2012 Vol. 20, No. 7

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Countermeasures of landscape and ecological stewardshipin agricultural/rural area of China
YU Zhen-Rong, ZHANG Qian, XIAO He, LIU Wen-Ping
2012, 20(7): 813-818. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00813
Abstract(1671) PDF(1621)
Abstract:
Integrated measurement of agricultural and rural eco-environments management is critical for sustainable rural development. Ecological and landscape restorations are also key elements of rural environmental stewardship for agro-tourism, rural economic and cultural revival activities. Based on comparative reviews of European and American rural environmental stewardship policies and measures, this paper discussed problems of ecological and landscape restorations and enhancement in China's agricultural and rural environmental stewardships. The identified problems in China included weak cognitive and research of multi-functions of agriculture and rural environments. Also improvements were needed in engineering technology of ecological landscapes and finding integrative strategies. Furthermore, agriculture and rural ecological landscape stewardships needed to be strengthened. The paper suggested several countermeasures for strengthening rural landscape and ecological restorations of China's rural environmental stewardship. Such countermeasures included: (1) promoting and enhancing agricultural/rural multi-functions such as restoration of ecological service of agro-landscapes, agro-landscape biodiversity protection, enforced management of disaster adaptability and soil-water safety, construction of rural landscape and development of agro-tourism; (2) strengthening farmer participation in rural environmental stewardship; and (3) improving cooperation of different sectors and development of integrated engineering techniques for farmers. Farmer subsidy policies for improvement of rural environmental stewardships needed in-depth studies before adoption.
Ecoagricultural landscape for biodiversity conservation andecological service maintenance
LIU Yun-Hui, ZHANG Xin, ZHANG Xu-Zhu, DUAN Mei-Chun
2012, 20(7): 819-824. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00819
Abstract(1729) PDF(1573)
Abstract:
Loss of biodiversity and associated ecological services in agricultural landscape caused by intensive agricultural production have greatly threatened the sustainable agricultural development. Landscape management, together with less intensive practices such as organic agricultural production, should be carefully considered when developing strategies for biodiversity and ecological service restorations as landscape structures have potential strong effects on ecosystem services such as the biodiversity maintenance, natural pest control, pollination, etc. Ecoagricultural landscapes, which was characterized by optimized landscape configuration and management at different scale, could be designed and managed to improve the ecological services and agricultural sustainability. Potential measures of ecoagricultural landscapes were put forward as follows: 1) configurating crop and non-crop area properly at regional and landscape level to ensure ecological security and stability; 2) designing and constructing ecological infrastructure (such as beetle-bank and wildflowers belts) for essential ecological services at the between-field scale; 3) applying diversified planting and optimized farming practices at the field scale to reconcile agricultural production and nature conservation, and 4) integrating landscape planning with eco-cycle engineering to ensure efficient utilization of agricultural resources.
Agricultural disease and insect-pest control viaagro-ecological landscape construction
DUAN Mei-Chun, LIU Yun-Hui, ZHANG Xin, ZENG Wei-Gang, YU Zhen-Rong
2012, 20(7): 825-831. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00825
Abstract(1791) PDF(1305)
Abstract:
Chemical pesticides for controlling plant diseases and insect-pests in farmlands cause a series of serious problems including residue effects, environmental pollution, etc. Bio-pesticides and bio-controls are, on the other hand, slowly effective, high cost, and, always with certain targets. Integrated, high-efficient and environment-friendly disease and insect-pest control measures are in increasing demand today. Landscape ecological research has shown that the populations of pathogenic bacteria, pests and their natural enemies are largely affected by landscape patterns. This has provided a new insight into plant disease and insect-pest control. Rational planning of agro-landscape patterns at landscape scale and reasonable arrangement of planting structures and farming activities constituted a beneficial control of agricultural diseases and insect-pests in farmlands. This paper discussed control measures of agricultural diseases and insect-pests from the point of view of agro-landscape at the landscape, field and farm management levels. At the landscape level, control measures of plant diseases and insect-pests included increasing area portions of semi-natural habitats, enriching semi-natural and farm crop habitats and enhancing heterogeneity of landscape structures. It was also necessary to keep the degree of connections among landscapes so as to maintain a balanced migration of natural enemies and prevention of the spread of plant diseases and insect-pests. Low-quality semi-natural habitat plaques also needed to be improved. At the field level, original farmland boundaries needed to be preserved. Also building of new farmland buffers were needed to control plant diseases and insect-pests in adjacent farmlands. Constructed farmland buffers needed to be integrated into original semi-natural habitat and farmland boundaries. Furthermore, it was important that farmland buffers were rationally configured for plant species, weeding, fertilization, spray pesticide and other agro-management practices. At the farm management level, reasonable intercropping patterns at the landscape level were needed for effective disease and insect-pests control. Tree-crop intercrops, rice-fish/duck farms, fallows, deep ploughs, conservation tillages, organic fertilizations, etc., constituted other important control measures of agricultural diseases and insect-pests. The combination of the above in constructing integrated agro-ecological landscapes for comprehensive control of plant diseases and insect-pests was demonstrated in the Hani terraced fields.
