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Measurement, spatial spillover and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions efficiency in China
WU Haoyue, HUANG Hanjiao, HE Yu, CHEN Wenkuan
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Effects of tillage and straw returning method on the distribution of carbon and nitrogen in soil aggregates
ZHANG Yuming, HU Chunsheng, CHEN Suying, WANG Yuying, LI Xiaoxin, DONG Wenxu, LIU Xiuping, PEI Lin, ZHANG Hui
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Relationship between policy incentives, ecological cognition, and organic fertilizer application by farmers: Based on a moderated mediation model
SANG Xiance, LUO Xiaofeng, HUANG Yanzhong, TANG Lin
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Spatio-temporal evolution of carbon stocks in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST and CA-Markov models
YANG Jie, XIE Baopeng, ZHANG Degang
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Effects of straw returning and fertilization on soil bacterial and fungal community structures and diversities in rice-wheat rotation soil
ZHANG Hanlin, BAI Naling, ZHENG Xianqing, LI Shuangxi, ZHANG Juanqin, ZHANG Haiyun, ZHOU Sheng, SUN Huifeng, LYU Weiguang
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2016 Vol. 24, No. 8
Display Method:
2016, 24(8): 995-1004.
Abstract:
Freshwater shortage is a growing crisis in food production in the plain nearby the Bohai Sea. It is therefore important to efficiently utilize available water resources in the region, including fresh groundwater, brackish groundwater and precipitation during grain production season. This paper summarized the work of a 3-year field experiment at Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences on utilization of saline water in replace of fresh groundwater irrigation of winter wheat, deficit irrigation to reduce water use, high-performance cultivars, and the optimized planting and cultivation technologies in wheat-maize double cropping system. The results showed that jointing stage was critical for irrigation under a single irrigation application in winter wheat. Irrigation at jointing stage improved the growth of both aboveground and belowground parts of winter wheat. The enhanced root growth increased soil water utilization during late growth stages and also reduced the negative effects of water stress on yield under limited irrigation of winter wheat. The study also showed that the use of saline water with salt concentration less than 4 gL-1 in place of freshwater irrigation at jointing stage of winter wheat did not affect yield, and prevented deep freshwater depletion. To mitigate the negative effects of soil salt in the top 20 cm soil profile after winter wheat harvest on successive crops (summer maize), about 70 mm of irrigation at sowing stage of maize was needed to support maize germination and seedling establishment. The results suggested that the return of the straw of both crops to the soil enhanced soil organic content. While the increased proportion of stable soil aggregates benefited the stability of soil structure, leaching of salt after saline irrigation improved during summer rainy season. The selection of better cultivars of winter wheat and summer maize had the potential to improve yield and water use efficiency by up to 20%. For summer maize, reducing inter-row spacing and increasing intra-row spacing improved the proportion of seedling establishment and interception ratio of solar radiation by crop canopy at seedling stage. This improved maize yield by about 10% compared with traditional planting. The combined results of the measures reduced freshwater use in irrigation, and significantly improved water use efficiency and grain yield of crops. The study showed that it was possible to maintain grain yield and to conserve fresh groundwater resources at the same time in the study area.
Freshwater shortage is a growing crisis in food production in the plain nearby the Bohai Sea. It is therefore important to efficiently utilize available water resources in the region, including fresh groundwater, brackish groundwater and precipitation during grain production season. This paper summarized the work of a 3-year field experiment at Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences on utilization of saline water in replace of fresh groundwater irrigation of winter wheat, deficit irrigation to reduce water use, high-performance cultivars, and the optimized planting and cultivation technologies in wheat-maize double cropping system. The results showed that jointing stage was critical for irrigation under a single irrigation application in winter wheat. Irrigation at jointing stage improved the growth of both aboveground and belowground parts of winter wheat. The enhanced root growth increased soil water utilization during late growth stages and also reduced the negative effects of water stress on yield under limited irrigation of winter wheat. The study also showed that the use of saline water with salt concentration less than 4 gL-1 in place of freshwater irrigation at jointing stage of winter wheat did not affect yield, and prevented deep freshwater depletion. To mitigate the negative effects of soil salt in the top 20 cm soil profile after winter wheat harvest on successive crops (summer maize), about 70 mm of irrigation at sowing stage of maize was needed to support maize germination and seedling establishment. The results suggested that the return of the straw of both crops to the soil enhanced soil organic content. While the increased proportion of stable soil aggregates benefited the stability of soil structure, leaching of salt after saline irrigation improved during summer rainy season. The selection of better cultivars of winter wheat and summer maize had the potential to improve yield and water use efficiency by up to 20%. For summer maize, reducing inter-row spacing and increasing intra-row spacing improved the proportion of seedling establishment and interception ratio of solar radiation by crop canopy at seedling stage. This improved maize yield by about 10% compared with traditional planting. The combined results of the measures reduced freshwater use in irrigation, and significantly improved water use efficiency and grain yield of crops. The study showed that it was possible to maintain grain yield and to conserve fresh groundwater resources at the same time in the study area.
2016, 24(8): 1005-1015.
Abstract:
The shortage of freshwater resources has been a growing global concern. The?use?of?saline?groundwater and brackish water?is an?important way of solving water?shortage?in irrigated?farmlands around the globe.?Saline water and brackish water could partly replace freshwater in irrigated agriculture, but saline water or brackish water irrigation results in the accumulation of salts in surface soil and in the reduction of crop yield. This has been a significant research issue associated with water shortage and agricultural production in recent decades. In this study, measures developed to mitigate secondary salinization due to saline water irrigation were summarized. The measures included improving cultivation practices, biological practices and engineering designs that ameliorated soil salt stress under brackish water or saline water irrigation. The paper highlighted relevant current literatures and introduced detailed optimization agricultural cultivation manages, including the development of reasonable irrigation methods, mulching and subsoiling. There were also soil amendments with organic matter including crop residues, farm manure, green manure, gypsum, zeolite, etc. There was inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, planting halophytes or salt-tolerance crop species, etc. All these measures were efficient in mitigating soil salt stress under saline water irrigation. In saline water and brackish water irrigation, the combination of rainfall with irrigation improved soil buffer capacity to salinity. Also planting salt tolerant crop cultivars and using biological fertilizers and soil conditioners could decrease soil salinity. Ridging and plastic mulching reduced evaporation loss while concurrently decreasing salt concentration in surface soil. Straw return to soil and deep tillage improved soil nutrient condition, water holding capacity and salt leaching. The integration of safe and efficient mode of saline water and brackish water irrigation, the designing of standard technology and application procedure, and the combination of various organic substances were all ameliorative?measures. Field soil salt stress under saline water and brackish water irrigation was efficiently controllable. The effective, safe and sustainable use of brackish and saline water was achievable in improving?water availability for agricultural production.
The shortage of freshwater resources has been a growing global concern. The?use?of?saline?groundwater and brackish water?is an?important way of solving water?shortage?in irrigated?farmlands around the globe.?Saline water and brackish water could partly replace freshwater in irrigated agriculture, but saline water or brackish water irrigation results in the accumulation of salts in surface soil and in the reduction of crop yield. This has been a significant research issue associated with water shortage and agricultural production in recent decades. In this study, measures developed to mitigate secondary salinization due to saline water irrigation were summarized. The measures included improving cultivation practices, biological practices and engineering designs that ameliorated soil salt stress under brackish water or saline water irrigation. The paper highlighted relevant current literatures and introduced detailed optimization agricultural cultivation manages, including the development of reasonable irrigation methods, mulching and subsoiling. There were also soil amendments with organic matter including crop residues, farm manure, green manure, gypsum, zeolite, etc. There was inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, planting halophytes or salt-tolerance crop species, etc. All these measures were efficient in mitigating soil salt stress under saline water irrigation. In saline water and brackish water irrigation, the combination of rainfall with irrigation improved soil buffer capacity to salinity. Also planting salt tolerant crop cultivars and using biological fertilizers and soil conditioners could decrease soil salinity. Ridging and plastic mulching reduced evaporation loss while concurrently decreasing salt concentration in surface soil. Straw return to soil and deep tillage improved soil nutrient condition, water holding capacity and salt leaching. The integration of safe and efficient mode of saline water and brackish water irrigation, the designing of standard technology and application procedure, and the combination of various organic substances were all ameliorative?measures. Field soil salt stress under saline water and brackish water irrigation was efficiently controllable. The effective, safe and sustainable use of brackish and saline water was achievable in improving?water availability for agricultural production.
2016, 24(8): 1016-1024.
