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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2014 Vol. 22, No. 3
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2014, 22(3): 253-261.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30813
Abstract:
Climate change is today a hotly debated issue in the world. China is the biggest country in the world in terms of population and agriculture. How exactly to scientifically cope with climate change, draw on the advantages and avoid disadvantages of climate change, and seize strategic opportunity in climate change has been a critical project for revival of China. In this paper, we analyzed and explained the natural and anthropogenic factors of climate change on geological and history and modern time scales. Climate change has had alternate cooling and warming cycles and was currently in the mind warming cycle of quaternary glaciation. It was also suggested to redirect climate change research to include mutual effects from the solar system to the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Comparison of changes in economy, society, agriculture and climate showed that China's total grain yield increased in recent nine years. This was especially the case for grain production in the Northwest China, which benefited remarkably from warming climate change. It was thus suggested that China seized strategic opportunity in climate change. Because food supply and demand in China was currently in meager balance, China has depended on heavens for food. In spite of the fact that the north is dry with worsening water shorting and sensitive to climate change, more food has been transferred from north to south China. It was therefore suggested that the Chinese government set up projects for studying climate change, water resources security and food security in the north China. The study laid the theoretical basis and technical support for ensuring food security in China.
Climate change is today a hotly debated issue in the world. China is the biggest country in the world in terms of population and agriculture. How exactly to scientifically cope with climate change, draw on the advantages and avoid disadvantages of climate change, and seize strategic opportunity in climate change has been a critical project for revival of China. In this paper, we analyzed and explained the natural and anthropogenic factors of climate change on geological and history and modern time scales. Climate change has had alternate cooling and warming cycles and was currently in the mind warming cycle of quaternary glaciation. It was also suggested to redirect climate change research to include mutual effects from the solar system to the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. Comparison of changes in economy, society, agriculture and climate showed that China's total grain yield increased in recent nine years. This was especially the case for grain production in the Northwest China, which benefited remarkably from warming climate change. It was thus suggested that China seized strategic opportunity in climate change. Because food supply and demand in China was currently in meager balance, China has depended on heavens for food. In spite of the fact that the north is dry with worsening water shorting and sensitive to climate change, more food has been transferred from north to south China. It was therefore suggested that the Chinese government set up projects for studying climate change, water resources security and food security in the north China. The study laid the theoretical basis and technical support for ensuring food security in China.
2014, 22(3): 262-269.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30634
Abstract:
Agricultural non-point source pollution in Hetao Irrigation Area of Inner Mongolia has been the main source of pollution in the Yellow River. There was the need to reduce the use of fertilizer in the croplands of the Yellow River Basin. This study explored the application effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers of wheat-maize intercropping, the conventional cropping systems in the Hetao Irrigation Area of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that under wheat and maize intercropping, the relationship between yield and nitrogen/phosphorus fertilization rate was best explained by quadratic regression model. Nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus interactions had a significant effect on wheat-maize yield. The order of significance of the effect was N+P > N > P. With low fertilization, the synergistic enhancement effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield was high. Beyond the threshold value, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer antagonistic limited wheat-maize yield. N2P2 (180 kg·hm-2 N and 157.50 kg·hm-2 P2O5 for wheat, 270 kg·hm-2 N and 180 kg·hm-2 P2O5 for maize) treatment satisfied the demands for crop growth and development in wheat-maize intercropping and there was fully efficacy in fertilizer use. With further increase in fertilizer, however, nitrogen uptake by crops increasingly limited fertilizer use efficiency and fertilizer utilization by crops continuously declined. Based on the of single- and double-factor effect analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, the best nitrogen application rate for wheat was 167.67 196.61 kg·hm-2 and the best phosphorus application rate for wheat was 130.43 186.64 kg·hm-2. Also the best nitrogen application for maize was 222.10 299.14 kg·hm-2 and the best phosphorus application for maize was 156.14 188.00 kg·hm-2. This finding was useful for reducing the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and improving soil nutrient balance in the Yellow River Basin. It also provided a useful guidance on the mode of reducing agricultural non-point source pollution in the Yellow River Basin.
Agricultural non-point source pollution in Hetao Irrigation Area of Inner Mongolia has been the main source of pollution in the Yellow River. There was the need to reduce the use of fertilizer in the croplands of the Yellow River Basin. This study explored the application effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers of wheat-maize intercropping, the conventional cropping systems in the Hetao Irrigation Area of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that under wheat and maize intercropping, the relationship between yield and nitrogen/phosphorus fertilization rate was best explained by quadratic regression model. Nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus interactions had a significant effect on wheat-maize yield. The order of significance of the effect was N+P > N > P. With low fertilization, the synergistic enhancement effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on yield was high. Beyond the threshold value, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer antagonistic limited wheat-maize yield. N2P2 (180 kg·hm-2 N and 157.50 kg·hm-2 P2O5 for wheat, 270 kg·hm-2 N and 180 kg·hm-2 P2O5 for maize) treatment satisfied the demands for crop growth and development in wheat-maize intercropping and there was fully efficacy in fertilizer use. With further increase in fertilizer, however, nitrogen uptake by crops increasingly limited fertilizer use efficiency and fertilizer utilization by crops continuously declined. Based on the of single- and double-factor effect analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, the best nitrogen application rate for wheat was 167.67 196.61 kg·hm-2 and the best phosphorus application rate for wheat was 130.43 186.64 kg·hm-2. Also the best nitrogen application for maize was 222.10 299.14 kg·hm-2 and the best phosphorus application for maize was 156.14 188.00 kg·hm-2. This finding was useful for reducing the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and improving soil nutrient balance in the Yellow River Basin. It also provided a useful guidance on the mode of reducing agricultural non-point source pollution in the Yellow River Basin.
Effect of biochar on nitrogen forms and related microorganisms of rhizosphere soil of seedling maize
2014, 22(3): 270-276.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30750
Abstract:
Recent researches have noted that biochar significantly increases soil carbon storage, improves soil fertility and maintains balanced soil ecosystem. Biochar also acts as soil fertilizer or amendment to enhance plant growth and increase crop yield by supplying and retaining soil nutrients. Biochar is also widely used in agricultural soils as soil conditioner. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that soil microbial communities/activities which sustain soil health and functions are directly affected by biochar addition to soils. The full range of the processes and consequences of the effects of biochar remains poorly documented. In a pot maize cultivation experiment, different quantities of charcoals from burnt maize and rice straws were applied and the maize seedling height, biomass and rhizosphere soil nitrogen transformation, and the related microorganisms investigated. The research results showed that 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar and 40 60 g·kg-1 rice biochar significantly decreased maize seedling height (P < 0.05). Rice biochar presented more apparent effects than maize biochar. Aboveground biomass of maize seedling was also significantly reduced under 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar or 20 60 g·kg-1 rice biochar application. Under 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar application, rhizosphere soil water content and microbial biomass N obviously improved. As the application level of the two types of biochar increased, the content of total nitrogen/nitrate and nitrogen fixation rate also appreciably increased, reaching peak levels at 60 g·kg-1 maize or rice biochar application. Ammonia nitrogen content significantly improved under 40 g·kg-1 maize biochar treatment. Moreover, each application level of the two types of biochar limited total bacterial count. It also promoted at different degrees of growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cellulose degrading bacteria in rhizosphere soils, with 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar as the most effective treatment. Overall, proper biochar application enhanced nitrogen cycle and transformation by influencing community structure of related microorganisms in rhizosphere soils. The effect of maize biochar was more obvious than that of rice biochar. The effects of biochar on nitrogen efficiency in soils were investigated from three aspects-crop growth, rhizosphere soil nitrogen transformation and the related microorganisms. The results detected the mechanisms of the effects of biochar application to soils on nitrogen availability. This provided the basis for the mechanisms of increasing soil carbon sequestration and decreasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer input under biochar application to mollisols. This was profoundly significant in terms of protecting the fertility of black soils.
