2013 Vol. 21, No. 8

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Analysis of soil respiration and the influencing factors in soybean fields under conservation tillage
ZHANG Sai, LUO Hai-Xiu, WANG Long-Chang, ZHANG Xiao-Yu, ZHOU Hang-Fei, MA Zhong-Lian, LI Bang-Jiang
2013, 21(8): 913-920. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00913
Abstract(1562) PDF(1149)
Abstract:
The effects of conservation tillage on soil respiration in dry croplands were investigated in the southwest purple hilly region. The LI6400-09 respiratory chamber was used in the experiment conducted in the experimental field of Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing. The respiration, hydrothermal and biotic factors of soil were measured and analyzed during soybean growth period in a wheat-maize-soybean triple intercropping system. There were six treatments and each treatment replicated three times. The treatments included traditional tillage (T), ridge tillage (R), traditional tillage + straw mulching (TS), ridge tillage + straw mulching (RS), traditional tillage + straw mulching + decomposing inoculants (TSD) and ridge tillage + straw mulching + decomposing inoculants (RSD). The results suggested that soil respiration rate initially increased slowly after planting. It then increased rapidly at blossoming stage and decreased steadily at maturity of soybean. Differences were noted in soil respiration rate among different treatments and soil respiration order was T < R < TS < RS < TSD < RSD. Ridge tillage and straw mulching improved soil respiration in soybean fields. Soil temperature in 10 cm soil layer was in the order of T > TSD > TS and R > RSD > RS. Q10 value, a sensitive indicator of soil respiration to temperature, was in the order of TS > TSD > RS = R > T > RSD. Q10 increased under straw mulching, but the opposite occurred under ridge tillage. Soil moisture order in 5 cm soil layer was TSD > RSD > TS > RS > T > R. Soil respiration and soil moisture had parabolic function relationship, with significant correlation coefficient under R treatment. Other treatments showed negative correlations, with an extreme significant level under TS treatment. The dominant groups of soil animals in soybean fields included Collembola, Acarina and Diptera. There was no significant correlation between soil respiration and soil animals captured by tullgren apparatus and pitfall traps method. When the soil animals numbers captured by two methods were added together, the correlation coefficient under T was significant (R = 0.901 at P = 0.037).
Greenhouse gas emissions in double sequence pea-wheat rotation fields under different tillage conditions
CAI Li-Qun, WANG Juan, LUO Zhu-Zhu, WU Jun, ZHANG Ren-Zhi
2013, 21(8): 921-930. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00921
Abstract(1219) PDF(1385)
Abstract:
This study analyzed the effects of different tillage conditions on greenhouse gas emissions of double sequence pea-wheat rotation fields during 2011. Three greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O and CH4) emission were investigated under four tillage types [conventional tillage without straw mulching (T), no-tillage without straw mulching (NT), conventional tillage with straw mulching (TS) and no-tillage with straw mulching (NTS)]. The carbon dioxide analyzer and static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques were used to continuously measure and analyze the greenhouse gases fluxes. The results showed that double sequence pea-wheat rotation fields served not only as source of atmospheric CO2, N2O, but also as sink of atmospheric CH4. Compared with T, NT retarded CO2 emission. The three conservation tillage methods of NTS, NT and TS reduced N2O emission but significantly increased CH4 absorption. CO2 and N2O fluxes were significantly correlated with topsoil temperature (R2 = 0.92** and 0.89**), soil temperature at the 5 cm soil depth (R2 = 0.95** and 0.91**) and soil temperature at the 10 cm soil depth (R2 = 0.77* and 0.62*). CH4 fluxes were uncorrelated with soil temperature at different soil depths. The correlation coefficients between CO2 and soil water content, and CH4 and soil water content at 0~5 cm soil layer were 0.69* and 0.72*, respectively. The correlation coefficient between CO2 and soil water content at the 5~10 cm soil layer was 0.77* and that between CH4 and soil water content at the 5~10 cm soil layer was 0.64*. CO2, CH4 fluxes were positively correlated with soil water content at the 10~30 cm soil layer. N2O fluxes showed negative correlations with soil water content at different soil layers. The calculated global warming potential of the three greenhouse gases under the different tillage conditions showed that NT limited greenhouse gas flux, thereby reducing greenhouse effect.