Abstract:
The use of freezing saline water to irrigate saline lands has proven an effective method of using highly saline water and reclaiming saline lands in coastal regions. The method was based on the basic principle of desalination during melting of frozen saline water in combination with soil water and salt movement characteristics and crop growth pattern in coastal region. In winter, the saline groundwater was pumped and irrigated saline farmlands. The low air temperature forced the irrigated saline water on the top soil to freeze into saline ice. With increasing air temperature in spring, water of high salt concentration melted firstly and infiltrated into the soil, and the slightly saline melting water and freshwater infiltrated into the soil late and effectively facilitated leaching of soil salt. From the above process, freezing saline water irrigation induced soil salt leaching in spring, the period of soil salt accumulation. This, in combination with mulching in spring to control soil salt concentration and rainfall leaching in summer, lowed soil salt content to levels conducive for normal crop growth throughout the growth stages of the crops and plants. The natural characteristics of soil water and salt movement were modified by freezing saline water irrigation, which changed soil salt accumulation into soil salt leaching in spring after irrigation. Thus the remaining soil salinity in the root zone effectively decreased from 12 g.kg-1 to 4 g.kg-1 and the rate of salt leaching exceeded 66%. This facilitated the cultivation of crops including cotton, oil-sunflower and sugar beet in saline coastal regions of the Bohai Sea, and increased the survival rates of Tamarix ramosissima, Lycium barbarum and Fraxinus chinensis transplanted seedlings in the region. After first year freezing saline water irrigation, the yields of seed cotton, oil-sunflower and sugar beet were 3 t.hm-2, 1.5 t.hm-2 and 60 t.hm-2, respectively. Cutting and transplanted seedling survival rates of halophytes and salt-tolerant plants exceeded 90%. Freezing saline water irrigation promoted saline soil exploiting, agricultural development and ecological environmental construction. Through systematic researches in recent years, the separation process of saline water and freshwater was clarified in the process of saline water freezing and thawing. The effects of freezing saline water irrigation on soil salt leaching were explicated, and the indexes system of irrigation time, irrigation amount and water quality of freezing saline water irrigation was established. Based on the above researches, this paper summarized the advances in researches on saline soil reclamation and saline water use, and introduced the freezing saline water irrigation strategy which enhanced leaching of soil salt. The paper further systematically analyzed the effect of freezing saline water irrigation on agricultural production, vegetation recovery and saline water utilization in saline soil regions, and the development trend of freezing saline water irrigation.
The use of freezing saline water to irrigate saline lands has proven an effective method of using highly saline water and reclaiming saline lands in coastal regions. The method was based on the basic principle of desalination during melting of frozen saline water in combination with soil water and salt movement characteristics and crop growth pattern in coastal region. In winter, the saline groundwater was pumped and irrigated saline farmlands. The low air temperature forced the irrigated saline water on the top soil to freeze into saline ice. With increasing air temperature in spring, water of high salt concentration melted firstly and infiltrated into the soil, and the slightly saline melting water and freshwater infiltrated into the soil late and effectively facilitated leaching of soil salt. From the above process, freezing saline water irrigation induced soil salt leaching in spring, the period of soil salt accumulation. This, in combination with mulching in spring to control soil salt concentration and rainfall leaching in summer, lowed soil salt content to levels conducive for normal crop growth throughout the growth stages of the crops and plants. The natural characteristics of soil water and salt movement were modified by freezing saline water irrigation, which changed soil salt accumulation into soil salt leaching in spring after irrigation. Thus the remaining soil salinity in the root zone effectively decreased from 12 g.kg-1 to 4 g.kg-1 and the rate of salt leaching exceeded 66%. This facilitated the cultivation of crops including cotton, oil-sunflower and sugar beet in saline coastal regions of the Bohai Sea, and increased the survival rates of Tamarix ramosissima, Lycium barbarum and Fraxinus chinensis transplanted seedlings in the region. After first year freezing saline water irrigation, the yields of seed cotton, oil-sunflower and sugar beet were 3 t.hm-2, 1.5 t.hm-2 and 60 t.hm-2, respectively. Cutting and transplanted seedling survival rates of halophytes and salt-tolerant plants exceeded 90%. Freezing saline water irrigation promoted saline soil exploiting, agricultural development and ecological environmental construction. Through systematic researches in recent years, the separation process of saline water and freshwater was clarified in the process of saline water freezing and thawing. The effects of freezing saline water irrigation on soil salt leaching were explicated, and the indexes system of irrigation time, irrigation amount and water quality of freezing saline water irrigation was established. Based on the above researches, this paper summarized the advances in researches on saline soil reclamation and saline water use, and introduced the freezing saline water irrigation strategy which enhanced leaching of soil salt. The paper further systematically analyzed the effect of freezing saline water irrigation on agricultural production, vegetation recovery and saline water utilization in saline soil regions, and the development trend of freezing saline water irrigation.
2016, 24(8): 1025-1034.
Abstract:
Wheat is one of the most important crops in north of China. Wheat suffers from various unfavorable conditions, especially drought and high soil salinity, leading to unpredictable loss in crop production in agriculture. Seed priming is a simple and efficient technology which is the induction of a particular physiological reaction in plants by application of natural or synthetic compounds to incubate the seeds before germination. Wheat seeds treated with priming agents can reduce emergence time, enhance seeding vigor and metabolism, and improve yields and seed quality under high soil salinity or water deficit conditions. This review illustrated the mechanisms and effects of various priming agents, such as water, organics, hormones, bioactive substances, organisms, oxides, inorganic signal substance and so on. We summarized the main mechanism of seed priming. Seed priming reduced absorption of Na+ and increased absorption of K+ and Ca2+ to reducing the toxicity of single saline ion in plant. Seed priming also improved synthesizing and accumulating of osmotic regulatory substances, such as soluble protein and soluble sugar, which maintaining osmotic pressure of intracellular at a high level to benefit root uptaking water. Seed priming induced synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and so on, and enhanced the activities of those enzymes under stress conditions. The high activity of antioxidant enzymes reduced the content of reactive oxygen species effectively and maintained the oxygen balance in cells. Furthermore, seed priming also improved endogenous hormones synthesis and transportation under stressed conditions, which was important for adaptations to environmental change. We further discuss the connections of mutual complement and promotion between seed priming and adversity resistant physiology of crops. Finally, we expectate the prospect of the application and the development for seed priming in agriculture.
Wheat is one of the most important crops in north of China. Wheat suffers from various unfavorable conditions, especially drought and high soil salinity, leading to unpredictable loss in crop production in agriculture. Seed priming is a simple and efficient technology which is the induction of a particular physiological reaction in plants by application of natural or synthetic compounds to incubate the seeds before germination. Wheat seeds treated with priming agents can reduce emergence time, enhance seeding vigor and metabolism, and improve yields and seed quality under high soil salinity or water deficit conditions. This review illustrated the mechanisms and effects of various priming agents, such as water, organics, hormones, bioactive substances, organisms, oxides, inorganic signal substance and so on. We summarized the main mechanism of seed priming. Seed priming reduced absorption of Na+ and increased absorption of K+ and Ca2+ to reducing the toxicity of single saline ion in plant. Seed priming also improved synthesizing and accumulating of osmotic regulatory substances, such as soluble protein and soluble sugar, which maintaining osmotic pressure of intracellular at a high level to benefit root uptaking water. Seed priming induced synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and so on, and enhanced the activities of those enzymes under stress conditions. The high activity of antioxidant enzymes reduced the content of reactive oxygen species effectively and maintained the oxygen balance in cells. Furthermore, seed priming also improved endogenous hormones synthesis and transportation under stressed conditions, which was important for adaptations to environmental change. We further discuss the connections of mutual complement and promotion between seed priming and adversity resistant physiology of crops. Finally, we expectate the prospect of the application and the development for seed priming in agriculture.
ZHANG Yuming,
SUN Hongyong,
LI Hongjun,
LIU Xiaojing,
HU Chunsheng,
LIU Ketong,
CUI Yuxi,
ZHANG Manyi
2016, 24(8): 1035-1048.
Abstract:
It is important to optimize nutrient management and improve soil fertility and fertilizer use efficiency for sustainable development of agriculture. This can help to understand nutrient input/output and balance in farmland and the state of soil fertility and its change. Based on national economic statistics for Nanpi County for 1985, 2000 and 2014, the state of nutrient cycle and balance in agro-ecosystems was analyzed for the period 1985–2014. The study also explored the state and change characteristics of soil nutrients by comparing data on nutrients in the topsoil in 1981 (when the second national soil survey was conducted) with that in 2015. The results indicated a significant change in nutrient input/output and balance for 1985 through 2014. There was a significant increase in NPK input. Total inputs of N, P and K increased from 10 701 t in 1985 to 23 386 t in 2014, which represented an annual increase of 2.33%. The sources of N, P and K were different, with N and P mainly coming from chemical fertilizers, followed by organic fertilizers such as manure and crop straw. However, K was mainly from organic fertilizers. Nutrient absorption by crops was the main component of nutrient output, accounting for 80% of total nutrient output. NPK output increased from 18 846 t in 1985 to 90 093 t in 2014, with an annual increase of 2.17%. Taking into account apparent nutrient balance, there were huge N and P budget surpluses since 1985. For the period 1985–2014, P surplus (26.9%–65.5%) exceeded N surplus (16.8%–34.2%). Based on the availability of organic N, available N budgets were respectively 18.1%, 6.5% and 7.8% in 1985, 2000 and 2014, which shifted from surplus to deficit conditions. K balance changed from deficit to surplus condition, improving from a deficit of 33.5% in 1985 to a surplus of 33.6% in 2014. Due to the effect of nutrient balance, the contents of soil organic matter, total N and available P significantly changed, respectively increasing from 8.62 g·kg-1, 0.542 g·kg-1 and 2.0 mg·kg-1 in 1981 to 14.0 g·kg-1, 0.908 g·kg-1 and 20.8 mg·kg-1 in 2015. The total increases in 2015 over those in 1981 were 62.4%, 67.5% and 9.4 times, respectively. The changes of available N and available K were not very noticeable, increasing from 70.5 mg·kg-1 and 141 mg·kg-1 in 1985 to 71.8 mg·kg-1 and 147 mg·kg-1 in 2015, representing total increases of 1.8% and 4.2%, respectively. The measures of increasing soil fertility and fertilizer use efficiency included scientific and rational fertilization, combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, straw return to soils and improved fertilization methods. Under the current soil fertility and crop planting structure, nutrient management countermeasures was to optimize N dose, to control application of P and to increase application rate of K to limit nutrient surplus in the environment.