Recent researches have noted that biochar significantly increases soil carbon storage, improves soil fertility and maintains balanced soil ecosystem. Biochar also acts as soil fertilizer or amendment to enhance plant growth and increase crop yield by supplying and retaining soil nutrients. Biochar is also widely used in agricultural soils as soil conditioner. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence that soil microbial communities/activities which sustain soil health and functions are directly affected by biochar addition to soils. The full range of the processes and consequences of the effects of biochar remains poorly documented. In a pot maize cultivation experiment, different quantities of charcoals from burnt maize and rice straws were applied and the maize seedling height, biomass and rhizosphere soil nitrogen transformation, and the related microorganisms investigated. The research results showed that 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar and 40 60 g·kg-1 rice biochar significantly decreased maize seedling height (P < 0.05). Rice biochar presented more apparent effects than maize biochar. Aboveground biomass of maize seedling was also significantly reduced under 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar or 20 60 g·kg-1 rice biochar application. Under 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar application, rhizosphere soil water content and microbial biomass N obviously improved. As the application level of the two types of biochar increased, the content of total nitrogen/nitrate and nitrogen fixation rate also appreciably increased, reaching peak levels at 60 g·kg-1 maize or rice biochar application. Ammonia nitrogen content significantly improved under 40 g·kg-1 maize biochar treatment. Moreover, each application level of the two types of biochar limited total bacterial count. It also promoted at different degrees of growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cellulose degrading bacteria in rhizosphere soils, with 60 g·kg-1 maize biochar as the most effective treatment. Overall, proper biochar application enhanced nitrogen cycle and transformation by influencing community structure of related microorganisms in rhizosphere soils. The effect of maize biochar was more obvious than that of rice biochar. The effects of biochar on nitrogen efficiency in soils were investigated from three aspects-crop growth, rhizosphere soil nitrogen transformation and the related microorganisms. The results detected the mechanisms of the effects of biochar application to soils on nitrogen availability. This provided the basis for the mechanisms of increasing soil carbon sequestration and decreasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer input under biochar application to mollisols. This was profoundly significant in terms of protecting the fertility of black soils.
2014, 22(3): 277-283.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30983
Abstract:
The objectives of this paper were to study long-term patterns of change in black soil organic carbon (SOC) and the suitability of the DNDC model to predict SOC. Based on available data from pre-set long-term experiment in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, 4 fertilization modes were used to analyze changes in SOC. The 4 fertilization modes included no fertilization (CK), only chemical fertilizer application (NPK), combing chemical and organic fertilizers application (NPKM) and chemical fertilizer with increased organic fertilizer application (M2+NPK). The data were also used to validate the DNDC model. The DNDC verification results showed that root mean square error (RMSE) of each treatment was less than 10%. This suggested that the simulated values were consistent with the observed values, and that the DNDC model was suitable for simulating SOC in the study area. Five factors (chemical fertilizer, organic manure, straw, temperature and precipitation) were used to test the sensitivity of the model. Organic manure application had the most significant and continuous effect on SOC content. Future SOC variation in the next 100 years was also predicted. The results showed that SOC content declined slightly (by 12.5%), from initial value of 13.2 g·kg-1 to the predicted value of 11.55 g·kg-1 in 2100 for the CK. For the NPK treatment, SOC content was stable and without any declining tendency. SOC contents of NPKM and M2+NPK treatments increased significantly to 24.4 g·kg-1 and 27.6 g·kg-1 in 2100, representing increases over the initial SOC content of 84.8% and 109.1%, respectively.
The objectives of this paper were to study long-term patterns of change in black soil organic carbon (SOC) and the suitability of the DNDC model to predict SOC. Based on available data from pre-set long-term experiment in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, 4 fertilization modes were used to analyze changes in SOC. The 4 fertilization modes included no fertilization (CK), only chemical fertilizer application (NPK), combing chemical and organic fertilizers application (NPKM) and chemical fertilizer with increased organic fertilizer application (M2+NPK). The data were also used to validate the DNDC model. The DNDC verification results showed that root mean square error (RMSE) of each treatment was less than 10%. This suggested that the simulated values were consistent with the observed values, and that the DNDC model was suitable for simulating SOC in the study area. Five factors (chemical fertilizer, organic manure, straw, temperature and precipitation) were used to test the sensitivity of the model. Organic manure application had the most significant and continuous effect on SOC content. Future SOC variation in the next 100 years was also predicted. The results showed that SOC content declined slightly (by 12.5%), from initial value of 13.2 g·kg-1 to the predicted value of 11.55 g·kg-1 in 2100 for the CK. For the NPK treatment, SOC content was stable and without any declining tendency. SOC contents of NPKM and M2+NPK treatments increased significantly to 24.4 g·kg-1 and 27.6 g·kg-1 in 2100, representing increases over the initial SOC content of 84.8% and 109.1%, respectively.
LIAO Rongwei,
LIU Jingmiao,
BAI Yueming,
AN Shunqing,
LIANG Hong,
LU Jianli,
LE Zhangyan,
CAO Yujing
2014, 22(3): 284-291.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30805
Abstract:
In order to study the growth rhythm of maize root, a large root monitoring system was used in an experimental filed to analyze maize ('NO. 46 Tunyu') root. The minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were used to monitor the main parameters such as maize root length, root length density and root length ratio at milky and maturity stage. Meanwhile, underground glass windows were used to measure root length and width. The results showed that root length density ratios measured by the minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were consistent with the increase in soil depth at milky and maturity stage, with correlation coefficients of 0.987 and 0.717, respectively. Root length density ratios estimated by the two methods were highest in 0 20 cm soil layers. The 0 60 cm soil layers were the primary growth zone of fine roots, with average net root length density 4 times that in the 70 220 cm soil layer measured by the quadrate monolith method. Root length densities from the two methods were not significantly different, with a correlation coefficient of 0.830. The horizontal width of roots in the upper soil layer became narrower with increasing vertical depth from milky stage to maturity stage. This suggested that roots still grew during late developmental stage. Differences were noted in root depth between the quadrate monolith method and the underground glass window method, probably due to inconsistent environmental conditions.