Effect of straw mulching on soil respiration, crop yield, economy-environment benefit in rainfed winter wheat fields
TU Chun, WANG Jun, GUAN Qing, LIU Wen-Zhao
2013, 21(8): 931-937. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00931
Abstract(1556) PDF(1145)
Abstract:
As a common cultivation pattern in the Loess Plateau, straw mulching has played a significant role in increasing grain yield, improving water use efficiency and regulating soil CO2 emission. A field experiment was conducted to measure the response of soil respiration and crop yield to different straw mulching treatments under winter wheat monoculture system in 2009-2011. Economy-environment benefit, calculated by soil CO2 emission per unit wheat yield, was also evaluated for each mulching treatment. The four treatments included the control (CK) without mulching, 9 000 kg·hm-2 (M9000) and 4 500 kg·hm-2 (M4500) of straw mulching year-round, and 9 000 kg·hm-2 (SF) straw mulching during summer fallow. The results showed similar variations in soil respiration rates among treatments during crop growth period. No significant differences were noted among mulching treatments in both years in terms of cumulative soil CO2 emissions during growing season. However, average range of soil CO2 emission for treatments in the first year [14.92~17.43 t(CO2)·hm2] was significantly higher than that in the second year [12.95~13.69 t(CO2)·hm2]. In terms of emitted soil CO2, the interactions among treatments and year were insignificant. Compared with CK, straw mulching decreased crop yield remarkably. The difference between M9000 and CK was significant at P < 0.05. Economy-environment benefit index suggested that for 1 kg grain produced, the soil released 2.96~3.16 kg CO2. Straw mulching did not influence average economy-environment benefit. Gran yield and economy-environment benefit varied for the two years. Grain yield in the first year, during which rainfall was less than average, was significantly lower than that in the rainy second year. On the contrary, economy-environment benefit index of the first year (3.03~3.69 kg·kg-1) was markedly higher than that of the second year (2.45~2.88 kg·kg-1). Treatments and years had significant interaction effects on grain yield and economy-environment benefit. While straw mulching had the potential to increase grain yield in dry year, M9000 treatment had the best economy-environment benefit value. For rainy years, straw mulching treatments decreased crop yield, while the economy-environment benefit index under CK was fairly good.
Effects of different combinations of planting density, row spacing and row direction on field microclimatic conditions and grain yield of maize
YU Li, LIU Zheng, WANG Bo, DUAN Hai-Ming, MENG Fan-Jin, LI Qiu-Yue
2013, 21(8): 938-942. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00938
Abstract(1441) PDF(1285)
Abstract:
Corn production is critical for food security in China. The lack of coordination between corn varieties and cultivation techniques has often resulted in low production. "Xundan 20" is a compact and high-yield corn variety with large planting area. It has been recommended as a suitable variety for cultivation in Anhui Province by China's Ministry of Agriculture. To realize the full yield potential of "Xundan 20" in Anhui Province, the effects of different configuration of planting density, row spacing and row direction on field microclimatic conditions and grain yield formation were studied. The results suggested that increasing maize plant row spacing increased daily average wind speed and illumination. Also increasing maize plant row spacing decreased accumulated temperature and daily average relative humidity. Under the same density and row spacing, daily average wind speed and illumination in east-west planting patterns were higher than those in south-north planting patterns. However, accumulated temperature and daily average relative humidity showed the opposite trends for the planting pattern directions. Grain yield of east-west planting patterns was higher than that of south-north planting patterns. Under the same row direction, corn grain yield was significantly different under different planting densities and row spacing. Under planting density of 60 000 plants·hm-2, optimal population structure was established at row spacing of 50 cm and the east-west row direction, and corn grain yield reached 10 582.5 kg·hm-2. Concurrently, field microclimatic factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity and wind speed were well coordinated. This study provided basic guiding principles for improved cultivation of "Xundan 20" in Anhui Province of China.