It is important to optimize nutrient management and improve soil fertility and fertilizer use efficiency for sustainable development of agriculture. This can help to understand nutrient input/output and balance in farmland and the state of soil fertility and its change. Based on national economic statistics for Nanpi County for 1985, 2000 and 2014, the state of nutrient cycle and balance in agro-ecosystems was analyzed for the period 1985–2014. The study also explored the state and change characteristics of soil nutrients by comparing data on nutrients in the topsoil in 1981 (when the second national soil survey was conducted) with that in 2015. The results indicated a significant change in nutrient input/output and balance for 1985 through 2014. There was a significant increase in NPK input. Total inputs of N, P and K increased from 10 701 t in 1985 to 23 386 t in 2014, which represented an annual increase of 2.33%. The sources of N, P and K were different, with N and P mainly coming from chemical fertilizers, followed by organic fertilizers such as manure and crop straw. However, K was mainly from organic fertilizers. Nutrient absorption by crops was the main component of nutrient output, accounting for 80% of total nutrient output. NPK output increased from 18 846 t in 1985 to 90 093 t in 2014, with an annual increase of 2.17%. Taking into account apparent nutrient balance, there were huge N and P budget surpluses since 1985. For the period 1985–2014, P surplus (26.9%–65.5%) exceeded N surplus (16.8%–34.2%). Based on the availability of organic N, available N budgets were respectively 18.1%, 6.5% and 7.8% in 1985, 2000 and 2014, which shifted from surplus to deficit conditions. K balance changed from deficit to surplus condition, improving from a deficit of 33.5% in 1985 to a surplus of 33.6% in 2014. Due to the effect of nutrient balance, the contents of soil organic matter, total N and available P significantly changed, respectively increasing from 8.62 g·kg-1, 0.542 g·kg-1 and 2.0 mg·kg-1 in 1981 to 14.0 g·kg-1, 0.908 g·kg-1 and 20.8 mg·kg-1 in 2015. The total increases in 2015 over those in 1981 were 62.4%, 67.5% and 9.4 times, respectively. The changes of available N and available K were not very noticeable, increasing from 70.5 mg·kg-1 and 141 mg·kg-1 in 1985 to 71.8 mg·kg-1 and 147 mg·kg-1 in 2015, representing total increases of 1.8% and 4.2%, respectively. The measures of increasing soil fertility and fertilizer use efficiency included scientific and rational fertilization, combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, straw return to soils and improved fertilization methods. Under the current soil fertility and crop planting structure, nutrient management countermeasures was to optimize N dose, to control application of P and to increase application rate of K to limit nutrient surplus in the environment.
2016, 24(8): 1049-1058.
Abstract:
There is rich brackish water and a shortage of fresh water in the coastal low plains of Hebei Province. The reasonable exploitation and utilization of brackish water has become an important way of meeting the conflict between water supply and demand in the region. An experiment was conducted in Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011–2015. The objective of the experiment was to study the effect of brackish water irrigation during winter wheat growth period on the yield of winter wheat and the following crop, summer maize. The study also investigated soil salinity balance in winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system. The irrigation treatments in 20132014 included CK (rainfed farming), F1 (one fresh water irrigation at jointing stage), B21 (one brackish water irrigation of 2 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B31 (one brackish water irrigation of 3 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B41 (one brackish water irrigation of 4 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B51 (one brackish water irrigation of 5 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B32 (two brackish water irrigations of 3 g.L-1 at jointing and grain-filling stages), F2 (two fresh water irrigations at jointing and grain-filling stages), F3 (three fresh water irrigations at jointing, heading and grain-filling stages), F1B31 (one fresh water irrigation at jointing stage and one brackish water irrigation of 3 g.L-1 at grain-filling stage), and B31F1 (one brackish water irrigation of 3 g.L-1 at jointing stage and one fresh water irrigation at grain-filling stage). The irrigation treatments in 20142015 were CK, F1, B31, B41, B51 and B42 (two brackish water irrigations of 4 g.L-1 at jointing and grain-filling stages). The results showed that higher winter wheat yield was obtainable under irrigation at jointing stage and grain-filling stage, with an average yield of 6 593.4 kg.hm-1. Irrigation of brackish water with less than 5 g?L1 salinity at joining stage did not reduced winter wheat yield compared with fresh water irrigation. Winter wheat yield increased by 10%30% under brackish water irrigation at joining stage compared with that under CK. It was possible to replace fresh water irrigation with brackish water irrigation during winter wheat growth. However, soil salt content in the 020 cm topsoil was more than 1 g.L-1 in brackish water irrigation treatments, which affected summer maize germination and growth during early growth stage. If irrigated with 600750 m3.hm-1 of fresh water after summer maize planting, the yield of summer maize did not reduce obviously. There was a heavy leaching of soil salt driven by precipitation in June through September. Over 300 mm rainfall during summer season could keep the soil salt balance for winter wheat and summer maize double cropping system. As over 73% of summer precipitation in Cangzhou region exceeded 300 mm, it ensured the safety of the brackish water irrigation instead of fresh water irrigation one time during winter wheat growth period.
There is rich brackish water and a shortage of fresh water in the coastal low plains of Hebei Province. The reasonable exploitation and utilization of brackish water has become an important way of meeting the conflict between water supply and demand in the region. An experiment was conducted in Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011–2015. The objective of the experiment was to study the effect of brackish water irrigation during winter wheat growth period on the yield of winter wheat and the following crop, summer maize. The study also investigated soil salinity balance in winter wheat/summer maize double cropping system. The irrigation treatments in 20132014 included CK (rainfed farming), F1 (one fresh water irrigation at jointing stage), B21 (one brackish water irrigation of 2 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B31 (one brackish water irrigation of 3 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B41 (one brackish water irrigation of 4 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B51 (one brackish water irrigation of 5 g.L-1 at jointing stage), B32 (two brackish water irrigations of 3 g.L-1 at jointing and grain-filling stages), F2 (two fresh water irrigations at jointing and grain-filling stages), F3 (three fresh water irrigations at jointing, heading and grain-filling stages), F1B31 (one fresh water irrigation at jointing stage and one brackish water irrigation of 3 g.L-1 at grain-filling stage), and B31F1 (one brackish water irrigation of 3 g.L-1 at jointing stage and one fresh water irrigation at grain-filling stage). The irrigation treatments in 20142015 were CK, F1, B31, B41, B51 and B42 (two brackish water irrigations of 4 g.L-1 at jointing and grain-filling stages). The results showed that higher winter wheat yield was obtainable under irrigation at jointing stage and grain-filling stage, with an average yield of 6 593.4 kg.hm-1. Irrigation of brackish water with less than 5 g?L1 salinity at joining stage did not reduced winter wheat yield compared with fresh water irrigation. Winter wheat yield increased by 10%30% under brackish water irrigation at joining stage compared with that under CK. It was possible to replace fresh water irrigation with brackish water irrigation during winter wheat growth. However, soil salt content in the 020 cm topsoil was more than 1 g.L-1 in brackish water irrigation treatments, which affected summer maize germination and growth during early growth stage. If irrigated with 600750 m3.hm-1 of fresh water after summer maize planting, the yield of summer maize did not reduce obviously. There was a heavy leaching of soil salt driven by precipitation in June through September. Over 300 mm rainfall during summer season could keep the soil salt balance for winter wheat and summer maize double cropping system. As over 73% of summer precipitation in Cangzhou region exceeded 300 mm, it ensured the safety of the brackish water irrigation instead of fresh water irrigation one time during winter wheat growth period.
2016, 24(8): 1059-1070.