Eco-vegetation construction of the community gardens in USand its enlightenment to China
LI Liang-Tao, Lorraine Weller, TAO Yuan-Yuan, YU Zhen-Rong
2012, 20(7): 832-837. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00832
Abstract(1491) PDF(1539)
Abstract:
Community garden is an popular building-agricultural mode in urban areas that fulfills several functions including healthy food production, social well being and ecological services. This paper investigated ecosystem services of community gardens focusing mainly on plant compositions and sources, community garden contribution to socio-cultural diversity and perceived community garden values in urban ecosystems. A field survey was conducted in a total of 14 community gardens in Los Angeles which selection was based on garden type and racial patterns of the communities. A total of 439 species (belonging to 242 geneses and 90 families) were enlisted in the 14 selected community gardens. The studies suggested that community gardens reflected the potential of urban biodiversity and was a necessary preservation mode of local plant species. Food plants were the dominant functional plant type, which along with ornamental and medicinal plants were representative of community garden structures. The vegetation structure reflected cultural changes such as trans-migrant cultures and local knowledge. Furthermore, both plant species diversity and vegetation structure were related with community garden type and racial patterns. The study showed that community garden was a critical urban biodiversity management strategy and multi-faceted culture conservation. It was a smart model (un)consciously initiated by city dwellers that now fulfils multi-functional services such as scenic vegetation landscape and agro-tourism. The findings of this study constituted a vital reference for planning and constructing community vegetation gardens based on different interest groups, especially the habitudes and interests of new incomers in China. At the same time, it was critical to thoroughly inspect all alien plant species for use in community gardens. The study also shed significant light on the construction of urban vegetation directed towards enhanced ecosystem services and human well-being.
Protection of citizens-participating rural landscape: A case study ofstate-run Satoyama Park (or Kaisho Forest) in Japan
ZHANG Yu-Jun, ZHANG Ying-Yun
2012, 20(7): 838-841. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00838
Abstract(1511) PDF(1390)
Abstract:
Along with increasing global environmental and the population problems, citizens have gradually become protagonistic in protection activities of rural landscape, called Satoyama in Japan. Satoyama protection activities have promoted the effective management of Satoyama. This paper used an on-going construction of the Sea Forest Satoyama Park as a proxy and discussed the importance of the role of citizen participation in rural landscape management. During the Aichi World Expo, citizens found that Kaisho Forest was actually about Satoyama. In protecting Kaisho Forest ecosystem, environmental groups and local citizens in Japan took measures to preserve the natural features of Kaisho Forest (the World Expo's venue) and made it a State Park for commemorating world expos; an element the community eventually attained. The attitude of the State Park advocates towards the World Expo changed from one of opposition to support for the protection of Kaisho Forest. The advocate group went on to draw the overall plan to make Kaisho Forest a State-run Satoyama Park. This paper argued that in protecting Kaisho Forest, building an effective mechanism of consultation cooperation among citizens/volunteers, administration and local residents was imperative. Practical lessons had been learned from state constructions of rural landscapes in Japan. It was recommended, as a matter of urgency, that government issued laws and regulations on rural resources protection. It was good that the society gradually led the mass in developing consciousness about the protection of traditional countryside landscapes and participated in rural landscape constructions.
Effects of straw incorporation and N fertilization on soil respiration during maize (Zea mays L.) growth in Huanghuaihai Plain
LI Wei, ZHANG Jia-Bao, ZHANG Cong-Zhi
2012, 20(7): 842-849. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00842
Abstract(1681) PDF(1368)
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted in the Fengqiu State Key Agro-ecological Experimental Station in China's Henan Province to measure soil respiration in maize farmland ecosystems from June to October, 2010. Soil respiration was measured in the nine-treatment experiment using LI-COR-6400-09 Soil Respiration Chamber completed with Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA). The results indicated that soil respiration rates at 20 cm depth under treatments of burying straws in-between maize lines (ISFR) was significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those under the treatments of removing (NSFR) and mulching (SFR) straw with conventional fertilization. Average soil respiration rates of ISFR, NSFR and SFR were (209.22±75.63) mg(C)·m-2·h-1, (169.51±45.50) mg(C)·m-2·h-1 and (161.14±26.32) mg(C)·m-2·h-1, respectively. Average soil respiration rate under buried straw plus chemical N fertilizations of 16.8 kg(N)·hm-2 (ISF1), 33.6 kg(N)·hm-2 (ISF2) and 50.4 kg(N)·hm-2 (ISF3) were (148.67±35.07) mg(C)·m-2·h-1, (124.11±23.18) mg(C)·m-2·h-1 and (178.85±46.60) mg(C)·m-2·h-1, respectively. The difference between ISF3 and ISF2 treatments was significant at P< 0.05. Under treatments of buried straw with chicken manure applications of 16.8 kg(N)·hm-2 (ISOM1), 33.6 kg(N)·hm -2 (ISOM2) and 50.4 kg(N)·hm-2 (ISOM3), average soil respiration rates were (135.07±21.97) mg(C)·m-2·h-1, (208.08±31.54) mg(C)·m-2·h-1 and (171.43±43.31) mg(C)·m-2·h-1, respectively. Compared with ISOM2, ISOM1 and ISOM3 significantly decreased soil respiration rates by 35.09% and 17.61%. The cumulative CO2 emissions under ISOM1, ISOM2 and ISOM3 during maize growth were 324.16 g(C)·m-2, 499.39 g(C)·m-2 and 411.43 g(C)·m-2, with significant differences in both cumulative CO2 emissions and average soil respiration rates among the treatments at P < 0.05. Cumulative CO2 emission under ISOM2 treatment during maize season was significantly higher than that under ISF2 treatment. It was therefore concluded that the effect of burying straws in-between maize lines combined with chicken manure on soil respiration rate was significantly greater than that with chemical N fertilizer. At chicken manure application rate of 33.6 kg(N)·hm -2, the conditions of C/N ratio were optimum for soil microbial metabolism and population.
