue-Yan, ZHAO Min-Li, JIANG Jin-De, ZHANG Li, LI Jian-Bao
2012, 20(5): 650-655. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00650
Abstract(1298) PDF(1179)
Abstract:
The environmental behaviors of herdsmen are influenced by their social senses. It is therefore necessary to assess theimpacts of ecological compensation on herdsman’s social senses during environmental improvement processes. The fuzzymulti-criteria analysis model was constructed to assess the changes in herdsman’s social senses brought about by ecological compensationin Yellow River Water Supply Area of Gannan. The study was based on a survey involving 124 herdsman households using theparticipatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach. Based on distribution area, all surveyed herdsman households were divided into threegroups — herdsman households from pure pasture area, herdsman households from planting/pasture area and households from agriculturalarea. The results showed that: (1) effect index of ecological compensation on legal awareness of herdsman was 3.53, indicatinga moderate positive effect. The proportion of herdsmen with legal awareness was only 41.13%, and it was higher in agriculturalarea than in planting/pasture and pure pasture areas. This suggested that legal awareness of herdsman needed further improvement. (2)Effect index of ecological compensation on supervisory awareness of herdsman was 4.02. This was a high positive effect. Because ofrelative higher education level, however, herdsmen in planting/pasture and agricultural areas were affected greater than in pure pasturearea. (3) Effect index of ecological compensation on environmental awareness of herdsman was 3.95. Because of increased concernof herdsman on environmental protection and environment processes, ecological compensation affected herdsman’s environmentalawareness profoundly, and no difference existed among the three areas. (4) Effect index of ecological compensation on participatoryawareness of herdsman was 3.94, and it was higher in planting/pasture and agricultural areas, owning to benefits broughtabout by ameliorative environment and preferential policy. On the average, ecological compensation importantly influenced herdsman’s social senses in Yellow River Water Supply Area of Gannan. Herdsmen in pure pasture area had a better sense of legal consciousness.However, herdsmen in planting/pasture and agricultural areas had a better sense of supervisory awareness and participatoryconsciousness.
Preliminary studies on ecosystem services and human well-beingin grassland of Inner Mongolia
DAI Guang-Shuo, YU Bao-Hua, NA Ri-Su, DONG Xiao-Bin
2012, 20(5): 656-662. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00656
Abstract(1629) PDF(1653)
Abstract:
People have recently paid more attention to ecosystem services and human well-being. This has led to studies of differentkinds of ecosystem services and human well-being, getting into the mainstream of hot research ecology. This study discussed ecosystemservices and human well-being in grassland Inner Mongolia. This is significant as it not only protected grassland ecosystems, butalso improved human well-being and provided services of tremendous benefits to the people. The relationship is not linear betweenecosystem services and human well-being in the grassland. No consistent increment was noted in human well-being. People paidincreasing attention to ecosystem services and human well-being of the region partly because of the changing ecosystem services andits deep effects on human well-being. Government issued policies for rebuilding and protecting the natural environment was anotherdriving factor. We noted that some questions still needed redress regarding the study of ecosystem services and human well-being inthe region. These were summarized as follows: (1) shortages of dynamic data about ecosystem services impact on human well-beingexisted; (2) qualitative and quantitative research on how changing human well-being conditions affected ecosystem services of grasslandwas lacking; (3) sustainability of national policy was also questionable. On the basis of above, the authors suggested strengthening and concerning the following conditions in the region: (1) interactive patterns of formation and fluctuation of ecosystem servicesand human well-being in grassland of Inner Mongolia; (2) research into clear inter-coordination and connection of human well-beingand other functions of ecosystem services in the grassland; (3) build-up of relatively perfect evaluation index system of humanwell-being in grassland of Inner Mongolia and (4) sustainable and effective government policies in the region.

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