Abstract:
Freshwater resource in the North China Lowplain is nearly been depleted due to continuous overexploitation of deep groundwater resources. This has led to a series of ecological and environmental problems, including land subsidence and soil salinization. The use of brackish water in agriculture to alleviate water crisis in the region has become the new focus of research. In order to determine the sustainability of various irrigation modes of saline water, this study used the Hydrus-1D model to simulate eight different brackish water irrigation schemes in Nanpi County. The model simulated water and salt fluxes in the 0–2 m soil layer in the winter wheat-summer maize crop rotation system for the period of 2008–2013. The simulation results of soil salinity profile distribution showed that the 100–200 cm subsoil layer was the main salt accumulation zone. The upper 0–100 cm soil layer was lower in salt solution concentration with 2 g.L-1 salt solution in most time, which generally ensured normal growth of crops. Soil profile salinity concentration peaked at late winter wheat grain-filling stage. Peak salinity increased with increasing salt concentration of irrigation water. Leaching soil salt in the study area depended mainly on rainfall intensity, especially in July when precipitation was heaviest. Proper leaching of salt after sowing corn in wet years significantly enhanced soil desalination. Based on comprehensive analysis of the effects of three tested factors (hydrological year type, dynamic distribution of soil profile salinity and soil salt migration/leaching), the paper proposed two suitable brackish water irrigation schemes in the North China Lowplain. 1) Pre-winter irrigation of brackish water with less than 2 g.L-1 salt concentration combined irrigation at jointing stage with 2–4 g.L-1 brackish water. 2) Without pre-winter irrigation, wheat was irrigated at jointing and grain-filling stage with 2 g.L-1 brackish water. The amount of freshwater used to leach soil salt at summer seedling stage and the total water consumption of the winter wheat-summer maize system under the above two irrigation schemes were 60–70 mm and 250–260 mm, respectively. This research provided the theoretical basis of water-saving potential through the use of brackish water for sustainable use of the limited water resources in the North China Lowplain.
Freshwater resource in the North China Lowplain is nearly been depleted due to continuous overexploitation of deep groundwater resources. This has led to a series of ecological and environmental problems, including land subsidence and soil salinization. The use of brackish water in agriculture to alleviate water crisis in the region has become the new focus of research. In order to determine the sustainability of various irrigation modes of saline water, this study used the Hydrus-1D model to simulate eight different brackish water irrigation schemes in Nanpi County. The model simulated water and salt fluxes in the 0–2 m soil layer in the winter wheat-summer maize crop rotation system for the period of 2008–2013. The simulation results of soil salinity profile distribution showed that the 100–200 cm subsoil layer was the main salt accumulation zone. The upper 0–100 cm soil layer was lower in salt solution concentration with 2 g.L-1 salt solution in most time, which generally ensured normal growth of crops. Soil profile salinity concentration peaked at late winter wheat grain-filling stage. Peak salinity increased with increasing salt concentration of irrigation water. Leaching soil salt in the study area depended mainly on rainfall intensity, especially in July when precipitation was heaviest. Proper leaching of salt after sowing corn in wet years significantly enhanced soil desalination. Based on comprehensive analysis of the effects of three tested factors (hydrological year type, dynamic distribution of soil profile salinity and soil salt migration/leaching), the paper proposed two suitable brackish water irrigation schemes in the North China Lowplain. 1) Pre-winter irrigation of brackish water with less than 2 g.L-1 salt concentration combined irrigation at jointing stage with 2–4 g.L-1 brackish water. 2) Without pre-winter irrigation, wheat was irrigated at jointing and grain-filling stage with 2 g.L-1 brackish water. The amount of freshwater used to leach soil salt at summer seedling stage and the total water consumption of the winter wheat-summer maize system under the above two irrigation schemes were 60–70 mm and 250–260 mm, respectively. This research provided the theoretical basis of water-saving potential through the use of brackish water for sustainable use of the limited water resources in the North China Lowplain.
2016, 24(8): 1071-1079.
Abstract:
In order to clarify the effect of pre-sowing irrigation and post-sowing soil compaction on water use, growth and yield of winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Hengshui City in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. The experiment included 4 treatments of pre-sowing irrigation of winter wheat — irrigation dates of Sep. 15 (I9.15), Sep. 20 (I9.20), Sep. 25 (I9.25) and Sep. 30 (I9.30) and no irrigation as control (CK) treatment. Each treatment consisted of 3 levels of soil compaction intensity after sowing per meter— 120 kg (G120), 95 kg (G95) and 0 kg (G0). The ‘Heng 4399’ winter wheat variety was used in the field experiment and the soil moisture content, growth and grain yield monitored during the wheat growth period. The results of the study showed that evapotranspiration of wheat before winter wheat overwinter time was positively associated with soil moisture at sowing time. There were significant differences in evapotranspiration among different soil compaction treatments under the same irrigation date. Comparison among different irrigation dates showed that early irrigation lowered soil moisture and evapotranspiration at wheat sowing stage, which was the reverse for late irrigation treatments. The minimum evapotranspiration was observed in G95 treatment under I9.30 irrigation date, while it was observed in G120 treatment under others irrigation dates. For different soil compaction treatments under the same irrigation date treatment, the order of the number of spikes was G120 > G95 > G0. Biomass accumulation, leaf area, stem number and grain yield were lowest in G0 treatment, while were higher under both G120 and G95 conditions. Stem number, spikes number and grain yield were lowest in CK treatment. Although irrigation time significantly influenced spike number, no significant interaction was noted between soil compaction and pre-sowing irrigation. The results demonstrated that the most suitable soil moisture for seed germination depended on the degree of soil compaction. Thus it was possible to use soil compaction to regulate soil moisture and invigorate seedling. The study suggested that the best period for early irrigation was from Sep. 20th to Sep. 25th. The most appropriate weight of roller was about 95 kg per meter.
In order to clarify the effect of pre-sowing irrigation and post-sowing soil compaction on water use, growth and yield of winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Hengshui City in 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. The experiment included 4 treatments of pre-sowing irrigation of winter wheat — irrigation dates of Sep. 15 (I9.15), Sep. 20 (I9.20), Sep. 25 (I9.25) and Sep. 30 (I9.30) and no irrigation as control (CK) treatment. Each treatment consisted of 3 levels of soil compaction intensity after sowing per meter— 120 kg (G120), 95 kg (G95) and 0 kg (G0). The ‘Heng 4399’ winter wheat variety was used in the field experiment and the soil moisture content, growth and grain yield monitored during the wheat growth period. The results of the study showed that evapotranspiration of wheat before winter wheat overwinter time was positively associated with soil moisture at sowing time. There were significant differences in evapotranspiration among different soil compaction treatments under the same irrigation date. Comparison among different irrigation dates showed that early irrigation lowered soil moisture and evapotranspiration at wheat sowing stage, which was the reverse for late irrigation treatments. The minimum evapotranspiration was observed in G95 treatment under I9.30 irrigation date, while it was observed in G120 treatment under others irrigation dates. For different soil compaction treatments under the same irrigation date treatment, the order of the number of spikes was G120 > G95 > G0. Biomass accumulation, leaf area, stem number and grain yield were lowest in G0 treatment, while were higher under both G120 and G95 conditions. Stem number, spikes number and grain yield were lowest in CK treatment. Although irrigation time significantly influenced spike number, no significant interaction was noted between soil compaction and pre-sowing irrigation. The results demonstrated that the most suitable soil moisture for seed germination depended on the degree of soil compaction. Thus it was possible to use soil compaction to regulate soil moisture and invigorate seedling. The study suggested that the best period for early irrigation was from Sep. 20th to Sep. 25th. The most appropriate weight of roller was about 95 kg per meter.
2016, 24(8): 1080-1087.
Abstract:
Winter wheat is a high water consumption crop. As the main production area of winter wheat, Hebei Province also is one of the most serious water scarcity provinces in China. With further restriction of groundwater exploitation, it becomes more important to explore efficient water use technologies in the agricultural production. Surface irrigation is an old method which is being widely adopted in China. In Hebei Plain, most of the fields were irrigated using the ground furrow method. Border length in the furrow irrigation was about 10 m while border width was 5–6 m and there was water furrow about 5–6 m width. Under this irrigation system, the total area of water channel was 5%–10% of field area. By surface irrigation, there has been a significant difference in soil water content in different sections of a border. At the headwater of the border, there were water and fertilizer leakages, while at the border trail, the water and fertilizer were deficiency. It was important to study proper border length under restricted groundwater exploitation and water-saving agriculture. However, the effect of irrigated field border length on grain yield and water use characteristics of winter wheat was less reported up to now. In this study, winter wheat cultivar ‘Kenong2011’ was used in five border lengths [4 m, 5 m, 10 m (conventional length), 50 m and 100 m] to determine the effect of border length on water use characteristics in 20142015 growing season in Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. All the treatments had the same border width of 5 m and were irrigated at jointing and grain-filling stages. Water was supplied by a jet pump, directed to headwater of the border through plastic pipes. A water meter was used to measure the amount of water applied and a stopwatch used to measure required irrigation time. Water consumption potential, required irrigation time, irrigation requirement, soil water contents in different border sections, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat were analyzed under different border lengths conditions. The results showed that the irrigation amount, water consumption, proportion of irrigation amount to total water consumption and grain yield all increased with increasing border length from 4 m to 100 m. The differences in grain yield among different treatments were not significant. With increasing border length, soil water consumption, water use efficiency at grain yield level and irrigation water use efficiency decreased significantly. Compared with farm border length of 10 m, irrigation amount and total water consumption in border length of 4 m reduced by 34.50% and 1.61%, respectively. Soil water consumption of border length of 4 m increased 58.92 mm. Water use efficiency at grain yield level and irrigation water use efficiency at border length of 4 m increased by 1.15% and 51.96%, respectively. Required irrigation time at border length of 4 m decreased by 42.75%. On the other hand, between border lengths of 10 m and 100 m there was no significant difference in grain yield. Irrigation amount and total water consumption in border length of 100 m increased by 38.08% and 9.58%, respectively, over those of border length of 10 m. Water use efficiency at grain yield level and irrigation water use efficiency in border length of 100 m decreased by 9.88% and 26.20%, respectively, while the required irrigation time increased by 65.61%. Based on grain yield, irrigation amount, water use efficiency at yield level and irrigation water use efficiency, border length of 4 m was recommended as the best field border length for water-saving and high-yield agriculture in the study.