Effect of different organic materials on specific surface areaand charge property of black soil colloid
LI Jian-Ming, WU Jing-Gui
2012, 20(7): 850-854. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00850
Abstract(1629) PDF(1251)
Abstract:
Soil colloidal particles have high specific surface area and numerous reaction sites, which modify soil aggregate structures, contribute to soil-water erosion and are crucial for soil integrity. The principal scope of the wide use of organic amendments of various origins and natures in modern agriculture was to increase and/or restore organic matter contents in organically poor or depleted soils. This is needed to maintain and/or increase crop production and reduce soil exposure to degradation, erosion, desertification and pollution. Such amended soils could, however, be affected in different ways and at various degrees depending on the nature, origin and rate of amendments. Thus in this paper, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different organic materials on the colloidal properties and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of black soils. The results showed that colloidal properties and CEC of black soils varied with different organic materials. Compared with control treatment (CK), animal excrement decreased soil colloidal specific surface area (SSA) by 7.33%. The treatments of animal remnants, woody residues and herb residues increased soil colloidal SSA by 59.58%, 57.46% and 100.18%, respectively. At pH<6, similar surface negative charge load (Qv)-pH curves were noted in all the treatments. Application of organic materials resulted in higher contents of sample Qv (Qvs) than in CK at pH>6. Furthermore, Qv-pH curve of animal excrement treatment was similar to that of woody residues treatment. Also Qv contents of animal excrement and woody residues treatments were higher than that of CK and animal remnant, while animal remnant treatment Qv-pH curve was similar to that of CK. At pH 8~10, the order of Qvs content was animal excrement > woody residues > animal remnant > herb residues > CK. Whereas animal remnant and excrement reference fluid Qv (Qvr)-pH curves were similar, their Qvr contents were higher than that of CK and herb residues, Qvr-pH curve of CK was similar to that of herb residues treatment. The effects of different organic materials on CEC of black soils were also different. Animal excrement, animal remnant and woody residues significantly increased black soil CEC, while herb residues showed less effects.
Soil P desorption in different land use types in Dianchi Lake Watershed
ZHENG Lian-Qin, HE Shu-Zhuang
2012, 20(7): 855-860. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00855
Abstract(1476) PDF(1352)
Abstract:
Non-point P pollution is the main element of eutrophication of Dianchi Lake. Study of dissolved soil P is critical because of its ease of utilization by aquatic plants especially when flushed into Lakes. 17 soil sampling sites of 5 land use types were selected, and total P, available P, total dissolved P and dissolved phosphate contents of sampled soils were determined. P desorption experiment of sampled soils was conducted too. The aim of the study was to learn the desorption characteristics of P in soils of different land use types in Dianchi Lake Watershed. Based on the results, the orders of soil total P and available P in different land use types were abandoned lakeside greenhouse > greenhouse > flat-land > slope-land > woodland with the contents ranges of 0.124~2.935 g·kg-1 for total P and 0.311~96.238 mg·kg-1 for available P. The total dissolved P content range was 0.66~9.52 mg·kg-1 and its order for differ-ent land use types was abandoned lakeside greenhouse > greenhouse > slope-land > flat-land > woodland. Soil dissolved phosphate content under different land use types was lower. Soil total dissolved P was linearly positively correlated with soil total P. Soil dis-solved phosphate was also linearly positively correlated with soil total dissolved P. Dissolved phosphate was 20%~95% of total dis-solved P. These trends implied that dissolved phosphate was important component of total dissolved P, and the degree of soil dis-solved P was determined by the amount of soil total phosphorus. Also the higher the rate of P fertilization in the region, the more difficult was the control of eutrophication in Dianchi Lake. The study showed that dissolution of soil total P reached equilibrium in about 0.5~1 hours of application. This implied that there was sufficient time for P to attain dissolution equilibrium as it moved down in the lake through groundwater flow or surface runoff.
Influence of temperature and moisture on nitrogen mineralizationin vegetable fields of central China
ZHAO Chang-Sheng, HU Cheng-Xiao, SUN Xue-Cheng, HUANG Wei
2012, 20(7): 861-866. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00861
Abstract(1465) PDF(1294)
Abstract:
The processes of nitrogen (N) mineralization was determined in order to establish reasonable N application in vegetable fields in central China. The study researched the influence of temperature and water on N mineralization in two typical vegetable soils (yellow-brown and fluvo-aquic soils) in an indoor cultivation experiment. The results indicated that mineralization and am-monification rates in yellow-brown soils increased with increasing temperature. While nitrification rate at 15% and 25% water con-tents increased with increasing temperature, it decreased with increasing temperature at 35% water content. At 15% water content, mineralization rate of fluvo-aquic soil increased with increasing temperature. At 25% and 35% water contents, however, mineraliza-tion rate initially increased and then decreased. Nitrification rate in fluvo-aquic soil increased with increasing temperature at 15% and 35% water content. At 25% water content, however, it initially increased then decreased. Ammonification rate generally decreased with increasing temperature. At 25% water content and 35 ℃, mineralization rate in yellow-brown soil was 34.9 mg·kg-1. Also at 25% water content and 25 ℃, mineralization in the same soil was 63.9 mg·kg-1. Under different temperature conditions, mineraliza-tion rate of fluvo-aquic soil was higher than that of yellow-brown soil. While ammonification rate of yellow-brown soil increased with increasing water content, the reverse was true for nitrification rate. The maximum mineralization rate was at 25% water content. Variations in ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rate with water content in fluvo-aquic soil were not so evident. It was noted that the critical moisture content for microbial activity in yellow-brown soil was 25%, and that in fluvo-aquic soil was not evi-dent. The functional relationship of nitrogen mineralization rate with water content and temperature condition in yellow-brown soil was more significant than that in fluvo-aquic soil.
