中国生态农业学报(中英文)

Analysis of eco-agriculture construction based on rural revitalization in China

GAO Shangbin, XU Zhiyu, JIN Tuo, WEI Lili, JU Xuehai, XI Bin, XUE Yinghao

2019, 27(2): 163-168. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.181009

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Abstract:
We analyzed the necessity of developing eco-agriculture in China based on rural revitalization strategy, rethought the progress of eco-agriculture and analyzed the pressures on the resources and environment and the imbalance between supply and demand in the course of agricultural development. The aim of the study was to provide reference for development of eco-agriculture in China. It was pointed out that developing eco-agriculture was a key measure for the realization of the strategic goal of rural revitalization. Also the objective requirements of changes in market demand and the inevitable choices of solving the pressure on the resources and environment were critical for agricultural production. Finally, there was a rational reference on experiences learned in sustainable agricultural development from developed countries. Based on the rethinking of eco-agriculture development in China, the development proposals of "seven batches" were put forward. These included 1) drawing up a batch of development plans, 2) issuing a batch of supporting policies, 3) cultivating a batch of ecological industries, 4) developing a batch of ecological farms, 5) strengthening a batch of ecological granges, 6) training a batch of ecological farmers, and 7) building a batch of information platforms. It was helpful to realize the prosperity of rural industry, livability of rural environment, and diversification and high quality of agricultural products. It also better met the demand of the people in urban and rural areas in terms of safety, quality, nutrition and health of agricultural products. Meanwhile, it enhanced ecological value of "keeping the eyes, washing the lungs and pleasing the heart" and of eco-agriculture. It also promoted agricultural efficiency, increased farmers' income and increased rural greening. It further provided reference for promoting sustainable development of agriculture in China and agricultural cleaner production in the world.

Transition of agricultural systems to ecologicalizaton and new vision of modern eco-agriculture development in China

LIN Wenxiong, CHEN Ting

2019, 27(2): 169-176. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.181056

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Based on the reality of agricultural development of China, we analyzed the achievements and problems of agricultural development and put forward a selected path for the transition of agricultural systems to ecologicalization. This new paradigm of developing modern ecological agriculture (agro-ecology) in China was created on the basis of full absorption of successful experiences and lessons learnt from agricultural development in other countries. We also discussed the mainstream ideas of modern agro-ecology and its application in the practice of modern ecological agriculture. At the same time, we emphasized the strengthening of cooperation to tackle key problems and explored a set of practical and feasible environment-friendly and resource-conserving technology systems for the construction and practice of agro-ecology. Special emphasis and elaboration were necessary to promote the transition of ecological industrialization to the industrial ecologicalization. Moreover, we focused on research and establishment of ecological civilization systems suitable for rural actualization of effective protection of ecological resources. Therefore, promoting research and development of ecological products that effectively transforms ecological values to provide good environmental conditions and economic support for rural revitalization, industrial prosperity and well-off farmers was critical for any success in this direction.

Functions, problems and countermeasures of China's rural ecosystems

HUANG Guoqin

2019, 27(2): 177-186. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180582

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At present, the whole country is fully implementing rural revitalization strategy and actively promoting rural ecosystems development in China. From the perspective of ecology and agroecology, this paper discussed the main functions of rural ecosystems in China, the outstanding problems faced at present, and the countermeasures and measures to be taken to provide references for promoting the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization and the sustainable development of rural ecosystems. Rural ecosystem has multi-functions in China, including carrying capacity for population, improving environment, providing products, increasing farmers' income, expanding employment and tourism, inheriting culture, popularizing science and technology, education of talents and providing places for urban aged residents. There are still many problems and challenges to rural ecosystems in China, including ecological destruc-tion, resource waste, environmental pollution, natural disasters, poverty, backward science and education, laggard culture and health, lack of public services, bad social morality, loss of villagers and demise of villages. In order to promote implementation strategy of rural revitalization and sustainable development of rural ecosystems in China, the principles of "tri-effects", gradual progress, comprehensive governance, adaptation to local conditions and long-term success should be followed. Eventually, the following measures were suggested:1) enhancing awareness; 2) planning well; 3) improving environment; 4) optimizing ecological structure; 5) improving ecological functions; 6) improving ecological conditions; 7) strengthening public services; 8) improving laws and regulations; 9) improving great investment; 10) accelerating personnel training.

Several thoughts on implementing the strategy of rural areas revitalization

ZHAO Jun

2019, 27(2): 187-189. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.190067

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Issues relating to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people are fundamental to China, as they are directly related to our country's stability and our people's wellbeing. Pursuing a rural vitalization strategy is a significant historical task of building a Moderately Prosperous Society and a Modern Socialist China in all respects, and it is also a necessary prerequisite of solving the social principal contradictions of our country, achieving the two centenary goals, and achieving shared prosperity for everyone. This paper analyzed the necessity and possibility of implementing the strategy of rural revitalization, and put forward some relative suggestions.