Winter wheat is a high water consumption crop. As the main production area of winter wheat, Hebei Province also is one of the most serious water scarcity provinces in China. With further restriction of groundwater exploitation, it becomes more important to explore efficient water use technologies in the agricultural production. Surface irrigation is an old method which is being widely adopted in China. In Hebei Plain, most of the fields were irrigated using the ground furrow method. Border length in the furrow irrigation was about 10 m while border width was 5–6 m and there was water furrow about 5–6 m width. Under this irrigation system, the total area of water channel was 5%–10% of field area. By surface irrigation, there has been a significant difference in soil water content in different sections of a border. At the headwater of the border, there were water and fertilizer leakages, while at the border trail, the water and fertilizer were deficiency. It was important to study proper border length under restricted groundwater exploitation and water-saving agriculture. However, the effect of irrigated field border length on grain yield and water use characteristics of winter wheat was less reported up to now. In this study, winter wheat cultivar ‘Kenong2011’ was used in five border lengths [4 m, 5 m, 10 m (conventional length), 50 m and 100 m] to determine the effect of border length on water use characteristics in 20142015 growing season in Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. All the treatments had the same border width of 5 m and were irrigated at jointing and grain-filling stages. Water was supplied by a jet pump, directed to headwater of the border through plastic pipes. A water meter was used to measure the amount of water applied and a stopwatch used to measure required irrigation time. Water consumption potential, required irrigation time, irrigation requirement, soil water contents in different border sections, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat were analyzed under different border lengths conditions. The results showed that the irrigation amount, water consumption, proportion of irrigation amount to total water consumption and grain yield all increased with increasing border length from 4 m to 100 m. The differences in grain yield among different treatments were not significant. With increasing border length, soil water consumption, water use efficiency at grain yield level and irrigation water use efficiency decreased significantly. Compared with farm border length of 10 m, irrigation amount and total water consumption in border length of 4 m reduced by 34.50% and 1.61%, respectively. Soil water consumption of border length of 4 m increased 58.92 mm. Water use efficiency at grain yield level and irrigation water use efficiency at border length of 4 m increased by 1.15% and 51.96%, respectively. Required irrigation time at border length of 4 m decreased by 42.75%. On the other hand, between border lengths of 10 m and 100 m there was no significant difference in grain yield. Irrigation amount and total water consumption in border length of 100 m increased by 38.08% and 9.58%, respectively, over those of border length of 10 m. Water use efficiency at grain yield level and irrigation water use efficiency in border length of 100 m decreased by 9.88% and 26.20%, respectively, while the required irrigation time increased by 65.61%. Based on grain yield, irrigation amount, water use efficiency at yield level and irrigation water use efficiency, border length of 4 m was recommended as the best field border length for water-saving and high-yield agriculture in the study.
2016, 24(8): 1088-1094.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to clarify soil water, soil salinity, soil thermal characteristics and yield of winter wheat in Hebei Lowland Plain under total soil-plastic mulching with soil covering and bunch planting. The study was carried out at Nanpi Eco-agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014–2015. Two treatments included the treatment of plastic film mulching the entire soil surface with bunch planting (PM) and the treatment of rotary tillage with traditional seed planting as the control (CK). Soil moisture content, soil salinity, soil temperature and heat flux was monitored from winter wheat seedling emergency to harvest. Winter wheat yield plus yield components were analyzed too. The results showed that PM improved soil moisture in the topsoil during wintering and re-greening stages. Although soil water content was higher by 16.4% under PM treatment than the CK treatment (P < 0.05), plastic mulching restricted precipitation water supply by up to 10% after re-greening. PM improved soil temperature of the 10 cm deep soil, with average soil temperature increment of 3.8% for the entire growing season (P > 0.05). Also PM reduced diurnal range of soil temperature by 0.5 ℃, compared with CK. PM favored the absorption and storage of heat energy, with 14.8 Wm2 more soil heat flux in PM than in CK during the whole growth period. The mean daily soil heat flux under PM increased by several folds over that under CK during daytime, which showed that PM increased downward flow of heat energy. The changes in temperature and heat flux showed that the total plastic mulching enhanced soil ability to resist ambient temperature changes. Electrical conductivity in the topsoil was significantly (P < 0.05) lower by 24.2% under PM than under CK during the whole growing season. It showed that PM generally restrained salt accumulation at surface soil. PM increased kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight of winter wheat compared with CK. The yield of winter wheat increased by 10.4% under PM compared with that of CK (P > 0.05). This study provided theoretical and technical support for the application of total plastic mulching in winter wheat fields in coastal plains of Bohai Sea.
The objective of this study was to clarify soil water, soil salinity, soil thermal characteristics and yield of winter wheat in Hebei Lowland Plain under total soil-plastic mulching with soil covering and bunch planting. The study was carried out at Nanpi Eco-agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2014–2015. Two treatments included the treatment of plastic film mulching the entire soil surface with bunch planting (PM) and the treatment of rotary tillage with traditional seed planting as the control (CK). Soil moisture content, soil salinity, soil temperature and heat flux was monitored from winter wheat seedling emergency to harvest. Winter wheat yield plus yield components were analyzed too. The results showed that PM improved soil moisture in the topsoil during wintering and re-greening stages. Although soil water content was higher by 16.4% under PM treatment than the CK treatment (P < 0.05), plastic mulching restricted precipitation water supply by up to 10% after re-greening. PM improved soil temperature of the 10 cm deep soil, with average soil temperature increment of 3.8% for the entire growing season (P > 0.05). Also PM reduced diurnal range of soil temperature by 0.5 ℃, compared with CK. PM favored the absorption and storage of heat energy, with 14.8 Wm2 more soil heat flux in PM than in CK during the whole growth period. The mean daily soil heat flux under PM increased by several folds over that under CK during daytime, which showed that PM increased downward flow of heat energy. The changes in temperature and heat flux showed that the total plastic mulching enhanced soil ability to resist ambient temperature changes. Electrical conductivity in the topsoil was significantly (P < 0.05) lower by 24.2% under PM than under CK during the whole growing season. It showed that PM generally restrained salt accumulation at surface soil. PM increased kernels per spike and 1000-kernel weight of winter wheat compared with CK. The yield of winter wheat increased by 10.4% under PM compared with that of CK (P > 0.05). This study provided theoretical and technical support for the application of total plastic mulching in winter wheat fields in coastal plains of Bohai Sea.
2016, 24(8): 1095-1102.
Abstract:
Using drought resistant and high-yielding crop varieties is critical for high and stable crop productivity under rainfed farming condition. In this study, an experiment was conducted at Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (116°40′E, 38°00′N) in 2014–2015 to investigate the performance of ‘Xiaoyan 60’ wheat cultivar under the rainfed condition. The objective of the study was to test the adaptability of ‘Xiaoyan 60’ wheat cultivar to late sowing and yield loss compensation by increased seeding rate. Treatments included two factors, sowing date and seeding density. Six sowing dates were set, which were from the 15th of October to the 14th of November with six days interval, and denoted as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Then there were two treatments of seeding densities — constant seeding rate (B1) and increased seeding rates with delayed sowing date (B2). In B1, sowing density was 300 kg·hm-2 for all sowing dates, whereas in B2, it started at 300 kg·hm-2 and progressively increased at 7.5 kg·hm-2·day1 with delayed sowing date. Thus the sowing densities at sowing dates in B2 treatments were 300 kg·hm-2 for T1, 345 kg·hm-2 for T2, 390 kg·hm-2 for T3, 435 kg·hm-2 for T4, 480 kg·hm-2 for T5 and 525 kg·hm-2 for T6. The population properties, growth, yield and water use characteristics were investigated under different treatments. The results showed that the plant population traits, yield and water use efficiency varied with sowing date and seeding density. The growth period shortened with delayed sowing date, the duration for all the growth stages was also shortened. In contrast, seeding rate had no effect on growth period, but positively influenced the number of seedlings, number of spikes and dry biomass amount. Also plant height was not affected by seeding density. Delayed sowing gradually decreased the rate of seedling emergence, number of spikes per plant, plant height and dry biomass. Similarly, grain yield decreased with delayed sowing. However, the grain yield reached 6 600 kg·hm-2 level through increase seeding density to compensate for delayed sowing. There was no significant difference among the first four sowing dates (from T1 to T4) for grain-yield-based water use efficiency, which was above 29 kg·hm-2·mm-1. Because ‘Xiaoyan 60’ wheat cultivar was strongly adaptable to late sowing, it was recommended for cultivation under the rainfed farming conditions. Yield loss due to delayed sowing was compensated for by increasing seeding rate, which ensured optimum plant population. The correlation between seeding density (y) and delayed days (x) of sowing could be decribed by the regression equation y = 0.368 2x2 + 1.193 9x+316.7 (R2 = 0.98).