Effects of rotational tillage on soil physiochemical propertiesand spring maize yield in Weibei Highlands
LI Juan, LI Jun, SHANG Jin-Xia, JIA Zhi-Kuan
2012, 20(7): 867-873. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00867
Abstract(1637) PDF(1286)
Abstract:
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physiochemical properties and spring maize yield. The study consisted of a continuous experiment of spring maize in six rotational tillage treatments conducted in the Weibei Highlands of Heyang County, Shaanxi Province from 2008 to 2010. The tillage treatments included NT/ST/NT (3-year rotational no-tillage, sub-soiling and no-tillage system), ST/CT/ST (3-year rotational sub-soiling, conventional tillage and sub-soiling rotated system), CT/NT/CT (3-year rotational conventional tillage, no-tillage and conventional tillage system), NT/NT/NT (3-year continuous no-tillage system), ST/ST/ST (3-year continuous sub-soiling system) and CT/CT/CT (3-year continuous conventional tillage system). Among other parameters, soil bulk density, soil nutrient and spring maize yield under different rotational tillage treatments were measured and analyzed. Compared with CT/CT/CT, conservation tillage significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil bulk density but also enhanced soil total porosity and field capacity. Compared with CT/CT/CT, NT/ST/NT decreased soil bulk density by 11.43% in the 0~20 cm soil layer and 9.79% in the 20~40 cm soil layer. Soil porosity increased by 11.05% and 9.87% respectively in the 0~20 cm and 20~40 cm soil layers under NT/ST/NT treatment. NT/ST/NT had significant effects on soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents in the 0~20 cm soil layer (P< 0. 05). Under NT/ST/NT treatment, average soil organic matter content in the 0~60 cm soil layer was the highest (10.36 g·kg-1) for all the treatments. The average total soil nitrogen content under NT/ST/NT treatment increased by 10.65% and 4.31% respectively compared with initial value and CT/CT/CT treatment. Total N and alkali-hydrolyzable-N contents in the 0~20 cm soil layer and available P and K contents in the 20~40 cm soil layer were more significantly affected by different tillage treatments compared with other indexes. Rotational conversation tillage treatments showed significantly higher soil fertility-enhancing effect compared with the conventional tillage. Spring maize yield under NT/ST/NT, ST/CT/ST, CT/NT/CT, NT/NT/NT and ST/ST/ST increased by 22.42%, 16.33%, 3.77%, 9.91% and 14.18% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared with CT/CT/CT. The rate of increase of spring maize yield under NT/ST/NT treatment was the highest among all the treatments.
Potential maize yield realization and related driving factors in four typical soils
HOU Peng, CHEN Xin-Ping, CUI Zhen-Ling, LI Shi-Qing, WANG Wei, YE You-Liang, CHEN Yuan-Xue, ZHANG Fu-Suo
2012, 20(7): 874-881. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00874
Abstract(1833) PDF(1428)
Abstract:
Whether or how soil conditions limit maize (Zea mays L.) yield is an increasingly important scientific research field. In this study, 4 typical soil types in 4 main maize production regions in China (the black soil region in Northeast China, black loessial soil region in the Loess Plateau, fluvo-aquic soil region in North China Plain and the purple soil region in Southwest China) were analyzed to demonstrate whether and how soil conditions limit maize potential yield realization. The results showed that in all the 4 experimental sites (852-farm in Heilongjiang Province, Changwu in Shaanxi Province, Wenxian in Henan Province and Jianyang in Sichuan Province), maize yields under the best management practices were 10.7 t·hm-2, 14.1 t·hm-2, 9.2 t·hm-2 and 6.7 t·hm-2 in 2009, which were 92%, 104%, 84% and 78% of yield potentials in the respective regions. Correlation analysis showed that soil physical property (bulk density) and root dry matter density were significantly negatively and positively related with realization degree of potential yield, respectively. Soil physical property (bulk density) and fertility (organic matter) had significant effects on maize potential yield realization. A moderate bulk density and high organic matter content of 69.3 g·kg-1 under tillage conditions were beneficial to roots growth, and furthermore, led to 92% yield potential realization in the 852-farm, Heilongjiang Province. Low soil bulk density of 1.15 g·cm-3 under tillage conditions led to the highest root growth and 104% yield potential realization in Changwu, Shaanxi Province. In contrast, high soil bulk densities, especially in the 10~20 cm soil layer with the highest bulk density of 1.53 g·cm-3 went against roots growth, and led to only 84% yield potential realization in Wenxian, Henan Province. Low soil organic matter and high soil bulk density in soil profiles led to only 78% yield potential realization in Jianyang, Sichuan Province. It was therefore concluded that different soil quality improvement strategies needed to be adopted in different regions to realize maize yield potential and balanced yield increase over large areas across China.
Estimation of surface soil moisture from onboard FY-2Dsatellite multi-temporal data
ZHANG Xiao-Yu, WANG Jiao
2012, 20(7): 882-887. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00882
Abstract(1446) PDF(1456)
Abstract:
Surface soil moisture (SSM) is a critical element of the hydrologic processes that influences exchange of water and energy fluxes at the land/atmospheric interface. Current remote sensing applications in SSM studies are largely limited to polar orbiting satellites. With the development of new generation geostationary satellites such as MSG and GOES-O&P, land surface visible and thermal infrared data can be acquired with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Consequently, great opportunities exist to analyze land surface soil moisture with retrieval methods of satellite-observed data. Fengyun-2D is a Chinese operated geostationary satellite with one visible and four infrared channels of optical imaging radiometer with temporal image acquisition frequency of 30 min. This al-lows mapping diurnal variations in land surface shortwave radiation (SSR) and land surface temperature (LST). The objective of this study was to estimate SSM from diurnal evolutions of SSR and LST. FY-2D data (with a spatial resolution of 5 km) were download along with advanced mechanically scanned radiometer (AMSR) soil moisture products (with spatial resolution of 25 km). The sets of data were geographically corrected via geo-referencing using geo-locational tools. The thermal and visible infrared soil moisture data products from FY-2D and AMSR were matched using a linear resampling method. Next, an algorithm for estimating SSM via two thermal infrared channels (IR1: 10.3~11.3 m and IR2: 11.5~12.5 m) and one visible channel (0.55~0.9 m) of the geostationary satellite data was proposed based on linear relationship between SSR and LST diurnal evolutions. Finally, the method was validated using FY-2D and AMSR SSM data products for September 30, 2010 and SSM estimated using FY-2D data for October 20, 2010. The results showed that the method was applicable in calculating SSM. SSM correlation based on analysis of FY-2D and AMSR was 0.52, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.025 g·cm-3 and maximum errors < 0.07 g·cm-3. The proposed method was easy use and output mid-scale SSM that improved the spatial resolution of AMSR SSM products from 25 km to 5 km. However, it was noted that the method must be used with care as it was prone to severe error under vegetation or cloud cover.