Effects of water stress on dry matter accumulation and translocation in winter wheat cultivars planted at different ages
HUANG Ling, GAO Yang, LI Xin-Qiang, QIU Xin-Qiang, SHEN Xiao-Jun, LIU Zhan-Dong, UZOKWE Pauline Adaobi, DUAN Ai-Wang
2013, 21(8): 943-950. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00943
Abstract(1331) PDF(1031)
Abstract:
Water shortage seriously threatens sustainable agriculture development across the globe. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water user and wheat production is often limited by water scarcity and uneven distribution of precipitation in Henan Province. Winter wheat grain yield is mainly formed by dry matter accumulation and redistribution in vegetative organs during pre- and post-anthesis. Water conditions have significant effects on dry matter accumulation, distribution ratios of dry matter among various organs and hence grain yield. Therefore knowledge of the changes in dry mater associated with genetic gains is required for understanding yield-limiting factors and determining future breeding strategies. However, few available data exist on the mechanisms of effects of different water regimes on dry mater accumulation and translocation in wheat. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of water conditions on the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation in winter wheat cultivars planted at different ages. The results provided the needed valuable information for further improvements in grain yield and determination of future breeding strategies of wheat in China. Six representative winter wheat cultivars (planted in the 1950s, the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2002-2003) were used under similar conditions in the 2011-2012 growing season. The three water regimes used were as follow: control (CK) at 75%~85% of field capacity, mild water deficit (MD) at 60%~70% of field capacity, and severe water deficit (SD) at 45%~55% of field capacity. Results showed that genetic improvement optimized dry matter distribution at different growth stages in winter wheat and well balanced dry matter contribution to grain during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. Dry matter accumulation and translocation in winter wheat before and after anthesis increased in modern cultivars. Furthermore, reduced dry matter assimilation in modern cultivars increased grain production after anthesis. Modern cultivars were shorter in height and peduncle than old cultivars. Modern cultivars improved the 1000-grain weight, harvest index and grain yield. Increase in winter wheat grain yield was mainly related to increase in the 1000-grain weight, which further led to a significant increase in harvest index under constant total biomass accumulation in the year. The 1000-grain weight and harvest index were positively related with yield improvement. Compared with wheat cultivars planted in the 1950s, average height of winter wheat planted in the 1990s and 2002 under CK, MD and SD decreased by 35.2%, 36.2% and 38.2%, respectively. However, average 1000-grain weight increased by 31.7%, 17.4% and 56.3%, respectively. Also average grain yield increased by 40.4%, 43.0% and 52.4%, respectively. Harvest indexes of winter wheat cultivars planted in the 1990s and 2002 under CK, MD and SD were respectively 31.4%, 22.3% and 24.6% higher than those of wheat cultivars planted before the 1980s. Dry matter accumulation in early cultivars was higher than that in modern cultivars from heading to anthesis under CK. Under MD and SD treatments, dry matter transfer at pre-anthesis in winter wheat cultivars planted in the 1990s and after was improved. Dry matter output to grain from stem increased in modern cultivars. Reduction in dry matter after anthesis was small and dry matter proportion was suitable in modern cultivars. This laid the basis for future increases in grain yield under water stress conditions.
Water-saving irrigation modes based on water supply and demand of winter wheat and summer maize
LIU Xiao-Yuan, XU Shao-Hui, CUI Jun-Ling, CHI-Qing
2013, 21(8): 951-958. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00951
Abstract(1174) PDF(1101)
Abstract:
With the industry and agriculture development, water shortage is more and more serious. Water-saving irrigation plays an important role in meeting water resources shortage problems. Water-saving agriculture and improvement of irrigation water use efficiency are developing directions of agriculture. It is important to formulate reasonable crop irrigation system based on the crops water requirement and supply for water-saving irrigation and water resources planning. In this study, soil water content and leakage, water requirement of winter wheat and summer maize rotation system in Qingdao were investigated through simulating field water movement with Hydrus-1D model based on the long term field experiment. According to the water supply and requirement of two crops, suitable irrigation amount and time were discussed. The results showed that the Nash-Suttcliff simulation coefficients Ens of measured and simulated soil water content in 20 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm, 100 cm and 160 cm depths were 0.652, 0.857, 0.852, 0.887 and 0.903 respectively, meaning the model worked well. Human influence resulted in relative worse simulation result in surface soil water content. Under conventional irrigation management with 520 mm irrigation, soil water leakage to 1.6 m depth was 189 mm, about 22.3% of the total amount of irrigation and precipitation. The soil water leakage was serious under conventional irrigation mode, and positively correlated with precipitation and irrigation. The results showed that rainfall during winter wheat growing season was only 61.6 mm, 24.5% of evaportanspiration. There was 300 mm water shortage during winter wheat growing season in the study year. During summer maize growing season, rainfall got up to 93.1% of water requirement of maize. However, complementary irrigation was needed at seeding to seedling and later growth stages due to uneven season distribution of rainfall. The improved irrigation scheme was established based on water supply and demand of summer maize and winter wheat. The irrigation amounts were 50.0 mm and 320.0 mm for summer maize and winter wheat, respectively, 100 mm less than that under conventional irrigation. Water-saving irrigation modes based on the relationship of water supply and demand greatly improved the utilization efficiency of irrigation, and decreased water leakage amount.