A look at rural ecological revitalization

HUANG Guoqin

2019, 27(2): 190-197. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180820

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At present, China is implementing rural revitalization strategy in line with the strategic plan of the party central committee and the state council. Ecological revitalization is an important part of rural revitalization and one of the five forms of revitalization-rural industry revitalization, rural talent revitalization, rural culture revitalization, rural ecological revitalization and rural organization revitalization. Starting from the importance of ecology, we gave a basic brief introduction of the status and role of ecological revitalization in rural revitalization, thoroughly analyzed the main ecological problems in rural areas, including ecological destruction, resource wastage, environmental pollution, increased disease conditions and village decay. In view of the ecological problems, we put forward strategic countermeasures for rural ecological revitalization. For rural ecological revitalization, a serial of principles should be followed, including principle of villagers' dominant roles, principle of integrating economic, ecological and social benefits, principle of comprehensive implementation, principle of adaption to local conditions and principle of long term efforts and contribution. Based on these principles, the following specific measures were recommended for adoption-1) making ecological planning, 2) improving ecological awareness, 3) increasing ecological knowledge, 4) promoting ecological quality, 5) promoting ecological culture, 6) improving ecological regulation, 7) strengthening ecological governance, 8) strengthening ecological protection, 9) engaging in ecological construction, 10) conducting ecological communication, 11) attaching importance to ecological research and 12) cultivating ecological talents.

Organic agriculture development in China: Challenges and implications

MENG Fanqiao

2019, 27(2): 198-205. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180603

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Over the past 4 decades after the reform and opening up policy in 1978, rural and agricultural development in China has been highly successful. Currently, rural and agricultural development in China has switched from quantitative goal to dual quantitative and qualitative goals, which sought for the optimization of modes and practices of agricultural development, and organic agriculture is an alternative approach. By the end of 2016, organically managed farmland was 1.8 million hm², accounting 1.5% of total farmland in China. The production and sales values of organic agriculture were respectively 132.3 billion and 45.06 billion RMB. Organic agriculture has significant environmental, economic and social benefits, especially for nutrient recycles, empowerment of inner capacity of agro-ecosystem, enhancement of communication between farmers and consumers, revitalization of rural economy and creation of harmonious living environment. However, organic agriculture has also faced challenges of limited supply of nitrogen for crop production and difficulties for large-scale extension; all of which need to be fully addressed during the dissemination of organic agriculture. There is the need to develop and implement policies by the government (including ecological compensation) to guide the rational development of organic farming. Besides direct benefits, the most important implications and significances of organic agriculture are ecological intensification of conventional farming and introduction of principles, concepts and technologies of organic farming into conventional farming. This will help to promote healthy and sustainable rural and agricultural development in China.

On pathways of eco-farm development in China

QIAO Yuhui, ZHEN Huayang, XU Zhiyu, JU Xuehai, WANG Hongyan, CHEN Xin, ZHANG Jia'en, GAO Shangbin, LI Ji

2019, 27(2): 206-211. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180756

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Eco-farm, as a practical carrier of eco-agriculture, can meet the needs of eco-environmental protection, sustainable socio-economic development and market flexibility. It has obvious advantages in promoting specialization, standardization and green production of agriculture. Under this new approach, a number of typical cases of eco-farms have been developed. A questionnaires survey of 468 eco-farms was carried out in 15 provinces in East China during the period 2016-2017. The results showed that 90% of the farms were less than 15 years old. The average age of eco-farm managers was 47.5 years; 40% of eco-farms had land area of 6.6-16.6 hm² with lease fees of 11 040 ￥ per hectare per year. The farms with organization forms of corporation, cooperative and family accounted respectively for 23%, 40% and 30% of the surveyed farms. 73% of surveyed farms were certified for agro-products. The top five eco-measures applied in the eco-farms were organic manure/compost application, artificial/mechanical weeding, rotation, farmland cleaning and insecticide lamp/straw return. Ecological awareness of animal production farms was weak and adoption of ecological measures was not optimistic. In terms of farm input, fertilizer cost for crop farms and feed cost of animal farms were highest. The average labor wage of eco-farm was 30 000-40 000 ￥ per person per year. The range of profit of crop farms was -21% to 70%, that of animal farms was 13% to 337%, and that of farming-animal husbandry combination farms was -21% to 152%. 50% of the farms received agricultural subsidies. From the survey results, eco-farms in China had a strong momentum for development, but were still in the preliminary stage, lacking corresponding guidance. On the basis of the investigation, this paper also analyzed the problems and challenges faced in the development of eco-farms from the aspects of technology application, industrial integration, cost-benefits, sales channels and subsidy policies. To provide guidance for the healthy and orderly development of eco-farms in China, a series of corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were also advanced, which were 1) to establish national policy for transformation of conventional farm to eco-farm; 2) to improve cognition of eco-farm of government, farmers and publics; 3) to set up the construction and evaluation standards of eco-farm, and to implement the affirmation of eco-farm; 4) to recommend the eco-farm technologies and promote agricultural subsidies of eco-farm; 5) to construct information and selling internets of eco-agricultural products; 6) to launch scientific and technological research projects to provide technological support for eco-farm.