Response of water use of winter wheat at different growth stages tonitrogen fertilizer and water-retaining agent
YANG Yong-Hui, WU Ji-Cheng, WU Pu-Te, HUANG Zhan-Bin, HE Fang, YANG Xian-Ming
2012, 20(7): 888-894. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00888
Abstract(1327) PDF(994)
Abstract:
A field experiment was conducted to determine the water use characteristics of winter wheat at different growth stages under application of water-retaining agent (60 kg·hm -2) and nitrogen fertilizer [0, 225 kg(N)·hm-2, and 450 kg(N)·hm -2]. The field experiment investigated soil moisture, winter wheat biomass accumulation, water use at different growth stages as affected by wa-ter-retaining agent and nitrogen fertilizer. The results indicated that soil moisture, biomass accumulation, yield and water use effi-ciency (WUE) of winter wheat increased after water-retaining agent and nitrogen fertilizer application. Compared with other treat-ments, soil moisture under treatments of 450 kg(N)·hm -2 of nitrogen fertilizer, 60 kg·hm -2 of water-retaining agent, and 60 kg·hm-2 of water-retaining agent plus 450 kg(N)·hm -2 nitrogen fertilizer increased. There was a significant increase in the accumulation of above-ground winter wheat dry-matter with increasing nitrogen application rate without water-retaining agent. However, winter wheat dry-matter accumulation decreased under water-retaining agent plus excessive nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Winter wheat dry-matter biomass increased from jointing to harvest and the increase was more obvious at the later growth stage under wa-ter-retaining agent with 225 kg(N)·hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer treatment. From sowing through jointing, booting and grain-filling stages, WUE was boosted by increased nitrogen fertilizer application rate. WUE increased significantly under water-retaining agent plus nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Also from grain-filling to harvest, WUE increased by 53.8% and 57.8% over the control (CK) under 450 kg(N)·hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer and water-retaining agent plus 225 kg(N)·hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer treatments, respectively. In conclu-sion therefore, the yield and WUE of winter wheat increased and with the best effect under 60 kg·hm-2 water-retaining agent plus 225 kg(N)·hm-2-2 nitrogen fertilizer application.
Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and shading onleaf light utilization and yield of wheat
YU Xian-Feng, ZHANG Xu-Cheng
2012, 20(7): 895-900. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00895
Abstract(1365) PDF(1294)
Abstract:
CO2 and light energy are dynamic substrates of plant photosynthesis. Changes in CO2 concentration and light energy intensity lead to corresponding changes in the characteristics of plant photosynthesis and growth. It was therefore critical to study the effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration and light intensity on plant photosynthesis which could foster further understanding of the response of terrestrial ecosystem to global climate change. This study analyzed the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (760 μmol·mol-1) and shading effects on wheat light utilization and yield. In the study, CO2 concentrations and light intensity were set up and measures were taken on photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, light-photosynthetic response curves and yield. The relationship between light intensity and light use efficiency was analyzed and then elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (760 μmol·mol-1) and shading effects on wheat photosynthesis and yield determined. Result showed that compared with normal CO2 concentration, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP) of wheat leaves increased significantly under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. However, under shading conditions, Pnmax, LSP and LCP decreased. Under normal and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, dark respiration rate (Rd) of wheat leaves decreased significantly. However, shading and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration had no significant effect on Rd. Apparent quantum yield (AQY) of wheat leaves increased significantly with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Conversely, the effect of shading on AQY changed with changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. While shading significantly increased AQY under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration, it significantly decreased AQY under normal CO2 concentration. While plant height and spike length increased significantly under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and shading, grain number, grain weight per spike and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly. Because of changes in photosynthetic characteristics and limitations in light intensity, wheat leaf respiration increased under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and shading conditions. This resulted in the decline of Pn, which limited dry mass accumulation and grain yield formation.