In order to study the growth rhythm of maize root, a large root monitoring system was used in an experimental filed to analyze maize ('NO. 46 Tunyu') root. The minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were used to monitor the main parameters such as maize root length, root length density and root length ratio at milky and maturity stage. Meanwhile, underground glass windows were used to measure root length and width. The results showed that root length density ratios measured by the minirhizotron observation method and the quadrate monolith method were consistent with the increase in soil depth at milky and maturity stage, with correlation coefficients of 0.987 and 0.717, respectively. Root length density ratios estimated by the two methods were highest in 0 20 cm soil layers. The 0 60 cm soil layers were the primary growth zone of fine roots, with average net root length density 4 times that in the 70 220 cm soil layer measured by the quadrate monolith method. Root length densities from the two methods were not significantly different, with a correlation coefficient of 0.830. The horizontal width of roots in the upper soil layer became narrower with increasing vertical depth from milky stage to maturity stage. This suggested that roots still grew during late developmental stage. Differences were noted in root depth between the quadrate monolith method and the underground glass window method, probably due to inconsistent environmental conditions.
2014, 22(3): 292-299.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31020
Abstract:
Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and destructive soil-borne fungal diseases of faba bean because of continuous monocropping. It has been responsible for severely reduced yield, quality and production of faba bean, especially in Yunnan Province. Numerous studies on soil-borne diseases have mainly focused on changes in soil nutrients, enzyme and microbe. Little has remained known about the relationship between root exudates and soil-borne diseases. In fact, there has been less report confirming the occurrence of fusarium wilt in different cultivars of faba bean affected by different faba bean root exudates. The objectives of this study were to compare the differences in root exudates contents and components of different cultivars of faba bean. The study also aimed to lay the basis for further studies on resistance mechanism of faba bean fusarium wilt, which could in turn lay the basis for ecological control of faba bean fusarium wilt. Cultivars of different resistances to fusarium wilt were used in the experiment - '89-147' (high resistant cultivar), '8363' (medium resistant cultivar) and 'YD324' (susceptible cultivar). Root exudates of the three cultivars of faba bean were collected in nutrient solution cultures. The effects of faba bean root exudates on spore germination and mycelia growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae were determined using the culture medium method. The contents and components of organic acids were identified by HPLC while free amino acids were identified by amino acid analyzer. The content of soluble sugar was tested by anthrone colorimetry. The results suggested that compared with the control, root exudates of resistant cultivars inhibited spore germination and mycelia growth of F. oxysporum. Exudates of medium resistant cultivar promoted mycelia growth with the addition of 5 mL of root exudates, it otherwise had no significant effect on mycelia growth. Exudates of susceptible cultivar promoted spore germination and mycelia growth with the addition of 1 mL of root exudates. Total content of free amino acids and soluble sugar increased while organic acids decreased with increasing resistance of the three faba bean cultivars to fusarium wilt. Fifteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of medium resistant and susceptible faba bean cultivars while fourteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of high resistant faba bean cultivars. Histidine was found only in root exudates of medium resistant faba bean cultivar while praline was only in root exudates of susceptible faba bean cultivar. Arginine was not found in root exudates of the three faba bean cultivars. The occurrence and development of faba bean fusarium wilt were enhanced when the contents of aspartic, glutamate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and leucine in root exudates were high. Faba bean fusarium wilt was inhibited when the contents of methionine, lysine and serine in root exudates were high. Tararic was detected only in root exudates of high resistant cultivar. The richness of organic acid species in root exudations enhanced faba bean resistance to fusarium wilt. Root exudates of different resistance faba bean cultivars had different effects on F. oxysporum. These differences were related to the contents and components of soluble sugars, free amino acids and organic acids in root exudates of different faba bean cultivars.
Fusarium wilt is one of the most common and destructive soil-borne fungal diseases of faba bean because of continuous monocropping. It has been responsible for severely reduced yield, quality and production of faba bean, especially in Yunnan Province. Numerous studies on soil-borne diseases have mainly focused on changes in soil nutrients, enzyme and microbe. Little has remained known about the relationship between root exudates and soil-borne diseases. In fact, there has been less report confirming the occurrence of fusarium wilt in different cultivars of faba bean affected by different faba bean root exudates. The objectives of this study were to compare the differences in root exudates contents and components of different cultivars of faba bean. The study also aimed to lay the basis for further studies on resistance mechanism of faba bean fusarium wilt, which could in turn lay the basis for ecological control of faba bean fusarium wilt. Cultivars of different resistances to fusarium wilt were used in the experiment - '89-147' (high resistant cultivar), '8363' (medium resistant cultivar) and 'YD324' (susceptible cultivar). Root exudates of the three cultivars of faba bean were collected in nutrient solution cultures. The effects of faba bean root exudates on spore germination and mycelia growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. fabae were determined using the culture medium method. The contents and components of organic acids were identified by HPLC while free amino acids were identified by amino acid analyzer. The content of soluble sugar was tested by anthrone colorimetry. The results suggested that compared with the control, root exudates of resistant cultivars inhibited spore germination and mycelia growth of F. oxysporum. Exudates of medium resistant cultivar promoted mycelia growth with the addition of 5 mL of root exudates, it otherwise had no significant effect on mycelia growth. Exudates of susceptible cultivar promoted spore germination and mycelia growth with the addition of 1 mL of root exudates. Total content of free amino acids and soluble sugar increased while organic acids decreased with increasing resistance of the three faba bean cultivars to fusarium wilt. Fifteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of medium resistant and susceptible faba bean cultivars while fourteen types of amino acids were detected in root exudates of high resistant faba bean cultivars. Histidine was found only in root exudates of medium resistant faba bean cultivar while praline was only in root exudates of susceptible faba bean cultivar. Arginine was not found in root exudates of the three faba bean cultivars. The occurrence and development of faba bean fusarium wilt were enhanced when the contents of aspartic, glutamate, phenylalanine, tyrosine and leucine in root exudates were high. Faba bean fusarium wilt was inhibited when the contents of methionine, lysine and serine in root exudates were high. Tararic was detected only in root exudates of high resistant cultivar. The richness of organic acid species in root exudations enhanced faba bean resistance to fusarium wilt. Root exudates of different resistance faba bean cultivars had different effects on F. oxysporum. These differences were related to the contents and components of soluble sugars, free amino acids and organic acids in root exudates of different faba bean cultivars.
2014, 22(3): 300-307.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30974
Abstract:
In China, transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton has been the most widely cultivated transgenic crop since 1997, accounting for 71.5% of total planted area of cotton in 2011. Bt protein of transgenic Bt crops can enter into the soil system via the root system, aboveground system, post-harvest residues ploughed into soils and dissemination of pollen grains. Once in the soil, Bt protein is rapidly absorbed and bounded on active surface particles of soils. This is the probable reason behind the persistence of Bt protein in soils. Thus the degradation dynamics and amount of Bt protein residues in soils have been the core issues in assessing the ecological risks of transgenic Bt cotton in soils. In this study, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) method was used to detect the degradation of Bt protein in Bt cotton leaves at thinning stage and buds under different soil environmental factors. Two soil factors were included in the study - soil water content and soil temperature. Then three levels of soil water content were designed - 50%, 70% and 100% field capacity of soil moisture. Also three levels of soil temperatures were designed - 15 ℃, 25 ℃ and 35 ℃. Then the entire study was conducted in a two-factor completely randomized design method. Based on the contents of Bt protein in leaves and buds, the calculated Bt protein contents in soil in the initial period of degradation under 50%, 70% and 100% field capacity of soil moisture were respectively 613.19 ng·g-1, 586.8 ng·g-1 and 555.84 ng·g-1 for the leaves treatment and 252.57 ng·g-1, 241.70 ng·g-1 and 228.95 ng·g-1 for the buds treatment. Exponential model for degradation dynamics of Bt protein was estimated along with DT50 and DT90 values. The results showed that on 48 d, 56.18% 93.26% of the initial amounts of Bt protein in leaves and in buds were degraded in soil under different soil water contents and soil temperatures. It was demonstrated that Bt protein in all the treatments was degraded more rapid at the early stage and then slowly stabilized at the later stage. Bt protein degraded most rapidly in the early period at 35 ℃ and 70% field capacity of soil moisture. DT50 was 12.29 d in the leaves and 10.07 d in the buds while DT90 was 41.06 d in the leaves and 33.96 d in the buds. Soil water contents and temperatures had significant effects on Bt protein degradation in the soil. Also there was a significant interaction effect of soil water content and temperature at early stage (before 32 d) on Bt protein degradation. Temperature was the main factor influencing Bt protein degradation. Under the same water content, the rate of degradation of Bt protein increased with increasing temperature. Under the same temperature and 100% field capacity of soil moisture, the degradation rate of Bt protein was slowest. Also under higher temperatures (25 ℃ and 35 ℃), Bt protein degradation was higher at 70% field capacity of soil moisture than at 50% field capacity of soil moisture at the early stage (before 32 d or 48 d). It was concluded that high temperature and suitable soil water content enhanced Bt protein degradation at the early stage.