Concerted development of ecological agriculture along with community-supported agriculture to facilitate rural vitalization

WANG Songliang

2019, 27(2): 212-217. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180594

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Agriculture and its associated long-term problems that exist in China have always had its root outside of agriculture itself. The aim of this essay was to diagnose the symptoms of China's agricultural problems, including peasant and rural problems in the new era under the analytical framework of Political Ecology rather than the obsolete analytical framework of Political Economy. The paper also aimed to address the crucial vitality of creative practices that emerge along with the development of Ecological Agriculture and Community Supported Agriculture since 2009. The paper called for nationwide reflection and participation of societies in finding a way out for agriculture and the associated problems. This article addressed most of the aspects of the new strategy of Rural Vitalization proposed by China's central government in 2017, including the issues of Mechanism of Integrated Urban-Rural Development, Basic Agricultural Management System, Agricultural Industry System, Structural Reform of the Supply Side of Agricultural Production, etc. The core idea was to integrate the development of the triple industries of agriculture and to eventually facilitate Rural Vitalization from the angle of 'Industrial Blossom' by mean of concerted development of Ecological Agriculture and Community-Supported Agriculture. To achieve these goals, the authors proposed the following incentives from policy-making aspects:1) developing Community-Supported Agriculture for rationalization of agricultural managerial system to embody the principal position of farmers (producers) in agricultural production; 2) building a sustainable agricultural production system by means of Ecological Agriculture to strengthen the leading role of ecological protection; 3) coordinating Ecological Agriculture and Community-Supported Agriculture for concerted development of urban and rural areas to characterize the concept of win-win cooperation in the new era.

Research on the rural homestay inn development under the view of rural revi-talization: A case of "Ten Thousand Hostels" in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou City

ZHAO Fei, JIANG Miaomiao, ZHANG Jia'en, NIE Rui

2019, 27(2): 218-226. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180593

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The vigorous development of rural homestay inn industry has become an important way to boost the rural revitalization in China in recent years, however, there are inadequate researches on this subject. Through the implementation of a homestay inn project, "Ten Thousand Hostels" since 2014, the rapid development of rural homestay inn industry has been realized in Zengcheng District of Guangzhou City. It's of a practical requirement and demonstration value to clarify the operating characteristics and difficulties in development of this model. The research methods of field investigation and in-depth interview were performed to investigate and study the business patterns of rural homestay inns in three representative sites of Zengcheng District in March 16 to 18, March 28 and May 23 to 24 of 2018. 27 operators of the rural homestay inns were investigated, of them 18 were from farmer-operated homestay inn, and 9 from enterprise-operated homestay inns. Results revealed that farmer-operated homestay inns accounted for the majority of Ten Thousand Hostels, and their operations were closely geared to the development level and pattern of local tourism industry. However, there were some difficulties needed to be resolved, such as the serious product homogeneity, less of market segmentation, fierce competition, etc. Simultaneously, enterprise-operated homestay inns were in a period of rapid development and made up of diversified business patterns, but their boundary of the industry was relatively vague. The success experiences and existing problems of Ten Thousand Hostels reflected the characteristics of the rural homestay inns in China. Around the need of rural revitalization strategy, the government and industry association should adopt the following countermeasures to promote the development of rural homestay inns:1) perfecting the relevant law and policy and developing holistic tourism to inspire the homestay inn's evolution for the sake of the rural industrial blossom; 2) building characteristic homestay inns with more elements of native area to help rural cultural construction; 3) building ecological homestay inns and promoting surrounding environment and facilities for giving impetus to the rural ecological civilization practice; 4) improving the quality of industry personnel and encouraging rural makers to get involved for the sake of the rural human resources development.

Identification of key factors of cooperative governance for village environment based on rural revitalization strategy

WANG Liqiong, LI Zirong, ZHANG Yunfeng

2019, 27(2): 227-235. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180822

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Rural environmental governance with innovative system and efficient path is a point of rural revitalization strategies. The researches of rural environment problems are mostly about the patterns of village environmental governance and the issues of social capital in rural environmental protection. While less are about empirical study on failure of cooperative governance for village environment. In this study, the stakeholder theory was used to analyze the village environment dilemma based on the interest appeals and behavior guidance of government, enterprise, city, villager, environmental organizations and research institutions, established influencing factors index system of rural environmental cooperative governance. To reduce the subjectivity when experts scored to establish the correlation matrix, Grey-DEMATEL method was then applied to identify important causal factors, result factors and relevant factors of rural environmental cooperative governance, and to explore the relationship and combined influencing degree among the influencing factors in Quanzhou, Fujian Province. The results showed that regional protectionism and rural resources being drawn for urban development were more fundamental factors that restricted rural environmental cooperative governance, neglect of distinction of rural environmental protection technology and application and promotion of environmental protection technology had great influencing degree and played a significant driving role too. Urban pollution enterprises being shifted to remote rural areas for transferring emission costs and some urban pollution being transferred to rural areas were direct obstacle factors, which effectively aggravated the predicament of rural environmental governance in a short time. Limit of public health infrastructure construction in rural areas due to their low economic profit was the most active influencing factor of cooperative governance for village environment, extensive economy growing mode of rural enterprise and lack of scientific research and rural environmental protection industrial chain were also the core influencing factors, which easily influenced the other factors, and were also easily influenced by other factors. Last, according to the analysis of the relationship and combined influencing degree among those factors, this paper analyzed relationship among government, enterprise, city, villager, environmental organizations and research institutions, then defined the roles of different stakeholders. The long-term measures, short-term measures and key measures were put forward for realizing the strategic vision of village environmental cooperative governance to change rural environment pollution thoroughly.