Effects of different light intensities on Strobilanthes cusia photosynthetic characteristics in Fujian Province
NING Shu-Ju, ZHANG Ying-Jiao, LIN Jian-Yong, WEI Dao-Zhi
2012, 20(7): 901-908. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00901
Abstract(1423) PDF(1549)
Abstract:
"Jian Indigo" made from stem and leave of Strobilanthes cusia is one of the genuine drugs in Fujian Province. S. cusia original plant occurs in dank conditions and grows in forests or generally shaded conditions. Although light intensity is the main cultivation factor of S. cusia, studies on the characteristics of S. cusia photosynthesis under different light intensities were limited. Hence studies on different light intensities (full sunlight, 30% sunlight and 6% sunlight) were carried out to investigate the effects of light intensity on photosynthetic characteristics of S. cusia in Fujian Province. Results showed that diurnal variations in photosynthetic rates under three treatments tracked di-peak curves. Among the three light intensity treatments, the rate of photosynthesis was highest in the 30% sunlight treatment. Compared with natural light (full sunlight), the 30% and 6% sunlight treatments had higher Fm, Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, Yield, qP and lower qN. Under shaded conditions, photosynthetic rate of S. cusia increased with increasing chlorophyll a/b and photochemical activity in the light response centre, and decreasing light compensation point. Enhancing light energy conversion efficiency rate in photosynthetic system in compensation of insufficient light energy in low light intensity conditions also increased S. cusia photosynthetic rate. There existed a little correlation between photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance in S. cusia, which suggested the non-stomatal factors were the main drivers of photosynthesis in shaded conditions. It was further noted that shading significantly increased the sensitivity of stomata to light intensity. While the effect of light intensity on leaf indigo content was not obvious, indirubin content under full sunlight was higher than under shaded conditions. The 30% sunlight treatment in intercropping conditions or under tree shades was most suitable for the growth and medicinal component accumulation of S. cusia in Fujian Province.
Relationship of characteristics of culm construction to lodging resistance and yield of Fujian-bred super-rice cultivars
YANG Hui-Jie, FANG Xian-Tao, HE Hua-Rong, XIE Zu-Qin
2012, 20(7): 909-913. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00909
Abstract(1331) PDF(1172)
Abstract:
Lodging is common issue in rice production that influences not only rice yield but quality as well. In recent years, contradictions in high yields and lodging resistance have increased with increasing plant height and rice panicle weight, which has in turn greatly impacted rice production. Experiments were therefore conducted to study the relationships of characteristics of culm construction to lodging resistance and yield components of Fujian-bred super-rice cultivars. The study was necessary to lay the basis for breeding lodging-resistant varieties and high-yield cultivation in Fujian Province. The experiment consisted of 4 super-rice cultivars ("Ⅱ youming 86", "Ⅱ youhang 1", "Teyouhang 1" and "Ⅱ youhang 2") confirmed by China's Ministry of Agriculture and the "Shanyou 63" cultivar as the control. In the field experiment, conventional methods were used and 20 representative stem per cultivar selected at maturity stage. Length, diameter, wall thicknesses of different internodes and yield were measured, and breaking-resistant strength, bending moment and loading index calculated in the experiment. The results showed that most internodes of super-rice cultivars were longer than CK. However, the first internodes (from the top) of "Ⅱ youming 86" was significant shorter than CK. Also most of the internode diameters of super-rice cultivars were little different from CK. Most of the internode wall thickness of super-rice cultivars were also smaller than CK, except for the first internodes (from the top) of "Ⅱ youming 86" which were significant greater than CK. Lodging indexes of super-rice cultivar internodes were greater than CK, with most being significantly difference. However, all lodging indexes for cultivars were below 200, indicating strong resistance to lodging. Breaking-resistance strengths of three elongation internodes near stem base were significantly correlated with internode wall thickness. Lodging index of each internode was significantly or highly significantly negatively correlated with corresponding internode wall thickness. However, lodging index was not significantly correlated with plant height, internode length and diameter. This suggested that lodging resistance of the tested cultivars largely depended on internode wall thickness. As panicle length was significantly positively correlated with internode wall thickness, increasing base elongation internode wall thickness was beneficial to longer panicle breeds. To strengthen lodging resistance capacity, it was necessary to search for non-dwarf lodging-resistance traits, especially thick wall culm, during super-rice breeding.
Analysis of dynamic variations in crown characteristics ofdifferent root-type alfalfa plants
NAN Li-Li, SHI Shang-Li, GUO Quan-En, TIAN Feng, FAN Jun-Jun
2012, 20(7): 914-920. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00914
Abstract(1264) PDF(1028)
Abstract:
Alfalfas are divided into tap-rooted, branch-rooted, creep-rooted and rhizome-rooted plant types. Rhizome-rooted alfalfa is a relative independence germplasm resource with great genetic distance between rhizome-rooted alfalfa and international registry of other alfalfa varieties. It is an important gene-pool for alfalfa breeding and varietal improvement. Retrospective review on past papers shows that a huge amount of work have focused on introduction, breeding, productive performance, resistance and genetic diversity of tap-rooted and creeping-rooted alfalfas. Also the mechanisms, genetic characters and environment impacts of branch-rooted alfalfa have been extensively documented. However, only a few studies have focused on rhizome-rooted alfalfa and fewer still on the contrasts among different root-type alfalfas. Therefore, four alfalfa materials with three root-types (rhizome-rooted Medicago sativa L. cv. "Qingshui", creep-rooted native M. falcata material, creep-rooted M. varia Martin.cv. "Gannong No.2" and tap-rooted M. sativa L.cv. "Longdong") were used to determine the differences in crown characteristics in the semi-humid region of Tianshui, semi-arid region of Lanzhou and arid region of Wuwei in Gansu Province. The results showed significant differences among different root-type alfalfas regarding crown characteristics, crown diameter and crown branch diameter. Rhizome-rooted alfalfa was relatively thinner with deeper crown depth and more crown branches. Crown diameter and crown branch diameter of creep-rooted alfalfa were relatively thicker with shallower crown depth. There was no significant difference in crown branches between rhizome-rooted and creep-rooted alfalfa. The indexes of tap-rooted alfalfa were between those of rhizome-rooted and creep-rooted alfalfas, but were much closer to those of creep-rooted alfalfa. Experiments showed that temperature, fixed growth number of years and ecological zones obviously influenced alfalfa crown characteristics. Within 3 years of growth, crown diameter of all the root-type alfalfas was remarkably influenced by growth temperature. Crown diameter growth was generally faster in summer/autumn than in winter/spring. Horizontal extensions of creep-rooted and rhizome-rooted alfalfas were not detected at the different experimental sites and soil textures in the first and second years of growth. In the third year, plants appeared rhizome and creeping characters at three experimental sites but with different rhizome or creeping rates. Rhizome rate of rhizome-rooted alfalfa was highest in Tianshui and lowest in Wuwei. Creeping rate of creep-rooted alfalfa was higher in Wuwei and Lanzhou, and lower in Tianshui. Both rhizome and creeping rates increased with growth stage. Rhizome rate of rhizome-rooted M. sativa L. cv. "Qingshui" at podding stage reached 76.7%, 43.5% and 39.0% in Tianshui, Lanzhou and Wuwei, respectively. Creeping rates of creep-rooted native M. falcata material and creep-rooted M. varia Martin. cv. "Gannong No.2" reached 61.2 % and 50.6% in Lanzhou, 58.7% and 54.7 % in Wuwei and 44.5% and 36.3% in Tianshui, respectively.