In China, transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton has been the most widely cultivated transgenic crop since 1997, accounting for 71.5% of total planted area of cotton in 2011. Bt protein of transgenic Bt crops can enter into the soil system via the root system, aboveground system, post-harvest residues ploughed into soils and dissemination of pollen grains. Once in the soil, Bt protein is rapidly absorbed and bounded on active surface particles of soils. This is the probable reason behind the persistence of Bt protein in soils. Thus the degradation dynamics and amount of Bt protein residues in soils have been the core issues in assessing the ecological risks of transgenic Bt cotton in soils. In this study, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) method was used to detect the degradation of Bt protein in Bt cotton leaves at thinning stage and buds under different soil environmental factors. Two soil factors were included in the study - soil water content and soil temperature. Then three levels of soil water content were designed - 50%, 70% and 100% field capacity of soil moisture. Also three levels of soil temperatures were designed - 15 ℃, 25 ℃ and 35 ℃. Then the entire study was conducted in a two-factor completely randomized design method. Based on the contents of Bt protein in leaves and buds, the calculated Bt protein contents in soil in the initial period of degradation under 50%, 70% and 100% field capacity of soil moisture were respectively 613.19 ng·g-1, 586.8 ng·g-1 and 555.84 ng·g-1 for the leaves treatment and 252.57 ng·g-1, 241.70 ng·g-1 and 228.95 ng·g-1 for the buds treatment. Exponential model for degradation dynamics of Bt protein was estimated along with DT50 and DT90 values. The results showed that on 48 d, 56.18% 93.26% of the initial amounts of Bt protein in leaves and in buds were degraded in soil under different soil water contents and soil temperatures. It was demonstrated that Bt protein in all the treatments was degraded more rapid at the early stage and then slowly stabilized at the later stage. Bt protein degraded most rapidly in the early period at 35 ℃ and 70% field capacity of soil moisture. DT50 was 12.29 d in the leaves and 10.07 d in the buds while DT90 was 41.06 d in the leaves and 33.96 d in the buds. Soil water contents and temperatures had significant effects on Bt protein degradation in the soil. Also there was a significant interaction effect of soil water content and temperature at early stage (before 32 d) on Bt protein degradation. Temperature was the main factor influencing Bt protein degradation. Under the same water content, the rate of degradation of Bt protein increased with increasing temperature. Under the same temperature and 100% field capacity of soil moisture, the degradation rate of Bt protein was slowest. Also under higher temperatures (25 ℃ and 35 ℃), Bt protein degradation was higher at 70% field capacity of soil moisture than at 50% field capacity of soil moisture at the early stage (before 32 d or 48 d). It was concluded that high temperature and suitable soil water content enhanced Bt protein degradation at the early stage.
2014, 22(3): 308-313.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31028
Abstract:
This study determined the mechanism of the effect of exogenous GA3 on the development of fleshy carrot roots and to provide theoretical base for efficient and safe cultivation of summer carrots planted on plateau areas of the Northwest China. To do so, the study analyzed the effect of exogenous GA3 on immature bolting carrot cultivar ('Xinxiusanhong') in terms of fleshy root thickening, lignification and endogenous hormones contents. The results showed that weight, growth rate and sink activity of fleshy roots of carrot significantly reduced after spraying with 5.78 × 10 4 mol·L-1 of exogenous GA3 once during vigorous leaf growth period (45 days after seedling emergency) or during root thickening period (75 days after seedling emergency). The weight, growth rate and sink activity of fleshy roots of carrots also significantly reduced following 3 rounds of continuous spray of 5.78 × 10-4 mol·L-1 of exogenous GA3 at seedling stage (25 days after seedling emergency), vigorous leaf growth period and root thickening period. However, the level of lignification of fleshy roots of carrot was enhanced by spraying 5.78 × 10-4 mol·L-1 of exogenous GA3. Compared with CK (the control), fleshy carrot root contents of endogenous GA3, IAA, GA4, ABA, DHZR, IPA were significantly reduced and ZR significantly increased at seedling stage after spraying with exogenous GA3. GA3, IAA, GA4 and IPA contents significantly decreased at vigorous leaf growth stage while endogenous IAA, GA4, ZR contents significantly increased during the period of rapid thickening of fleshy carrot roots. Also, ZR content increased at vigorous leaf growth stage of carrot. The ratios of endogenous IAA/ZR and GA4/ZR significantly decreased before the period of rapid thickening of fleshy carrot roots after spraying one to three times with exogenous GA3. IAA/ZR and GA4/ZR ratios significantly increased during the period of rapid thickening of fleshy carrot roots following several rounds of spraying with exogenous GA3. Exogenous GA3 influenced the development of fleshy roots of summer carrots cultivated in the plateau region of the Northwest China by changing the content and balance of endogenous hormones.
This study determined the mechanism of the effect of exogenous GA3 on the development of fleshy carrot roots and to provide theoretical base for efficient and safe cultivation of summer carrots planted on plateau areas of the Northwest China. To do so, the study analyzed the effect of exogenous GA3 on immature bolting carrot cultivar ('Xinxiusanhong') in terms of fleshy root thickening, lignification and endogenous hormones contents. The results showed that weight, growth rate and sink activity of fleshy roots of carrot significantly reduced after spraying with 5.78 × 10 4 mol·L-1 of exogenous GA3 once during vigorous leaf growth period (45 days after seedling emergency) or during root thickening period (75 days after seedling emergency). The weight, growth rate and sink activity of fleshy roots of carrots also significantly reduced following 3 rounds of continuous spray of 5.78 × 10-4 mol·L-1 of exogenous GA3 at seedling stage (25 days after seedling emergency), vigorous leaf growth period and root thickening period. However, the level of lignification of fleshy roots of carrot was enhanced by spraying 5.78 × 10-4 mol·L-1 of exogenous GA3. Compared with CK (the control), fleshy carrot root contents of endogenous GA3, IAA, GA4, ABA, DHZR, IPA were significantly reduced and ZR significantly increased at seedling stage after spraying with exogenous GA3. GA3, IAA, GA4 and IPA contents significantly decreased at vigorous leaf growth stage while endogenous IAA, GA4, ZR contents significantly increased during the period of rapid thickening of fleshy carrot roots. Also, ZR content increased at vigorous leaf growth stage of carrot. The ratios of endogenous IAA/ZR and GA4/ZR significantly decreased before the period of rapid thickening of fleshy carrot roots after spraying one to three times with exogenous GA3. IAA/ZR and GA4/ZR ratios significantly increased during the period of rapid thickening of fleshy carrot roots following several rounds of spraying with exogenous GA3. Exogenous GA3 influenced the development of fleshy roots of summer carrots cultivated in the plateau region of the Northwest China by changing the content and balance of endogenous hormones.