Effect of zinc on maize leaf cell ultra-structure under different soil moistures
WANG Sheng-Feng, GAO Li-Li, LIU Zi-Fei, HUANG Jin-Sheng, CHEN Lei, LIU Rong-Le, WANG Hong
2013, 21(8): 959-965. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00959
Abstract(1137) PDF(856)
Abstract:
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major nutrient problem in calcareous soils of the North China, where drought is also a considerable stress factor in crop production. Pot trials under greenhouse conditions were conducted using Zn-deficient cumulic cinnamon soils sampled from Shaanxi Province of the Northwest China. With two levels of Zn [0 and 5.0 mg(Zn)·kg-1(soil)] and two soil moisture (40%~45% and 70%~75% of saturated soil water content) regimens, a completely randomized factorial design (2 Zn treatments × 2 water levels × 3 replicates) was set. Ultra-structure of cells of maize plant leaves under different soil water conditions and Zn doses were examined using transmission electron microscope. The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms of maize plants responding to Zn under different soil moisture conditions. The results showed that Zn increased plant biomass and Zn content more notably under well-watered conditions than under drought conditions. The structures of maize mesophyll and bundle sheath cells remained integrated and normal under adequate soil water and Zn supply. Under adequate soil water supply, chloroplast plasmolemma distortion, starch accumulation and thylakoid disturbance were noticed in vascular bundle sheath cells of Zn-deficient leaves. Moreover, vascular bundle sheath cells collapsed when plants were subjected to severe Zn deficiency. Thylakoid shrinking and much less lamella stacking occurred in leaf mesophyllic cells of maize plants grown under adequate soil water and severe Zn deficiency. Under drought conditions, thylakoid shrinking and much less grana stacking occurred in Zn deficient leaf mesophyllic cells. Chloroplast structure in vascular bundle sheath and mesophyllic cells of Zn-sufficient leaves remained normal. With Zn application under drought treatments, the number of mitochondria increased around the chloroplast in vascular bundle sheath cells. Also numerous plastoglobuli were noted in the chloroplast of mesophyllic cells of maize plants. It suggested that Zn application alleviated disruptions in leaf cells by drought stress conditions. However, the ultra-structures of Zn-deficient leaf cells were more easily harmed under adequate soil water supply than that under drought stress conditions.
Response of stomatal conductance to light in tobacco plants
ZHONG Chu, ZHU Yong
2013, 21(8): 966-972. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00966
Abstract(1213) PDF(1391)
Abstract:
Stomata regulates key plant processes, inluding CO2 assimilation and water use. Although stomatal conductance models evaluate stomatal regulation by plant leaves, model fits have been often different from research and environmental factors. To compare the applicability of stomatal conductance models in tobacco plants, light-response curves of stomatal conductance were measured in this study. The field study was conducted under controlled CO2 concentration and temperature using the Li-6400 photosynthesis determination system. CO2 concentration was maintained at 390 μmol·mol-1 under different temperatures of 20 ℃, 25 ℃, 30 ℃ and 35 ℃. Stomatal conductance of tobacco across the temperature treatments were fitted with the Ball-Berry model (BB model) and subsequent refinements made by Leuning correction model (BBL model), as well as a mechanism model deduced by Ye Zipiao and Yu Qiang (BBY model). The fitting effects eventually compared. The stomatal conductance model and the emendatory light response model of net photosynthesis were coupled (coupling model) to study the light response characteristics of tobacco stomatal conductance. The results were compared with that from Jarvis model. The fitting results showed that compared with the BB and BBL models, the BBY model better described the relationship between stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis of tobacco across the temperature treatments. Both the coupling and Jarvis models well fitted the response of stomatal conductance to light. However, the fitting effects of the coupling model were better, which directly estimated the maximum stomatal conductance along with the corresponding saturation light intensity. Also the coupling model could be used to study the extent of synchronization of maximum stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate. The study showed no synchronization of maximum stomatal conductance and maximum net photosynthetic rate of tobacco across the temperature treatments. At 20 ℃, tobacco stomatal conductance reached the maximum value earlier than net photosynthetic rate. At other temperature treatments, however, tobacco stomatal conductance reached the maximum value later than net photosynthetic rate.
Effect of solute type and salinity on soil water availability in orchards in saline semiarid regions
GUO Quan-En, WANG Yi-Quan, NAN Li-Li, CAO Shi-Yu, CHE Zong-Xian
2013, 21(8): 973-978. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00973
Abstract(1234) PDF(1110)
Abstract:
Soil water availability is a key factor that restricts land productivity in saline soils. Scientific studies of the effects of solutions with different solute types and salinity degrees have been used to evaluate the application of brackish water on soil salinity and productivity. In this study, the effects of different solute types (NaCl and Na2SO4) and salinity degrees (0, 1 g·L-1, 3 g·L-1, 5 g·L-1, 10 g·L-1) on soil water availability in orchard soils in semiarid saline regions were determined using the dehydration centrifugal method. Soil pore was determined during "conception pore" dehydration instead of "inter-granular pore" and "texture pore" dehydration. This was because soil water loss for the same base membrane properties and structural arrangement was different under different solute types during dehydration. The results showed that compared with the control (CK), treating soils with different degrees of salinity of NaCl and Na2SO4 solutes decreased soil field capacity, temporal wilting coefficient, permanent wilting coefficient, slow available water and unavailable water. The contents of total available water and available water of treatments with different salinity degrees of NaCl and 1 g·L-1 of Na2SO4 increased compared with CK. However, the contents of total available water and available water of treatments with 3 g·L-1, 5 g·L-1 and 10 g·L-1 of Na2SO4 decreased. Soil aerated porosity and capillary porosity of treatments with different salinity degrees of NaCl and Na2SO4 decreased, while inactive porosity increased. Treatments with 5 g·L-1 of NaCl and Na2SO4 decreased aeration porosity by 16.8% and 14.8%, decreased capillary porosity by 5.2% and 6.5%, increased inactive porosity by 15.7% and 14.4%, respectively, compared with CK. The effects of treatments with NaCl on soil specific water capacity and lagging capillary rupture were more significant than treatments with Na2SO4. With increasing concentration of salts solution, soil drought resistance and soil water-holding capacity decreased while soil water supply improved.