Using drought resistant and high-yielding crop varieties is critical for high and stable crop productivity under rainfed farming condition. In this study, an experiment was conducted at Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences (116°40′E, 38°00′N) in 2014–2015 to investigate the performance of ‘Xiaoyan 60’ wheat cultivar under the rainfed condition. The objective of the study was to test the adaptability of ‘Xiaoyan 60’ wheat cultivar to late sowing and yield loss compensation by increased seeding rate. Treatments included two factors, sowing date and seeding density. Six sowing dates were set, which were from the 15th of October to the 14th of November with six days interval, and denoted as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Then there were two treatments of seeding densities — constant seeding rate (B1) and increased seeding rates with delayed sowing date (B2). In B1, sowing density was 300 kg·hm-2 for all sowing dates, whereas in B2, it started at 300 kg·hm-2 and progressively increased at 7.5 kg·hm-2·day1 with delayed sowing date. Thus the sowing densities at sowing dates in B2 treatments were 300 kg·hm-2 for T1, 345 kg·hm-2 for T2, 390 kg·hm-2 for T3, 435 kg·hm-2 for T4, 480 kg·hm-2 for T5 and 525 kg·hm-2 for T6. The population properties, growth, yield and water use characteristics were investigated under different treatments. The results showed that the plant population traits, yield and water use efficiency varied with sowing date and seeding density. The growth period shortened with delayed sowing date, the duration for all the growth stages was also shortened. In contrast, seeding rate had no effect on growth period, but positively influenced the number of seedlings, number of spikes and dry biomass amount. Also plant height was not affected by seeding density. Delayed sowing gradually decreased the rate of seedling emergence, number of spikes per plant, plant height and dry biomass. Similarly, grain yield decreased with delayed sowing. However, the grain yield reached 6 600 kg·hm-2 level through increase seeding density to compensate for delayed sowing. There was no significant difference among the first four sowing dates (from T1 to T4) for grain-yield-based water use efficiency, which was above 29 kg·hm-2·mm-1. Because ‘Xiaoyan 60’ wheat cultivar was strongly adaptable to late sowing, it was recommended for cultivation under the rainfed farming conditions. Yield loss due to delayed sowing was compensated for by increasing seeding rate, which ensured optimum plant population. The correlation between seeding density (y) and delayed days (x) of sowing could be decribed by the regression equation y = 0.368 2x2 + 1.193 9x+316.7 (R2 = 0.98).
2016, 24(8): 1103-1113.
Abstract:
In order to relieve damages caused by frequent high temperatures at grain-filling stage to grain filling and yield decreasing of wheat in the North China Plain, a study was conducted in 20132014 and 20142015 growing seasons. A split block design was used with 4 different high temperature stress treatments (A1, A2, A3 and A4) produced by plastic sheet covering and no covering (A5) as control. Treatments A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 were covered with plastic sheets at 12–25 d, 12–16 d, 15–20 d, 20–25 d after anthesis in 20132014 and 8–21 d, 8–12 d, 14–20 d, 16–21 d after anthesis in 20142015, respectively. Three foliar sprays [0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (B1), 0.05% zinc sulfate (B2), water (B3)] were applied at booting and early milking stages as the sub-treatments with no spray as the control (B4). The impacts of high temperature stress and the relieving effect of foliar spray on grain-filling during grain-filling stage were quantified via model simulation. The results showed that high temperature stress reduced grain weight, grain number per spike and grain yield of wheat. For yield losses under different temperature stress treatments, A1, A2, A3 and A4 were 15.34%, 13.11%, 14.93% and 12.64% in 20132014, and 9.41%, 3.89%, 4.93% and 2.04% in 20142015, respectively, compared with control. Yield of A1 was lowest among all the treatments and the difference between A1 and A5 (CK) was significant at P < 0.01. No significant differences existed among A2, A3, A4 and A5 in terms of yield. For 1000-grain weight, A1, A2, A3 and A4 respectively decreased by 1.96 g, 3.41 g, 1.71 g and 1.28 g in 20132014, and respectively by 4.27 g, 0.84 g, 1.23 g and 2.19 g in 20142015 compared with CK. Furthermore, grain numbers per spike decreased respectively by 5.45, 1.45, 0.87 and 0.71 in 20132014, and by 1.95, 2.30, 3.00 and 1.73 in 20142015. The established grain-filling process models showed that high temperature stress advanced the first inflection points by 0.48 d, 0.75 d, 0.46 d and 0.29 d and the second inflection points by 0.92 d, 1.42 d, 0.61 d and 0.22 d, respectively, compared with the control, which shortened the duration of wheat grain filling. The average grain-filling rate also decreased which resulted in lower 1000-grain weight. The application of sprays delayed the first and the second inflection points and prolonged grain-filling, which increased grain weight and yield. B1, B2 and B3 increased grains per spike by 2.30, 1.21 and 1.04 in 20132014, and by 2.01, 2.75 and 0.95 in 20142015, respectively, over B4. The 1000-grain weights of B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.10 g, 1.42 g and 0.89 g greater than B4. Based on the grain-filling process models, the times to maximum grain-filling rates delayed respectively by 0.73 d, 0.69 d and 0.61 d, and the average filling rate increased by 0.04 mg·grain-1·d-1, 0.03 mg·grain-1·d-1 and 0.01 mg·grain1·d1 over B4. Therefore, longer filling stage, higher grain weight and higher grain numbers per spike were main mechanisms of yield increase due to foliar spray treatments. Foliar spray mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain-filling. Yield promotion effects of B1 and B2 were better under high temperature than under normal temperature, and B1 had the best effect among all foliar spray treatments.
In order to relieve damages caused by frequent high temperatures at grain-filling stage to grain filling and yield decreasing of wheat in the North China Plain, a study was conducted in 20132014 and 20142015 growing seasons. A split block design was used with 4 different high temperature stress treatments (A1, A2, A3 and A4) produced by plastic sheet covering and no covering (A5) as control. Treatments A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 were covered with plastic sheets at 12–25 d, 12–16 d, 15–20 d, 20–25 d after anthesis in 20132014 and 8–21 d, 8–12 d, 14–20 d, 16–21 d after anthesis in 20142015, respectively. Three foliar sprays [0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (B1), 0.05% zinc sulfate (B2), water (B3)] were applied at booting and early milking stages as the sub-treatments with no spray as the control (B4). The impacts of high temperature stress and the relieving effect of foliar spray on grain-filling during grain-filling stage were quantified via model simulation. The results showed that high temperature stress reduced grain weight, grain number per spike and grain yield of wheat. For yield losses under different temperature stress treatments, A1, A2, A3 and A4 were 15.34%, 13.11%, 14.93% and 12.64% in 20132014, and 9.41%, 3.89%, 4.93% and 2.04% in 20142015, respectively, compared with control. Yield of A1 was lowest among all the treatments and the difference between A1 and A5 (CK) was significant at P < 0.01. No significant differences existed among A2, A3, A4 and A5 in terms of yield. For 1000-grain weight, A1, A2, A3 and A4 respectively decreased by 1.96 g, 3.41 g, 1.71 g and 1.28 g in 20132014, and respectively by 4.27 g, 0.84 g, 1.23 g and 2.19 g in 20142015 compared with CK. Furthermore, grain numbers per spike decreased respectively by 5.45, 1.45, 0.87 and 0.71 in 20132014, and by 1.95, 2.30, 3.00 and 1.73 in 20142015. The established grain-filling process models showed that high temperature stress advanced the first inflection points by 0.48 d, 0.75 d, 0.46 d and 0.29 d and the second inflection points by 0.92 d, 1.42 d, 0.61 d and 0.22 d, respectively, compared with the control, which shortened the duration of wheat grain filling. The average grain-filling rate also decreased which resulted in lower 1000-grain weight. The application of sprays delayed the first and the second inflection points and prolonged grain-filling, which increased grain weight and yield. B1, B2 and B3 increased grains per spike by 2.30, 1.21 and 1.04 in 20132014, and by 2.01, 2.75 and 0.95 in 20142015, respectively, over B4. The 1000-grain weights of B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.10 g, 1.42 g and 0.89 g greater than B4. Based on the grain-filling process models, the times to maximum grain-filling rates delayed respectively by 0.73 d, 0.69 d and 0.61 d, and the average filling rate increased by 0.04 mg·grain-1·d-1, 0.03 mg·grain-1·d-1 and 0.01 mg·grain1·d1 over B4. Therefore, longer filling stage, higher grain weight and higher grain numbers per spike were main mechanisms of yield increase due to foliar spray treatments. Foliar spray mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain-filling. Yield promotion effects of B1 and B2 were better under high temperature than under normal temperature, and B1 had the best effect among all foliar spray treatments.
2016, 24(8): 1114-1122.