2014, 22(3): 314-324.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30829
Abstract:
This study analyzed the effects of flue gas desulphurization waste (FGDW) on salt tolerance of different salt-tolerant plants in saline and alkali soils and developed a comprehensive evaluation system for salt tolerance of different salt-tolerant plants. A split-plot experiment was conducted in 2008 2010 at 2 different test sites, respectively representing saline and alkali soils. FGDW was applied to the main plots and sub-plots planted with nine representative salt-tolerant plants. The mode of growth, development, and physiological properties of salt-tolerant plants; soil organic matter, total salt content and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were analyzed. Then a comprehensive evaluation index system, including plant growth index, physiological index, soil index and economic index was developed. Next, salt tolerance of different species was evaluated using TOPSIS (technique for order preference of similarity to ideal solution). The results suggested that compared with CK, FGDW treatment increased emergence rate, relative growth rate, relative biomass and free-to-bound water ratios of different salt-tolerant plants planted in saline and alkali soils. The effects were more obvious in alkali soil than in saline soil. Application of FGDW accelerated soil organic matter formation and decreased soil salt content and ESP. Similarly, significant differences were noted among the salt-tolerant plants and improvement effects were better in alkali than saline soils. Through comprehensive evaluation, the nine species were divided into four different salt tolerance levels - strongest tolerance, stronger tolerance, moderate tolerance and weak tolerance. Application of FGDW enhanced salt tolerance level and widened planting range of salt-tolerant plants. Salt tolerance properties of plants were influenced by different factors, including plant type, soil type, soil amelioration measures, etc. It was therefore important to seek comprehensive evaluation methods to grasp ecological and economic salt tolerance properties of salt-tolerant plants. This could lay theoretical basis for the development of superior ecological reclamation modes for saline-alkali soils.
This study analyzed the effects of flue gas desulphurization waste (FGDW) on salt tolerance of different salt-tolerant plants in saline and alkali soils and developed a comprehensive evaluation system for salt tolerance of different salt-tolerant plants. A split-plot experiment was conducted in 2008 2010 at 2 different test sites, respectively representing saline and alkali soils. FGDW was applied to the main plots and sub-plots planted with nine representative salt-tolerant plants. The mode of growth, development, and physiological properties of salt-tolerant plants; soil organic matter, total salt content and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were analyzed. Then a comprehensive evaluation index system, including plant growth index, physiological index, soil index and economic index was developed. Next, salt tolerance of different species was evaluated using TOPSIS (technique for order preference of similarity to ideal solution). The results suggested that compared with CK, FGDW treatment increased emergence rate, relative growth rate, relative biomass and free-to-bound water ratios of different salt-tolerant plants planted in saline and alkali soils. The effects were more obvious in alkali soil than in saline soil. Application of FGDW accelerated soil organic matter formation and decreased soil salt content and ESP. Similarly, significant differences were noted among the salt-tolerant plants and improvement effects were better in alkali than saline soils. Through comprehensive evaluation, the nine species were divided into four different salt tolerance levels - strongest tolerance, stronger tolerance, moderate tolerance and weak tolerance. Application of FGDW enhanced salt tolerance level and widened planting range of salt-tolerant plants. Salt tolerance properties of plants were influenced by different factors, including plant type, soil type, soil amelioration measures, etc. It was therefore important to seek comprehensive evaluation methods to grasp ecological and economic salt tolerance properties of salt-tolerant plants. This could lay theoretical basis for the development of superior ecological reclamation modes for saline-alkali soils.
2014, 22(3): 325-332.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30853
Abstract:
Agricultural landscapes along with shelterbelts, roads and ditches have been vital targets for land consolidation and rural engineering projects. Assessment of these factors has been useful in understanding the functions, quality and interrelations within agricultural landscapes. This study focused on the key factors of agricultural landscape. It used the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Semi-Quantitative Fuzzy Evaluation Method as well as field surveys to assess agricultural landscapes in the plain areas of three districts of Beijing - Tongzhou, Shunyi and Daxing. The results showed that: 1) The quality of agricultural landscapes in the plain areas of Beijing were medium level with no significant differences among the three districts. 2) Significant differences existed among the four agricultural landscape elements with high scores for roads and ditches, medium scores for farmlands and low scores for shelterbelts. 3) Based on correlation coefficient analysis, shelterbelts and roads were more important than ditches in terms of overall farmland quality. Field survey showed that because of lack of consideration for ecological and landscape functions of agricultural landscape in current land consolidation systems and similar rural projects, there were low plant diversity in shelterbelts and green vegetation, low openness of farmlands, over hardened roads, and water pollution in ditches. These constituted the main problems of agricultural landscape in the plain area of Beijing, which required more attention in future on rural and agricultural engineering projects.
Agricultural landscapes along with shelterbelts, roads and ditches have been vital targets for land consolidation and rural engineering projects. Assessment of these factors has been useful in understanding the functions, quality and interrelations within agricultural landscapes. This study focused on the key factors of agricultural landscape. It used the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Semi-Quantitative Fuzzy Evaluation Method as well as field surveys to assess agricultural landscapes in the plain areas of three districts of Beijing - Tongzhou, Shunyi and Daxing. The results showed that: 1) The quality of agricultural landscapes in the plain areas of Beijing were medium level with no significant differences among the three districts. 2) Significant differences existed among the four agricultural landscape elements with high scores for roads and ditches, medium scores for farmlands and low scores for shelterbelts. 3) Based on correlation coefficient analysis, shelterbelts and roads were more important than ditches in terms of overall farmland quality. Field survey showed that because of lack of consideration for ecological and landscape functions of agricultural landscape in current land consolidation systems and similar rural projects, there were low plant diversity in shelterbelts and green vegetation, low openness of farmlands, over hardened roads, and water pollution in ditches. These constituted the main problems of agricultural landscape in the plain area of Beijing, which required more attention in future on rural and agricultural engineering projects.