Effect of biochar on physicochemical properties of red and yellow brown soils in the South China Region
ZHANG Xiang, WANG Dian, JIANG Cun-Cang, ZHU Pan, LEI Jing, PENG Shu-Ang
2013, 21(8): 979-984. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00979
Abstract(2191) PDF(2083)
Abstract:
Biochar is a key by-product of chemical processes with a huge potential for application in environmental and soil science studies. In recent years, biochar has received considerable attention as soil conditioner, fertilizer carrier and carbon sequestration agent. However, the role of biochar in improving the fertility of different soil types has remained unclear. This has especially been the cause for the red and yellow brown soils in the South China Region (SCR), where any such studies have been largely lacking. In this study, biochar from peanut shells was used to determine biochar effect on different soils. In the pot experiment, the dynamics of the physicochemical properties of the two representative soils (red and yellow brown soils) in the SCR were investigated after treatments with different doses (0, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) of biochar. The results showed that red soil was strongly acidic, but the acidity significantly reduced under treatments of different doses of biochar. Furthermore, biochar increased soil organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen contents. With increasing biochar dose, these influence became more obvious. Yellow brown soil was weakly acidic. Biochar treatments significantly improved pH, and contents of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium of yellow brown soil. Also increasing biochar dose enhanced the positive effects of biochar on yellow brown soil. However, different biochar doses resulted in different effects on physicochemical properties of the two soils. At 2% of biochar aplication dose, the impact of biochar on the physicochemical properties of the two soils was most obvious. For the red soil, pH increased by 0.61. Also organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen increased by 203.4%, 369.3%, 368.0% and 30.4%, respectively, in red soil. In addition to alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, pH, organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium respectively increased by 0.55, 124.2%, 57.5% and 50.3% in yellow brown soil. Based on the above results, it was concluded that biochar application favored red soil more than yellow brown soil in the SCR. Moreover, complex specific data on each index suggested that biochar application most influenced soil available potassium, followed by soil organic matter, pH, available phosphorus, and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen in the representative soil types in SCR.
Characteristics of humic-like acid of Aphodius-processed cow manure and natural cow manure compost
KANG Lu, WU Jing-Gui, ZHAO Xin-Yu, MENG An-Hua
2013, 21(8): 985-991. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00985
Abstract(1672) PDF(1083)
Abstract:
With further increase in aquaculture industry, it is predicted that annually total emissions of livestock feces will reach 42.44 billion tons by 2020. The pollution problems of livestock and poultry feces have become an increasing concern in the international community. It has therefore become imperative to recycle use of livestock and poultry feces. Currently, research has focused mainly on earthworm-processed animal manure and sporadic reports on Aphodius sp. There have also been studies on community species, mouthparts, and morphological and gut characteristics of Aphodius sp. Although intensive studies have been conducted on the structural characteristics of soil humus, humic-like acid has received little focus. The carbon, nitrogen dynamics and humus characteristics of adding decomposed cow dung and Aphodius larval composting have been reported in previous study. However, little has been done on the characteristics of humic-like acid of Aphodius-processed cow-manure (APCM) and natural cow manure compost. To understand cow manure utilization and develop basic data for structural characterization, humic-like acids from two different inorganic extractions were characterized in elemental analyzer, infrared spectrometer and differential thermal analyzer. The humic-like acid samples were extracted from APCM and natural cow manure compost with 0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH and 0.1 mol·L-1 Na4P2O7, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that the aromaticity of humic-like acid (Na4P2O7-extracted, NaHLA) from APCM was lower than that from fresh cow manure and natural cow manure compost. The C and N contents of humic-like acid (NaOH-extracted, PAHLA) from APCM were higher than those from fresh cow manure and natural cow manure compost. Also the aromaticity of natural cow manure compost was lower than those of fresh cow manure and APCM. In terms of NaHLA of natural cow manure compost, infrared spectrometry suggested that larger carboxylic acid lipid compounds, ketone compounds, aliphatic compounds and carbohydrates existed in NaHLA of APCM. The carbohydrates, aliphatic compounds, phenolic compounds and cellulose esters of PAHLA from APCM and natural cow manure compost were higher than those from fresh cow manure. Amide compounds of PAHLA from APCM were absorbed in Aphodius digestive process. Thermal analysis suggested that NaHLA from natural cow manure compost had larger thermal stability than that from fresh cow manure and APCM. The aliphatic compound, peripheral functional groups and intra-molecular aromatic structures of NaHLA from APCM were higher than those from fresh cow manure and natural cow manure compost. However, the molecular structure of NaHLA from APCM was of higher complexity than that of NaHLA. PAHLA from APCM had two exotherm peaks whereas mid-temperature exotherm peak disappeared in fresh cow manure and natural cow manure compost. In summary, some differences existed in humic-like acid characteristics from APCM and natural cow manure compost.