Biological activity of Piper sarmentosum Roxb petroleum ether extractand its effects on metabolic enzymes of Aleurodicus disperses Russell
LIN Jiang, FU Yue-Guan, HUANG Wu-Ren, HAN Dong-Yin, ZHANG Fang-Ping, BEN Qing-He
2012, 20(7): 921-926. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00921
Abstract(1282) PDF(1355)
Abstract:
Aleurodicus disperses Russell is a dangerous new invasive pest in Hainan Province with serious harm. This study was conducted to explore the biological efficacy of petroleum ether extracts from Piper sarmentosum Roxb on A. disperses. Petroleum ether extracts from P. sarmentosum were used at different concentrations to investigate their effects on A. disperses adults, nymphs and pupae using the leaf immersion method. Also the activities of AChE, CarE and GSTs in adult A. disperses were investigated via biochemical methods. The results indicated that petroleum ether extracts from P. sarmentosum had high bioactivities on adult, nymph and pupae A. disperses, which increased with lapse of time. LC50 value after the petroleum ether extracts application on nymph A. disperses for 168 h (0.932 mg·mL-1) was much lower than that for 24 h of treatment (2.207 mg·mL-1). When treated for 72 h, LC50 values of P. sarmentosum petroleum ether extracts application on A. disperses adults and nymphs and pupae were 0.430 mg·mL-1, 1.303 mg·mL-1 and 1.894 mg·mL-1, respectively. When treated for 24 h, AChE, CarE and GSTs in adult A. disperses were to some degree restrained. The inhibition rates of 10 mg·mL-1 concentration of P. sarmentosum petroleum ether extracts on AChE, CarE and GSTs of A. disperses adults were 82.53%, 82.79% and 52.26%, respectively. Whereas the activities of CarE and GSTs increased with decreasing dose of P. sarmentosum petroleum ether extracts, that on GSTs was a lot more obvious. In conclusion therefore, P. sarmentosum petroleum ether extract toxicity intensively inhibited A. disperses pest invasion in Hainan Province.
Effect of transgenic pest-resistant cotton on the growth, reproductionand SOD activity of Eisenia foetida
LENG Chun-Long, YU Yuan-Chun, WU Dian-Ming, SHU Hong-Lan, LIU Biao
2012, 20(7): 927-931. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00927
Abstract(1336) PDF(1370)
Abstract:
While as much as transgenic pest-resistant cotton cultivation economically benefits humanity, it also affects ecosystem bio-safety. Studies have shown that earthworm improves soil fertility via enriching soil physical and biological properties. However, few studies have reported on the effects of transgenic pest-resistant cotton on soil earthworms. This work studied the effects of transgenic pest-resistant cotton on the growth, reproduction and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of field-fed earthworms (Eisenia foetida). The five treatments of the experiment included 100 g cow manure + 500 g soil (CK), 50 g transgenic cotton leaf + 550 g soil (50T), 100 g transgenic cotton leaf + 500 g soil (100T), 50 g non-transgenic cotton leaf + 550 g soil (50NT), and 100 g non-transgenic cotton leaf + 500 g soil (100NT). Results showed similar varied trends in the body weights of earthworms fed on the same doses transgenic and non-transgenic cotton leaves. In general, the body weights of earthworms fed on 100 g cotton leaf (100T and 100NT) were higher than those fed on 50 g cotton leaf (50T and 50NT) and cow dung (CK). At the end of the experiment, however, the body weights of earthworm fed on 100 g transgenic cotton leaf dropped to 23.8% of the previous measurement. There were no significant differences in numbers of earthworm cocoons (0~27) and new earthworms (0~57) between earthworms fed on the same doses of transgenic and non-transgenic cotton leaf. However, the number of new earthworms fed on 100 g transgenic cotton leaf (100T) was lower than those for the other treatments. For the most incubation period, SOD activity of earthworms fed on transgenic cotton leaf was not significantly different from those fed on the same doses of non-transgenic cotton leaf. At the end of the experiment after 201 days, SOD activity of earthworms in the 50T and 50NT treatments were significantly higher than those in the 100T and 100NT treatments.