2014, 22(3): 333-341.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31019
Abstract:
In recent years, study of urban agriculture has shifted from definition, characterization and its services to development evaluation, modeling, spatial distribution and ecological security. It has also shifted from qualitative analysis to quantitative research. Most studies on spatial differentiation of urban agriculture have mainly focused on spatial distribution of specific industries to show urban agricultural spatial regulation. However, spatial differentiation research in terms of services is few. Thus exploring spatial distribution of urban agricultural services is critical for breakthrough discoveries in spatial characteristics of urban agriculture, as well as spatial rules of urban agro-ecosystem services. This study was designed in that effort, to explore the governing laws of spatial distribution of urban agricultural ecosystem services. It aimed to accomplish rational spatial distribution and optimization of urban agricultural ecosystem services by coordinating urban agricultural development and urban social and economic functional services. In reference to previous studies and current circumstances of urban agricultural development in Xi'an metropolitan zone, this paper set up an evaluation index system to quantify urban agricultural ecosystem services. The services included production, economy, employment, culture and recreation, and ecological services. In order to show the spatial characteristics of urban agricultural ecosystem services at a high spatial precision, the paper used ArcGIS-based grid (0.5 km × 0.5 km) analysis to map spatial differentiation of each services of urban agriculture in Xi'an metropolitan zone. Driven by the distribution of agricultural resources and differentiation of urbanization level, production and economic services were higher in plain areas than in mountain and loess hilly-gully regions. These services gradually increased from southwest to northeast and from suburban plains to outer-suburb plains. Based on differentiation of urban agricultural land types, production efficiency and urbanization level in each county, the employment service increased from suburban plains to outer-suburb plains, with lower values for Qinling Mountains than those for plain areas. Different rationalities of spatial distribution were noted in regional social stability. Culture and recreational services showed the core-periphery distribution patterns, driven by law of decay with distance. Roads, rivers and scenic spots constituted further distribution patterns of group concentration, shaft strips or shaft agglomeration. Based on topography and level of urbanization, ecological service decreased from edge-zone to center zone of city circle. Urban agriculture in outer-suburbs constituted of ecological shelter zone of Xi'an metropolitan zone. After mastering the laws and the current conditions of spatial distribution of urban agricultural ecosystem services, it was critical to evaluate the rationality of spatial distribution of urban agricultural ecosystem services in the study area.
In recent years, study of urban agriculture has shifted from definition, characterization and its services to development evaluation, modeling, spatial distribution and ecological security. It has also shifted from qualitative analysis to quantitative research. Most studies on spatial differentiation of urban agriculture have mainly focused on spatial distribution of specific industries to show urban agricultural spatial regulation. However, spatial differentiation research in terms of services is few. Thus exploring spatial distribution of urban agricultural services is critical for breakthrough discoveries in spatial characteristics of urban agriculture, as well as spatial rules of urban agro-ecosystem services. This study was designed in that effort, to explore the governing laws of spatial distribution of urban agricultural ecosystem services. It aimed to accomplish rational spatial distribution and optimization of urban agricultural ecosystem services by coordinating urban agricultural development and urban social and economic functional services. In reference to previous studies and current circumstances of urban agricultural development in Xi'an metropolitan zone, this paper set up an evaluation index system to quantify urban agricultural ecosystem services. The services included production, economy, employment, culture and recreation, and ecological services. In order to show the spatial characteristics of urban agricultural ecosystem services at a high spatial precision, the paper used ArcGIS-based grid (0.5 km × 0.5 km) analysis to map spatial differentiation of each services of urban agriculture in Xi'an metropolitan zone. Driven by the distribution of agricultural resources and differentiation of urbanization level, production and economic services were higher in plain areas than in mountain and loess hilly-gully regions. These services gradually increased from southwest to northeast and from suburban plains to outer-suburb plains. Based on differentiation of urban agricultural land types, production efficiency and urbanization level in each county, the employment service increased from suburban plains to outer-suburb plains, with lower values for Qinling Mountains than those for plain areas. Different rationalities of spatial distribution were noted in regional social stability. Culture and recreational services showed the core-periphery distribution patterns, driven by law of decay with distance. Roads, rivers and scenic spots constituted further distribution patterns of group concentration, shaft strips or shaft agglomeration. Based on topography and level of urbanization, ecological service decreased from edge-zone to center zone of city circle. Urban agriculture in outer-suburbs constituted of ecological shelter zone of Xi'an metropolitan zone. After mastering the laws and the current conditions of spatial distribution of urban agricultural ecosystem services, it was critical to evaluate the rationality of spatial distribution of urban agricultural ecosystem services in the study area.
2014, 22(3): 342-348.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30981
Abstract:
The basic farmlands are the essences of cultivated land, and support the functions of production, social security and ecological protection. Driven by market economy and afforestation of farmlands in recent years, the production space of basic farmlands has reduced continuously. Thus basic farmland protection and configuration has become a hotly debated issue at national and international levels. However, there is little integrated and comprehensive research on correlation among food security, economic development and ecological protection. To coordinate the relationship among food security, economic development and ecological protection, the appropriate planning of ecosystem and establishment of safe regional landscape pattern are necessary. Based on the ecological infrastructure construction and basic farmland demand, this paper predicted basic farmland area and allocation in the target year of Lulong County, Hebei Province by comprehensively adopting the ideas of "anti-planning" and ecological infrastructure. The study established a network of ecological infrastructure as the constraint framework of the basic farmland demarcation in Lulong County. The northern, southeast and southwest parts presented low-level of security where the natural conditions required strict protection and non-construction of farmlands. The area from the south to north presented medium-level security serving as a transition zone of the low-level security. The high-level security areas embedded among the low and medium security area had severe ecological conditions. Based on evaluation of the suitability of land for construction, the paper adopted a "matrix" to divide the county development grid unit space suitability into degrees. The higher degrees were used as reserved lands for future development and construction. The development potential was high in the southwest of Lulong County and medium in the central region development, which constituted the key areas for basic farmland management in the study area. The northern part of the county was constrained in the low development zone. It was not fit for the delineation and layout of basic farmlands. This paper allocated the areas with both medium-high security and low suitability for construction as the key configurations of basic farmlands in the region by using GIS. Based on this allocation, 36 800.27 hm2 basic farmlands were allocated into different towns of the county. Among the zones, the farmland with both medium-high security and low suitability for construction were in Yanheying, Lulong, Yinzhuangxiang and Panzhuang townships with total land area of 15 570.45 hm2, which was 42.31% of total basic farmlands in the study area. The results showed that the spatial configuration of basic farmlands from ecological orientation was sufficiently protective for ecological environment and reserved the construction lands for future development. The method and new perspective were good for evaluation of ecosystems in terms of quantity, quality, ecology and construction suitability.
The basic farmlands are the essences of cultivated land, and support the functions of production, social security and ecological protection. Driven by market economy and afforestation of farmlands in recent years, the production space of basic farmlands has reduced continuously. Thus basic farmland protection and configuration has become a hotly debated issue at national and international levels. However, there is little integrated and comprehensive research on correlation among food security, economic development and ecological protection. To coordinate the relationship among food security, economic development and ecological protection, the appropriate planning of ecosystem and establishment of safe regional landscape pattern are necessary. Based on the ecological infrastructure construction and basic farmland demand, this paper predicted basic farmland area and allocation in the target year of Lulong County, Hebei Province by comprehensively adopting the ideas of "anti-planning" and ecological infrastructure. The study established a network of ecological infrastructure as the constraint framework of the basic farmland demarcation in Lulong County. The northern, southeast and southwest parts presented low-level of security where the natural conditions required strict protection and non-construction of farmlands. The area from the south to north presented medium-level security serving as a transition zone of the low-level security. The high-level security areas embedded among the low and medium security area had severe ecological conditions. Based on evaluation of the suitability of land for construction, the paper adopted a "matrix" to divide the county development grid unit space suitability into degrees. The higher degrees were used as reserved lands for future development and construction. The development potential was high in the southwest of Lulong County and medium in the central region development, which constituted the key areas for basic farmland management in the study area. The northern part of the county was constrained in the low development zone. It was not fit for the delineation and layout of basic farmlands. This paper allocated the areas with both medium-high security and low suitability for construction as the key configurations of basic farmlands in the region by using GIS. Based on this allocation, 36 800.27 hm2 basic farmlands were allocated into different towns of the county. Among the zones, the farmland with both medium-high security and low suitability for construction were in Yanheying, Lulong, Yinzhuangxiang and Panzhuang townships with total land area of 15 570.45 hm2, which was 42.31% of total basic farmlands in the study area. The results showed that the spatial configuration of basic farmlands from ecological orientation was sufficiently protective for ecological environment and reserved the construction lands for future development. The method and new perspective were good for evaluation of ecosystems in terms of quantity, quality, ecology and construction suitability.