Abstract:
Medium and low-yield fields in the low plains of East Hebei Province are critical for “Bohai Granary” project for increasing grain yields at national level. Winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system is the main planting pattern for agricultural production in the area. The growth of winter wheat and summer maize is seriously restricted by water deficit, soil fertility and climate fluctuations, which results in the decreasing of grain yield. Summer maize growth season is accompanied by sufficient rain and heat, while winter wheat season is deficit in both rain and heat. There is a high potential to increase grain yield by selecting suitable cultivars, reasonable date of sowing matching with harvesting, optimization of planting, cultivation and management modes and technologies. The main aim of this research was to exploit increasing measures of winter wheat and summer maize grain yields with enhanced potential and use efficiency of resources such as water and fertilizer (by underground roots) and light and heat (by over-ground canopy). A total of eight field experiments were designed in the research, which included winter wheat seeding date, winter wheat cultivar, summer maize seeding date, summer maize harvesting date, summer maize planting pattern adjustment, deep scarification of summer maize planting, potassium fertilizer dose for summer maize, and phosphorus and organic fertilizer doses for winter wheat. The results showed that postponement of sowing date and increased seeding rate of winter wheat did not change grain yield. Early maturity winter wheat cultivar reduced the effect of dry hot wind which in turn stabilized grain yield and quality. Early seeding of summer maize by 10 days increased grain yield by 17.2%, while late harvesting by 8 days increased grain weight by 19.5%. Adjustment of summer maize planting patters improved canopy structure and enhanced the use efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation. Row spacing of 40 cm wiht 80 cm and the same of row and plant spacing of 38 cm were superior to other planting patterns, which increased grain yield by more than 15%. Planting summer maize with deep scarification increased grain yield by 31.3% and improved the next winter wheat grain yield by 5.6%. However, these effects were not observed in successive deep scarification in the following years. Summer maize with increased potassium fertilizer improved grain yield by 2.6%, winter wheat with phosphorus fertilizer improved grain yield by 7.4%, and winter wheat with organic fertilizer improved grain yield by 6.8% compared with that of control. However, when phosphorus and organic fertilizers were used simultaneously, winter wheat grain yield increased by 8.8%, without obvious superposition effect of fertilizers. The steady increase in grain yield was due the selection of suitable cultivars which matched with the sowing periods and other management practices, planting patterns, planting technologies, fertilization schemes, tillage patterns, etc. The planting mode which stabilized winter wheat grain yield and increased the potentials of summer maize grain yield was most suitable in the study area. This mode made the fullest use of local climate factors such as precipitation, sunlight and soil heat.
Medium and low-yield fields in the low plains of East Hebei Province are critical for “Bohai Granary” project for increasing grain yields at national level. Winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system is the main planting pattern for agricultural production in the area. The growth of winter wheat and summer maize is seriously restricted by water deficit, soil fertility and climate fluctuations, which results in the decreasing of grain yield. Summer maize growth season is accompanied by sufficient rain and heat, while winter wheat season is deficit in both rain and heat. There is a high potential to increase grain yield by selecting suitable cultivars, reasonable date of sowing matching with harvesting, optimization of planting, cultivation and management modes and technologies. The main aim of this research was to exploit increasing measures of winter wheat and summer maize grain yields with enhanced potential and use efficiency of resources such as water and fertilizer (by underground roots) and light and heat (by over-ground canopy). A total of eight field experiments were designed in the research, which included winter wheat seeding date, winter wheat cultivar, summer maize seeding date, summer maize harvesting date, summer maize planting pattern adjustment, deep scarification of summer maize planting, potassium fertilizer dose for summer maize, and phosphorus and organic fertilizer doses for winter wheat. The results showed that postponement of sowing date and increased seeding rate of winter wheat did not change grain yield. Early maturity winter wheat cultivar reduced the effect of dry hot wind which in turn stabilized grain yield and quality. Early seeding of summer maize by 10 days increased grain yield by 17.2%, while late harvesting by 8 days increased grain weight by 19.5%. Adjustment of summer maize planting patters improved canopy structure and enhanced the use efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation. Row spacing of 40 cm wiht 80 cm and the same of row and plant spacing of 38 cm were superior to other planting patterns, which increased grain yield by more than 15%. Planting summer maize with deep scarification increased grain yield by 31.3% and improved the next winter wheat grain yield by 5.6%. However, these effects were not observed in successive deep scarification in the following years. Summer maize with increased potassium fertilizer improved grain yield by 2.6%, winter wheat with phosphorus fertilizer improved grain yield by 7.4%, and winter wheat with organic fertilizer improved grain yield by 6.8% compared with that of control. However, when phosphorus and organic fertilizers were used simultaneously, winter wheat grain yield increased by 8.8%, without obvious superposition effect of fertilizers. The steady increase in grain yield was due the selection of suitable cultivars which matched with the sowing periods and other management practices, planting patterns, planting technologies, fertilization schemes, tillage patterns, etc. The planting mode which stabilized winter wheat grain yield and increased the potentials of summer maize grain yield was most suitable in the study area. This mode made the fullest use of local climate factors such as precipitation, sunlight and soil heat.
Production state and yield potential of wheat and maize in low-medium yield farmlands in Hebei Plain
2016, 24(8): 1123-1134.
Abstract:
As arable lands are highly limited and intensively exploited in China, it has become important to increase crop yield in low-to-medium yield farmlands in order to improve grain output. Forecasting crop yield few months before harvest using remote sensing technique has often been used in most crop yield estimation. In view of the above research condition, the potential productivities of main crops were estimated in low-to-medium yield farmlands in the Lowland Plains of Hebei, where is the area of scientific and technological demonstration of the Bohai Granary project. Using MODIS/NDVI remote sensing data (with 250 m resolution) and crop statistical data from 2000 to 2013 of different regions of the area, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the production areas of winter wheat and summer maize were estimated. A crop yield model was fitted using the least squares theory based on yield statistical data, accumulative annual NDVI and accumulative maxium NDVI for the period of 14 years. The crop yield estimation model used to estimate the potential yields of wheat and maize was a quadratic function. The results showed that: 1) the productivity of winter wheat was higher in Handan and Hengshui regions and lower in other regions of the study area. Even under improved production practices, productivity in the latter regions was always less than in the former regions. The productivity of maize was high in most of the study area even where potential productivity was difficult to attain. 2) The highest yield potential for both winter wheat and maize was in Handan region. The yield gap (the difference between potential yield and actual yield) for winter wheat was generally less than 10%, with an average of 356 kghm-2 (5.87%). Then the yield gap for maize was generally more than 10%, with an average of 798 kghm-2 (12.33%). Yield gaps were different for different regions in the study area. The ranked order for winter wheat in terms of yield gap by region was Langfang > Baoding > Cangzhou > Handan > Xingtai > Hengshui. Then that for maize was Xingtai > Handan > Baoding > Cangzhou > Hengshui > Langfang. 3) Based on the 14-year maximum accumulative NDVI, the maximum production gap (the difference of potential productivity and actual productivity) for both wheat and maize occurred in Cangzhou. In the low-to-medium yield farmlands in the Lowland Plains of Hebei, yield-increasing potential was 3.90 × 108 kg for winter wheat and 9.62 × 108 kg for maize. The total yield-increasing potential of both wheat and maize (13.52 × 108 kg) was approximately 1/5 of the theoretical production gap of the two crops. In general, yield gap and production gap were both lower for winter wheat than for summer maize. Thus maize was the most important crop in terms of increasing future grain production in the study area. The method used in this study was applicable to various other crops at different scales, whose results were useful for decision-making and management policies.
As arable lands are highly limited and intensively exploited in China, it has become important to increase crop yield in low-to-medium yield farmlands in order to improve grain output. Forecasting crop yield few months before harvest using remote sensing technique has often been used in most crop yield estimation. In view of the above research condition, the potential productivities of main crops were estimated in low-to-medium yield farmlands in the Lowland Plains of Hebei, where is the area of scientific and technological demonstration of the Bohai Granary project. Using MODIS/NDVI remote sensing data (with 250 m resolution) and crop statistical data from 2000 to 2013 of different regions of the area, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the production areas of winter wheat and summer maize were estimated. A crop yield model was fitted using the least squares theory based on yield statistical data, accumulative annual NDVI and accumulative maxium NDVI for the period of 14 years. The crop yield estimation model used to estimate the potential yields of wheat and maize was a quadratic function. The results showed that: 1) the productivity of winter wheat was higher in Handan and Hengshui regions and lower in other regions of the study area. Even under improved production practices, productivity in the latter regions was always less than in the former regions. The productivity of maize was high in most of the study area even where potential productivity was difficult to attain. 2) The highest yield potential for both winter wheat and maize was in Handan region. The yield gap (the difference between potential yield and actual yield) for winter wheat was generally less than 10%, with an average of 356 kghm-2 (5.87%). Then the yield gap for maize was generally more than 10%, with an average of 798 kghm-2 (12.33%). Yield gaps were different for different regions in the study area. The ranked order for winter wheat in terms of yield gap by region was Langfang > Baoding > Cangzhou > Handan > Xingtai > Hengshui. Then that for maize was Xingtai > Handan > Baoding > Cangzhou > Hengshui > Langfang. 3) Based on the 14-year maximum accumulative NDVI, the maximum production gap (the difference of potential productivity and actual productivity) for both wheat and maize occurred in Cangzhou. In the low-to-medium yield farmlands in the Lowland Plains of Hebei, yield-increasing potential was 3.90 × 108 kg for winter wheat and 9.62 × 108 kg for maize. The total yield-increasing potential of both wheat and maize (13.52 × 108 kg) was approximately 1/5 of the theoretical production gap of the two crops. In general, yield gap and production gap were both lower for winter wheat than for summer maize. Thus maize was the most important crop in terms of increasing future grain production in the study area. The method used in this study was applicable to various other crops at different scales, whose results were useful for decision-making and management policies.