Spatial variability and influencing factors of soil catalase activity in grapevine fields in Huailai-Zhuolu Basin
MA Kun, LI Cheng, XIAO Fan, FENG Sheng-Dong, YANG Zhi-Xin
2013, 21(8): 992-997. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00992
Abstract(1182) PDF(1439)
Abstract:
This study assessed the physicochemical factors influencing the spatial variability of soil catalase activity in grapevine fields. 83 samples of 0~20 cm soil layer was collected from grapevine fields in the Huailai-Zhuolu basin (HZB) of Hebei, China. Geostatistics and GIS environments were used to analyze the spatial variability of soil catalase activity for different combinations of grape variety and soil property. Also the contributing factors to enzyme activity were analyzed. The results showed strongly spatial correlation of catalase activity in 0~20 cm soil layer of grapevine field in HZB. The variations of catalase activity in the study area tracked a zonal distribution, gradually decreasing from west to east along river courses. Based on semi-variance analysis, the best-fitted model for soil catalase activity distribution in the study area was an exponential model. With the exception of potassium, all macro-elements, micro-elements, quantitative elements, heavy metals and other beneficial elements had a significant positive activation effect on soil catalase activity in grapevine fields. In traditional soil-grape cropping systems, catalase activity was closely correlated with the distribution characteristics of most elements at different locations in grapevine fields. Also a significant positive correlation was noted between catalase activity and fine sand content. A highly significant positive correlation was noted between catalase activity and clay. The physical properties, especially clay and fine sand content, were other critical factors that influenced the spatial variability of soil catalase activity. Ggrape varieties and soil pH were not correlated with spatial variability of soil catalase activity.
Critical period of weed control in no-tillage summer maize fields
LI Bing-Hua, ZHANG Yong-Xin, BIAN Quan-Le, LI Zong-Ling, WANG Gui-Qi
2013, 21(8): 998-1003. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00998
Abstract(1178) PDF(936)
Abstract:
The critical period for weed control (CPWC) is a key consideration in integrated weed management programs. This study aimed to determinate CPWC in no-tillage summer maize fields and to discuss the internal mechanisms of weed control. The results were pivotal in designing management strategies to minimize weed infestation during critical periods of crop development. Field studies on the dynamics of weed community and CPWC were conducted in 2010 and 2011 near Shijiazhuang in Hebei Province. Weed densities were investigated in 1 m × 1 m quadrats within field plots. Two treatments of weed infestation and weed-free were adopted in no-tillage summer maize fields. The results showed that the main species of the weed community belonged to the grass family, with a relative density above 94.93%. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. were the dominant species of the weed community. Weed density increased until 21 d after maize planting and continuously decreased thereafter. Weed germinating during 0~20.41% of the maize growth period heavily influenced maize yield, with an increasing yield loss of 28.54%~37.51%. Weed infestation was most intensive during the 19.09%~42.73% of the growth period, with an increasing yield loss of 27.00%~46.22%. The best-fit curve between relative time of weed infestation (start time of CPWC) and relative yield of maize was a modified Logistic model. Also the best-fit curve between relative time of weed-free (end time of CPWC) and relative yield of maize was a Gompterz model. The models had high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.99). Based on the models, CPWC in no-tillage summer maize field was 14.15%~56.62% of the growth period; with an acceptable relative yield loss of 3%. However, CPWC was likely to be slightly affected by weed density.