2014, 22(3): 349-355.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31002
Abstract:
As an outer financial incentive mechanism for transforming non-marketing environment value to local participants by providing ecosystem services, ecological compensation and the related ecological effects and sustainability have attracted considerable global effort. There has therefore been the expressed need to fully and objectively evaluate the effects of ecological compensation. As improving ecological and environmental systems has remained the core effort of conversion of farmlands into forestlands in China, this study used the farmland conversion into forestland project to survey farmers in Zhangye Prefecture of the Heihe River Basin. As evaluation studies were often limited by various uncertainties under fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, peasants' perception on ecological compensations in terms of social, economic and ecological effects was used to effectively and quantitatively analyze ecological compensation. The effect of farmers' perception on ecological compensation was obtained using the least squares method. The study showed that the index of farmers' perception on ecological compensation was 3.02. Among the ecological compensation effects, the index for ecological effect was highest (3.11), followed by that for social effect (3.06), while the index for economic effect was lowest (2.55). This suggested that ecological compensation improved the local ecological environment, alleviated poverty, increased employment opportunities, promoted economic development, etc. While farmers' educational level, living conditions and annual income were positively correlated with social, economic and ecological effects of ecological compensation perceived by farmers, farmers' age was negatively correlated with these factors. In addition, farmer's social status had a significant impact on their perceived ecological effects. Among the factors of perceived social effects, farmers' educational level contributed the most to farmers' social perception, with a correlation coefficient of 1.067. This was followed by farmers' living conditions, while farmers' age least influenced farmers' social perception. Among the factors of perceived economic effect, farmers' educational level contributed the most to farmers' economic perception, with a correlation coefficient of 1.073. This was followed by farmers living conditions and annual income, while farmers' age least influenced farmers' economic perception. Among the factors of perceived ecological effect, farmers' educational level contributed the most to farmers' ecological perception, with a correlation coefficient of 2.612. This was followed by farmers living conditions, while farmers' social status least influenced farmers' ecological perception.
As an outer financial incentive mechanism for transforming non-marketing environment value to local participants by providing ecosystem services, ecological compensation and the related ecological effects and sustainability have attracted considerable global effort. There has therefore been the expressed need to fully and objectively evaluate the effects of ecological compensation. As improving ecological and environmental systems has remained the core effort of conversion of farmlands into forestlands in China, this study used the farmland conversion into forestland project to survey farmers in Zhangye Prefecture of the Heihe River Basin. As evaluation studies were often limited by various uncertainties under fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, peasants' perception on ecological compensations in terms of social, economic and ecological effects was used to effectively and quantitatively analyze ecological compensation. The effect of farmers' perception on ecological compensation was obtained using the least squares method. The study showed that the index of farmers' perception on ecological compensation was 3.02. Among the ecological compensation effects, the index for ecological effect was highest (3.11), followed by that for social effect (3.06), while the index for economic effect was lowest (2.55). This suggested that ecological compensation improved the local ecological environment, alleviated poverty, increased employment opportunities, promoted economic development, etc. While farmers' educational level, living conditions and annual income were positively correlated with social, economic and ecological effects of ecological compensation perceived by farmers, farmers' age was negatively correlated with these factors. In addition, farmer's social status had a significant impact on their perceived ecological effects. Among the factors of perceived social effects, farmers' educational level contributed the most to farmers' social perception, with a correlation coefficient of 1.067. This was followed by farmers' living conditions, while farmers' age least influenced farmers' social perception. Among the factors of perceived economic effect, farmers' educational level contributed the most to farmers' economic perception, with a correlation coefficient of 1.073. This was followed by farmers living conditions and annual income, while farmers' age least influenced farmers' economic perception. Among the factors of perceived ecological effect, farmers' educational level contributed the most to farmers' ecological perception, with a correlation coefficient of 2.612. This was followed by farmers living conditions, while farmers' social status least influenced farmers' ecological perception.
2014, 22(3): 356-362.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.31008
Abstract:
Water scarcity has become one of the most serious environmental problems for human survival in the 21st century. At present, there is the urgent need to explore the key factors that influencing water resources utilization and to build low water consumption strategies. Life style has received considerable attention as the key factor influencing water consumption. This article used data from peasant household investigation to run a water footprint estimation model. The model accounted water footprint of farmers with different livelihoods in the middle reaches of Heihe River. It also analyzed the impact of farmers' livelihood on water footprint using the Least Squares method. The results showed that per capita water footprint of farmers in the middle reaches of Heihe River was 145.87 m3. Per capita water footprints of pure farmers, multi-occupational farmers and non-agricultural farmers were 151.61 m3, 148.08 m3 and 137.91 m3, respectively. Per farmer water footprint dropped with the shift of farmers from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. With shift from agricultural to non-agricultural activities, the proportion of per capita water footprint for grain consumption decreased from pure farmers, multi-occupational farmers to non-agricultural farmers in the middle reaches of Heihe River. Water footprint ratio for fruits/vegetables and cleaning consumption increased in the farmer communities. Also water footprint ratio for animal product consumption of multi-occupational farmers was higher than those of non-agricultural and pure farmers. The improved education level of non-agricultural farmers and labors reduced water footprint and expanded family size/net per capita income increased water footprint. However, the rate of increase in water footprint was lower than that of family size and net per capita income. Based on the research results, comprehensive suggestions were put forward so as to establish low water use to improve water use efficiency in rural areas of the middle reaches of Heihe River.
Water scarcity has become one of the most serious environmental problems for human survival in the 21st century. At present, there is the urgent need to explore the key factors that influencing water resources utilization and to build low water consumption strategies. Life style has received considerable attention as the key factor influencing water consumption. This article used data from peasant household investigation to run a water footprint estimation model. The model accounted water footprint of farmers with different livelihoods in the middle reaches of Heihe River. It also analyzed the impact of farmers' livelihood on water footprint using the Least Squares method. The results showed that per capita water footprint of farmers in the middle reaches of Heihe River was 145.87 m3. Per capita water footprints of pure farmers, multi-occupational farmers and non-agricultural farmers were 151.61 m3, 148.08 m3 and 137.91 m3, respectively. Per farmer water footprint dropped with the shift of farmers from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. With shift from agricultural to non-agricultural activities, the proportion of per capita water footprint for grain consumption decreased from pure farmers, multi-occupational farmers to non-agricultural farmers in the middle reaches of Heihe River. Water footprint ratio for fruits/vegetables and cleaning consumption increased in the farmer communities. Also water footprint ratio for animal product consumption of multi-occupational farmers was higher than those of non-agricultural and pure farmers. The improved education level of non-agricultural farmers and labors reduced water footprint and expanded family size/net per capita income increased water footprint. However, the rate of increase in water footprint was lower than that of family size and net per capita income. Based on the research results, comprehensive suggestions were put forward so as to establish low water use to improve water use efficiency in rural areas of the middle reaches of Heihe River.