Difficulty, problems and countermeasures of agricultural non-point sources pollution control in China

YANG Binjian, SHANG Jie, YU Fawen

2019, 27(2): 236-245. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180807

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Green development of agriculture and agricultural products quality improvement are essential approaches to solve the major contradictions in agriculture in the new era. It is the prerequisite to control agricultural non-point sources pollution for environmental improvement of agricultural production system. The paper analyzed situation, difficulties and problems of control of agricultural non-point pollution based on the systematic literature research on related studies. The non-point pollution in China had become a common problem during 40 years since the Rural Reform and changed following a tendency of "increase-decrease". It also showed obvious regional difference, with higher pollutant emission in the east and middle than in the west. The factors influencing agricultural non-point pollution in China were growth-pursuing development concept, dual eco-social structure of urban and rural, pollution negative externality, high control cost and various production behaviors of farmers, as well as agricultural technology, land system and policy, market, etc. The difficulties in agricultural non-point pollution control were that, firstly, the fertilizers were overused regarding total amount and intensity leading to inefficient utilization and nutrients loss. Secondly, the increased input of pesticides plus wrappages had aggravated pollution. Thirdly, the "white pollution" caused by agricultural film utilization was difficult to be eradicated in a short time. Fourthly, there was also the serious pollution coming from the huge amount of livestock and poultry wastes. The problems existing in control of agricultural non-point source pollution were multi-source of control objects, diversity of control subjects, non-effectiveness of control technology and lack of mechanism. Therefore, it was necessary to raise overall awareness on importance of agricultural non-point source pollution control with guideline of green development concept, and to supervise implementation of agricultural non-point source pollution action plan, especially, to pay attention on evaluation of control effects. Meantime, multiple innovations was essential for establishment of a healthy agricultural production system which was favor of control of agricultural non-point sources pollution.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of nitrogen flows in farming and animal production system in Hainan Province

DING Shang, GUO Haohao, CHENG Mingyu, SONG Chenyang, DIAO Xiaoping, ZHAO Hongwei

2019, 27(2): 246-256. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180629

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Though nitrogen is one of the necessary elements for life activities, its' excessive input in a region may cause serious environmental pollution. Hainan Island, a province in the tropics, was taken as the research object to investigate the process and characteristics of nitrogen flows in farming and animal production system. To optimize the nutrient management of this system, the relationships of nitrogen input and output changes and the temporal and spatial characteristics of nitrogen utilization efficiency were analyzed, which would provide scientific basis for the policy setting of agriculture and animal husbandry development in Hainan province. The model of NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use (NUFER) combining with Origin and ArcGIS software were used to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of nitrogen flows in farming and animal production system in Hainan Province from 1987 to 2016, meanwhile for the first time, the correlation of spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen flows in the farming and animal production system was analyzed under ideal and actual conditions. The results showed that the total nitrogen input increased from 134.15 Gg to 406.39 Gg, the total nitrogen output increased from 84.75 Gg to 307.77 Gg in the past 30 years. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of the farming production subsystem increased from 12.39% to 20.54%, and that of the animal production subsystem increased from 6.10% to 13%. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of the integrated system of farming and animal production increased from 12.84% in 1987 to 21.63% in 2016. In spatial distribution, the increase of total nitrogen input and output was the highest in Chengmai County and Qionghai City, respectively, while being the lowest in Wuzhishan City. In the animal production subsystem, the increase of total nitrogen input and output was the highest in Wenchang City and Danzhou City, respectively, while being the lowest in Wuzhishan City. The results show that the nitrogen input of farming and animal production system in Hainan Island increased continuously from 1987 to 2016, with the low nitrogen utilization efficiency, the big spatial difference, and the high soil nitrogen surplus. The correlation analysis showed that the farming production subsystem and the animal production subsystem were disjointed seriously. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of nitrogen flows and promote the sustainable development in Hainan Province, it is necessary to increase the yield of local feedstuff, make rational use of fertilizer, recycle livestock and poultry manure, further optimize the layout of agriculture and animal husbandry development, and establish a highly efficient production system for farming and animal husbandry.

Continual effect and soil microbial ecology mechanism of banana-sugarcane rotation controlling Fusarium wilt of banana (Ⅰ)

ZENG Lisha, LIN Weipeng, LYU Shun, WANG Fang, XIA Ling, LIU Wenqing, WU Chaorong, ZHOU Jiankun, DU Caixian, CAI Kunzheng, LIU Jianping