2016, 24(8): 1135-1144.
Abstract:
The great grain yield potential of the lowland area of North China Plain have been compromised by regional contradiction between water resources and agricultural production. The combined use of brackish shallow groundwater and diversion water is an effective way to address the regional water issue, which will certainly change the regional water cycle and environment. This study took different seasonal investigations in Nov. 2014, Mar. and Jun. in 2015 after water diversion in Nanpi County, which is located in the lowland area of North China Plain. The effects of water diversion on hydro-chemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater were determined using hydro-geochemical analysis and stable isotopes. The results showed that evaporation increased electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and enrichment of 2H and 18O isotopes in surface water. Soil sorption and exchange increased Na+, Cl- and SO4-2, but decreased HCO3 in surface water, thereby increasing the water salinity in the region. Water diversion changed the interaction between surface water and groundwater. From November to March of the following year, diversion water recharged shallow groundwater near water division channels through directly percolation or irrigation. This decreased EC and depth of shallow groundwater at certain sampling points distributed along the diversion channel. In March 2015, the shallow groundwater types were Na·Mg·Ca-Cl·SO4, Na·Mg-Cl·SO4·HCO3 and Na·Mg-SO4·Cl·HCO3, which was as a result of mixing of diversion water (Na·Mg·Ca-SO4·HCO3·Cl) with shallow groundwater (Na·Mg-Cl·SO4) in November 2014. Shallow groundwater recharged channel water in March to July, which decreased groundwater depth. The shallow groundwater type in March was similar to that in July. Water diversion seasonally improved the quality of channel water and shallow groundwater in the vicinity. However, water diversion had no effect on deep groundwater and pool water quality. Water division improved channel water quality immediately after division. However, there was a time lag between diversion operation and shallow groundwater quality improvement. The quality of shallow groundwater improved in March 2015 due to water division in November 2014. Therefore, the combined use of shallow groundwater, division water and pool water for irrigation was critical for the rational development and utilization of both brackish water and freshwater resources, reduction of groundwater exploitation and recovery of deep groundwater level in the study area.
The great grain yield potential of the lowland area of North China Plain have been compromised by regional contradiction between water resources and agricultural production. The combined use of brackish shallow groundwater and diversion water is an effective way to address the regional water issue, which will certainly change the regional water cycle and environment. This study took different seasonal investigations in Nov. 2014, Mar. and Jun. in 2015 after water diversion in Nanpi County, which is located in the lowland area of North China Plain. The effects of water diversion on hydro-chemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater were determined using hydro-geochemical analysis and stable isotopes. The results showed that evaporation increased electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and enrichment of 2H and 18O isotopes in surface water. Soil sorption and exchange increased Na+, Cl- and SO4-2, but decreased HCO3 in surface water, thereby increasing the water salinity in the region. Water diversion changed the interaction between surface water and groundwater. From November to March of the following year, diversion water recharged shallow groundwater near water division channels through directly percolation or irrigation. This decreased EC and depth of shallow groundwater at certain sampling points distributed along the diversion channel. In March 2015, the shallow groundwater types were Na·Mg·Ca-Cl·SO4, Na·Mg-Cl·SO4·HCO3 and Na·Mg-SO4·Cl·HCO3, which was as a result of mixing of diversion water (Na·Mg·Ca-SO4·HCO3·Cl) with shallow groundwater (Na·Mg-Cl·SO4) in November 2014. Shallow groundwater recharged channel water in March to July, which decreased groundwater depth. The shallow groundwater type in March was similar to that in July. Water diversion seasonally improved the quality of channel water and shallow groundwater in the vicinity. However, water diversion had no effect on deep groundwater and pool water quality. Water division improved channel water quality immediately after division. However, there was a time lag between diversion operation and shallow groundwater quality improvement. The quality of shallow groundwater improved in March 2015 due to water division in November 2014. Therefore, the combined use of shallow groundwater, division water and pool water for irrigation was critical for the rational development and utilization of both brackish water and freshwater resources, reduction of groundwater exploitation and recovery of deep groundwater level in the study area.
2016, 24(8): 1145-1150.
Abstract:
National agricultural science and technology parks have developed rapidly since the start of construction in 2001. Many national agricultural science and technology parks have been the innovation base of regional agricultural science and technology demonstration of new crop varieties and technologies and the transformation base of scientific achievement in over 10 years of development. The development of national agricultural science and technology parks have significantly contributed to yield improvement, improvement of agricultural resources use efficiency and increase of farmer inputs. However, different national agricultural science and technology parks have various development modes because of differences in construction backgrounds, basic conditions, development direction, etc., all of which have specific development mode problems. This paper analyzed different development modes of national agricultural science and technology parks and summarized the related problems on the basis of lessons learned from previous achievements based on field investigation, literature review and comprehensive analysis. The Cangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park in Hebei Province is one of the six batch parks approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. This park was developed to help implement the “Bohai Granary” project and it mainly focused on grain yield improvement, high agricultural resources use efficiency and industrial development of food in medium and low grain yield regions nearby Bohai Sea. The paper also discussed the development mode of the Cangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park in terms of its overall planning, construction background, planning idea, construction goal, functional localization and industrial development. The development of the Cangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park was based on the mode of organizational development, technological operation and spatial distribution. Also the development of the park was guided by the government in terms of the main body of organizational enterprise development, triple-technology operation, core demonstration and radiation zones, and triple-tier spatial distribution. The mode of organizational development was guided by the local government. The local government mainly organized park committees, passed policies, and undertook planning, construction and operation. The enterprise and farmers took part in the management of the park. The mode of technologic operation was mainly by spreading technologies from the park to farmers using technological stations, basic stations and special science commissioners. The mode of spatial distribution developed three areas, including the core area (mainly located at the “Bohai Granary” experimental area in Nanpi County), demonstration area (mainly distributed in Cangzhou City) and radiation area (mainly including Hebei Province, Shandong Province, Tianjin City and Liaoning Province around the Bohai region). The core area comprised of two parks, three areas, two networks and one route. The functional subarea consisted of science and technology innovation park, industrial agglomeration park, improved variety breeding area, high yield and efficiency area, animal eco-farming area, water resources control network, large agricultural data network, and eco-tourism and cultural route.
National agricultural science and technology parks have developed rapidly since the start of construction in 2001. Many national agricultural science and technology parks have been the innovation base of regional agricultural science and technology demonstration of new crop varieties and technologies and the transformation base of scientific achievement in over 10 years of development. The development of national agricultural science and technology parks have significantly contributed to yield improvement, improvement of agricultural resources use efficiency and increase of farmer inputs. However, different national agricultural science and technology parks have various development modes because of differences in construction backgrounds, basic conditions, development direction, etc., all of which have specific development mode problems. This paper analyzed different development modes of national agricultural science and technology parks and summarized the related problems on the basis of lessons learned from previous achievements based on field investigation, literature review and comprehensive analysis. The Cangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park in Hebei Province is one of the six batch parks approved by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. This park was developed to help implement the “Bohai Granary” project and it mainly focused on grain yield improvement, high agricultural resources use efficiency and industrial development of food in medium and low grain yield regions nearby Bohai Sea. The paper also discussed the development mode of the Cangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park in terms of its overall planning, construction background, planning idea, construction goal, functional localization and industrial development. The development of the Cangzhou National Agricultural Science and Technology Park was based on the mode of organizational development, technological operation and spatial distribution. Also the development of the park was guided by the government in terms of the main body of organizational enterprise development, triple-technology operation, core demonstration and radiation zones, and triple-tier spatial distribution. The mode of organizational development was guided by the local government. The local government mainly organized park committees, passed policies, and undertook planning, construction and operation. The enterprise and farmers took part in the management of the park. The mode of technologic operation was mainly by spreading technologies from the park to farmers using technological stations, basic stations and special science commissioners. The mode of spatial distribution developed three areas, including the core area (mainly located at the “Bohai Granary” experimental area in Nanpi County), demonstration area (mainly distributed in Cangzhou City) and radiation area (mainly including Hebei Province, Shandong Province, Tianjin City and Liaoning Province around the Bohai region). The core area comprised of two parks, three areas, two networks and one route. The functional subarea consisted of science and technology innovation park, industrial agglomeration park, improved variety breeding area, high yield and efficiency area, animal eco-farming area, water resources control network, large agricultural data network, and eco-tourism and cultural route.
Editor-in-chief：LIU Changming
Competent Authorities：Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsored by：Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; China Ecological Economics Society
Organizer：Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
ISSN 2096-6237
CN 13-1432/S
- Chinese core periodicals
- Core Chinese Sci-Tech Periodicals
- China's Top Science and Technology Periodicals
- Covered by Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD)
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