2014, 22(3): 363-367.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30733
Abstract:
In response to fragile environment, a special ecological importance and undeveloped economy in Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province, the paper established an index system to evaluate development coordination status, and discuss the correlation between environment and social-economic importance of 13 counties in the city. The index system included twenty one indexes, belonging to three subsystems of ecological resources, economic level and social development. The index weight was measured by using entropy evaluation method. Scores of ecological resources, economic level, social development and coordination degree of the three subsystems in each county were calculated. Based on the scores of economic level and coordination degree, 13 counties were further divided into four groups - developed and coordinated area of Yu County; developed and coordinating area of Huailai County; developing and coordinating areas of Xuanhua, Zhangbei, Yangyuan, Huai'an, Wanquan, Zhuolu, Chicheng and Chongli Counties; and undeveloped and uncoordinated areas of Kangbao, Guyuan and Shangyi Counties. It was noted that the four groups were related to the geographical distribution of the counties. The less developed counties were mainly distributed in the northern part of Zhangjiakou City, developed counties distributed in the southern part, and counties with medium economic development and coordination degree were mainly distributed in the central part of Zhangjiakou City. In accordance with the classification, different solutions and suggestions were advanced for coordinating development efforts in the different groups of counties. In developed and coordinated areas, it was necessary to keep and extend development experiences and to also pay significant attention on ecologically limiting factors. In developed and coordinating areas, the technologies and structures of industries needed improvement to increase profits and reduce industrial consumption of resources. For developing and coordinating areas (which covered most of the counties in the region), there was need of a comprehensive balance in development and ecology to avoid damage to the environment during economic and social development. For undeveloped and uncoordinated areas, top government officials needed to pay more attention on policies which increase ecological compensation and poverty alleviation to eliminate ecological poverty.
In response to fragile environment, a special ecological importance and undeveloped economy in Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province, the paper established an index system to evaluate development coordination status, and discuss the correlation between environment and social-economic importance of 13 counties in the city. The index system included twenty one indexes, belonging to three subsystems of ecological resources, economic level and social development. The index weight was measured by using entropy evaluation method. Scores of ecological resources, economic level, social development and coordination degree of the three subsystems in each county were calculated. Based on the scores of economic level and coordination degree, 13 counties were further divided into four groups - developed and coordinated area of Yu County; developed and coordinating area of Huailai County; developing and coordinating areas of Xuanhua, Zhangbei, Yangyuan, Huai'an, Wanquan, Zhuolu, Chicheng and Chongli Counties; and undeveloped and uncoordinated areas of Kangbao, Guyuan and Shangyi Counties. It was noted that the four groups were related to the geographical distribution of the counties. The less developed counties were mainly distributed in the northern part of Zhangjiakou City, developed counties distributed in the southern part, and counties with medium economic development and coordination degree were mainly distributed in the central part of Zhangjiakou City. In accordance with the classification, different solutions and suggestions were advanced for coordinating development efforts in the different groups of counties. In developed and coordinated areas, it was necessary to keep and extend development experiences and to also pay significant attention on ecologically limiting factors. In developed and coordinating areas, the technologies and structures of industries needed improvement to increase profits and reduce industrial consumption of resources. For developing and coordinating areas (which covered most of the counties in the region), there was need of a comprehensive balance in development and ecology to avoid damage to the environment during economic and social development. For undeveloped and uncoordinated areas, top government officials needed to pay more attention on policies which increase ecological compensation and poverty alleviation to eliminate ecological poverty.
2014, 22(3): 368-374.
doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2014.30708
Abstract:
Eco-environmental Stress Index (ESI) is a quantitative indicator for assessing the stress of economic development on ecological environment. The user-friendly method is easy to operate and can be used to evaluate the pressure on ecological environment in space and time. This study upgraded the index construction systems and regional pressure characterization of the ESI method to analyze the trend in stress of economic development to eco-environment in Jilin Province for the period 2000 2010 and to characterize the eco-environmental stress in every city in Jilin Province for 2010. The study provided the scientific basis for the protection of ecological environment and adjustment of industrial structures in Jilin Province. The main results were as follows: 1) With economic development in Jilin Province, eco-environment stress increased. This was especially noted in 2005, when there was an obvious increase in ESI. This trend was mainly driven by significant increases in annual energy consumption, industrial waste gas emission, industrial waste water emission, sulfur dioxide emission and industrial dust emission. 2) Since 2008, eco-environmental stress in Jilin Province changed from environmental pollution (EP) to resource-energy consumption (REC). This was due primarily to industrial dust emission and drastic reduction in agricultural fertilizer. 3) In terms of spatial distribution of eco-environmental stress in Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jilin City and the central region of the province were under high eco-environmental stress while the eastern region of the province was under low stress, with the least stress in the western region of the province. 4) Resources and energy consumption stress in Changchun City, Siping City, Songyuan City, Liaoyuan City and Baicheng City was high, while environmental pollution stress was high in Jilin City, Tonghua City, Baishan City and Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. The results suggested that Jilin Province needed to adjust its industrial structure, increase energy utilization efficiency, adopt green GDP accounting system, strengthen supervision and improve eco-environment pressure.
Eco-environmental Stress Index (ESI) is a quantitative indicator for assessing the stress of economic development on ecological environment. The user-friendly method is easy to operate and can be used to evaluate the pressure on ecological environment in space and time. This study upgraded the index construction systems and regional pressure characterization of the ESI method to analyze the trend in stress of economic development to eco-environment in Jilin Province for the period 2000 2010 and to characterize the eco-environmental stress in every city in Jilin Province for 2010. The study provided the scientific basis for the protection of ecological environment and adjustment of industrial structures in Jilin Province. The main results were as follows: 1) With economic development in Jilin Province, eco-environment stress increased. This was especially noted in 2005, when there was an obvious increase in ESI. This trend was mainly driven by significant increases in annual energy consumption, industrial waste gas emission, industrial waste water emission, sulfur dioxide emission and industrial dust emission. 2) Since 2008, eco-environmental stress in Jilin Province changed from environmental pollution (EP) to resource-energy consumption (REC). This was due primarily to industrial dust emission and drastic reduction in agricultural fertilizer. 3) In terms of spatial distribution of eco-environmental stress in Jilin Province, Changchun City, Jilin City and the central region of the province were under high eco-environmental stress while the eastern region of the province was under low stress, with the least stress in the western region of the province. 4) Resources and energy consumption stress in Changchun City, Siping City, Songyuan City, Liaoyuan City and Baicheng City was high, while environmental pollution stress was high in Jilin City, Tonghua City, Baishan City and Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. The results suggested that Jilin Province needed to adjust its industrial structure, increase energy utilization efficiency, adopt green GDP accounting system, strengthen supervision and improve eco-environment pressure.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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