2019, 27(2): 257-266. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180361

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Banana wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is one of the most widespread and severe diseases in the world. In recent years, banana-sugarcane rotation plantation has been used to prevent and control Fusarium wilt of banana in some farmlands in the Pearl River Delta with good effects. Banana-sugarcane rotation had been recorded in ancient Chinese book Guangdong New Sight, but the role, control effect and mechanism of the rotation system was unclear. Therefore, the control effect of banana Fusarium wilt after different years of sugarcane rotation was studied and soil micro-ecological mechanism discussed in this paper. The complete random design method with 4 treatments of medium-resistance 'Nongke No. 1' banana and 'Guangdong Yellow Peel' sugarcane were used in the experiment. The farmland with 11 years of continuous cropping of banana (CK) was the control. Other three treatments were continuous cropping of banana ration with sugarcane for one year (GZ1), two years (GZ2) and three years (GZ3) before replanting banana for 1 year. The banana Fusarium wilt disease incidence after various years of sugarcane rotation was investigated, the numbers of soil culturable micro-organisms measured, and soil microbial composition and structure analyzed using the high-throughput DNA sequencing technique. The results showed that that banana Fusarium wilt incidence in banana continuously planting field was 49.15%. After one year of sugarcane rotation, the incidence dropped to 17.86% and the effect of the relative control was 63.66%. After two or three years of sugarcane rotation, the incidence was only 1.79% and the effect of the relative control was above 95%. The amount of cultivable bacteria increased significantly along with increased year of sugarcane rotation, but the amounts of Fusarium oxysporum and actinomycetes significantly decreased. The amount of fungi did not significantly change. Sequence analysis showed that soil bacterial diversity index reduced with the number of years of sugarcane rotation. The relative abundance of bacteria of Pseudomonadales, Planctomycetales, Acidimicrobiales and Solirubrobacterales apparently increased with increasing number of sugarcane rotation years and had significantly negative correlation with the incidence of banana Fusarium wilt. Meanwhile, bacteria of Acidobacteriales, Rhodospirillales, Legionellales and Enterobacteriales apparently decreased and had significantly positive correlation with the incidence of banana Fusarium wilt. In summary, banana-sugarcane rotation significantly reduced banana wilt incidence, compared with continuous banana cropping system. The inhibiting effect apparently increased with increasing number of years of sugarcane rotation. In two years of sugarcane rotation of banana field, the incidence of banana wilt significantly reduced and the yield of banana significantly increased; which was consistent with the results recorded in the Guangdong New Sight. The changes in bacterial community structure in the soil played an important role in the control of banana Fusarium wilt.

Effects of no-tillage, mulching and organic fertilization on soil microbial com-position in winter wheat field

WANG Xiaoling, MA Kun, WANG Zhiqin, LI Yue, WEI Changhui

2019, 27(2): 267-276. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180583

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Soil micro-organisms constitute a significant part of soil fertility and play a critical role in maintaining soil ecological functions. Micro-organisms also are key indicators for soil quality and productivity. No-tillage and mulching cultivation indirectly affect the composition of soil microbial community by changing plant physiological characteristics and root exudates. The two agronomic practices can also improve soil environment by increasing the total amount of micro-organisms in the soil. By analyzing the composition of soil microbial community under no-tillage, mulching and organic cultivation of winter wheat in the southern mountain areas of Ningxia, the effects of agricultural management activities on soil microbial community structure and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity were determined in this paper. The study aimed at providing theoretical basis for the promotion of long-term no-tillage, mulching cultivation, sustainable use of farmlands and maintenance of soil microbial diversity. Short-term test on conservation tillage (no-tillage) was done for three consecutive years in Longde County, Guyuan. Four soil treatments were selected including no-tillage and straw mulching without organic fertilizer application (NC), no-tillage and straw mulching with organic fertilizer application (NF), traditional tillage and no-mulching without organic fertilizer application (TC) and traditional tillage and no-mulching with organic fertilizer application (TF). By using Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing platform and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis methods, soil microbial community composition, AM fungi community composition and diversity and soil environmental factors were analyzed after three years cultivation of winter wheat. The results showed that continuous no-tillage, mulching and organic fertilizer application increased soil microbial community biomass characterized by PLFA. Traditional tillages significantly improved microbial community biomass (P < 0.05) of gram-positive (G⁺) and negative (G^-) bacteria in the soil. With increasing years of management of no-tillage and straw mulching, soil AM fungi biomass significantly increased. Also biomass ratios of 16:1ω5c neutral lipid (NLFA) to 16:1ω5c phospholipid lipid (PLFA) significantly increased (P < 0.05). Under no-tillage and straw mulching, the application of organic fertilizer increased soil AM fungi richness index (Chao1 index and ACE index), but reduced soil AM fungi diversity (Shannon index and Simpson index). The results of principal component analysis showed that biomass of AM fungal spores (16:1ω5 c neutral fat) was positively correlated with soil contents of organic matter, and easily extracted glomalin. While AM fungi richness index was positively correlated with soil organic matter content, AM fungi diversity index was positively correlated with soil total nitrogen content and urease activity. AM fungi richness and diversity were affected by soil physical and chemical properties and soil biological differences. Also soil microbial biomass changed along with AM fungal diversity and richness. It was concluded that no-tillage and straw mulching cultivation increased soil AM fungi diversity. The proportion of NLFA to PLFA biomass of AM fungi was also significantly affected by the application of organic fertilizer, and changed distribution of biomass carbon between AM fungi spores and mycelium.