Plant endophyte PLFAs polymorphism in Huanglongbing-affectedred pomelo plant
ZHENG Xue-Fang, LIU Bo, SUN Da-Guang, ZHU Yu-Jing, DUAN Yong-Ping, XIA Yu-Lu, RUAN Chuan-Qing, XIAO Rong-Feng
2012, 20(7): 932-944. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00932
Abstract(1325) PDF(1598)
Abstract:
Huanglongbing (HLB, a yellow shoot disease) is the most destructive citrus disease in the world. Plant endophyte communities of red pomelo have been associated with HLB. It was therefore important to investigate the endophyte community of red pomelo plant in relation to HLB. In this paper, endophyte community structures in different spatial positions and healthy conditions of HLB-affected red pomelo plants were analyzed using phospholipid fatty acids [PLFAs biomarkers based at Sherlock MIS (MIDI Inc.)]. Based on the results, 42 PLFAs were detected and 9 of them had wild distributions across all the samples while the other 33 were mainly distributed in different leaf orientations. Cluster analysis showed that PLFAs in different leaves in space existed into two community groups. While PLFAs in the group I belonged to an incomplete distribution, PLFAs in group Ⅱ were distributed almost in all samples. There existed some differences in PLFAs content and composition in leaves of HLB-affected red pomelo plants in different spatial positions and health conditions. When compared among each other, it was noted that PLFAs content in east-oriented leaves were maximum among different orientations. The same was true for lower parts leaf in PLFAs content. Healthy leaves contain more PLFAs than HLB-affected leaves. Furthermore, south-oriented leaves had the highest fungi/bacteria PLFAs ratio and also higher G+/G- (gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria) PLFAs ratio than north/west-oriented leaves. There was no significant difference in fungi-to-bacteria PLFAs ratio at different leaf levels. However, significant differences existed in PLFAs G+/G- ratio in different height leaves. While the highest ratio occurred in the leaves at the upper parts of plant, the lowest ratio was in leaves at the middle parts of plant. Fungi-to-bacteria PLFAs ratio was higher in healthy leaves than that in HLB-affected leaves. Diversity indexes of Shannon, Simpson and Pielou of endophyte communities among leaves with different orientations and healthy conditions were significantly different. However, no apparent differences were noted among different heights leaves. Principal component analysis showed that the first and second principal components accounted for a total of 82.99% of the variation, which may distinguish endophyte communities in leaves with different orientations. Cluster analysis divided healthy leaves in two groups, and HLB-affected leaves in the other group. The results indicated that the distribution of PLFAs was related with health conditions and orientations of leaves, and was more closely in the former than the latter.
Analysis and design methods of ecological farmer household based on energy flow: A case study of dog-breeding farmer household in northern Sichuan
SHUI Wei, LI Bi-Jun, BAI Jian-Ping
2012, 20(7): 945-955. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00945
Abstract(1353) PDF(1223)
Abstract:
A dog-breeding farmer household in northern Sichuan was used as a case to analyze and design an ecological farm household based on energy flow theory. The energy input-output of original ecological farmer household systems in 2008 was initially analyzed and diagnosed for ecosystem structures and benefits. According to the analysis results, two new design modes of farmer household ecosystems modeled with dog-breeding were proposed. Comprehensive input-output energy and benefits were comparatively analyzed, simulated and compared with the original system. The results showed that although the original ecological farmer household system was an organic ecosystem, its energy conversion rates and output capacity were very low. The ratios of solar energy and average energy input-output of both planting and breeding subsystems along with the energy cycle index of the original ecological farmer household system were 0.62%, 3.93, 0.32 and 0.70, respectively. This indicated lower organic energy input and suggested necessary improvements in energy flows. Compared with the original ecosystem, the two new designed ecosystems showed higher self-sustainability capacity and energy conversion efficiency. The ratios of solar energy and average energy input-output of both planting and breeding subsystems and the energy cycle indices of the new designed ecosystem modes 1 and 2 were 1.02% and 1.13%, 4.80 and 4.93, 0.48 and 0.46, 0.83 and 0.84, respectively. The comprehensive benefits of the designed mode 1 were higher than those of mode 2. The above analyses and results suggested that the study presented a very rigorous design of ecological farmer household. The results also contributed to developing new optimized design methods for farmer household ecosystems based on energy flow simulations and comprehensive benefit comparisons. More specifically, the analysis and design method of ecological farmer household in this study provided a realistic reference base for improving ecosystem energy output and benefit optimization.
An agricultural tri-cyclic mode for Yangtze River Delta plain and water regions
GENG Chen-Guang, DUAN Jing-Jing, WANG Can, ZHANG Ming-Kui, SHI Jia-Chun, LI Xun, DUAN Zeng-Qiang
2012, 20(7): 956-962. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00956
Abstract(1257) PDF(1202)
Abstract:
Based on the concept of recycling economy and local conditions, an agricultural tri-cyclic mode was built for the Yangtze River Delta plain and water regions. The mode integratively coordinated agricultural, environmental and social benefits. After systematic analysis of the present agricultural conditions and design of the mode, the mode was updated to an advanced stage. The study introduced the main technical parameters and changes required for the mode structure design. The tri-cyclic mode was a recycling agricultural mode consisted of three interconnected circle-like layers with the urban as the center. The three circle-like layers were layers of urban-rural connection area, plantation-cultivation-manufactures and scale agriculture. In the urban-rural connections layer, the main technologies were rotation technology of rice in paddy field and melon/vegetable in dry land, and pollution-free cultivation technology of rice, melon and vegetable. In the second layer, sericulture, nursery, cash forest and aquatic-animal husbandry formed the circulation mode of plantation-cultivation-manufactures. In the third layer, where was far from the city, high quality-high yield grain, oil and vegetable production was the main industries. Based on the study, the agricultural tri-cyclic mode showed great prospects for the Yangtze River Delta plain and water regions. It was estimated that more than 3 billion tons of sewage in the rural areas of the Yangtze River Delta region were absorbable by garden land-paddy wetland systems in a year, which greatly alleviated environmental load of water in the region. The mode assembled and integrated techniques of land decentralization of animal manure, agro-straw utilization, earthworm compost, producing obvious economic, environmental and social benefits. The mode performance was perfect, which was sufficient evidence of academic and practical application. The mode well performance was also of significance for its application and popularization.

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