Effects of different garden pea cultivars on population parameters of green morph of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum)
WANG Xiao-Qiang, HAN Xiu-Nan, CAO Xin-Yue, ZHANG Ting-Wei, LIU Chang-Zhong
2013, 21(8): 1004-1008. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01004
Abstract(1248) PDF(1025)
Abstract:
Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: aphidiae), is a destructive agricultural pest of a wide range of leguminous crops. Pea aphids have strong reproductive capacity, especially green morph of pea aphid. To build the theoretical basis for garden pea variety selection and comprehensive treatment for A. pisum, the effects of four different garden pea cultivars ("Grass pea", "Dingwan1", "Dingwan2" and "G1997") on population change of green morph of A. pisum were investigated under constant temperature [(23±1) ℃], relative humidity (70%~80%) and illumination time (16 h). The study determined the demographic characteristics of the green morph of A. pisum, including population parameters, developmental duration, fecundity and survival. The results showed significant differences in the durations of different developmental stages and highest fecundity per female lifetime of the green morph of A. pisum in the four different garden pea cultivars. The generation was longest (17.92 d) in "G1997" and shortest (12.69 d) in "Grass pea". The highest fecundity per female lifetime (117) was in "G1997" and the lowest (60) in "Grass pea". All the survival curves were of Deevey type I. The net reproductive rates (R0) were 40.569 2, 37.952 4, 31.607 8 and 25.000 0 in "Dingwan2", "Dingwan1", "G1997" and "Grass pea", respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was maximum (0.275 8) in "Dingwan1" and minimum in "G1997". The survival rate was highest in "G1997", followed by "Dingwan2", "Dingwan1" and "Grass pea". The time (t) for population doubling of the green morph of A. pisum in "G1997", "Dingwan2", "Grass pea" and "Dingwan1" was 3.675 0 d, 2.867 6 d, 2.729 8 d and 2.513 1 d, respectively. Furthermore, the mean generation time (T) was minimum (12.679 3 d) in "Grass pea" and maximum (18.314 5 d) in "G1997". The results indicated that green morph of A. pisum population in the pea cultivars decreased in order of "Dingwan1" > "Dingwan2" > "Grass pea" > "G1997".
Assessment on the efficiency of Micropterus salmoides eco-cage culture pattern in Poyang Lake District
WANG Hai-Hua, FU Yi-Long, XU Xian-Dong, RAO Yi, CHEN Wen-Jing, SHENG Yin-Ping
2013, 21(8): 1009-1015. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01009
Abstract(1283) PDF(1231)
Abstract:
This study introduced and analyzed Micropterus salmoides eco-cage culture pattern in Poyang Lake District for the period from 2008 to 2011. The culturing efficiency and eco-economic benefits of the pattern were assessed using an integrated approach, including on-site investigation, eco-monitoring and data analysis. The results showed that the climate, ecosystem and resources of Poyang Lake were suitable for M. salmoides culturing. The annual growth period of M. salmoides reached 8 months and more. The yearly food conversion ratios during 2008-2011 in the trial period were 8.04, 7.14, 6.11 and 5.25, respectively. While the input-output ratios were respectively 1︰1.53, 1︰1.59, 1︰1.77 and 1︰1.84, the economic benefits increased year by year for 2008-2011. The yearly energy conversion efficiencies for the period of study were respectively 0.18, 0.20, 0.24 and 0.29, and with increasing year-on-year eco-efficiency. The overall efficiency of eco-economy were 0.36, 0.42, 0.58 and 0.70, respectively, which increased by nearly one fold over the study period. It showed that a positive correlation existed between economic efficiency and eco-efficiency, with obvious eco-economic benefits. In addition, a preliminary assessment of carbon sink value and potential nitrogen and phosphorus pollution abatements showed that fixated C, N and P respectively reached 7.08 t, 1.18 t and 0.57 t under M. salmoides eco-cage culture in 2011. The cash value of carbon sink was estimated at 4 250 Yuan, which was 3.35% of the gross profit from farming. M. salmoides eco-cage culture was worth popularizing as an eco-economic strategy in place of breaking dikes or opening sluices for water storage in Poyang Lake District. It was possible to determine an appropriate aquiculture scale via scientific assessment of small wild fish resources in culture zones.
Simulation analysis of spring wheat grain yield response to mean daily minimum and maximum temperature in drylands
DONG Li-Xia, LI Guang, LIU Qiang, YAN Zhen-Gang, LUO Zhu-Zhu
2013, 21(8): 1016-1022. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01016
Abstract(1341) PDF(1420)
Abstract:
To determine the effect of temperature fluctuation on spring wheat grain yield in drylands, a 2 × 9 factors design of daily minimum and maximum temperatures was set up. The spring wheat yield was simulated using the APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simulator) model under various conditions. Quadratic polynomial regression, single factor marginal effect analysis and path analysis were used to investigate the response of spring wheat yield to changes in daily minimum and maximum temperature. The results showed that the biggest increase in spring wheat grain yield was 1.40% (average of 1.34%) when daily minimum temperature increased by 0.25 ℃ with constant maximum temperature. Increase in minimum temperature had a positive effect on spring wheat yield. The biggest decrease in spring wheat grain yield was 2.88% (average of 2.42%) when daily maximum temperature increased by 0.25 ℃ with constant minimum temperature. Increase in maximum temperature had a negative effect on spring wheat yield. The best fit curve between spring wheat yield and maximum temperature was quadratic parabola, which indicated a decreasing tendency with increasing maximum temperature. The synergetic effect between minimum and maximum temperature on spring wheat yield was negative. The negative effect of increased maximum temperature on spring wheat yield was greater than the positive effect of increased minimum temperature on spring wheat yield. Thus decrease in spring wheat grain yield was mainly due to increase in maximum temperature.