Influence of water controlling depth on soil microflora and bacterial community diversity in paddy soil

ZHANG Jing, KE Wenjing, LIU Juan, WANG Liuhang, CHEN Hao, PENG Ting, ZHAO Quanzhi

2019, 27(2): 277-285. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180373

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Soil water potential as one of the main indexes of irrigation during alternation of wetting and drying process, has been widely applied in rice production and scientific research. To investigate the influence of soil water potential on soil micoflora and bacterial community diversity, 3 treatments of soil water controlling depth[0-5 cm (S05), 0-10 cm (S10) and 0-15 cm (S15)] were set in a pool-culture experiment. Dilution-plate method and the technology of high-throughput sequencing on Illumina Miseq platform were used to detect the numbers of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, and bacterial community structure and diversity under different treatments (CK, keeping 2 cm surface water layer). The results showed that soil water potential decreased with the increase of water controlling depth. The treatment of S05 mainly affected soil water potential of the upper soil layer (5 cm), while the treatment of S10 affected soil water potential of the top and middle soil layer (5 cm and 10 cm). Soil water potential of S15 treatment enhanced with the increase of soil layer depth. Soil bacteria number at the upper layer (5 cm) under S05 treatment was higher than that under S10 and S15 treatments at 8 and 32 days after rice flowering, while that at the middle and lower soil layer (10 cm and 15 cm) under S05 treatment was higher than that under S15 treatments at 16-24 days after rice flowering. Soil water potential was significantly correlated with soil bacterial number at the late period of rice growth. The bacterial community structure was profiled by sequencing the V4 16S rDNA gene. A total of 1 124 229 sequences were obtained, and 9 020 OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) were generated at 3% cutoff level. The richness (Chao index) of bacterial community at the 10 cm and 15 cm soil layers under S05 treatment were significantly higher than that under S15 and CK treatments. The diversity of bacterial community (Shannon index) in 5 cm soil layer was lowest under S05 treatment. The dominant bacteria phylums were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, whose relative abundance were more than 80%. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria of the 10 cm soil under S15 treatment was less than that under S05 and S10 treatments. Fifteen predominant classes (relative abundance > 2%) were found in these samples, in which the total relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Anaerolineae was above 47%. Anaerolineae was the most abundant class. The relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria in 5 cm soil layer under S05 treatment was less than that under S10 and S15 treatments. Therefore, water controlling depth in loam influenced soil water potential and soil microbial number, and then affected the diversity and abundance of bacterial community. The water controlling depth of 0-5 cm in loam was helpful to improve the soil bacterial number and diversity at the 10 cm and 15 cm soil layers.

Responses of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification to reclamation years and modes of coal mine

JIANG Shan, LIU Huanhuan, ZHANG Jing, WANG Gailing

2019, 27(2): 286-295. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180552

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Abstract:
Soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification are impacted by microbial activity and soil properties. The reclaimed coal mine soil are artificially reconstructed soil with different properties from farmland soil, such as lower organic matter content, small nitrogen sink, weak microbial activity. In order to reveal the response of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification of reclaimed soils in coal reclamation areas and to explore the soil nitrogen conversion efficiencies under different reclamation patterns and for different reclamation years, a laboratory experiment with soil sampled from the reclaimed coal mine were conducted. There were six sampling soils in Antaibao Opencast Mine, Shanxi Province, which were unreclaimed soil (CK); naturally reclaimed soil for 3 years (NRL); alfalfa pasture soils reclaimed for 3 years (AL3), 9 years (AL9), 21 years (AL21); and buckwheat soil reclaimed for 3 years (BL3). Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification of sampled soils were measured by using Stanford aerobic incubation method and constant temperature culture. And then, the first-order reaction kinetics model and Logistic equation were used to fit the process of organic nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. The results showed that the mineralization rate was highest in alfalfa field reclaimed for 3 years (AL3), and lowest in alfalfa field reclaimed for 21 years (AL21). The mineralization of nitrogen was rapid in the first 7 days and gradually became gentle, tended to be stable in 28 days of incubation. The first-order kinetic equations suggested that nitrogen mineralization potential ranged from 89.28 to 124.51 mg·kg^-1 and was in the order of AL21 > NRL > AL3 > BL3 > CK > AL9. The mineralization rate constant ranged from 0.022 6 to 0.051 9, with the order of AL3 > AL9 > CK > NRL > BL3 > AL21. There was a significantly positive correlation between nitrogen mineralization potential and soil organic matter content (r=0.91). The soil nitrogen capacity was significantly increased in the long-term reclamation of grassland, and the mineralization process was more stable. The change of nitrate content in various soils of reclamation area during incubation was roughly following a "S" trend and was divided into three stages, which were the early stage (0-5 d), the rising stage (5-14 d) and the stable stage (14-28 d). Logistic equation fitting results showed that the reclamation years significantly affected the peaking time of nitrification (the max difference was 6.85 days among different reclamation years of alfalfa pasture). The drastic nitrification process in alfalfa pasture reclaimed for 21 years was intense and short, that of naturally restored soil for 3 years was slow and long. The arable land had a greater nitrification rate and longer nitrification time than grassland. In summary, under long term plantation of alfalfa in reclaimed coal mine soil, soil nitrogen sink increased, nitrogen mineralization became stable.

Coupling impacts of planting date and cultivar on potato yield

LI Yang, WANG Jing, TANG Jianzhao, HUANG Mingxia, BAI Huiqing, WANG Na, HE Fuwei

2019, 27(2): 296-304. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180707

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Abstract:
Potato is one of the major food crops in agro-pastoral ecotone (APE) in North China, with a total yield accounting for 46.8% of total grain yield in the region. Therefore, yield stability of potato is of significance for food security in the region. Due to the shortage of surface water and groundwater resources, potato is mostly produced under rainfed condition in the APE. Thus, there is large variation in rainfed potato yield due to high variability of annual and season precipitation. Adjustment in planting date and selection of cultivars were both effective ways of adapting to climate change, but there were few studies on the exploration of the impacts of coupling planting date and cultivar type on potato yield under rainfed condition in the APE. In this study, the APSIM-Potato model were calibrated and validated by serial planting date and cultivar experiments of potato in 1981-2010 to analyze the optimal combinations of planting date and cultivar by focusing on yield and guaranteeing rate of yield of rainfed potato. The results showed that APSIM-Potato model performed well in simulating phenology and fresh yield under different planting dates and cultivars of potato. The range of root mean square errors (RMSE) between the observed and simulated phenology was 0-6.3 days for the calibration years and 2.1-4.2 days for the validation years under different combinations of planting date and cultivar type. The range of normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) between the observed and simulated yields under different combinations of planting date and cultivar type was 0.3%-3.9% for the calibration years and 0.9%-7.6% for the validation years. Under rainfed condition, the range of simulated fresh yield of potato under different combinations of planting date and cultivar was 0-28 914 kg·hm^-2 for the period 1981-2010, with an average of 10 494 kg·hm^-2. Planting mid-maturing cultivar 'Kexin_1' in late planting date (1^st June) produced fresh yield of 12 153 kg·hm^-2, which was respectively 16.3% and 7.0% higher than that under early planting season (26^th April) and the middle planting (15^th May) in the APE during 1981-2010. Moreover, the simulated fresh potato yield of 'Kexin_1' under late planting date was respectively 18.7% and 17.2% higher than that of early-maturing cultivar 'Favorita' and late-maturing cultivar 'Desiree'. Planting mid-maturing cultivar at late planting date (1^st June) guaranteed higher simulated fresh yield than the average in 66.7% years of 1981-2010. The study showed significant interaction among planting date, cultivar and environment in potato production in the APE in North China. Under rainfed condition, postponing planting date and selecting mid-maturity cultivar of potato was the most effective way of adapting to the warming and drying climatic conditions. This provided a reference for adapting to climate change and ensuring stable and high potato yield in the region.

Effect of magnetized water treatment on photosynthetic and growth characteristics of Populusxeuramericanna 'Neva' seedlings under exogenous cadmium stress

ZHANG Ying, LIU Xiumei, ZHANG Zhihao, MENG Shiyuan, WANG Qian, WEI Ye, WANG Huatian, CHEN Shuying, CONG Guizhi, TANG Jin, QIN Deming

2019, 27(2): 305-313. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180602

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Abstract:
In order to investigate the effect of magnetized water irrigation on plant growth and tolerance to heavy metals, a randomized block experiment was designed to explore the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters and growth characteristics of 1-year-old Populus×euramericanna 'Neva' under three cadmium concentrations (0 μmol·L^-1, 50 μmol·L^-1, 100 μmol·L^-1) of magnetized water solution. The results showed that:1) plant height, stem growth and dry matter weights of roots, leaves and stems significantly dropped under cadmium stress. While root diameter and volume were enhanced under low cadmium concentration (50 μmol·L^-1, P < 0.05), root morphology parameters were inhibited under high concentration (100 μmol·L^-1). Compared with 0 μmol·L^-1 cadmium treatment, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents decreased respectively by 12.50% and 19.27% under 50 μmol·L^-1 cadmium treatment, and 43.24% and 46.37% under 100 μmol·L^-1 cadmium treatment (P < 0.05). Net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C_i) respectively decreased by 13.68%, 8.07% and 5.00% under 50 μmol·L^-1 cadmium treatment, and by 33.68%, 27.81% and 14.99% (P < 0.05) under 100 μmol·L^-1 cadmium treatment. PSⅡ potential activity (F_v/F_m), maximum photo-chemical rate (F_v/F_o), photosynthetic performance index (PIabs) and quantum yield (Φ_Eo) also dropped to varying degrees. 2) Compared with non-magnetic water treatment, magnetic water treatment enhanced the growth of plants under cadmium stress in terms of height and stem, increased dry weight of roots and leaves and also root length and surface area of the plant. The contents of chlorophyll a increased by 16.99%, 6.55% and 4.02%, and carotenoid content increased by 17.32%, 19.38% and 50.52% (P < 0.05), respectively, under 0, 50 and 100 μmol·L^-1 cadmium treatments. While P_n, G_s, C_i and WUE increased, the differences were not significant. However, T_r reduced respectively by 24.20%, 23.33% and 12.06% (P < 0.05). In addition, F_v/F_m, F_v/F_o and Φ_Eo remained stable whereas PIabs increased respectively by 8.01%, 20.63% and 31.09% (P < 0.05). In summary, magnetic treatment of water increased the contents of photosynthetic pigments, maintained the function of photosynthetic apparatus, heightened the rate of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and subsequently relieved the inhibition of plant growth by cadmium stress.