Research of coupling of eco-economic systems of soil erosion regions based on the PSR model- A case study of Zhuxi River Basin
BI An-Ping, ZHU He-Jian
2013, 21(8): 1023-1030. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01023
Abstract(1432) PDF(1351)
Abstract:
The coupling of eco-economic system is a systematic project in region with soil erosion. The system coupling, harmony, rebalancing and self-evolution can be achieved by reducing system pressure, improving system state and enhancing positive human response. Using data from the fields of social economy and physical geography for 2000 and 2009, the Pressure-State-Response model and the entropy weighted indicator system of coupling evaluation were established to analyze eco-economic evolution conditions, primary driving factors and evolution phases of eco-economic system in Zhuxi River Basin (ZRB). The results revealed that: (1) The eco-economic system of ZRB was represented by slight fall in pressure and coupling, significant improvement in state and aggrandizement of human response. The observed average scores in 2000 and 2009 were 80.0 and 79.0 for pressure, 92.7 and 83.8 for coupling, 70.9 and 94.0 for state, 67.5 and 87.5 for response and 66.1 and 93.6 for integrated development, respectively. Also obvious spatial differences were noted among villages, which were characterized by increasing coefficients of variations of 0.08 and 0.21 for pressure, 0.07 and 0.11 for response and 0.09 and 0.19 for coupling in 2000 and 2009, respectively. Decreasing coefficients of variation among villages of 0.09 to 0.06, and 0.07 to 0.05 were noted respectively for state and integrated development. There degree of disequilibrium existed between the level of integrated development and degree of coupling in the region. This suggested an uneven development in ZRB during 2000-2009. The system therefore was not at the self-evolution phase and human intervention needed improvement. (2) The evolution processes of the eco-economic system were controlled by factors such as non-agricultural income, crop farming proportion, arable land area, population migration, net income, investment in soil conservation. These factors constituted the focal point of systematic regulation and control. (3) The eco-economic system of ZRB was either in the late transition phase from "rehabilitating system" to "coupling system", or in transition from highly unstable phase to highly stable phase.
Assessment of water resources in Hebei Province based on water footprint
HAN Yu, YANG Xiao-Lin, CHEN Yuan-Quan, SUI Peng, GU Shi-Gui
2013, 21(8): 1031-1038. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.01031
Abstract(1464) PDF(1770)
Abstract:
The water footprint concept was used as a consumption-based indicator of water use that provides useful information in addition to the traditional production-sector-based indicators of water use. Virtual water and water footprint were regarded as the new research hotspots in the current research of water science and also were recognized as the important strategies in the solution of the food security and water security. As a new idea and direction, water footprint quantifies the pressure and effect of economic activities on water resources system, by which we can judge the situation of water management. Increasing shortage of water resources is an uncontroversial fact with population growth and economic development in Hebei Province of China. How to alleviate the water resource pressure is a huge challenge faced by decision-makers. Taking Hebei Province as a case, the paper quantified and analyzed the water footprint of Hebei Province in 2010 to illustrate its application and implication in the social economic system. At first, the concept and calculation methods of water footprint were introduced in this paper. In addition, this paper also presented the quantification of the virtual water volumes of crop and livelihood in details. According to the assessment, citizens in Hebei Province had consumed 896.40×108 m3 of water resource in total in 2010, per capita water footprint was 1 246.04 m3, which significantly exceeded the national average level. In addition, water scarcity and water resources pressure indexes of Hebei Province reached up to 747.81% and 1 054.08%, which resulted in unsustainable utilization of water resources. Compared with per capita water footprint in other provinces, regions or countries, it was in the middle level and significantly higher than the world average. Moreover, China's per capita water footprint accounted for just 50% of the world average. The transferable water in social economic system in a virtual form had been highlighted, which broadened the options of decision-makers. If not adopting forceful measure, development of water crisis would affect sustainable development in this region. Based on the results, some suggestions were put forward on how to solve the problem of water scarcity and adjust the structure of water footprint to alleviate the pressure of water shortage in the region. The suggestion included enhancement of water use efficiency and consumption structure, optimizing crops allocation and farming system, virtual water trade, and strengthening water saving.

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