Livelihood diversification of farmers and its sustainability level driven by land transfer: Based on the survey data of 188 households in Hechuan District in Chongqing

JIANG Jiajia, ZHANG Shichao, SHAO Jing'an, WANG Jinliang

2019, 27(2): 314-326. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180531

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Abstract:
Farmers' livelihood resource reorganization is a response to economic opportunities driven by land transfer. In order to analysis changes of livelihood and its' sustainability before and after cultivated land transformation, the characteristics of both labor force of land transfer farmers and the quantity, quality and tillage radius of transferred cultivated land were analyzed based on questionnaire survey of 188 farmers and 394 cultivated land plots in Chuanning Lemon Demonstration Park, Hechuan District, Chongqing. Based on the sustainable livelihood framework, the evaluation index system of farmers' livelihood sustainability was constructed according to livelihood capital, livelihood strategy and livelihood outcome. Livelihood capital included natural capital, material capital, human capital, financial capital and social capital. Livelihood strategies referred to livelihood diversification index, income diversification index and non-agricultural level indicators. And the livelihood outcomes were replaced by farmers' net income indicators. The results showed that:1) due to the transfer of cultivated land, farmers' natural capital was seriously reduced and family livelihood structure was changed from agricultural predominance type to non-agricultural predominance type. Thus farmers' livelihoods became diversified gradually with increased strategies of farmers' livelihoods, and migrant work dominating livelihood structure. 2) The indexes of material capital, human capital, financial capital, social capital and the comprehensive index of livelihood capital increased after cultivated land transfer. But differences in growth rate among the farmer's livelihood capital attributes and farmers types existed. The human capital of pure agricultural farmer households decreased slightly (the growth rate was -0.15%), while the human capital of the other three types of farmers was increased, among which the growth rate of non-agricultural dominant farmers (4.90%) was the largest. In terms of natural capital, the reduction rate of non-agricultural farmer households (36.73%) was the highest, and that of pure agricultural farmer households (14.91%) was the smallest. On the other hand, the coupling coordination degree of livelihood capital of various types of farmers reduced to varying degrees, among which non-agricultural farmers household changed greatest. 3) Farmers' livelihood buffer capacity was improved, livelihood stability enhanced, livelihood output increased, and the sustainable level of farmers' livelihood was improved overall after cultivated land transfer. The growth rate order of sustainability of farmer's livelihood was non-agricultural predominance farmer households > agricultural predominance farmer households > non-agricultural households > pure-agricultural farmer households. The sustainable level of farmers' livelihood could be restructured, influenced by cultivated land transformation. The change of livelihood capital resulted in the diversification and transformation of farmers' livelihoods, and also contributed to the sustainable development of farmers' livelihoods.

Assessment of the functions and ecological services values of green manure in paddy fields in South China

LI Fuduo, YIN Changbin

2019, 27(2): 327-336. doi: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.180525

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Abstract:
In the context of deepened promotion of rural revitalization, exploration of greener and more ecological path to agricultural modernization has become the mode of deepening agricultural reform. In the process of building modern agriculture, China has led the establishment of good agricultural ecosystems as a breakthrough point and the development of green manure as an important starting point in the establishment of good agricultural ecosystems and promotion of green transformation of agriculture. In order to explore ecological services values of green manure (Astragalus sinicus L.) in winter paddy fields in South China, we defined ecological services functions of green manure in paddy fields in winter and used research methods (such as actual market method, alternative market method and virtual market method) to construct an initial theoretical model of ecological services value assessment from which ecological services values of green manure in South China were calculated. The following conclusions were reached:1) that ecological services functions of green manure in paddy fields in South China were mainly of 2 kinds-regulation and support services. Regulation services included gas regulation, water conservation and soil conservation. The support services included accumulation of soil organic matter and soil nutrient cycle, corresponding to ecological services values defined for the above 5 species. 2) For a rotation cycle, ecological services value of winter green manure in paddy fields in South China was 1.13×10⁴ ￥·hm^-2. Among these, the value of gas regulation was the largest (3.80×10³ ￥·hm^-2), the cumulative value of soil organic matter followed next (2.79×10³ ￥·hm^-2), next were nutrient cycle (2.04×10³ ￥·hm^-2) and soil conservation (2.14×10³ ￥·hm^-2) values, and soil water conservation value was the smallest (4.80×10² ￥·hm^-2). 3) The cost of winter green manure was 1.73×10³ ￥·hm^-2 in paddy fields in South China. The ecological services value of green manure was 6.5 times the cost of planting, indicating that the existence of ecological services value of green manure was objective. This study provided further detail on scientific methods and the basic parameters for ecological services value assessment for green manure in paddy fields in South China. Meanwhile, it also provided the theoretical basis for the formulation of ecological compensation mechanisms for future green manure plantations.

2019 Vol. 27, No. 2